{"meta":{"query_hash":"5ed538a4f638","filters":{"topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena"},"cohort_total":369,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":369,"exported":369,"export_cap":100000,"truncated":false,"label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"permalink":"https://metacan.xera.ac/q/5ed538a4f638","api":"https://metacan.xera.ac/api/v1/cohort?topic=Solidification+and+crystal+growth+phenomena"},"results":[{"id":"W110126542","doi":"10.3970/fdmp.2013.009.331","title":"Numerical Simulation of Liquid Phase Diffusion Growthof SiGe Single Crystals under Zero Gravity","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"FDMP: Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Zero gravity; Diffusion; Materials science; Crystal growth; Growth rate; Mechanics; Phase (matter); Thermodynamics; Computational physics; Physics; Geometry; Mathematics","score_opus":0.0195946171258205,"score_gpt":0.27996869044615463,"score_spread":0.26037407332033413,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W110126542","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8487341,0.00007950162,0.14947562,0.00016046416,0.00040934517,0.00054056,0.000087730514,0.00021901522,0.0002936967],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99704903,0.000006921564,0.002139832,0.00018215558,0.00014684757,0.00008007584,0.00018804143,0.0000768632,0.00013023976],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9968012,0.0002534488,0.0011546625,0.00063434284,0.0005757487,0.0005806087],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980359,0.00013031258,0.00068359793,0.00047738486,0.00046461658,0.00020820214],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00056984625,0.0003955547,0.000640051,0.000173134,0.00032109293,0.00046126576,0.00042888458,0.00021369212,0.001204777],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001626832,0.00036476052,0.00008819812,0.00039623998,0.00022136998,0.0009977771,0.00016652425,0.00009628949,0.0001459197],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00023055132,0.00062091416,0.000020345447,0.0003074891,0.0000066684806,0.0000012734446,0.0004344171,0.002510053,0.9937255,0.0009461624,0.000023793767,0.0011728425],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001394891,0.00047263285,0.00047347642,0.0001985517,0.00004926054,0.000008964937,0.00029461607,0.08904036,0.8989865,0.008411334,0.00006547912,0.00060393737],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001278725,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000023953512,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.14831497,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00022588535,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00010105697,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99988043},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1151032270","doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/84/1/012013","title":"Heterogeneous nucleation of the primary phase in the rapid solidification of Al-4.5wt%Cu alloy droplet","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Nucleation; Liquidus; Supercooling; Solidus; Alloy; Eutectic system; Materials science; Metastability; Thermodynamics; Recalescence; Phase (matter); Metallurgy; Chemistry","score_opus":0.031152385340177027,"score_gpt":0.2451567546883626,"score_spread":0.21400436934818556,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1151032270","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99837756,0.000050128812,0.0001741576,0.0004516801,0.00034468187,0.00025146836,0.000021832091,0.000022655728,0.0003058586],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99949914,0.000042977877,0.00028143945,0.00010263372,0.000024532375,0.000029653585,0.000003974157,0.000007357144,0.0000082612],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99861354,0.00006853723,0.00039587545,0.00022367759,0.00047474378,0.00022362133],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991243,0.00003066925,0.00018846654,0.00035788945,0.0002411823,0.000057482448],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0015279484,0.00012076715,0.00020241615,0.00008822849,0.00008729381,0.00013939761,0.00056878757,0.00003356862,0.000056377587],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00020843446,0.000079393394,0.000017476326,0.0003954489,0.00046071725,0.00049716193,0.00010931218,0.000043798318,0.000004063121],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000032664793,0.000035140496,0.000015496975,0.00005002445,0.0000010778477,3.331907e-7,0.002660562,0.00030204712,0.993766,0.0027894275,0.000014625845,0.0003326035],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003228784,0.000104275765,0.0027791413,0.000045790224,0.0000062428935,0.000015781405,0.000984679,0.00067661225,0.9943203,0.00017854915,0.00045763014,0.000108150496],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000045460907,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000033491117,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0027636443,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000042528274,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00017884409,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.32375684},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W115976259","doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/117/1/012015","title":"Bent dendrite growth in undercooled Fe-B alloy melts","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Dendrite (mathematics); Bent molecular geometry; Materials science; Alloy; Casting; Diffusion; Levitation; Climb; Thermal; Mechanics; Metallurgy; Thermodynamics; Crystallography; Condensed matter physics; Composite material; Chemistry; Geometry; Physics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.017903219233411823,"score_gpt":0.21866240318430016,"score_spread":0.20075918395088835,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W115976259","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99712723,0.000033610148,0.0005469716,0.0008712731,0.0006562031,0.00017220907,0.000019606132,0.0001331475,0.0004397467],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988751,0.00014487037,0.00066141604,0.00007248202,0.00006299348,0.000050041883,0.0000013038037,0.000015481786,0.000116312796],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9980995,0.000030720235,0.00037362054,0.0005036034,0.00040426085,0.0005882845],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992367,0.00004478822,0.000079302474,0.0002474898,0.00019957496,0.00019212074],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009333646,0.0002143026,0.00026913936,0.00021744688,0.0001459314,0.00040821347,0.00044845135,0.000058727954,0.0004036102],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00026923761,0.00015796917,0.000015037726,0.00037081636,0.0004063662,0.0013727506,0.00019291864,0.000045412646,0.0000831079],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000021680464,0.000011688585,0.00007683555,0.000039031984,0.0000011740344,0.000004070941,0.00035241278,0.000009268949,0.9706068,0.028604463,0.0000062021963,0.00026638588],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00033737766,0.00005444302,0.009834099,0.00014122209,0.000003462671,0.000018405952,0.00025289875,0.00005569373,0.98761964,0.0010996005,0.0003021537,0.00028099449],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000562124,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000020462825,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.027504863,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00011514642,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00015593397,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6441796},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1197831148","doi":"10.1016/j.jprocont.2015.07.002","title":"Robust multivariable estimation and control in an epitaxial thin film growth process under uncertainty","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Process Control","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":39,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Estimator; Multivariable calculus; Surface roughness; Monte Carlo method; Parametric statistics; Surface finish; Control theory (sociology); Computer science; Mathematics; Materials science; Engineering; Statistics; Artificial intelligence; Control (management); Control engineering","score_opus":0.03442063953067794,"score_gpt":0.2862608276913659,"score_spread":0.251840188160688,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1197831148","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.91824925,0.00023633592,0.07923156,0.0013931394,0.00023809323,0.0003754177,0.000016977936,0.000032085587,0.00022713764],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983524,0.0000037266445,0.00071504706,0.0006830235,0.00017830338,0.000028607203,0.0000023949594,0.000016310682,0.00002018868],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.998136,0.0002035599,0.00066741137,0.00022602214,0.00047923715,0.00028776427],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977785,0.00013573703,0.00062266947,0.00011908496,0.0010414401,0.0003026188],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0015613526,0.0001725436,0.00041006174,0.00016259722,0.00007997247,0.0001788229,0.00029638552,0.00009764948,0.000053881602],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007141704,0.0001350222,0.000034590288,0.00020775491,0.00009135777,0.0012969192,0.000011000683,0.00021927693,0.0000071429554],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0022069248,0.00052151293,0.0060992967,0.00019210768,0.000030735853,0.000019048346,0.005441264,0.9544488,0.028346095,0.0020612825,0.0001374512,0.00049545255],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.017259428,0.00071588554,0.0044127726,0.00014681758,0.000078500816,0.00008116534,0.0056498335,0.9268865,0.0033809948,0.04096636,0.000030068146,0.00039164835],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003306359,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000018246707,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.080103144,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008925559,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00038965952,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5506046},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1409453961","doi":"10.1017/cbo9780511609725.014","title":"Systems with long-range repulsive interactions","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics; Phase (matter); Chemical physics; Materials science; Symmetry (geometry); Statistical physics; Amplitude; Condensed matter physics; Nanotechnology; Physics; Thermodynamics; Optics; Quantum mechanics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.023538090433509472,"score_gpt":0.20805629726397576,"score_spread":0.1845182068304663,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1409453961","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.0008361956,0.00015780656,0.00067434896,0.00002108323,0.00037387427,0.0005655332,0.0002715887,0.00024945883,0.99685013],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.019371748,0.00003370984,0.000052947526,0.00006641958,0.00018141627,0.0000026294165,0.000053031617,0.000041129137,0.98019695],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99855196,0.00004988704,0.00022143178,0.0005820814,0.00031979487,0.00027486437],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984172,0.000051874853,0.00036699002,0.0006884676,0.00027298796,0.00020247148],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008390099,0.0003501918,0.0003904813,0.00016954598,0.00024298773,0.00012670475,0.0004746005,0.0001793717,0.0000366588],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000051606503,0.0003526472,0.000112296795,0.000011968188,0.00021739831,0.00016635403,0.000120286764,0.00031874093,0.00011648327],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00031204725,0.00003234555,0.0000036073836,0.0001528833,0.00010235245,0.0004914973,0.00017337911,0.00002755989,0.0018190492,0.97385246,0.022608235,0.00042455818],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005320117,0.000116608884,0.00004386975,0.00034762232,0.0002216994,0.00009107082,0.00015458387,0.000028241544,0.00060572894,0.0000062137224,0.9973021,0.0005502418],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00011407706,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004208881,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9746939,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00028852522,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009630837,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99989253},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1425864279","doi":"10.3233/jae-2003-286","title":"Marangoni convection in a hemispheric molten silicon droplet and its control by an applied magnetic field","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Marangoni effect; Convection; Mechanics; Materials science; Silicon; Field (mathematics); Magnetic field; Marangoni number; Physics; Metallurgy; Mathematics","score_opus":0.0040726791582231265,"score_gpt":0.20843980598292386,"score_spread":0.20436712682470073,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1425864279","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9935497,0.0009182333,0.0026204016,0.00028386404,0.00020240711,0.00020302841,0.000008206354,0.00001283196,0.0022013485],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982612,0.0004890229,0.00041635308,0.00070304156,0.000054989927,0.000016628128,0.0000031189425,0.000014149032,0.00004146848],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99889576,0.000034033103,0.00039019488,0.00019852797,0.00028296668,0.00019851132],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99939346,0.00006439641,0.00021269385,0.00007748006,0.00012845114,0.00012350133],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00035932777,0.00013640425,0.00020317653,0.00008987418,0.000038480153,0.00009507179,0.00017800185,0.00008368541,0.00019593729],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000032616583,0.00013255289,0.000022191869,0.00008971811,0.000016843747,0.000083297076,0.000017676506,0.0001626123,0.0000030408642],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00025090942,0.00009243604,0.000009552772,0.000007947576,0.000009781329,0.000003745276,0.00016002457,0.000032603377,0.95301336,0.04363657,0.00006923917,0.0027138488],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007875504,0.0031977217,0.00023842801,0.00002936387,0.00007995882,0.00035925623,0.00073179876,0.011796785,0.926272,0.044262223,0.004604522,0.0005524493],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005165401,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000048432325,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.026741348,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000046290308,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004679699,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.54053503},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1451502220","doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.1491502.v1","title":"A note on the Cahn solute drag model","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Figshare","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Drag; Thermodynamics; Thermal diffusivity; Solvent drag; Diffusion; Boundary (topology); Formalism (music); Physics; Materials science; Mechanics; Statistical physics; Grain boundary; Chemistry; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Crystallography","score_opus":0.14557586027186134,"score_gpt":0.2936712599411332,"score_spread":0.14809539966927185,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1451502220","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.07218436,0.00034207705,0.0004103761,0.012522485,0.0007195331,0.0017449765,0.3144824,0.0011596706,0.5964341],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9922461,1.8944823e-7,0.00011448927,0.0022734809,0.00011292136,0.0001808086,0.0024293142,0.000014381488,0.0026283422],"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993192,0.00003303851,0.00009562336,0.00015878922,0.000220739,0.00017261913],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993899,0.00006259395,0.00005034353,0.00031595476,0.00008079639,0.00010041421],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009155457,0.00007848992,0.000064709915,0.000016654601,0.00009091229,0.00007925396,0.00030302402,0.000034821867,0.046392206],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00045012776,0.00005117764,0.000027197897,0.00007802918,0.000008105384,0.00008063469,0.000076909215,0.000066991335,0.01797718],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000124510825,0.00002383195,4.0998722e-7,0.000010835437,0.0000011854079,0.0000015881639,0.0010249572,0.0012160091,0.008397545,0.001886234,0.9872854,0.0001395989],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00087969605,0.00015315454,0.00017385124,0.00050145196,0.000010712839,0.000008971016,0.0004715872,0.11671634,0.06900974,0.01170341,0.7996976,0.0006735133],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000025857312,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000030454958,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9200617,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000039373044,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008396414,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.98278743},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1467465968","doi":"10.1103/physreve.93.010801","title":"Microscopic treatment of solute trapping and drag","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":45,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Drag; Binary number; Statistical physics; Limit (mathematics); Binary alloy; Crystal (programming language); Microscopic theory; Function (biology); Phase (matter); Field (mathematics); Correlation function (quantum field theory); Physics; Materials science; Thermodynamics; Alloy; Condensed matter physics; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.026468589306277206,"score_gpt":0.32645671248059915,"score_spread":0.29998812317432194,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1467465968","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98999745,0.007209204,0.00032881353,0.0012084569,0.00004434383,0.00020437573,0.000010519415,0.000022184551,0.00097465055],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9924864,0.0070190504,0.00009649672,0.00014456244,0.000055171087,0.000030438248,6.10606e-7,0.0000051910856,0.00016204492],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.999479,0.00003505155,0.0001441023,0.00015230704,0.000076560056,0.00011298493],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99962974,0.000064256885,0.00006830827,0.00016180369,0.000020700432,0.000055214376],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000053078435,0.00007368711,0.00022281392,0.0000095983405,0.00002635659,0.0000066356292,0.00006217206,0.000007714535,0.00008840877],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000022347018,0.000040673553,0.000047229507,0.000051989384,0.000078265344,0.000057008714,0.000015363323,0.00000803439,0.00009632148],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002670395,0.000079245394,0.000065690314,0.00014428065,0.0000030104604,1.644734e-7,0.00009638956,1.4612561e-8,0.9785321,0.0027603183,0.00010280759,0.018213332],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00067305256,0.00029332167,0.0033903362,0.0010073017,0.0000613818,0.000002033155,0.000014706882,0.000009715717,0.95035577,0.0068122307,0.037201226,0.00017890398],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000035710698,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.490059e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.03709842,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000019059284,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000012289982,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.16586193},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1518651262","doi":"10.1103/physreve.88.032407","title":"Phase-field-crystal model for magnetocrystalline interactions in isotropic ferromagnetic solids","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":28,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo; McGill University; Western University","funders":"Compute Canada; McGill University; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Condensed matter physics; Ferromagnetism; Magnetization; Materials science; Isotropy; Coercivity; Magnetocrystalline anisotropy; Misorientation; Grain boundary; Phase diagram; Phase (matter); Magnetic field; Physics; Magnetic anisotropy; Microstructure; Metallurgy; Optics","score_opus":0.04421877740121058,"score_gpt":0.35426483940272263,"score_spread":0.3100460620015121,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1518651262","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9458102,0.003438223,0.037782524,0.005151047,0.00021247908,0.0028631988,0.000048638256,0.00015068198,0.0045430395],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99380463,0.000498503,0.0015429602,0.001922831,0.00015431755,0.0012531087,0.000021490032,0.000021068214,0.0007810832],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99871266,0.000054183754,0.00040055625,0.00032978255,0.00016989392,0.0003329034],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991902,0.00015642302,0.000104629005,0.00032059103,0.00010019747,0.00012793171],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00010783001,0.00017451508,0.000367978,0.000045805496,0.00006068737,0.000055616794,0.00025576036,0.000017811508,0.0012647224],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00014897947,0.00014814296,0.00013491513,0.00018480876,0.000041464013,0.00030190617,0.000054708238,0.00011868708,0.00043983862],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000028739269,0.001344792,0.000006374505,0.0010145045,0.000005088555,6.8151417e-7,0.00026723518,0.0002476,0.9716048,0.009147135,0.007899156,0.008433847],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0028342837,0.0009352912,0.00012798815,0.0009687988,0.00009536441,0.0000060541142,0.00008915172,0.9123583,0.008603815,0.056687642,0.016631095,0.00066221796],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000030705385,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000013562669,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.963001,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000049604143,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000040238334,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996483},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1524639237","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-48223-1_20","title":"Dendritic Microstructure in Directional Solidification of Magnesium Alloys","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Temperature gradient; Microstructure; Dendrite (mathematics); Anisotropy; Materials science; Directional solidification; Surface energy; Alloy; Magnesium alloy; Thermal; Crystal (programming language); Surface tension; Phase transition; Condensed matter physics; Metallurgy; Crystallography; Composite material; Thermodynamics; Geometry; Optics; Chemistry","score_opus":0.02382232670169649,"score_gpt":0.22428960519637564,"score_spread":0.20046727849467916,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1524639237","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.005312658,0.00037817922,0.0002950007,0.00008276385,0.0006508492,0.0003391631,0.0001007094,0.000085784835,0.9927549],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5482948,0.000057200377,0.0009349909,0.00012824756,0.0001306782,0.000023728808,0.00007514872,0.000047714115,0.45030752],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.998624,0.000021555301,0.00053252827,0.00039398394,0.00024253268,0.00018535956],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991241,0.000032958807,0.00026724447,0.0003647782,0.00014522427,0.00006569401],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00015504548,0.00023117677,0.00031392567,0.00020030259,0.000036524303,0.000021362752,0.00027686803,0.00026739473,0.014350918],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000014038673,0.00021965,0.00008289961,0.00003932486,0.00016280197,0.000088882705,0.000052751195,0.00015217568,0.00041086285],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000039419592,0.000040618208,0.000052085823,0.00016323631,0.0000062192053,0.0000026283055,0.0003584524,0.000002002692,0.59549266,0.40286744,0.0006021754,0.0003730718],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0015656966,0.00024011677,0.011369846,0.00031751988,0.00016662995,0.00010031071,0.00024744432,0.000019999798,0.43875772,0.40930328,0.13584141,0.0020700248],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006599635,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005675943,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5429821,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007165148,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008666033,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9865501},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1529469423","doi":"10.1007/0-387-32153-5_1","title":"An Energetic Variational Formulation with Phase Field Methods for Interfacial Dynamics of Complex Fluids: Advantages and Challenges","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"˜The œIMA volumes in mathematics and its applications","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":88,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Representation (politics); Exposition (narrative); Field (mathematics); Eulerian path; Computer science; Phase (matter); Transformation (genetics); Benchmark (surveying); Statistical physics; Lagrangian; Applied mathematics; Mathematics; Physics","score_opus":0.05199077723310506,"score_gpt":0.33885533127095724,"score_spread":0.28686455403785216,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1529469423","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.002020114,0.0029554213,0.9786312,0.0006416964,0.000041407315,0.0020228906,0.00039453973,0.00004747841,0.01324527],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.44766074,0.0109784175,0.52940834,0.00019203991,0.00027115943,0.0018001765,0.0006539138,0.0001652614,0.0088699525],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989723,0.000021557087,0.00045863082,0.00028592476,0.000136356,0.00012522432],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99868464,0.00046206074,0.0003351224,0.0003086787,0.00015822928,0.00005128918],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00032716856,0.00019472814,0.0003203983,0.00009507738,0.00016454878,0.000037329377,0.00020898215,0.0001195223,0.000065824934],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000017526563,0.00015133701,0.000032886936,0.00003453883,0.00011768743,0.00009618621,0.000049818853,0.00008454145,0.0000017591557],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003752911,0.00018321825,0.0000018709223,0.0004822807,0.000024168125,9.634562e-8,0.0016978892,0.000025332623,0.00969699,0.95438087,0.000032209668,0.033437517],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0015821889,0.0007189197,0.000084392515,0.00018423582,0.00020124968,0.0000357401,0.0010290069,0.5586497,0.0012040741,0.3874002,0.0482434,0.000666842],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000026027594,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000032071537,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5669807,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002994946,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003551989,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.61713445},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1531295615","doi":"10.1115/fedsm2007-37390","title":"Usage of Axial and Rotating Magnetic Field to Process Ge0.98Si0.02 Crystal by the Traveling Heater Method","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Magnetic field; Buoyancy; Rotating magnetic field; Materials science; Mechanics; Intensity (physics); Homogeneity (statistics); Convection; Mass transfer; Silicon; Heat transfer; Condensed matter physics; Crucible (geodemography); Fluid dynamics; Physics; Optics; Chemistry; Optoelectronics","score_opus":0.015079859373389154,"score_gpt":0.3011575891840266,"score_spread":0.2860777298106374,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1531295615","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8941475,0.000070059876,0.09967499,0.0004415101,0.00006585267,0.00023472178,0.000006430618,0.000029344677,0.0053295707],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98559433,0.0000014095083,0.012927912,0.00087235554,0.000051328283,0.000012503423,0.0000011280434,0.000009011514,0.0005299924],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989848,0.000053931097,0.00030139793,0.00022088991,0.00020035569,0.00023859575],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993732,0.0002703898,0.000059953403,0.00014949152,0.000057290665,0.000089657835],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009842964,0.00009737829,0.0001289597,0.000030241323,0.00010683046,0.00006217061,0.00017557088,0.000038804388,0.00077900686],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00010034247,0.00006489887,0.000021628235,0.00014181316,0.000044329954,0.0000779594,0.00004554788,0.000060995313,0.000010672971],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000044255503,0.000021397726,0.00029380555,0.000034393845,0.0000018224642,5.446204e-7,0.0035123671,0.000013407282,0.98439306,0.00032774487,0.00019677756,0.011160414],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00030095526,0.00025335254,0.0016547708,0.00001738246,0.000012141254,0.00000821994,0.003671697,0.0004983326,0.9924518,0.00067355664,0.00030223135,0.00015554442],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00010260918,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000021721837,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.09144684,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000066377943,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000015641648,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8529579},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1540754468","doi":"10.1002/mawe.201400310","title":"The robustness of the two‐colour assumption in pyrometry of solidifying AISI D2 alloy droplets","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canadian Space Agency","keywords":"Pyrometer; Shadowgraph; Materials science; Emissivity; Drop (telecommunication); Superheating; Metallurgy; Temperature measurement; Optics; Mechanical engineering; Thermodynamics; Physics","score_opus":0.011995549316508265,"score_gpt":0.2630489516853201,"score_spread":0.25105340236881185,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1540754468","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9954169,0.00010958614,0.001084107,0.00055058725,0.0014769933,0.0005020492,0.000018893461,0.00009437974,0.0007464997],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99880826,0.000023729606,0.0006750584,0.00006162738,0.00014673745,0.000062183266,0.0000047714,0.000039585117,0.00017801326],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99734956,0.00041731258,0.00089118513,0.00037291765,0.0005096515,0.0004593528],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979434,0.0002283219,0.00063757366,0.0009649321,0.00015593285,0.000069865724],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0018577726,0.00025290495,0.0004393875,0.00016521596,0.00024685136,0.00010605585,0.0009134384,0.00015466317,0.00013454676],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002824125,0.00016502771,0.00011607481,0.0005467987,0.0004025615,0.0001537359,0.00029780797,0.00016612421,0.000027982469],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000079973426,0.000079258236,0.000429444,0.00009973938,0.000008634338,4.3597484e-7,0.0001580808,0.00068367744,0.9901185,0.007909959,0.000114490205,0.00031782626],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00091384817,0.00010472467,0.011482325,0.00015692579,0.000039957118,0.000011477319,0.00031040027,0.0016312714,0.9792574,0.0019806712,0.0038049023,0.00030609523],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00013647653,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000066646426,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.011052881,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007815091,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000050730483,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.67296344},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1551009586","doi":"10.1115/1.1669414","title":"Buoyancy Convection During the Growth of SixGe1−x by the Traveling Solvent Method (TSM)","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Fluids Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University; Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Canadian Space Agency","keywords":"Buoyancy; Convection; Materials science; Crystal growth; Solvent; Silicon; Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Crystal (programming language); Heat transfer; Natural convection; Chemistry; Physics; Metallurgy","score_opus":0.008332138284662451,"score_gpt":0.22839883171309167,"score_spread":0.22006669342842922,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1551009586","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.7246142,0.00068317197,0.27369574,0.00040510797,0.00043527555,0.000075170006,0.0000026334224,0.000017434828,0.0000712373],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9952714,0.00006322032,0.004365207,0.00003588372,0.00021540104,0.000004141683,2.3636737e-7,0.000015429601,0.000029104158],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988987,0.000042101357,0.0004956491,0.000087424785,0.00030273208,0.00017340867],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993288,0.00009565337,0.00022366068,0.00014470641,0.00015037462,0.0000567845],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008853026,0.00010682339,0.00017606428,0.00005365592,0.00011683457,0.000048333415,0.0003055618,0.000034965415,0.00003631431],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000121817,0.00006357284,0.00010649684,0.00018528025,0.000031968626,0.00017359886,0.000026619746,0.00018906924,0.0000033485421],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000152049815,0.000023118131,0.00002671046,0.000046931455,0.000015239228,0.0000014816434,0.0009131729,0.015368789,0.98213345,0.0013367676,0.000024868898,0.00009425626],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005584573,0.000068883404,0.0017167209,0.00008422467,0.00003122869,0.00014761504,0.00036390813,0.0008534089,0.9954246,0.00048417016,0.00017160187,0.00009517136],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000020420686,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.7260423e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.27065715,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009309456,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000035892914,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.25924253},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1596834660","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-48191-3_3","title":"Undercooling of Rapidly Solidified Droplets and Spray Formed Strips of Al-Cu (Sc)","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Eutectic system; Materials science; Liquidus; Supercooling; Metallurgy; Scanning electron microscope; Microstructure; Copper; Phase diagram; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Phase (matter); Composite material; Alloy; Chemistry; Thermodynamics; Chromatography","score_opus":0.06111252661679244,"score_gpt":0.27330866551036986,"score_spread":0.2121961388935774,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1596834660","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.038197488,0.0013983118,0.001896411,0.00029489116,0.00047871194,0.00080371683,0.00021389758,0.00012105945,0.95659554],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.89292204,0.00021319224,0.0010115681,0.00017624524,0.0000822729,0.00000911039,0.00004120429,0.000058905138,0.10548543],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99799585,0.00003641193,0.00078877195,0.00041169117,0.00050876447,0.00025850814],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998208,0.00013541483,0.00064618024,0.0004901137,0.00033061206,0.00018970393],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00065679563,0.00030316832,0.00067644013,0.00019135274,0.00005817529,0.00003059186,0.00028888838,0.00024255278,0.0016511092],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007042343,0.00025961024,0.00009708275,0.00004454564,0.00029648785,0.00013246454,0.00014303785,0.0001709235,0.000057934176],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001480545,0.000057116038,0.000008771688,0.00037773506,0.000059676124,0.000002938745,0.0007401213,0.000008171378,0.59621197,0.39659804,0.005035098,0.0007522833],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006398719,0.0013316232,0.00023602873,0.0011826273,0.0005282727,0.000058506863,0.0023423552,0.00025830424,0.3858161,0.26171175,0.337195,0.0029407018],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003207888,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000023399942,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8547246,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000054512293,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00018950157,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99998564},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1597278668","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.1410.7541","title":"Characterizing the stabilization size for semi-implicit Fourier-spectral method to phase field equations","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China; Hong Kong Baptist University","keywords":"Lipschitz continuity; Nonlinear system; Mathematics; Phase field models; Stability (learning theory); Field (mathematics); Applied mathematics; Cahn–Hilliard equation; Energy (signal processing); Term (time); Mathematical analysis; Work (physics); Fourier series; Numerical analysis; Phase (matter); Partial differential equation; Computer science; Physics; Pure mathematics","score_opus":0.09382023703457756,"score_gpt":0.2676230619329364,"score_spread":0.17380282489835883,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1597278668","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.3079255,0.0000050636418,0.689131,0.0009201278,0.00032559715,0.0007990859,0.00009343942,0.000107718304,0.0006924678],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9931915,0.0000072759753,0.0042541483,0.0011968914,0.0002629225,0.000031653242,0.000051453033,0.00002813729,0.0009760139],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99828625,0.0002411874,0.0002800463,0.00074744056,0.00009741238,0.00034767448],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99724156,0.0012769714,0.00028867077,0.0008181049,0.00020862711,0.00016607199],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007728232,0.0002441226,0.0002854625,0.00009573794,0.0003631732,0.00016065924,0.00074041233,0.00017179156,0.0003937193],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005065007,0.00022916732,0.00016205799,0.00028935433,0.000046233483,0.00014746965,0.0003447632,0.00021062847,0.00007047454],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00051927194,0.0003232237,0.00012138662,0.0002703668,0.000080755766,0.000005029038,0.0030566112,0.073182076,0.5969372,0.32278174,0.0011732479,0.001549101],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0042565153,0.0009413796,0.00070155243,0.00026544568,0.0007357795,0.0000051805114,0.0025991227,0.557576,0.23028585,0.16597937,0.034351543,0.0023022476],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000052926884,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000021334456,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.685266,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00015719113,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00011003103,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.93451715},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1668165888","doi":"10.1007/3-540-51031-1_323","title":"An ultraviolet look at the blue edge of the ZZ ceti instability strip","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Lecture notes in physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Instability strip; Ultraviolet; Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution; Instability; Physics; Astronomy; Optics; Computer science; Telecommunications; Stars; Mechanics","score_opus":0.021427775103394945,"score_gpt":0.24107315847995195,"score_spread":0.219645383376557,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1668165888","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.71493876,0.002722977,0.010108097,0.0019969104,0.003380828,0.004545704,0.002254337,0.0003127629,0.25973964],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9962279,0.00007600727,0.000059741356,0.0005742366,0.0004438483,0.00001542969,0.000049946288,0.000041710333,0.0025111465],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9983248,0.000118696145,0.00040781713,0.00047163916,0.0004261554,0.00025089883],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977378,0.00028707704,0.00036387745,0.0014322662,0.00012634331,0.00005258858],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000208673,0.00033011095,0.00037611136,0.000023450808,0.00018739635,0.000029066443,0.00084811467,0.0002542772,0.00032342286],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008062897,0.00019606255,0.00016640632,0.00010323983,0.00077982835,0.000068156674,0.00015048546,0.00048370988,0.000049853974],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00034847177,0.00087791216,0.0019695298,0.0005719846,0.000097981174,0.000008670313,0.02411866,0.015991116,0.8567403,0.05455984,0.0017923161,0.042923227],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008948777,0.00020690303,0.004051274,0.00030971787,0.00012347904,0.000016653414,0.00006516571,0.00018854263,0.6970539,0.22883937,0.067045376,0.0012047582],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003314499,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000097063115,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.2812892,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00016632205,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00015235551,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7995199},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W168264631","doi":"10.1023/a:1004885926618","title":"Study of the containerless undercooling of Ti-Ce immiscible alloys","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Materials Science","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"Marshall Space Flight Center; Universities Space Research Association; University of Alabama; National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"Materials science; Supercooling; Spinodal decomposition; Phase (matter); Thermodynamics; Solubility; Equiaxed crystals; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Alloy; Metallurgy; Chemistry; Chromatography","score_opus":0.03876647424746279,"score_gpt":0.2909852367016654,"score_spread":0.2522187624542026,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W168264631","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9977968,0.000042358715,0.00010608152,0.00015631603,0.0010574749,0.00018664305,0.0000048151446,0.000006144923,0.000643397],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995588,0.000017392904,0.00021490212,0.000045650962,0.000088394256,0.0000021616427,6.313754e-8,0.000006971545,0.00006565606],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9975789,0.0001755109,0.0009218275,0.00016821412,0.0009182162,0.00023728352],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976317,0.000072015515,0.0012623738,0.00036883695,0.00057676644,0.000088254994],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0033034834,0.00010434788,0.0003531905,0.00014633809,0.00015579884,0.000097686716,0.001269561,0.000026982143,0.0002460965],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00026347148,0.00006388198,0.00005129655,0.0006096198,0.00045534776,0.00042856057,0.00018244376,0.000062114355,0.000006239679],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000061531086,0.0002657265,0.0012341612,0.000017252554,0.0000040943023,0.0000028703612,0.0019715943,0.00032329297,0.9954118,0.0006624729,0.00002100893,0.000024164785],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007230221,0.0003119648,0.021829411,0.00007004037,0.000021911208,0.00007400342,0.0089514395,0.0000079112315,0.9673214,0.00055509503,0.00005282681,0.00008095705],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000063994376,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000071769655,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.028090412,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005813466,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00030505098,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2694584},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1765104993","doi":"10.1007/s11467-008-0040-0","title":"Steady needle growth with 3-D anisotropic surface tension","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers of Physics in China","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Surface tension; Anisotropy; Isotropy; Péclet number; Dendrite (mathematics); Physics; Materials science; Mechanics; Condensed matter physics; Thermodynamics; Optics; Geometry; Mathematics","score_opus":0.021059364068144796,"score_gpt":0.22551777207743207,"score_spread":0.20445840800928727,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1765104993","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9853237,0.00015021581,0.011522673,0.00008074814,0.00023087837,0.00014306202,0.000011278268,0.000041534375,0.002495854],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98820674,0.000042593972,0.011342185,0.000041744403,0.000052130246,0.0000041996614,0.000007054876,0.000017211169,0.00028612],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99901885,0.00004144398,0.00020284261,0.0002410166,0.00028603277,0.00020984228],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994401,0.000017961358,0.0001345686,0.00027467296,0.000078055076,0.000054687054],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00010081938,0.0001273926,0.00023981772,0.000035566733,0.0000839736,0.000010825095,0.00023063159,0.00004149674,0.000018226538],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000014334955,0.00010636087,0.000032922057,0.00027427587,0.00019226402,0.00021642687,0.000042089472,0.000105318504,0.0000191183],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00030952782,0.0008090868,0.22050019,0.0001282449,0.000026658508,0.000024569781,0.008656201,0.0035248706,0.72855127,0.024417812,0.012793177,0.0002583714],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0041589686,0.00080246845,0.31663823,0.00013148153,0.000042048563,0.000021506925,0.003255207,0.002867941,0.62992865,0.040515594,0.00062769477,0.001010236],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00013090693,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000039426795,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.09862267,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000048368758,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000059269303,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.43372706},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1812818450","doi":"10.3233/jae-2003-285","title":"Control of transport structures in a rotating liquid cylinder by means of an applied magnetic field","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Crucible (geodemography); Rotation (mathematics); Magnetic field; Rotating magnetic field; Convection; Materials science; Natural convection; Mechanics; Condensed matter physics; Cylinder; Plane (geometry); Temperature gradient; Field (mathematics); Micro-pulling-down; Horizontal plane; Liquid metal; Physics; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Single crystal; Chemistry; Geometry; Composite material; Meteorology","score_opus":0.00489949032564749,"score_gpt":0.2204414738842222,"score_spread":0.2155419835585747,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1812818450","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9835845,0.00021953104,0.014549315,0.00006301752,0.0001127796,0.00014263038,0.00001755007,0.000004230951,0.0013064353],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9954299,0.00007244889,0.004270004,0.00017485033,0.00002828962,0.000005557922,0.0000032328435,0.000011433397,0.000004332456],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986364,0.000027680397,0.0006501188,0.00013658535,0.0003952226,0.00015398182],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99914736,0.00007198915,0.00042679705,0.00009125256,0.0001906114,0.00007199298],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00040326756,0.00011383421,0.0002619095,0.0001307478,0.000017112448,0.000015196781,0.00025868212,0.000071256865,0.00018660212],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000027851094,0.000105789586,0.00003909291,0.00008692902,0.000028006012,0.000049171835,0.000008784123,0.00013741243,2.483401e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00055809924,0.00010423002,0.0000103865705,0.00001392866,0.000015268577,0.000002063981,0.00038963245,0.0002467396,0.8907038,0.106135406,0.000005169369,0.0018152804],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0026594598,0.0022931756,0.00011444077,0.000019784307,0.0000421934,0.00003366145,0.0004199455,0.0010313555,0.96022874,0.03284463,0.00016160852,0.0001509865],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000066141356,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000068759064,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.07329078,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000018060364,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007716446,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4313974},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1954140837","doi":"10.3233/jae-2003-265","title":"A numerical simulation study for the effect of applied magnetic field in growth of CdTe single crystals by the traveling heater method","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Magnetic field; Rotating magnetic field; Mixing (physics); Field (mathematics); Plane (geometry); Mechanics; Convection; Magnet; Materials science; Horizontal plane; Condensed matter physics; Optics; Physics; Geometry; Mathematics","score_opus":0.009650559774011653,"score_gpt":0.27276730612584044,"score_spread":0.2631167463518288,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1954140837","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.866369,0.00027859013,0.13192225,0.00021039357,0.00017027518,0.0007010654,0.0000071579434,0.000004082532,0.0003371835],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980264,0.000025600542,0.0017642077,0.00009964087,0.000035769488,0.000029393672,0.0000010232488,0.000011500528,0.0000065208146],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99870443,0.000083252664,0.0005688379,0.00013222125,0.00036624013,0.00014503025],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981759,0.0011439156,0.0003652752,0.00010387839,0.00017789162,0.00003313956],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001310303,0.000115664865,0.00024784383,0.00006789058,0.000042217816,0.000040050352,0.00029358728,0.00004554917,0.00003559341],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00012323189,0.00007118897,0.00005789844,0.000120994686,0.000022230844,0.000029808218,0.00002150056,0.000117735806,2.2530195e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008031928,0.00016971283,0.000017011089,0.000019335503,0.000036797293,4.541584e-7,0.0007955616,0.0026735151,0.98278344,0.009241823,0.00002136451,0.0034377745],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0023735086,0.0047007874,0.000057420842,0.000014608848,0.000110008674,0.000012420442,0.0005750622,0.013765609,0.9647817,0.013348184,0.00015048767,0.00011023046],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000069213543,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000014924361,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.13165733,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000027565935,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002669015,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.29030022},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1964226205","doi":"10.1007/s11661-008-9726-8","title":"On the Extension of Processing Time with Increase in Temperature during Transient-Liquid Phase Bonding","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Eutectic system; Materials science; Melting point; Superalloy; Transient (computer programming); Phase (matter); Thermodynamics; Temperature gradient; Composite material; Alloy; Chemistry; Physics; Computer science","score_opus":0.010167705015765966,"score_gpt":0.2343549023970868,"score_spread":0.22418719738132084,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1964226205","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99781483,0.00004956447,0.0009420773,0.0006206827,0.000025502457,0.00024780375,0.000022557533,0.000039975163,0.00023700688],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995079,0.000014807481,0.000117800264,0.00012579832,0.00001512508,0.000026924743,0.0000046164723,0.000008364158,0.00017863837],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990229,0.000097430544,0.0002886808,0.00024711792,0.00016656265,0.00017729487],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99965984,0.000034799978,0.00007252149,0.00013156938,0.000033315024,0.00006798499],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00030667652,0.0001304268,0.00024708753,0.00007023533,0.00018033739,0.000090957015,0.000080523365,0.00005201174,0.0013064881],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000086409145,0.000079454,0.000028930715,0.00019981463,0.000092931885,0.00016519835,0.00000215646,0.00007666612,0.000007219577],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.001139772,0.00030385566,3.646448e-8,0.00003031976,0.000003187066,0.000011057495,0.0002753396,0.00008807259,0.99734026,0.00068263744,0.0000017003302,0.00012373325],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0021488573,0.000719026,0.00044117522,0.00023221465,0.000048746017,0.000089878995,0.00020475374,0.00013791623,0.99531084,0.00030735778,0.00015221056,0.00020702889],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000015160961,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002694216,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0020294539,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000012866055,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000176285,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99960643},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1964321887","doi":"10.1103/physreve.74.031602","title":"Phase-field simulations of velocity selection in rapidly solidified binary alloys","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research","funders":"Division of Materials Research","keywords":"Supercooling; Dendrite (mathematics); Non-equilibrium thermodynamics; Isothermal process; Thermodynamics; Materials science; Phase (matter); Kinetics; Field (mathematics); Phase transition; Growth rate; Physics; Classical mechanics; Mathematics; Geometry","score_opus":0.027378573578144935,"score_gpt":0.3316686351816227,"score_spread":0.30429006160347777,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1964321887","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9951031,0.0012932257,0.0006148896,0.0003763934,0.000039595707,0.00030224986,0.000009842744,0.000041877323,0.0022187973],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991212,0.00023809323,0.00015869236,0.00029101362,0.000100437384,0.000030098145,0.000012439579,0.0000076032243,0.000040455918],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990436,0.00010266113,0.00033209118,0.00018999666,0.00017636767,0.00015527334],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994798,0.00015560524,0.0001311907,0.00013329397,0.00006407695,0.000036072557],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00017814225,0.00009428033,0.00027482896,0.000039382096,0.000040425395,0.000009906488,0.000119980745,0.000021773709,0.00024335725],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000105662046,0.00008393849,0.000071713,0.00040898862,0.00003398291,0.00011813995,0.000023079012,0.00007452447,0.000065783206],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000016180287,0.0009537914,0.00006722039,0.00030811707,0.0000018091605,3.1346494e-7,0.000048805505,0.00022069235,0.9897827,0.0064234138,0.0006061211,0.0015708451],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0034629293,0.00090843166,0.009439243,0.0015398718,0.00013041825,0.0000023895107,0.00003719119,0.033837043,0.8911507,0.04126564,0.017455224,0.00077089225],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007870177,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000012131472,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.09863196,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000029822613,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000028794544,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.34229124},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1965925077","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.105.045702","title":"Free Energy Functionals for Efficient Phase Field Crystal Modeling of Structural Phase Transformations","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":206,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Mesoscopic physics; Planar; Phase (matter); Anisotropy; Physics; Density functional theory; Lattice (music); Materials science; Statistical physics; Computational physics; Quantum mechanics; Computer science","score_opus":0.025915184004859718,"score_gpt":0.32226517061518156,"score_spread":0.29634998661032186,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1965925077","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.79155797,0.0004085912,0.20346747,0.0035715457,0.00025576446,0.0003381748,0.00021011778,0.000037477508,0.00015287481],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9946105,0.000034571236,0.00061297044,0.004349192,0.00019927687,0.00013348869,0.000046038735,0.000010284028,0.0000036960755],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99899876,0.000029898374,0.00035930518,0.00019154281,0.00023144028,0.00018902372],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992666,0.0001444295,0.00011582007,0.00029791982,0.00008854941,0.00008667752],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00015686343,0.00012401189,0.0002630382,0.00003256937,0.000098952136,0.000020991838,0.00024313678,0.000012116876,0.00025902444],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00010720605,0.00010064523,0.00018284222,0.00011618967,0.000052764735,0.00012468897,0.000020208143,0.000082857405,0.0000056766326],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003952123,0.00018674904,1.7693338e-7,0.00032945574,0.000007073854,1.4243743e-7,0.00012546481,0.0023683724,0.9848271,0.009550867,0.0010498206,0.0015152773],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0041848966,0.00032191095,0.0000033005929,0.0003262449,0.00018237585,0.0000072718576,0.000045494933,0.80026746,0.18036631,0.004716207,0.009119311,0.00045922838],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008719751,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001390836,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.80446076,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000010836253,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002273135,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.41041934},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1966357434","doi":"10.1007/s11661-000-0068-4","title":"A comparative study of the microstructures observed in statically cast and continuously cast Bi-In-Sn ternary eutectic alloy","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Eutectic system; Materials science; Microstructure; Dendrite (mathematics); Alloy; Ternary operation; Metallurgy; Casting; Phase (matter); Eutectic bonding; Geometry; Chemistry","score_opus":0.027440129275846627,"score_gpt":0.2531157142240365,"score_spread":0.22567558494818987,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1966357434","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9988333,0.000072443334,0.00011793965,0.00010204419,0.000101626145,0.0005885749,0.000063057974,0.00001644924,0.00010454353],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994128,0.00003256543,0.00017911536,0.00004551163,0.000010859396,0.0000704068,0.0000017405088,0.000008634889,0.00023839364],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99861175,0.00026177618,0.000491184,0.00029494107,0.00014440303,0.0001959707],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996168,0.00006479751,0.00007767098,0.0001577309,0.000026956917,0.000056012886],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002469994,0.00015120262,0.0004329701,0.00005466199,0.000099959514,0.000113124515,0.00013106717,0.000050364186,0.0018605085],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000054907623,0.00010670404,0.000029011,0.00018444192,0.00021854836,0.00013491217,0.000015696065,0.00008756309,0.0000070128763],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00041535613,0.0007682911,0.00019039887,0.000068529516,0.00002570783,0.000026273974,0.005559951,0.00034352916,0.99219066,0.000120903635,0.0000020580828,0.0002883462],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.011694978,0.0011433441,0.8293577,0.00021817209,0.0002692961,0.0005038388,0.012935623,0.0008896029,0.13893265,0.0017205952,0.001351208,0.000983],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0015211714,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0020412896,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.853258,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000014346278,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001745957,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9990519},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1966886334","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb05907.x","title":"Gravity‐Induced Anomalies in Interphase Spacing Reported for Binary Eutectics","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":true,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"Canadian Space Agency","keywords":"Interphase; Eutectic system; Binary number; Materials science; Geology; Geodesy; Physics; Mathematics; Biology; Composite material; Cell biology; Microstructure","score_opus":0.21182536423401635,"score_gpt":0.3654116185828751,"score_spread":0.15358625434885873,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1966886334","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9876699,0.0004790665,0.000043680822,0.01050046,0.00014942607,0.00024992516,0.00000775564,0.00001938501,0.0008804134],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980372,0.00003570318,0.0008433276,0.00060904113,0.00005139419,0.000008137713,1.5440756e-7,0.0000054057027,0.0004095938],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.998511,0.000072885545,0.00052983285,0.00027472593,0.00033991237,0.00027162247],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990735,0.00016864736,0.00051600375,0.00013314659,0.00004175598,0.0000669215],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0012449641,0.00010710199,0.0002271624,0.00015609186,0.0001514157,0.000032917575,0.0007426545,0.00007052997,0.000061945335],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003690155,0.00007531368,0.00009273387,0.00076546235,0.00047110918,0.00024146758,0.00009969581,0.00009397345,0.00000449732],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000029893292,0.000089052926,0.00081681664,0.000037322094,0.0000055689957,1.7191235e-7,0.0016513731,0.00013999683,0.9885856,0.003160263,0.0036295687,0.0018543833],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00028034658,0.00019054677,0.004725956,0.0001428004,0.000009963405,0.000005508861,0.00094330864,0.0010194975,0.972923,0.018128084,0.0014939402,0.00013704828],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000070804395,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004295618,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.015662588,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008605341,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000034296805,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.30712026},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1968111431","doi":"10.1103/physreve.82.021605","title":"Phase-field-crystal dynamics for binary systems: Derivation from dynamical density functional theory, amplitude equation formalism, and applications to alloy heterostructures","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":102,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research","funders":"","keywords":"Heterojunction; Amplitude; Binary number; Atomic units; Density functional theory; Physics; Crystal (programming language); Formalism (music); Materials science; Statistical physics; Condensed matter physics; Quantum mechanics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.026171194191332518,"score_gpt":0.3120454457942378,"score_spread":0.2858742516029053,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1968111431","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.676875,0.00025647331,0.3207908,0.00039368376,0.00019396112,0.0011821806,0.00019046152,0.000065909546,0.000051532246],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99606246,0.000050267583,0.0011635326,0.0009025774,0.0004108632,0.00085296086,0.00052657886,0.000017405393,0.000013365563],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99879384,0.000073940144,0.00031885412,0.00038366622,0.00023147343,0.00019824486],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99880147,0.00042651946,0.0001458145,0.00031890254,0.00015233997,0.00015494648],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00029769246,0.00016540028,0.0002804641,0.000032083604,0.00019462677,0.000104652376,0.00016720961,0.000052714484,0.000051830888],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00022018029,0.00014185443,0.000077048644,0.00012176363,0.00006078322,0.00020520062,0.00007263251,0.00012017498,0.000032387397],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007753231,0.00017120235,0.000038087903,0.00029717438,0.000009922763,9.2529866e-8,0.000063949505,0.000023388995,0.7743538,0.22003691,0.0001479658,0.004779965],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0070502586,0.0022842993,0.022413658,0.0014671425,0.0010909323,0.000050275412,0.0006112011,0.24505855,0.067223124,0.5993968,0.050060336,0.003293382],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000023085262,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000018758006,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7071307,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004748805,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002759884,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5784656},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1968577094","doi":"10.1080/14786435.2010.506427","title":"The Kirkendall effect in the phase field crystal model","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Philosophical Magazine A Journal of Theoretical Experimental and Applied Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":43,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Kirkendall effect; Vacancy defect; Supersaturation; Materials science; Crystal (programming language); Condensed matter physics; Phase (matter); Work (physics); Grain boundary; Field (mathematics); Diffusion; Chemical physics; Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Microstructure; Physics; Metallurgy; Mathematics","score_opus":0.011910731015037403,"score_gpt":0.28330108363071593,"score_spread":0.2713903526156785,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1968577094","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9709428,0.00011622739,0.0009208961,0.019301014,0.00014654611,0.00028324162,0.0000056591375,0.0000106494645,0.008272955],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974444,0.000009559796,0.00012221912,0.001799022,0.0005735634,0.00003167373,8.117739e-7,0.000013329361,0.0000054497573],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99860483,0.00016042717,0.0003963303,0.00015834128,0.00041571335,0.0002643435],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983674,0.0010222994,0.0001577365,0.0003057748,0.000032877782,0.00011389875],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011591982,0.00018531797,0.00023562528,0.000015625288,0.00029972417,0.00015305259,0.0007183575,0.000060814535,0.000087399196],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007756239,0.00007629069,0.00010694134,0.00011983914,0.0012041751,0.000077185105,0.00014480056,0.0007235292,0.000018947043],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00044191038,0.00019103113,8.4260967e-7,0.000002832636,0.0000042930355,0.0000015421781,0.0003946893,0.000021693113,0.4707059,0.527767,0.000056408084,0.0004118565],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013563484,0.0004630255,0.000009347519,0.00000798575,0.000023642773,0.000039841518,0.00019314274,0.0027717457,0.17815785,0.8167471,0.00011826883,0.00011164861],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":3.9045634e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.4874881e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.29254806,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000110474875,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000022185892,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.44368333},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1970585624","doi":"10.1007/s11661-002-0224-0","title":"Cellular array morphology during directional solidification","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":32,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Northwestern Polytechnic","funders":"Division of Materials Research; National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"Directional solidification; Materials science; Voronoi diagram; Dendrite (mathematics); Morphology (biology); Fast Fourier transform; Distribution (mathematics); Alloy; Anisotropy; Hexagonal crystal system; Gaussian; Shape factor; Noise (video); Geometry; Crystallography; Optics; Physics; Mathematics; Chemistry; Composite material; Geology; Mathematical analysis","score_opus":0.020314857082925797,"score_gpt":0.20595258315527787,"score_spread":0.18563772607235207,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1970585624","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.90275097,0.00020800083,0.09457665,0.00038428025,0.0004841427,0.00016317375,0.000042383366,0.00017549719,0.0012149265],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9950687,0.00019519268,0.0011431284,0.000058352085,0.00011769708,0.00011925672,0.000011631441,0.000016887208,0.0032691364],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99874794,0.00011429408,0.0003452617,0.00037130073,0.00016298423,0.00025820552],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995398,0.00002873028,0.000079666504,0.00017714617,0.00004067119,0.0001340206],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001869445,0.0001482006,0.00023661563,0.00006800904,0.00035809664,0.00014715776,0.00010277895,0.00009164146,0.03493809],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000800595,0.00013916318,0.000056024,0.00012529372,0.00015126335,0.00020568384,0.0000068701574,0.00006970489,0.00056595274],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000021695121,0.00013440519,6.999547e-7,0.000025286305,0.0000107933865,0.000005168959,0.00012656036,0.00003804819,0.9989609,0.0005201412,0.000015663903,0.0001406531],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005471275,0.000035036006,0.00081547373,0.000008153187,0.000046947673,0.00017397739,0.00007376412,0.00009663372,0.99016577,0.00036907522,0.0074311686,0.00023684293],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003829653,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000031153204,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.09343352,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000023004162,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000047998483,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9659441},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1971995845","doi":"10.1557/proc-0990-b08-23","title":"Texture Evolution in Cu Films and Lines","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"MRS Proceedings","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Advanced Micro Devices (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Crystallite; Stacking-fault energy; Copper interconnect; Grain boundary; Texture (cosmology); Electroplating; Surface energy; Grain growth; Stacking fault; Metallurgy; Composite material; Crystallography; Grain size; Engineering physics; Copper; Dislocation; Microstructure; Layer (electronics)","score_opus":0.011773573367296725,"score_gpt":0.2463842069584636,"score_spread":0.23461063359116688,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1971995845","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9868857,0.00016110395,0.00020891074,0.00023613413,0.00008776287,0.000106674,0.0000013354817,0.00006671622,0.012245639],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99844944,0.0000069973607,0.00088643626,0.00015776025,0.000064399224,0.000008626632,9.723595e-7,0.0000070415117,0.00041832577],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993435,0.0000020364414,0.00015661493,0.00018963082,0.00011557114,0.00019263798],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99977803,0.000013110742,0.000050075214,0.000039215265,0.000060616672,0.00005893376],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00040239285,0.0000721034,0.00007933598,0.000084062056,0.000053764405,0.00005046497,0.000082486156,0.00005579566,0.00008548882],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006556054,0.00006382589,0.000010051956,0.0002129993,0.000051956882,0.00019557765,0.000030926,0.00006240929,0.000040562893],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000027711967,0.000028330332,0.02865978,0.000039764953,6.3792896e-7,8.247305e-7,0.0013612934,6.3844385e-7,0.9588754,0.009579949,0.00072571874,0.0006999059],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0010364846,0.00012060517,0.8309929,0.0001002375,0.0000103008115,0.000031996067,0.006902185,0.0007265272,0.14119853,0.011110094,0.007299052,0.00047111858],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000024537901,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008980264,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8176769,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000032001022,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009193609,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.26027444},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1972191759","doi":"10.1002/crat.200410344","title":"Recent developments in modelling of liquid phase electroepitaxy under applied magnetic field","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crystal Research and Technology","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Magnetic field; Phase (matter); Mixing (physics); Condensed matter physics; Rotating magnetic field; Materials science; Field (mathematics); Intensity (physics); Field intensity; Growth rate; Magnetostatics; Convection; Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Optics; Physics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.07164487646125209,"score_gpt":0.3406283472096335,"score_spread":0.26898347074838136,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1972191759","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9905357,0.0011810831,0.0017587752,0.0017955357,0.000014134894,0.0002470545,0.0000024763638,0.000047804566,0.00441748],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99704623,0.00081037404,0.0018481875,0.000052383402,0.000014227821,0.00007243516,0.0000027061806,0.000008788663,0.00014468424],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986922,0.00003399297,0.00026731953,0.0002783121,0.00026028405,0.00046784987],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994626,0.00008777267,0.00003854794,0.00020285936,0.00013412116,0.000074104886],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000536963,0.000083988634,0.00015263392,0.0004948849,0.000078574565,0.000021688706,0.00026167303,0.0001275552,0.00023079282],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007925349,0.00008032275,0.000007739383,0.0006865457,0.00025378296,0.00005802608,0.0001546917,0.0002499412,0.000024726567],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00028611845,0.00024353313,0.000035254347,0.000019910825,0.0000023712264,0.0000020417417,0.00013099595,0.000037252117,0.9393081,0.033423062,0.000058582587,0.026452785],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0017497545,0.0017597508,0.000033493,0.000027035916,0.00000197643,0.0000075329876,0.0009085361,0.00072007853,0.95368874,0.029195827,0.011740629,0.00016665665],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007912559,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000022335418,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.026286129,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006814909,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00010608927,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3275467},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1976509520","doi":"10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.764","title":"Modelling of Particle Pinning in Dual Scale Using Phase Field Method","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials science forum","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Zener pinning; Materials science; Grain boundary; Particle (ecology); Pinning force; Phase field models; Grain growth; Phase (matter); Mechanics; Scale (ratio); Field (mathematics); Length scale; Work (physics); Grain size; Condensed matter physics; Statistical physics; Physics; Composite material; Microstructure; Thermodynamics; Superconductivity; Mathematics","score_opus":0.08220129290890794,"score_gpt":0.35707027235585054,"score_spread":0.2748689794469426,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1976509520","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.92408466,0.000054077507,0.07489373,0.000119600714,0.0005124576,0.00013406988,0.000011097924,0.000029496263,0.00016078487],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.97336423,0.000001724541,0.026398052,0.00012894753,0.000071114126,0.000007879217,8.314294e-7,0.000009020601,0.00001820193],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99820477,0.000090830996,0.0004444503,0.00025068305,0.0003353457,0.0006739145],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99932736,0.0000577266,0.00016520124,0.00025581228,0.000060794842,0.000133106],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0025299715,0.00010677008,0.00021804741,0.000117199306,0.00016974592,0.000098169774,0.00022839259,0.000039658098,0.0005029611],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007626143,0.00009681237,0.000029225288,0.0004914528,0.00019303444,0.00093779166,0.00014887359,0.000037629765,0.000032259482],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000329358,0.0000856698,0.00058962475,0.000015220494,5.476419e-7,4.2008162e-7,0.001296312,0.005522162,0.99019426,0.0021251587,0.0000050989997,0.00013257292],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003147181,0.000048681017,0.00006554738,0.000027434731,0.0000049572227,0.0000072506823,0.0008752296,0.038263682,0.9598432,0.00040036396,0.00003156046,0.00011735266],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002797718,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000018906137,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.049279537,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000055038323,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006802331,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5507071},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1978234836","doi":"10.1103/physreve.61.6705","title":"Phase-field modeling of eutectic growth","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":80,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Eutectic system; Spinodal decomposition; Materials science; Lamellar structure; Thermodynamics; Phase (matter); Isothermal process; Phase diagram; Volume fraction; Diffusion; Directional solidification; Field (mathematics); Non-equilibrium thermodynamics; Microstructure; Physics; Metallurgy","score_opus":0.016964669130441964,"score_gpt":0.3271568469685951,"score_spread":0.3101921778381531,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1978234836","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.85779035,0.0070578023,0.058409546,0.0037025206,0.0009647359,0.0013906959,0.00042028297,0.0003503071,0.06991373],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.994694,0.0032095185,0.00090143003,0.0002954607,0.0003090582,0.000036537363,0.000070019036,0.00003607464,0.0004478941],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9976716,0.00015563327,0.0008182665,0.00057954615,0.00036842772,0.00040654818],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99876195,0.00032301343,0.00013916944,0.00038803476,0.00014176397,0.00024608715],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00021030419,0.0003335868,0.00076054997,0.000035814905,0.0002148807,0.000044376935,0.00031016482,0.00009009753,0.0008444332],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00013266588,0.00027624302,0.00016754708,0.00021148939,0.00030038413,0.0002659795,0.00021704058,0.0003979823,0.0002547373],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008445713,0.006921191,0.00005019196,0.0066894474,0.0003161168,0.00006214859,0.0053021414,0.00072146807,0.09861443,0.67859226,0.0103431335,0.1915429],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0022772842,0.0021011229,0.000055864602,0.0019030106,0.00048951496,0.00003545531,0.00020731612,0.24817559,0.015336171,0.7274242,0.0010550687,0.0009394053],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000012561439,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.3521077e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.24745412,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000037882426,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000040778068,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99996895},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1978395402","doi":"10.1103/physreve.87.022404","title":"Phase-field-crystal study of solute trapping","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":35,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; McGill University; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research","funders":"","keywords":"Trapping; Crystal (programming language); Field (mathematics); Phase (matter); Alloy; Function (biology); Condensed matter physics; Materials science; Binary number; Physics; Thermodynamics; Mathematics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.0408087702710559,"score_gpt":0.342523552241588,"score_spread":0.3017147819705321,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1978395402","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99306726,0.0014055567,0.00024351169,0.00035239215,0.000062149054,0.0007567471,0.0000022678273,0.000042578078,0.0040675486],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99894977,0.00023015148,0.00004229378,0.00048464618,0.00008380583,0.00014851507,0.000001335711,0.000008287014,0.000051222425],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990073,0.00009038148,0.00029620624,0.00020141284,0.00023500076,0.00016972686],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993273,0.00008923875,0.00013036712,0.00029653314,0.00007588965,0.00008068218],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001493682,0.00010108453,0.00032612213,0.00001730844,0.000043771717,0.00002093734,0.00022142826,0.000009998869,0.00092163106],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008166361,0.00007775986,0.000075034666,0.00017388299,0.000028382365,0.0001563843,0.0000500484,0.000060415594,0.0004220561],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005480581,0.0026219161,0.000014845934,0.00048300254,0.000009833419,4.222819e-7,0.00067503017,7.593282e-7,0.97948366,0.0013863881,0.0021404193,0.013178259],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.023044294,0.021511763,0.0077123404,0.008498022,0.0013879167,0.000022317914,0.009373146,0.005222087,0.7880025,0.0555577,0.07532482,0.0043430976],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000037292113,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.4456815e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.19148116,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009276048,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000013856736,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99999166},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1978710458","doi":"10.1007/s11663-007-9102-x","title":"Kinetics of Scrap Melting in Liquid Steel: Multipiece Scrap Melting","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":49,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Scrap; Materials science; Metallurgy; Bar (unit); Phase (matter); Liquid steel; Melting temperature; Thermodynamics; Composite material; Chemistry","score_opus":0.028707471442331243,"score_gpt":0.23853394559954855,"score_spread":0.2098264741572173,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1978710458","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.95521754,0.0001829268,0.043369208,0.00011360891,0.0002832361,0.00023529494,0.00004398424,0.00008091546,0.00047330497],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9949675,0.00023016098,0.004372217,0.000054277876,0.000051103052,0.000047299796,0.000008151161,0.000021476708,0.00024780587],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9981959,0.00016678465,0.00072610244,0.000352677,0.0002444959,0.00031404095],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99934715,0.0000959797,0.00016672375,0.0001957607,0.00007216967,0.00012224301],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00038188338,0.00018361802,0.0004539704,0.000122026075,0.00015488724,0.000051705552,0.0001608054,0.00010567562,0.0020000308],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000035765417,0.00017100696,0.00006770668,0.0002507713,0.0002613614,0.00021792174,0.00002163413,0.00008992246,0.00003249875],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00010716176,0.00022092098,0.0000039612573,0.000075138494,0.000010003377,0.000010768381,0.00054405886,0.0004767764,0.99799675,0.0004041176,0.000002307651,0.00014802566],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0011097454,0.00017935256,0.0019267516,0.00006403747,0.000038138183,0.00008569153,0.00034715567,0.0003897918,0.99411094,0.000112270296,0.0013946935,0.0002414503],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00021032887,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000033620436,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.039749987,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000020410767,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000016130081,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9989123},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1979546093","doi":"10.1103/physreve.70.051605","title":"Modeling elastic and plastic deformations in nonequilibrium processing using phase field crystals","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":828,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics; Materials science; Phase (matter); Field (mathematics); Phase transition; Mechanics; Statistical physics; Condensed matter physics; Physics; Thermodynamics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.0429162600690092,"score_gpt":0.3446575176171007,"score_spread":0.30174125754809145,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1979546093","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9300972,0.0032425234,0.06600024,0.00017672866,0.000036492387,0.00020820474,0.0000036590409,0.000034711436,0.0002001941],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987986,0.0002657456,0.00058005867,0.00025873602,0.000056999786,0.000026866132,0.0000027221568,0.000008880136,0.0000013659641],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991691,0.000028264809,0.000281879,0.00018469045,0.00014312443,0.0001929213],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99963385,0.000069744834,0.00006366042,0.00011351614,0.000038064038,0.00008119007],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00013249886,0.00010578677,0.00022962074,0.00003724429,0.00007387898,0.000052771633,0.00008920545,0.000015628391,0.00002422205],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00024091172,0.000089105226,0.000030884883,0.00021362072,0.000030331774,0.00037968194,0.000042345066,0.00008001747,0.000028965173],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000030216755,0.0005930812,0.000015941754,0.00398339,0.0000039600864,0.0000047974077,0.0012504319,0.08505063,0.9012617,0.004116849,0.000006308035,0.0036827105],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001286754,0.00012300513,0.000019943081,0.004915912,0.000075155636,0.00001818461,0.00012533575,0.9741525,0.007761057,0.011084312,0.00007284614,0.00036499416],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000015294152,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000021390115,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8935006,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004586905,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000616666,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.36336058},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1984429196","doi":"10.1103/physrevb.75.054301","title":"Dissipative phenomena and acoustic phonons in isothermal crystals: A density-functional theory study","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Dissipative system; Nonlinear system; Classical mechanics; Phonon; Condensed matter physics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.023157993649402832,"score_gpt":0.3123637736559881,"score_spread":0.28920578000658526,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1984429196","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9901521,0.0023464262,0.003669915,0.0000945757,0.00006963261,0.0006598689,0.00000681566,0.00004368236,0.0029569645],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99883956,0.00019094029,0.000037692356,0.00059058104,0.00014794557,0.00007296808,0.0000028984016,0.000013737694,0.0001037022],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986394,0.00022506416,0.00029281434,0.00033655827,0.00024263974,0.00026353583],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991137,0.0003986948,0.00010021918,0.00021448225,0.000049412218,0.00012353928],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011183944,0.00015508424,0.00033271432,0.000041932537,0.00008580362,0.000027883323,0.00011897341,0.000014764042,0.0003258553],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00019881756,0.00012136421,0.00004624079,0.00025811425,0.000119957665,0.00013847007,0.000077672164,0.000119401164,0.00012632298],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005272494,0.0064435373,0.006453318,0.0014361038,0.00007282017,0.000049778253,0.013933756,0.000048008624,0.87675,0.06117925,0.00031651085,0.03278967],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004522938,0.0012653772,0.87165004,0.002096266,0.00052067515,0.000031162996,0.010974056,0.00074473955,0.0111992685,0.09168199,0.003322873,0.0019906329],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000010328893,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000019077357,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.86555076,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005561914,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000028059772,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4949089},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1987112399","doi":"10.1002/crat.200510561","title":"Evolution of the growth interface in liquid phase diffusion growth of bulk SiGe single crystals","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crystal Research and Technology","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Canadian Space Agency; Simon Fraser University","keywords":"Diffusion; Epitaxy; Materials science; Crystal growth; Interface (matter); Silicon; Germanium; Phase (matter); Crystallography; Liquid phase; Chemical physics; Chemical engineering; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Nanotechnology; Optoelectronics; Chemistry; Thermodynamics; Composite material; Layer (electronics); Chromatography; Physics","score_opus":0.028104790900490503,"score_gpt":0.30860973994110613,"score_spread":0.2805049490406156,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1987112399","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9954244,0.0007142544,0.00084997073,0.0008102456,0.00005255128,0.00036219897,0.00003040946,0.000047466885,0.0017085384],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996238,0.000026909338,0.000107053915,0.000003874969,0.000021328588,0.00003310811,0.0000025191139,0.000012338187,0.00016907978],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9982061,0.00015498725,0.00044772436,0.00032060026,0.0004437023,0.00042690738],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988472,0.00014901944,0.00015458031,0.00035851175,0.0004408989,0.000049815757],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007839353,0.000118158285,0.0002443698,0.0005844906,0.00012677083,0.000022573495,0.0005361806,0.00017057423,0.00006407489],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00059220375,0.00008924571,0.000032292304,0.0014240339,0.001486913,0.00012169426,0.0005043975,0.00025554933,0.0000042378665],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00020567575,0.00060547324,0.0013823234,0.00009376878,0.0000017732564,0.000001610891,0.00009240238,0.0000011098917,0.9501158,0.047305662,0.0001065872,0.00008780894],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009766826,0.0010757807,0.0009906623,0.00008550058,0.0000025686898,0.0000076217075,0.0006637857,0.000055922304,0.90981543,0.086098224,0.00014238471,0.00008541868],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003886878,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000787235,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.040300354,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00013129925,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009292474,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.54785925},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1987970287","doi":"10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.97","title":"Numerical Simulation Study for the Effect of the Strength and the Direction of a Static Magnetic Field on the Transient Double-Diffusive Flow in Liquid Phase during an Alloy Solidification","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Defect and diffusion forum/Diffusion and defect data, solid state data. Part A, Defect and diffusion forum","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Lorentz force; Mechanics; Magnetic field; Finite volume method; Materials science; Transient (computer programming); Computer simulation; Momentum (technical analysis); Natural convection; Convection; Physics; Computer science","score_opus":0.02133847151248377,"score_gpt":0.3081974415046241,"score_spread":0.28685896999214033,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1987970287","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9916532,0.0006355637,0.0006046747,0.0008239975,0.00053247396,0.0046422225,0.0010029789,0.000060253664,0.00004465103],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99795854,0.00080419146,0.000028363937,0.0002519063,0.000077184704,0.00031831904,0.00047708096,0.00005009285,0.00003431248],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9952656,0.0010186816,0.001103567,0.0012158527,0.00072797184,0.0006683299],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9926891,0.0041098935,0.00062199385,0.00220988,0.000120983525,0.00024815678],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0026844505,0.00062032114,0.00084272795,0.00021998656,0.0016352535,0.00030880884,0.00095871865,0.00019400661,0.00007523757],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007970286,0.00030503594,0.00021230825,0.0004728389,0.00068615726,0.0005149302,0.0012174259,0.0005269948,0.0000028364939],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.06842318,0.007915486,0.025833016,0.0013197891,0.0003536259,0.000010946898,0.021155028,0.00076789106,0.7997619,0.0019012736,0.0017000361,0.07085782],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0932255,0.023181645,0.048254583,0.00074960885,0.0023841893,0.000104852,0.01695685,0.7565394,0.04610697,0.001588745,0.008566272,0.0023413596],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004253766,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001272159,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7557715,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000021042917,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000049302005,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99994016},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1988103244","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2006.05.015","title":"Atomized droplet solidification as an equiaxed growth model","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Materialia","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":43,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Equiaxed crystals; Recalescence; Materials science; Diffusion; Metallurgy; Casting; Microprobe; Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Alloy; Eutectic system; Mineralogy","score_opus":0.017181216946934613,"score_gpt":0.25796059064908594,"score_spread":0.24077937370215133,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1988103244","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9910826,0.000009213372,0.0011910312,0.0005218797,0.0011824032,0.0003238884,0.00007479416,0.00041164382,0.005202548],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9932626,0.000005612127,0.0018552725,0.00032898123,0.0003809971,0.00011542052,0.00025034693,0.000049306378,0.0037514959],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99803424,0.00015550296,0.000509998,0.000523519,0.00033599016,0.00044076354],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988503,0.000013645135,0.00023382175,0.0006147646,0.00014454823,0.00014295708],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00045548496,0.00024210203,0.000284861,0.00008750148,0.00020831022,0.0004365094,0.00049380824,0.00012273944,0.0018432604],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004283402,0.00022763923,0.000055821343,0.00014878472,0.00009996514,0.00068660435,0.00008305665,0.000053587395,0.0011606672],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001605213,0.00013301574,0.000028696817,0.000020536514,0.0000026955001,0.0000015212521,0.0001900931,0.000014064773,0.9402389,0.055273723,0.0039244033,0.000011847641],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0017290963,0.000074676376,0.0009243748,0.0000123397895,0.00003278753,0.000012118797,0.00012014846,0.0037480171,0.9263901,0.06348715,0.002962261,0.0005069277],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006016007,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000013472963,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.013848778,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008137959,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007912898,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99961704},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1988577309","doi":"10.1063/1.2102907","title":"Phase-field modeling of wetting on structured surfaces","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Journal of Chemical Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Wetting; Wetting transition; Phase (matter); Line (geometry); Field (mathematics); Materials science; Contact angle; Mechanics; Distortion (music); Optics; Physics; Geometry; Mathematics; Composite material","score_opus":0.028382374431813417,"score_gpt":0.28715932800357946,"score_spread":0.25877695357176606,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1988577309","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99589163,0.00006855128,0.0026663176,0.0005177298,0.00006384781,0.00002980786,0.0000022470438,0.000006520346,0.000753328],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99859816,0.0000072881276,0.0007562683,0.00023118805,0.00039367567,1.9980176e-7,3.1088626e-7,0.0000064943274,0.000006404604],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99922436,0.00003499522,0.0003191709,0.00005005207,0.0002670153,0.00010440945],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992744,0.00015401877,0.0002965,0.00012721108,0.00010576959,0.000042134172],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002896926,0.00006792983,0.00015112989,0.000011146502,0.000030106352,0.000012189783,0.00027531982,0.000025925092,0.000054580225],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006267856,0.000042018368,0.000055902357,0.00006830083,0.000037886784,0.00010537588,0.000022921375,0.00014981779,0.0000058370474],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00013057627,0.00009542935,0.0000013099133,0.0000071866616,0.000005821237,8.946459e-8,0.00048770377,0.012756532,0.9838895,0.00050570257,0.00012845693,0.0019916934],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00046473034,0.00008486883,7.271131e-7,0.0000271638,0.000017823022,0.000003152726,0.00012504226,0.015402213,0.97694147,0.0068395254,0.000046586614,0.000046676545],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000013014787,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.6466326e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0069480077,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001928571,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002229179,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.17134593},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1991502296","doi":"10.1088/0965-0393/18/7/074002","title":"Molecular-dynamics study of solid–liquid interface migration in fcc metals","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":123,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Molecular dynamics; Melting point; Diffusion; Thermodynamics; Embedded atom model; Kinetic energy; Interatomic potential; Atom (system on chip); Chemical physics; Crystal (programming language); Computational chemistry; Composite material; Classical mechanics; Chemistry","score_opus":0.016830761602411735,"score_gpt":0.26734958585117535,"score_spread":0.2505188242487636,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1991502296","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.95505726,0.000019084158,0.044519212,0.000015896498,0.00017375825,0.00018014901,0.0000038408184,0.000020307787,0.000010510653],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989974,0.000006144305,0.00095669203,0.0000048761235,0.00001078769,0.000013303488,0.0000011161793,0.0000072393645,0.0000024288995],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99899226,0.000023429995,0.0003605864,0.00024915783,0.00020554305,0.00016901907],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99963754,0.000042653828,0.000069472735,0.00012958165,0.00007601767,0.00004473889],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011684791,0.00009579158,0.00017517591,0.00025732248,0.000049437196,0.000086265594,0.00010789832,0.00004046948,0.000009039218],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007243202,0.000092968956,0.0000058989185,0.00028545602,0.00006780649,0.00034051423,0.00004706727,0.00006350972,7.82948e-7],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009877015,0.000020109392,0.00007264129,0.0000134472675,3.1949958e-7,2.371357e-7,0.0013042303,0.5053831,0.493004,0.00017583159,9.761433e-9,0.000016210579],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00019480441,0.000048698177,0.00049417757,0.000019239826,0.0000023547657,5.7422307e-7,0.00035498253,0.78999984,0.20872329,0.000079964535,0.000001421411,0.00008065532],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00015025747,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004303808,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.28461674,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002918635,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000024462,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3791164},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1991834389","doi":"10.1007/s00162-008-0082-5","title":"A cylindrical model for rotational MHD instabilities in aluminum reduction cells","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"Université de Montréal","keywords":"Magnetohydrodynamics; Mechanics; Vortex; Physics; Magnetohydrodynamic drive; Rotation (mathematics); Classical mechanics; Instability; Inviscid flow; Magnetic field; Geometry; Mathematics","score_opus":0.015332462745976341,"score_gpt":0.23674184897120312,"score_spread":0.22140938622522677,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1991834389","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.69757813,0.00001901509,0.30063117,0.0006094932,0.00007963137,0.00024072574,0.00006551407,0.00003307813,0.0007432533],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9795905,0.000010617201,0.01983756,0.00015282579,0.000049811042,0.00009619698,0.000101256956,0.000011055282,0.00015020084],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99889463,0.00007301792,0.00033999578,0.00026814142,0.00023599848,0.00018821699],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992962,0.00036616836,0.000043169428,0.00007629982,0.00013491805,0.00008326959],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00031127688,0.00011635761,0.00019267645,0.000071650116,0.00014482148,0.000027977787,0.00009207166,0.00006154077,0.00007471794],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006956182,0.000105873514,0.000049577462,0.00010207728,0.0011156693,0.00011178952,0.0000370595,0.00006936306,0.000013407278],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00042174774,0.00008996618,0.000024373612,0.000015892696,0.0000024625133,5.2214125e-7,0.00092406134,0.125258,0.001445762,0.87166554,0.000018537336,0.00013312565],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009498061,0.000024364843,0.00017529077,0.0000039219267,0.0000033767833,0.000014546883,0.000116645235,0.5764078,0.00012211094,0.42210388,0.0000016347102,0.00007665162],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000036129743,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000012383599,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.45114976,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000784062,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000096138996,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.43173966},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1995551146","doi":"10.1017/s0956792501004272","title":"The dynamics of drops and attached interfaces for the constrained Allen–Cahn equation","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"European Journal of Applied Mathematics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Curvature; Boundary (topology); Mean curvature flow; Motion (physics); Metastability; Allen–Cahn equation; Domain (mathematical analysis); Mean curvature; Limit (mathematics); Flow (mathematics); Computation; Interface (matter); Mathematical analysis; Boundary problem; Boundary value problem; Physics; Mechanics; Classical mechanics; Geometry; Mathematics; Bubble; Algorithm","score_opus":0.03656791323574974,"score_gpt":0.2575483221269854,"score_spread":0.22098040889123569,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1995551146","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.60040534,0.00023642802,0.38410804,0.0014295292,0.00018430487,0.00041703726,0.000008833264,0.000017081053,0.013193405],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98740077,0.0001261773,0.012244812,0.000042473966,0.00006524041,0.0000031376076,6.9322965e-7,0.0000161513,0.00010051707],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.999024,0.000046205416,0.00056294317,0.00006846576,0.00018356762,0.0001148254],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99829024,0.00065802934,0.0007054533,0.00017141021,0.00013441748,0.000040477287],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0019732786,0.00008676087,0.0001531391,0.000025678497,0.00015692922,0.00008328699,0.00033078485,0.000012207123,0.000024593302],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00010834841,0.000046067405,0.000040019964,0.00005064544,0.00022717941,0.00004655333,0.000045585482,0.000074521355,0.000007335992],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005661431,0.000289768,0.000031448973,0.00029591264,0.0001691123,0.000005697037,0.020006094,0.0007911071,0.3328025,0.60568756,0.0007115842,0.03864309],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01483342,0.0028829796,0.00278089,0.0008804731,0.0012894224,0.00080358976,0.22390561,0.25208005,0.14611915,0.3284317,0.024243254,0.0017494429],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":1.5578384e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000011455897,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.38699546,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000016601223,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002061472,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.18785742},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1996239015","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2015.02.007","title":"Characterization of dendrite morphologies in rapidly solidified Al–4.5 wt.%Cu droplets","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Materialia","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":33,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; University of Alberta","keywords":"Materials science; Dendrite (mathematics); Electron backscatter diffraction; Synchrotron; Microstructure; Characterization (materials science); Alloy; Scanning electron microscope; Crystallography; Diffraction; Composite material; Nanotechnology; Optics; Geometry","score_opus":0.041970048906850216,"score_gpt":0.2695768591530424,"score_spread":0.2276068102461922,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1996239015","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959606,0.000012754875,0.00008142518,0.0005403343,0.0024380102,0.00024240985,0.00007301492,0.00010191992,0.00054956344],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99860585,0.000020144498,0.00028957333,0.0003003921,0.00008854692,0.000045846322,0.00010521023,0.00002257018,0.00052188715],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9984559,0.00016461273,0.0005165238,0.00030550634,0.00025817956,0.00029927757],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99911773,0.0000134051415,0.00027055232,0.00038781547,0.00011039985,0.00010010272],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00053187617,0.0001659759,0.00030697443,0.00013050373,0.000033342003,0.00010478597,0.00034390244,0.00009132295,0.00061486824],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000110763925,0.00015478929,0.000031248463,0.00020409352,0.000103081984,0.0004015514,0.00011844486,0.000048399044,0.0002152981],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000121659985,0.00007525376,0.000586278,0.000028495264,0.000002926008,0.0000051584975,0.0011620646,0.0000010281774,0.9965055,0.00051790447,0.00094727986,0.000046474786],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009145807,0.000074989635,0.019941268,0.00003077729,0.000007697809,0.000007191116,0.00036775394,0.00003172578,0.96985316,0.0005218355,0.008030753,0.00021826057],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000154111,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000010873031,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02665231,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000058552632,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000055974437,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6732376},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1997571117","doi":"10.1103/physreve.82.051606","title":"Phase-field study of spacing evolution during transient growth","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":38,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Canadian Space Agency","keywords":"Wavelength; Transient (computer programming); Growth rate; Phase (matter); Phase transition; Range (aeronautics); Field (mathematics); Materials science; Distribution (mathematics); Optics; Physics; Mechanics; Condensed matter physics; Mathematics; Geometry; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.019567583156124394,"score_gpt":0.31899027187141876,"score_spread":0.29942268871529437,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1997571117","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9971672,0.00037005404,0.00016853696,0.00015954486,0.00012648519,0.0004020491,0.000002563172,0.000038653514,0.0015649098],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996249,0.0000881418,0.000030395871,0.00007748762,0.00011269899,0.000046337424,8.196495e-7,0.000007710989,0.000011505807],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991048,0.000058336987,0.00024713995,0.000203845,0.00024134484,0.00014453716],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994357,0.00005286002,0.000107757434,0.00025836722,0.000074155614,0.00007114583],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00018814669,0.00009224646,0.0002561765,0.000022908613,0.000059689897,0.000010751825,0.00015905319,0.000012762941,0.00016117173],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00013153478,0.000074322335,0.000066964465,0.00018749101,0.000027642936,0.00010819962,0.000019983716,0.00011547439,0.00006691877],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000011918456,0.0013899298,0.00006446819,0.0004488521,0.0000031271395,4.5021463e-7,0.0004506009,4.6784666e-7,0.99325335,0.0038939551,0.000029963565,0.00045288895],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0030396527,0.0017067424,0.007432692,0.00080729113,0.00019660224,0.0000056666654,0.00053193094,0.00016706379,0.9815011,0.0035744254,0.00059951714,0.0004373263],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000028011202,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006051371,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.011752288,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000012893949,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000013970592,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3030777},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1997881858","doi":"10.1016/j.euromechflu.2008.07.001","title":"Three-dimensional modelling of GeSi growth in presence of axial and rotating magnetic fields","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Magnetic field; Materials science; Psychology; Physics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.040529586804645884,"score_gpt":0.22466903470756552,"score_spread":0.18413944790291964,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1997881858","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8658728,0.00064509537,0.13290094,0.00005853329,0.00015873289,0.000070020404,0.0000038369035,0.000005591941,0.00028446605],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98118633,0.000117502466,0.01856068,0.00003462935,0.00006986251,5.2248515e-7,4.0048232e-7,0.000016056787,0.000013998474],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9982366,0.0002311054,0.00081932335,0.00014851431,0.00040039685,0.00016409271],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998988,0.00012384728,0.00041199542,0.00013361192,0.00025328313,0.00008928423],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0014396296,0.000109708184,0.00027901417,0.00014015427,0.000054553602,0.000012419417,0.00028613352,0.00002818284,0.000088838104],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00016725478,0.00009812467,0.00005948303,0.00015416965,0.000063062376,0.00015778591,0.00009737432,0.00016968873,0.000003753506],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004503121,0.00024666675,0.0011689181,0.00016228491,0.000019018027,0.00018433145,0.0034027784,0.014887248,0.9645934,0.012768169,0.00015673961,0.0019601227],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006490932,0.005654833,0.008585964,0.0013840052,0.00011707081,0.0009204611,0.0008660457,0.62464964,0.3147888,0.03556276,0.00007263435,0.0009068454],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000014596527,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000019202932,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.64980465,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000010685807,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006014729,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4001408},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1998515500","doi":"10.1103/physreve.83.061605","title":"Global stabilities, selection of steady cellular growth, and origin of side branches in directional solidification","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Instability; Branching (polymer chemistry); Limiting; Anisotropy; Traveling wave; Mechanics; Viscous fingering; Pattern formation; Physics; Materials science; Mathematics; Optics; Mathematical analysis; Biology","score_opus":0.042058000028322204,"score_gpt":0.2865104582334513,"score_spread":0.24445245820512906,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1998515500","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9929918,0.0025076724,0.0004032431,0.00003106071,0.000045964767,0.00024567533,0.000020841817,0.00001943005,0.0037342783],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99869215,0.0008994107,0.0002945519,0.000029370101,0.000030817842,0.000036104786,0.0000048600195,0.0000048102956,0.000007913542],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990583,0.00011982516,0.00033667576,0.00019600287,0.00017595867,0.00011320938],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995084,0.000060981813,0.00017329161,0.00012383773,0.000089725305,0.000043771255],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00023551167,0.000087878456,0.00028352253,0.000024831925,0.000019441732,0.000004255394,0.0000895042,0.000018797815,0.00009512127],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000115524934,0.00007740956,0.00004490426,0.00030668467,0.00011159353,0.00013418593,0.000021233021,0.000037074526,0.0000075514527],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000035215104,0.000430073,0.009992204,0.0020624057,0.000006321724,1.3118756e-7,0.000517288,0.000001345028,0.9021407,0.08315541,0.000016126167,0.0016428063],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00037815954,0.00016661058,0.08686313,0.0006236546,0.000058890455,0.0000024943322,0.00015390788,0.00014628835,0.864941,0.04604671,0.00038666948,0.0002325059],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00023576568,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001487608,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.076870926,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000036177666,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000046367037,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.31566703},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2001324112","doi":"10.1007/s00332-015-9234-0","title":"Sufficient Conditions for Global Minimality of Metastable States in a Class of Non-convex Functionals: A Simple Approach Via Quadratic Lower Bounds","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Nonlinear Science","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Mathematics; Metastability; Quadratic equation; Torus; Upper and lower bounds; Constant (computer programming); Regular polygon; Symmetry (geometry); Global optimization; Mathematical analysis; Applied mathematics; Physics; Quantum mechanics; Mathematical optimization; Geometry","score_opus":0.04586489671845332,"score_gpt":0.3322421166469403,"score_spread":0.28637721992848697,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2001324112","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9667998,0.00007459981,0.03173615,0.00011604262,0.00027417886,0.00020967983,0.00017156929,0.000004478945,0.0006135303],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9814987,0.0000020759528,0.01833682,0.00006586747,0.00004764642,0.0000085515785,0.000007831716,0.0000045107195,0.000028003013],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9977689,0.00006844879,0.0008826482,0.00020738631,0.00080059125,0.00027207428],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99741817,0.00011683113,0.00075947784,0.00021137824,0.0012987966,0.00019536723],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0034389112,0.00010552117,0.00037262682,0.00017894273,0.000078129444,0.00006069247,0.00047738143,0.000033478507,0.00005206621],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00047308052,0.000083929255,0.00009534224,0.0009752614,0.0006695552,0.0005176351,0.000062402796,0.00007222804,0.0000037058014],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008682645,0.004272909,0.007107012,0.00027614625,0.00003699016,0.0000048546913,0.002953133,0.020001553,0.9578666,0.0049606096,0.0015058492,0.00014605069],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.010449853,0.0065455874,0.062140074,0.00023186345,0.0002609587,0.00025605646,0.03448296,0.6271654,0.22221126,0.028882371,0.0063284505,0.0010451666],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003960677,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000011888578,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.73565537,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00017754114,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0011404491,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.34225357},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2001718388","doi":"10.1002/pamm.200310329","title":"The Effect of Variable Eccentricity onto the Oscillations in a Coiling Process","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PAMM","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Eccentricity (behavior); Rotor (electric); Stiffness; Variable (mathematics); Mechanics; RADIUS; Process (computing); Rotation (mathematics); Control theory (sociology); Physics; Mathematics; Classical mechanics; Mathematical analysis; Computer science; Geometry; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.007339385929635507,"score_gpt":0.25062150606198,"score_spread":0.24328212013234451,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2001718388","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9824154,0.00019112363,0.000767014,0.0001099091,0.00012937211,0.0002775977,0.000002914341,0.000016816757,0.016089898],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997074,0.0000065426,0.000049796563,0.000029448376,0.000012455774,0.000043528693,4.5430528e-7,0.0000035893534,0.00014680147],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992591,0.000206677,0.00015767658,0.000097964206,0.00013422793,0.00014433311],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99923193,0.00045891092,0.000068975125,0.00018162835,0.00003741311,0.000021111215],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0010756601,0.000050502542,0.000076991084,0.000015172171,0.00017906753,0.000035043213,0.00016040028,0.000018064286,0.00008342984],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005171391,0.000025843896,0.00001588273,0.00028559525,0.000059397273,0.000047027217,0.000012282843,0.000046202596,0.000019864021],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00028804108,0.0002629837,0.17118296,0.0004018835,0.000032335014,0.0000018352246,0.009812156,0.024623336,0.5484125,0.2418937,0.00060025987,0.0024880436],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002356911,0.0002696058,0.018590935,0.00009922928,0.00005549908,0.000009471092,0.0027063747,0.008032956,0.9165295,0.024747286,0.02616486,0.0004374198],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005377876,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000026669972,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.36811697,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000025013383,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000391563,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.13772608},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2001834942","doi":"10.1103/physrevb.88.104106","title":"Complex order parameter phase-field models derived from structural phase-field-crystal models","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":35,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; McGill University; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research","funders":"","keywords":"Phase (matter); Field (mathematics); Phase field models; Amplitude; Statistical physics; Mesoscale meteorology; Salient; Scale (ratio); Order (exchange); Physics; Materials science; Computer science; Mathematics; Optics; Meteorology; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.07276628816049212,"score_gpt":0.34932488234533193,"score_spread":0.2765585941848398,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2001834942","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9460246,0.0025930603,0.04494404,0.0017685085,0.00017835219,0.0010741506,0.000087435685,0.00017557268,0.0031543064],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9890947,0.00048049103,0.0028606432,0.006892184,0.0002597552,0.00024784042,0.00008668748,0.00003295994,0.000044776487],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99782354,0.00013028666,0.00053167326,0.00058788894,0.00044534972,0.00048128236],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99821925,0.0004325998,0.00020816432,0.00065487565,0.00020714446,0.00027799208],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000103451115,0.0003367483,0.00068635656,0.000027509073,0.00013819148,0.00015834998,0.0005319403,0.000057717712,0.0055747116],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00015480907,0.00026109576,0.00020385563,0.0002265466,0.00008402148,0.00083575014,0.00013915892,0.00020323749,0.00070570514],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004599632,0.0003849313,0.000001947692,0.0002203269,0.000028815068,0.0000015870028,0.0003665968,0.00012857269,0.96847016,0.0074527324,0.0046005943,0.01829774],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003369593,0.00062362134,0.000041359843,0.00061085867,0.00020998264,0.000005320909,0.0001225203,0.44178203,0.10552559,0.4440938,0.0024861065,0.0011292029],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00025749352,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000029012401,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.86294454,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000034061726,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004311766,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99998415},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2002309133","doi":"10.1007/s12217-015-9417-1","title":"A Numerical Study on the Growth Process of InGaSb Crystals Under Microgravity with Interfacial Kinetics","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Microgravity Science and Technology","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Kinetics; Materials science; Crystal (programming language); Dissolution; Crystal growth; Growth rate; Seed crystal; Anisotropy; Orientation (vector space); Thermodynamics; Crystallography; Single crystal; Optics; Physical chemistry; Chemistry; Physics; Computer science; Geometry; Classical mechanics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.02771166814826042,"score_gpt":0.2827522128050779,"score_spread":0.25504054465681747,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2002309133","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99599063,0.00004640886,0.00041090386,0.0026755526,0.00006193246,0.00048342717,0.0000069186253,0.000098194316,0.00022603874],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99946266,0.0000012904005,0.0002588993,0.00019925646,0.000012039392,0.00004605694,5.2541435e-7,0.00000876078,0.000010503575],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9982885,0.000064454376,0.00024699903,0.00048280682,0.0005438009,0.0003734482],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99856925,0.000046533216,0.00016560574,0.00041107187,0.00069376634,0.00011378621],"candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011241857,0.00016638031,0.00023768871,0.0002766458,0.00022889412,0.00012497065,0.00086088077,0.00007311229,0.000009067397],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002660862,0.000102168255,0.00001537872,0.0020371666,0.0030014538,0.000130876,0.00020105935,0.00018437895,0.000012050214],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007981785,0.00081207533,0.016265487,0.000011624285,0.000007289704,0.0000033078315,0.002027627,0.000003681686,0.9753528,0.0044918275,0.00005624668,0.00088821055],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008819444,0.0032635252,0.0069443933,0.000029173083,0.000026798909,0.000085334636,0.02257266,0.000021151101,0.95320475,0.012362672,0.00031711048,0.00029049633],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000051262236,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000011341802,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.022148065,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000053890082,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00018492388,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997118},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2004124747","doi":"10.1007/s11666-008-9238-5","title":"The Effect of Undercooling on Solidification of YSZ Splats","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Supercooling; Materials science; Redistribution (election); Non-equilibrium thermodynamics; Yttria-stabilized zirconia; Heat transfer; Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Thermal; Metallurgy; Cubic zirconia; Ceramic","score_opus":0.013286761042158313,"score_gpt":0.2504167257387152,"score_spread":0.2371299646965569,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2004124747","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9975395,0.00037146584,0.00031161032,0.000698291,0.00024388912,0.00010058077,0.0000015676419,0.000019835425,0.00071322324],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99954283,0.00009730975,0.00023169373,0.000019328596,0.000056828405,0.0000031166935,1.7228253e-7,0.000009265161,0.00003946524],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988261,0.00010651503,0.00054889225,0.000089333524,0.00026984647,0.00015935296],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983694,0.0002668032,0.0009051891,0.00028024125,0.0001463085,0.00003204332],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008005814,0.00009150727,0.00026990555,0.00017934214,0.000119203694,0.000006602735,0.0005351813,0.00010898694,0.000037130605],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002636031,0.00005445339,0.00008714936,0.00023714676,0.00034147067,0.00007111973,0.000039798324,0.00018747152,0.000015984157],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00027581272,0.000040899355,0.0015473127,0.000015985834,0.000016527323,0.0000037332272,0.000087182845,0.00022735995,0.99268514,0.0032644542,0.00005269164,0.0017828848],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00046305565,0.0010121522,0.0028358402,0.000036183308,0.000017173295,0.000090481866,0.00010288877,0.000022055348,0.99404186,0.0007274772,0.00059969164,0.00005115534],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000023982057,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.086436e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.002536977,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003593436,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000042187483,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.22205448},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2004162115","doi":"10.1109/acc.2013.6580068","title":"Crystal radius and temperature regulation in Czochralski crystallization process","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Crystal (programming language); Crystal growth; Materials science; RADIUS; Temperature control; Crystallization; Crystallography; Chemistry; Thermodynamics; Physics; Computer science","score_opus":0.008359124331564483,"score_gpt":0.231119135931056,"score_spread":0.22276001159949152,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2004162115","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99252146,0.000070667076,0.00059042836,0.0004844337,0.000058390106,0.00037405713,0.0000020111365,0.00009274235,0.0058058263],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977859,0.000008689828,0.00054580095,0.0002142454,0.000043879034,0.00007500249,0.000016296282,0.000010890348,0.001299287],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991497,0.000044389442,0.00022216148,0.00024929072,0.00016122179,0.00017325165],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996191,0.000022370828,0.00005861416,0.00013592707,0.00009214406,0.00007179557],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00014025299,0.00010151077,0.00010797375,0.00008312973,0.00006871998,0.00017323802,0.000086048574,0.00007075349,0.0026507522],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003919335,0.00008500163,0.0000109932425,0.00022790967,0.000051221457,0.00059992634,0.00002100317,0.000051645362,0.00007721261],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006729629,0.000029692294,0.001066986,0.00003591742,7.4739603e-7,2.8077758e-7,0.000668853,0.0001010388,0.99402887,0.003509444,0.00037581957,0.00017563357],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002555194,0.00016044032,0.4478105,0.00013927094,0.000014054302,0.00004136268,0.005146341,0.009169808,0.47919825,0.05338132,0.0013513336,0.0010321405],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000049465638,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000018258825,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.51483065,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000028622004,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000023226388,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.998261},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2007496116","doi":"10.1002/crat.201000016","title":"Silicon transport under rotating and combined magnetic fields in liquid phase diffusion growth of SiGe","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crystal Research and Technology","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Silicon; Magnetic field; Rotating magnetic field; Materials science; Diffusion; Phase (matter); Condensed matter physics; Polycrystalline silicon; Thermal; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Chemistry; Nanotechnology; Optoelectronics; Thermodynamics; Layer (electronics); Physics","score_opus":0.02643061505964725,"score_gpt":0.3186976202749283,"score_spread":0.29226700521528104,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2007496116","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9975511,0.00015598426,0.00011306608,0.0010995459,0.000032526383,0.00025830168,0.000007968194,0.000045744517,0.00073576876],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99958944,0.000058687434,0.00019574942,0.00001805299,0.000010267469,0.00004128516,0.0000037242107,0.000008510378,0.0000743017],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989117,0.000042607593,0.00023864699,0.00027511411,0.00020594297,0.00032600007],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993999,0.00014237613,0.00003997485,0.00019709504,0.00012888071,0.000091791044],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005468441,0.000086167594,0.00017329946,0.00039048912,0.00010073339,0.000019556252,0.00019683182,0.00018434649,0.00017530113],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00021414444,0.00007751066,0.000010569483,0.0004533276,0.0008085772,0.00007509984,0.00011753464,0.0004004758,0.000002513794],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00018534348,0.00019182226,0.0028533977,0.00005964248,0.0000010137692,0.000006630159,0.00021820144,5.7274352e-8,0.9648524,0.029792268,0.0000054208467,0.0018338206],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005842227,0.007443133,0.014894553,0.00008169971,0.0000069386906,0.0000348896,0.0025285822,0.0005390187,0.82332236,0.14474541,0.00024138033,0.0003198471],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000786349,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00020071122,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.14153005,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000074168415,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000044875025,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.31607932},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2007953316","doi":"10.1063/1.1397329","title":"Magic number behavior for heat capacities of medium-sized classical Lennard-Jones clusters","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Journal of Chemical Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":95,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Maxima; Cluster (spacecraft); Magic number (chemistry); Heat capacity; Cluster size; Parallel tempering; Specific heat; Upper and lower bounds","score_opus":0.03360599421390305,"score_gpt":0.2804179018586317,"score_spread":0.24681190764472866,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2007953316","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99574023,0.00004518045,0.0018722852,0.0012605663,0.00026431988,0.0001385552,0.000014708729,0.000011985497,0.0006521486],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984519,0.000031236803,0.00059828104,0.00020802069,0.00055379444,0.0000070361634,0.0000021474523,0.000015974301,0.00013161119],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99880326,0.00006621461,0.00047650558,0.000082634724,0.00036850688,0.00020287438],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989417,0.0002556178,0.00027448026,0.00018365665,0.00025062464,0.000093879],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00037995412,0.00012015775,0.00031227813,0.000014452411,0.000044935987,0.000018944638,0.00037984652,0.000052346368,0.00015906147],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006214094,0.000076648335,0.00016284485,0.00010002216,0.0004642731,0.00016497666,0.000040245515,0.0001525698,0.000017035098],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00039195555,0.00016498697,0.00008156,0.000027142982,0.000012916865,8.8764676e-7,0.00079313014,0.000016432465,0.9961181,0.0005528435,0.0015953663,0.00024462675],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0011357777,0.00008743798,0.00014653998,0.000040058683,0.0001272605,0.000085344895,0.0009602154,0.00009197139,0.9843199,0.011904704,0.00097087777,0.00012990789],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004689428,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.3452994e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.011798248,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000045695368,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006425515,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.31256285},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2008050562","doi":"10.1016/j.crme.2004.02.019","title":"Recent developments in Liquid Phase Electroepitaxial growth of bulk crystals under magnetic field","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Comptes Rendus Mécanique","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Canadian Space Agency","keywords":"Magnetic field; Materials science; Condensed matter physics; Phase (matter); Engineering physics; Physics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.022887236468938137,"score_gpt":0.27712606311102433,"score_spread":0.2542388266420862,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2008050562","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99120766,0.00077847217,0.0024065203,0.0007902475,0.00021634706,0.000342039,0.000013718398,0.00007713445,0.004167873],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967485,0.0003623803,0.0021193032,0.0005622893,0.000045192828,0.000059559257,0.000013842045,0.000020051923,0.00006885977],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99837005,0.00009917708,0.0005422745,0.00034163345,0.00025458907,0.00039229263],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99924177,0.00008210864,0.00015587367,0.00026454823,0.00013248192,0.00012323484],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00027798992,0.0001884373,0.00028824268,0.00015484013,0.00006139265,0.000032390355,0.00035385898,0.00010397514,0.0016243786],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000105736624,0.0001871335,0.000041737876,0.00035985018,0.00007938165,0.00011125351,0.00008320115,0.00015574225,0.00008582379],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002444357,0.00043014932,0.00011676482,0.000032664237,0.000005730398,0.000007812132,0.00046542104,0.00003917595,0.9866512,0.010822822,0.0004066874,0.0007771748],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002034757,0.001104323,0.0009257412,0.00007867085,0.000007369007,0.000011636621,0.00011260788,0.000008170935,0.9848159,0.009646979,0.0009880803,0.0002657867],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00011701797,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000043239525,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.005540873,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00020167176,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002518957,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99928826},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2009428843","doi":"10.1088/0953-8984/24/13/135002","title":"Morphology of monolayer films on quasicrystalline surfaces from the phase field crystal model","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Physics Condensed Matter","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Monolayer; Quasicrystal; Quasiperiodic function; Materials science; Substrate (aquarium); Morphology (biology); Phase (matter); Adsorption; Chemical physics; Crystallography; Crystal (programming language); Field (mathematics); Nanotechnology; Condensed matter physics; Chemistry; Physics; Physical chemistry; Geology","score_opus":0.03558839062394465,"score_gpt":0.28900271134058764,"score_spread":0.253414320716643,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2009428843","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9862442,0.00010875738,0.011533357,0.0010788989,0.0003341625,0.000082989136,0.000059894326,0.0000072836565,0.0005504661],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99545646,0.0000057434168,0.001085116,0.0029760716,0.00031802664,0.0000026881962,0.0000036807867,0.000017065673,0.0001351432],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987512,0.000105052815,0.00049250555,0.0001115978,0.00030985748,0.00022974801],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985283,0.0003440393,0.00058563706,0.00029010774,0.00015924954,0.0000926598],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003393665,0.0001414288,0.00029140076,0.000029297269,0.0000557475,0.00003251392,0.00032952844,0.00006073692,0.0017116786],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000030656323,0.000092723574,0.0001275857,0.000069549016,0.00006673776,0.000273922,0.000045533034,0.00020405595,0.000108848304],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00021793584,0.00037587824,0.0006391003,0.000008692768,0.000030267041,0.0000013974856,0.0013427748,0.0014505893,0.9810148,0.0006396974,0.014191831,0.00008707094],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0019127545,0.00029991643,0.00094660174,0.000044652676,0.00007850671,0.000014582477,0.0007497244,0.00185729,0.9869742,0.0065586693,0.00036832635,0.0001947754],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000014027732,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.4287185e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.013823505,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001704335,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000042545464,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992009},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2009531331","doi":"10.1002/crat.201000269","title":"Crystal growth by the travelling heater method using tapered crucibles and applied rotating magnetic field","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crystal Research and Technology","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Ampoule; Rotating magnetic field; Crystal growth; Magnetic field; Crystal (programming language); Materials science; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Chemistry; Composite material; Crystallography; Chromatography; Physics; Computer science","score_opus":0.04119948735026503,"score_gpt":0.333834928036226,"score_spread":0.292635440685961,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2009531331","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9903131,0.00054907217,0.0046820906,0.0023920601,0.000057588964,0.00036555348,0.000012401221,0.000100109566,0.0015280136],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99067736,0.000043234846,0.008862094,0.00008737972,0.00005440981,0.00007308931,0.0000025206587,0.000020620886,0.0001792879],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99824697,0.0000997809,0.0002516002,0.0004839531,0.00031452472,0.000603158],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988198,0.00051539455,0.000053541655,0.0003249554,0.00015381783,0.00013244955],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0012816422,0.0001539885,0.00019634032,0.00025198614,0.0006788733,0.00026204195,0.00038351904,0.00021617231,0.00022735326],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00037696783,0.0001127952,0.00001719978,0.00048820805,0.00092263235,0.000093307215,0.00032108577,0.00067612546,0.00000676728],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003437472,0.000024622424,0.00026466112,0.000036835532,0.000003842287,0.00000212662,0.00025008063,3.5285515e-7,0.9792823,0.01348324,0.00014340805,0.006474158],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000706424,0.0004882158,0.0001623419,0.000024133717,0.0000126011655,0.000117896205,0.0042993473,0.0016298383,0.9156955,0.07482423,0.0017542394,0.00028524298],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000074462616,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000027800203,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.06358681,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001222388,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000049747287,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.52214134},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2010028614","doi":"10.1016/j.apm.2005.11.022","title":"Numerical modeling of crystal growth under strong magnetic fields: An application to the travelling heater method","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Mathematical Modelling","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Magnetic field; Mechanics; Finite volume method; Electric field; Convection; Boundary value problem; Magnetic potential; Physics; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis","score_opus":0.031720485657305,"score_gpt":0.26863348518116575,"score_spread":0.23691299952386075,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2010028614","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.070749596,0.000029083672,0.9239879,0.00036330783,0.000027294216,0.0005536413,0.000004642431,0.00009302475,0.004191454],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.82891417,0.0000015332048,0.17055127,0.00018306349,0.0001226057,0.0001594378,0.000008029211,0.000033180986,0.000026741242],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9978962,0.00008601419,0.00069013744,0.00047322008,0.0004591661,0.00039527286],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998896,0.0002666133,0.00011041745,0.00049237366,0.00010324605,0.000131324],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008425837,0.00022089039,0.00032633042,0.000069482296,0.00019956684,0.000089266185,0.000421434,0.00011645247,0.00015154334],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000012021019,0.00016484676,0.00007412968,0.00022821693,0.00005262911,0.00010327934,0.00005387989,0.00020278226,0.000102283695],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000021369415,0.000097922595,4.2410687e-7,0.000055940796,0.0000024834283,1.0051541e-7,0.0007593553,0.68217325,0.05581301,0.26093996,0.0000039422484,0.0001322495],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00012548117,0.000031572326,0.0000012279883,0.00001478897,0.000026453781,0.000002412798,0.0005156222,0.74939257,0.017291596,0.23243153,0.000008780409,0.00015798275],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00010102081,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000026346195,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7581645,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003535939,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000027885724,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.67222553},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2011006000","doi":"10.1007/s10665-006-9117-3","title":"Thermal-stress reduction for a Czochralski grown single crystal","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Engineering Mathematics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"von Mises yield criterion; Reduction (mathematics); Lagrange multiplier; Stress (linguistics); Stress reduction; Optimal control; Mathematics; Thermal; Maximum principle; Crystal (programming language); Thermal shock; Materials science; Mathematical analysis; Control theory (sociology); Mathematical optimization; Geometry; Thermodynamics; Control (management); Physics; Computer science; Composite material; Finite element method","score_opus":0.015694151322805154,"score_gpt":0.22205175080845405,"score_spread":0.20635759948564888,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2011006000","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8714406,0.00015004432,0.12706453,0.00010138584,0.0005051126,0.00012385416,0.000010140412,0.000046208028,0.0005581385],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.94100904,0.0000024488872,0.058151323,0.0000052139167,0.00058658933,0.000007307886,0.0000018092329,0.000023866312,0.00021237215],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99907917,0.000007928861,0.00048420453,0.000072350405,0.00019116019,0.00016517226],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992726,0.00007472265,0.00032663436,0.00012139818,0.00015441378,0.000050250237],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003128096,0.00010352027,0.00019405306,0.00009313548,0.000039184666,0.0000696073,0.00015401954,0.000042051044,0.00005308543],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009176077,0.00008698774,0.000095031035,0.00008633913,0.000020650512,0.00018534079,0.000012731701,0.00006398466,0.0000060787243],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008298721,0.00015690037,0.0000027738429,0.00017010381,0.0000072123667,0.0000013890179,0.00029839063,0.018936086,0.97572416,0.0042703836,0.00039041895,0.000033893873],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009492845,0.00028597374,0.00020131639,0.00035011937,0.00008282165,0.00023971837,0.0005386677,0.011208579,0.97624135,0.006733545,0.002825252,0.00034335078],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000011278123,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.4179186e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.069568485,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000058176647,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000019078083,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3547257},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2011688806","doi":"10.1103/physreve.86.066706","title":"Phase-field-crystal model of phase and microstructural stability in driven nanocrystalline systems","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; McGill University; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research","funders":"","keywords":"Mesoscopic physics; Nanocrystalline material; Materials science; Phase field models; Phase (matter); Formalism (music); Crystal (programming language); Field (mathematics); Condensed matter physics; Statistical physics; Nanotechnology; Physics; Computer science","score_opus":0.04829922858966705,"score_gpt":0.3422731517374095,"score_spread":0.29397392314774246,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2011688806","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9906791,0.007777477,0.0005350466,0.000093713104,0.00007461681,0.00047100696,0.00010060236,0.000021438995,0.00024704242],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99884313,0.0006780039,0.00019336097,0.00012751977,0.0000806743,0.000044561595,0.000013951498,0.000010067829,0.000008697471],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99874985,0.00012158565,0.00043125424,0.0002212585,0.00019808498,0.00027798794],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99925584,0.000098912926,0.0001660438,0.00027207108,0.000060011003,0.00014713973],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00035314765,0.00014599343,0.00047436208,0.00002348335,0.000030893454,0.000017087606,0.00014826542,0.000024909466,0.00007247428],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001118482,0.00011484882,0.0000651782,0.00014152851,0.00009520086,0.00025843328,0.000068196256,0.000086482265,0.000009213816],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000034097025,0.0007363062,0.00009793721,0.0012850018,0.0000028219126,1.555867e-7,0.00038020598,0.000009932249,0.99375796,0.0027886294,0.00004193555,0.00086498715],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.013183239,0.0014751663,0.0004674598,0.003691964,0.00030120971,0.000026746424,0.0007212239,0.11719732,0.8509608,0.00567726,0.0047065886,0.0015910073],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001830708,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000013149262,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.14279717,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000032746222,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000027732423,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4683399},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2012765336","doi":"10.1103/physrevb.86.224112","title":"Defect stability in phase-field crystal models: Stacking faults and partial dislocations","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":63,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; McGill University; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Partial dislocations; Stacking; Formalism (music); Materials science; Dissociation (chemistry); Stacking fault; Condensed matter physics; Crystallographic defect; Crystallography; Dislocation; Statistical physics; Physics; Chemistry; Nuclear magnetic resonance","score_opus":0.07361464140516968,"score_gpt":0.3596670313633124,"score_spread":0.28605238995814275,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2012765336","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98588705,0.008155098,0.0030950157,0.00054003065,0.00006813118,0.00039090068,0.000016389606,0.0000441883,0.0018032204],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980684,0.0008598933,0.00007926304,0.0007687416,0.000091248075,0.00011418389,0.000006841303,0.000008216349,0.0000032453256],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989106,0.0001489151,0.00025783887,0.0002256202,0.00017591484,0.00028109289],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99931234,0.00018972003,0.00007184849,0.0002506128,0.000032283493,0.0001431726],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00047165583,0.000111899564,0.00025413965,0.000015859845,0.00006210718,0.000021101238,0.00010436557,0.00001540117,0.000136888],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00022704346,0.00009218889,0.00006383129,0.00017066377,0.00005445662,0.00043761425,0.000059335656,0.0000920819,0.000048221704],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00012577928,0.0050561,0.0045898547,0.0031453152,0.000023285027,0.0000014917687,0.008048849,0.00004559285,0.8100107,0.13328794,0.0008334879,0.03483163],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01457811,0.0024633645,0.022884646,0.01123697,0.0012922877,0.000046795736,0.0044393796,0.10013036,0.5558836,0.16617708,0.11332613,0.0075412965],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000021086442,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004104246,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.2541271,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003357169,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000021032922,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.37593538},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2014789289","doi":"10.1016/s0022-0248(01)02329-6","title":"Numerical study of interface shape control in the VGF growth of compound semiconductor crystal","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Crystal Growth","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Crucible (geodemography); Micro-pulling-down; Rotation (mathematics); Temperature gradient; Crystal (programming language); Crystal growth; Mixing (physics); Materials science; Convection; Chemistry; Mechanics; Mineralogy; Optics; Crystallography; Geometry; Physics; Meteorology","score_opus":0.030772064411033674,"score_gpt":0.2655874787892984,"score_spread":0.23481541437826473,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2014789289","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9966379,0.0003519596,0.00068525923,0.000374622,0.0002615086,0.00039507562,0.00002314496,0.0000115217335,0.0012590394],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99951,0.000013955595,0.00012362859,0.00015073775,0.00014086456,0.0000078338935,5.579951e-7,0.000022350252,0.000030055066],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99635047,0.00058294984,0.0015494421,0.00023415765,0.0009539268,0.0003290748],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973734,0.00043115183,0.0012697806,0.0003038437,0.0004919597,0.00012985877],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0012211651,0.00024354592,0.0007506671,0.0002688359,0.00006767166,0.00006768963,0.0009940265,0.000078869314,0.00073447934],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00026512626,0.00016661415,0.00018104631,0.00049600104,0.00022827955,0.0004580203,0.00006444789,0.0003755156,0.000009532415],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004697991,0.0030765354,0.010201711,0.00012443888,0.000072279145,0.000045784407,0.012554212,0.00014080263,0.97164965,0.0005312413,0.001086221,0.000047331865],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.08875803,0.044048112,0.24245073,0.0018322249,0.0016484585,0.0045733955,0.1849503,0.019478358,0.3889094,0.016102111,0.0027360732,0.004512801],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000056697394,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000041621306,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.58274025,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007417683,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000050609928,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.80420333},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2019730581","doi":"10.1090/s0033-569x-2012-01316-9","title":"On global minimizers for a variational problem with long-range interactions","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Quarterly of Applied Mathematics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Range (aeronautics); Perturbation (astronomy); Statistical physics; Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics); Energy (signal processing); Applied mathematics; Mathematics; Physics; Classical mechanics; Mathematical analysis; Quantum mechanics; Materials science","score_opus":0.018957159218344854,"score_gpt":0.26239435285964,"score_spread":0.24343719364129518,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2019730581","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.6194818,0.000009152534,0.3412561,0.00015124337,0.00018403024,0.0011953454,0.00013944478,0.00010798583,0.037474852],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.82674223,1.8414912e-7,0.17277966,0.00005332075,0.000064683765,0.00026982362,0.0000136374765,0.000013182249,0.00006327027],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99908775,0.000007141243,0.00030149054,0.00014170297,0.00023475906,0.0002271829],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999197,0.00018708505,0.00024598243,0.00021433561,0.000070624745,0.000084942505],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00021233807,0.00012776275,0.00019157615,0.000036358037,0.00006896686,0.000029902098,0.00013770154,0.000035454654,0.00022306823],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000059843333,0.00010152084,0.00004185402,0.000104692524,0.00005937063,0.00011621418,0.0000048467455,0.0000362204,0.00010791817],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00030406826,0.0011691706,0.00003655425,0.00037818382,0.00004239271,1.186873e-7,0.01046375,0.00006532994,0.018817296,0.96696347,0.00089963066,0.0008600363],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.015642261,0.007968495,0.0042330096,0.00079687353,0.000980129,0.00009728927,0.03983387,0.006049131,0.059507743,0.85764503,0.004214338,0.003031815],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000015204732,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000030451417,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.2072604,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000053547657,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000027823144,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.41398996},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2021138694","doi":"10.1063/1.1476969","title":"Morphological transitions of elastic domain structures in constrained layers","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Applied Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research; Division of Materials Research; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Domain (mathematical analysis); Homogeneous; Phase (matter); Stress (linguistics); Transformation (genetics); Microstructure; Field (mathematics); Materials science; Stress field; Layer (electronics); Statistical physics; Phase transition; Structure formation; Condensed matter physics; Physics; Nanotechnology; Mathematics; Chemistry; Mathematical analysis; Finite element method; Thermodynamics; Composite material","score_opus":0.023124185483604606,"score_gpt":0.23580824905677994,"score_spread":0.21268406357317532,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2021138694","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98812586,0.000021536265,0.0044331513,0.00006257511,0.00007121822,0.00007001474,0.000014637443,0.0000065516165,0.0071944725],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99675,0.0000058394576,0.0030609248,0.000088614725,0.00008237096,0.0000022026618,8.594973e-7,0.000005306506,0.000003866282],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991978,0.000025924888,0.0003771641,0.00007923313,0.00019865026,0.000121247744],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994999,0.000060165512,0.00025058739,0.000084327825,0.000048152153,0.00005684594],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001333959,0.00007674398,0.000216534,0.000046525467,0.000027239172,0.000012764021,0.00014233947,0.00003830257,0.0005992822],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007534924,0.00006116131,0.000057817157,0.00016698755,0.00015328212,0.00005818727,0.000008056565,0.00012644175,0.000011680487],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005706071,0.00014737394,0.000014871947,0.000012824866,0.0000067466794,0.000008583521,0.0012897658,0.008118218,0.953014,0.03692477,0.00012050883,0.0002852483],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0060530477,0.0005361518,0.005004427,0.000081700804,0.00009381596,0.00017109893,0.005814556,0.0022434127,0.4170528,0.5618541,0.00054313167,0.00055175065],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":5.890161e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.9723194e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5359612,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000022898648,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000018504557,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.656172},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2021151494","doi":"10.1007/s11663-007-9054-1","title":"Experimental Study of the Phase Equilibria in the PbO-Rich Region of the Pb-As-O System","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Arsenic; Lead oxide; Oxide; Liquidus; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Phase (matter); Metal; Oxidation state; Chemistry; Inorganic chemistry; Environmental chemistry","score_opus":0.02984033854722549,"score_gpt":0.2895004462010102,"score_spread":0.25966010765378467,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2021151494","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9955704,0.000066205685,0.0025085378,0.00011420757,0.0004623785,0.00073199224,0.000012338114,0.000017290946,0.00051661994],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99970853,0.0000035615194,0.000019508732,0.000036514288,0.000028020446,0.00005839466,6.7308883e-7,0.000007684338,0.00013708186],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99837655,0.00040559476,0.0005437287,0.00019619736,0.00031256248,0.00016536388],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99930745,0.00008412058,0.00018168215,0.00036113753,0.000031480336,0.000034125816],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009267935,0.000114284514,0.00024571965,0.00003505713,0.00017860535,0.000051462466,0.00036877178,0.000051014067,0.0002762055],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000102814165,0.000055718352,0.00006480978,0.0002873477,0.0001988219,0.00009446203,0.00002767192,0.000066933746,0.000004817855],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00017647035,0.0012759188,0.000004160793,0.00004142256,0.000011359011,0.0000036111676,0.0033705216,0.000024096127,0.9931909,0.0018691119,0.0000036907932,0.000028727427],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002317781,0.0003590392,0.0024261307,0.000049383016,0.000092215436,0.00012552619,0.023747941,0.00004780256,0.97025937,0.000099573466,0.0003492245,0.00012603299],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00027459895,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003663344,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.022931559,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000021213638,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000017666365,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.30242565},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2021240255","doi":"10.1103/physreve.79.011606","title":"Nonlinear driven response of a phase-field crystal in a periodic pinning potential","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Division of Materials Research; China Scholarship Council; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Pinning force; Condensed matter physics; Phase diagram; Nonlinear system; Physics; Lattice (music); Phase transition; Hysteresis; Phase (matter); Superconductivity; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.020877089588892377,"score_gpt":0.3349328492899855,"score_spread":0.3140557597010931,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2021240255","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9955553,0.0018234571,0.00033021488,0.0015860818,0.00003220708,0.00024764065,0.000008871497,0.000028835299,0.00038740574],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997666,0.0003486456,0.00040147474,0.0014547762,0.0000844056,0.000015994385,0.0000037626396,0.000006224358,0.000018706649],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99885666,0.00017933034,0.0003279274,0.00021576959,0.00022893517,0.00019140073],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99942505,0.00009010241,0.00012388565,0.00024073035,0.0000468104,0.00007344427],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00035227422,0.000107002044,0.00034840644,0.00004303735,0.000032555086,0.00001776699,0.00020149733,0.000019461788,0.00021171557],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003185626,0.000091629416,0.00010604399,0.00026828074,0.000045757573,0.000104062055,0.000030094736,0.000094965166,0.000071878945],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00022061588,0.00047455056,0.0000062604854,0.0001397169,0.0000013798383,0.000005270171,0.00025409297,0.000005229245,0.9954805,0.00043227035,0.00013921381,0.002840908],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.010875395,0.008779112,0.0109923575,0.012056268,0.0003178532,0.000057441244,0.00047977755,0.019616587,0.8870692,0.010238178,0.037399918,0.0021179076],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000064253704,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.4415723e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.10841129,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000021994963,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000055047643,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.37365392},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2021652063","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2013.01.025","title":"The effect of anisotropic surface tension on the interface evolution of a particle in the undercooled melt","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Crystal Growth","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Surface tension; Anisotropy; Nucleation; Particle (ecology); Materials science; Tension (geology); Particle size; Mechanics; Surface (topology); Composite material; Condensed matter physics; Chemistry; Thermodynamics; Optics; Geometry; Physics; Geology; Physical chemistry; Compression (physics); Mathematics","score_opus":0.011574797069854145,"score_gpt":0.24869406286730897,"score_spread":0.23711926579745482,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2021652063","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9963065,0.00025065496,0.00049958855,0.0021544127,0.00012408648,0.00031264918,0.000004484743,0.0000048410884,0.0003428082],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99979943,0.000019073645,0.00003380196,0.000051858864,0.000034888988,0.00000735918,2.0254411e-7,0.000007614654,0.000045785833],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99787873,0.0007655878,0.0005753213,0.00009447981,0.000495355,0.0001905413],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99750197,0.0014015194,0.0005750202,0.00026478912,0.0002155271,0.000041148],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0017244057,0.00010942302,0.00022572213,0.00003487775,0.00011444526,0.00006059152,0.00051607954,0.000037937647,0.00016418146],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00050861645,0.000044145585,0.00009877848,0.00026173663,0.00020891317,0.00019091571,0.00004781356,0.00018435776,0.00001945937],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00027161618,0.000073996176,0.0015741448,0.00003089002,0.000012205868,9.797416e-7,0.0007960605,0.00023523833,0.99024093,0.0054320022,0.0012354853,0.00009642932],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0020284152,0.0037279166,0.08437335,0.00031403973,0.00006858573,0.000055602533,0.008164901,0.0022139417,0.8877131,0.010799308,0.000352157,0.00018871344],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006486331,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009131195,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.10252788,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007505411,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000046384426,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.18002047},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2024351341","doi":"10.1007/s10409-008-0169-7","title":"The effect of far field flow on a spherical crystal growth in the undercooled melt","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Mechanica Sinica","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Crystal (programming language); Flow (mathematics); Crystal growth; Materials science; Convection; Mechanics; Field (mathematics); Near and far field; Flow velocity; Melt flow index; Condensed matter physics; Physics; Crystallography; Optics; Chemistry; Mathematics; Composite material","score_opus":0.018450743079301033,"score_gpt":0.25263309621480157,"score_spread":0.23418235313550054,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2024351341","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9862288,0.00008337855,0.0006053673,0.005276978,0.00032900475,0.000578594,0.000007981043,0.000064093554,0.006825769],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99849206,0.0000860503,0.00020291863,0.0009688658,0.00006206313,0.00007156037,0.000002175363,0.000015397987,0.00009891002],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9978568,0.00063826056,0.00042485233,0.00030382213,0.00044969824,0.0003265839],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.996238,0.0028648074,0.00015559646,0.00063739717,0.00003934471,0.00006488049],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011485189,0.00017093144,0.00027394653,0.000028195931,0.0002642402,0.000042233394,0.00088539894,0.000099197125,0.0002449502],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009879923,0.00009091807,0.00011783837,0.0003140679,0.000121158315,0.00008216998,0.00009718794,0.00023580076,0.00006539326],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0015854529,0.00042544442,0.0002436002,0.00006144635,0.00004023577,0.000032298864,0.0018969,0.000018685078,0.958795,0.025340121,0.009646089,0.0019147097],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0033995307,0.005885761,0.0026243988,0.00009064968,0.000070651804,0.00008221065,0.0010059137,0.0011521465,0.9678836,0.005526594,0.011668016,0.0006105495],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000041444713,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000019245874,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.019813526,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000032914977,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000056323188,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3707531},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2026645858","doi":"10.1017/s0022112099007338","title":"Marangoni convection. Part 2. A cavity subject to point heating","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Biot number; Marangoni effect; Marangoni number; Prandtl number; Convection; Mechanics; Combined forced and natural convection; Convection cell; Materials science; Physics; Thermodynamics; Natural convection","score_opus":0.016332914250995326,"score_gpt":0.24437072375566196,"score_spread":0.22803780950466662,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2026645858","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.986867,0.00015314914,0.009416507,0.0008727391,0.00087477063,0.000145598,0.000009294227,0.000037425038,0.0016235327],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957355,0.000064793865,0.0019906752,0.001145313,0.00039389177,0.0000058913956,6.929088e-7,0.00001564588,0.00064759917],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986472,0.00010299945,0.00052337756,0.00014595978,0.00034485242,0.00023560914],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991649,0.000046846853,0.00017476213,0.00019287813,0.00020004857,0.00022056668],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0010520795,0.000112243135,0.00023185012,0.00008696408,0.00012541062,0.00007868444,0.00022150653,0.00004913483,0.0034833595],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000113392474,0.00009666065,0.00009917611,0.00022981499,0.000010295331,0.00021693381,0.000022363643,0.0001282801,0.0003269857],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00018574196,0.00009028054,0.0000118424205,0.000014930426,0.000010980292,0.000013277249,0.00076387543,0.00046422798,0.98770976,0.0020480538,0.0034110749,0.005275984],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001857156,0.0013863421,0.00035479903,0.00021923937,0.00008589342,0.0008797444,0.001256476,0.0043032733,0.88644505,0.007832163,0.09480267,0.00057721656],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000018643646,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004018715,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1012647,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00011638229,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000090906644,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9974276},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2027741136","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.06.008","title":"Effect of applied electric current on impurity transport in zone refining","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Crystal Growth","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Electromigration; Impurity; Electric current; Zone melting; Tellurium; Current (fluid); Refining (metallurgy); Electrical resistivity and conductivity; Work (physics); Computer simulation; Current density; Conductivity; Chemistry; Materials science; Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Metallurgy; Physics; Physical chemistry; Composite material","score_opus":0.010191068638588215,"score_gpt":0.26872689373235253,"score_spread":0.2585358250937643,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2027741136","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9915901,0.00021512514,0.0016347868,0.000021408756,0.00027179948,0.00011294977,0.0000025691347,0.0000140645,0.006137221],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999611,0.000032073374,0.00015073954,0.000028150107,0.00014731515,0.0000027797437,0.0000013379924,0.000015078309,0.00001149493],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9978995,0.00008655669,0.0009378277,0.00016981924,0.00057867705,0.00032762255],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987159,0.0002655493,0.0006254938,0.00014230514,0.00010791521,0.00014287714],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0033154911,0.00016626279,0.00045683366,0.00043069353,0.000038303187,0.000013895117,0.000275575,0.000066997425,0.00006905257],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007317861,0.00013001161,0.00012813535,0.0004838313,0.000051087085,0.00013821943,0.000014610281,0.0003392899,0.000010121313],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0023777997,0.00026631073,0.0035525777,0.00019045899,0.000008554078,0.000025468255,0.00049078744,0.000035630568,0.9806102,0.0021394968,0.000024274472,0.010278451],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0030304007,0.0022422317,0.0449431,0.00019497027,0.000041605785,0.000043425913,0.00010310622,0.000015242557,0.947485,0.00087986107,0.00077047956,0.00025053375],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006048982,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000034603668,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.041390523,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000118532225,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000710184,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.530172},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2028074976","doi":"10.1007/s11661-006-0170-3","title":"Understanding the rapid solidification of Al-4.3Cu and Al-17Cu using X-ray tomography","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":27,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Killam Trusts","keywords":"Recalescence; Nucleation; Synchrotron radiation; Synchrotron; Materials science; Porosity; X-ray; Volume fraction; Crystallography; Microstructure; Composite material; Optics; Chemistry; Thermodynamics; Physics","score_opus":0.060999515961155736,"score_gpt":0.2510307370342864,"score_spread":0.19003122107313067,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2028074976","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.6400719,0.00028691682,0.358312,0.0005499053,0.00018182155,0.00021837308,0.000043745564,0.000045104443,0.00029017197],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983402,0.00017612055,0.0012038962,0.0001285549,0.00003336656,0.000029275066,0.000008204608,0.000013111263,0.00006726093],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99878347,0.00014571224,0.0004123791,0.00027498516,0.00018235183,0.00020109088],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995031,0.00007831194,0.00014332634,0.00017433007,0.000038486683,0.0000624844],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00051266875,0.0001401556,0.0002519107,0.000081678205,0.0003536138,0.00018173439,0.00009546621,0.000055172495,0.0011226689],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000047434833,0.00010254589,0.00005806363,0.00020354478,0.0003573071,0.00018753529,0.0000112008065,0.000050864965,0.0000041580884],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004029165,0.000076524004,0.000003150187,0.000034786717,0.00001596154,8.3545433e-7,0.00012602587,0.00022617602,0.9913996,0.007958467,0.000020704956,0.00009746853],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0045401123,0.00043631956,0.014689555,0.00023550863,0.001065344,0.00037186785,0.0047885696,0.008274364,0.88660794,0.049216084,0.027989255,0.0017850532],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00019170214,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000011411209,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.35826826,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000018752906,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000014091845,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99979043},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2028352439","doi":"10.1080/14786435.2011.580287","title":"Understanding reversed temperature dependence of diffusional solidification time in single crystal superalloy brazement","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Philosophical Magazine A Journal of Theoretical Experimental and Applied Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Superalloy; Eutectic system; Materials science; Thermal diffusivity; Single crystal; Finite element method; Brazing; Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Metallurgy; Crystallography; Microstructure; Chemistry; Alloy; Physics","score_opus":0.05805908682095378,"score_gpt":0.24515053800506392,"score_spread":0.18709145118411014,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2028352439","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9927253,0.000079223835,0.0008543652,0.0011662797,0.00006114281,0.0001973146,0.00000903277,0.000010134985,0.0048972196],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99902445,0.000008805534,0.00058419304,0.0002021173,0.0001479565,0.000007648381,0.000002745019,0.000014786439,0.000007286525],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9985448,0.00010304025,0.0005401404,0.00019026123,0.00041662762,0.0002051029],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992983,0.00012126229,0.00023785282,0.0001743944,0.00004249442,0.00012569789],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00040152244,0.0001727982,0.00031057635,0.00004437532,0.00009120023,0.000030808504,0.00031055225,0.00006760539,0.00050549477],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000022324883,0.000113039256,0.0000803877,0.0001581441,0.0008737209,0.00012727598,0.00013054293,0.00024479616,0.00001539775],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00035184537,0.00044363312,0.000007692262,0.0000069763314,0.000006622912,0.000001581798,0.0007685145,0.000007396244,0.55222404,0.44616002,0.000008526906,0.000013155289],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008563448,0.00027453524,0.00017769716,0.00004368292,0.000019709225,0.0000222469,0.0005592564,0.0001238215,0.4899733,0.5078222,0.0000033538279,0.00012383658],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":7.128093e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.178989e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.06225075,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007700494,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000027709539,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.55348134},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2028374713","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.10.117","title":"On the high growth rates in electroepitaxial growth of bulk semiconductor crystals in magnetic field","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Crystal Growth","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canadian Space Agency","keywords":"Semiconductor; Condensed matter physics; Magnetic field; Crystal growth; Magnetic semiconductor; Materials science; Growth rate; Semiconductor materials; Engineering physics; Field (mathematics); Chemistry; Optoelectronics; Crystallography; Physics; Mathematics; Geometry; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.011742783743040565,"score_gpt":0.23599459673062761,"score_spread":0.22425181298758706,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2028374713","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9940161,0.0002663244,0.00018949139,0.003593961,0.00035083195,0.00030646386,0.000015637623,0.00001627162,0.0012449067],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99866736,0.00009141796,0.00029766033,0.00063466013,0.00019704585,0.000015319518,0.0000018527361,0.000031592284,0.00006309044],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9968129,0.0002877367,0.0013309253,0.00030247887,0.0007320725,0.0005338789],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977414,0.00069814705,0.0007527734,0.00027513396,0.0003804804,0.0001520424],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0013276094,0.0003024849,0.0006123251,0.00052592077,0.0000735349,0.0000892506,0.0008015278,0.00014787032,0.00054392347],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0011902383,0.00021453857,0.00017395242,0.0007261883,0.00019516173,0.00044909032,0.00007887667,0.00056000735,0.000017572289],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005813058,0.00045171718,0.001814362,0.00009108652,0.000013566261,0.000060178387,0.0010561134,0.000099126075,0.92166775,0.07371662,0.0004297465,0.000018397128],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0030895616,0.00203953,0.011385922,0.00031883502,0.000025130714,0.00009934447,0.0006015762,0.000008350316,0.71520364,0.26687738,0.000020003838,0.0003307036],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00024213557,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000045741348,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.20646413,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00022754996,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00027256872,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8748629},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2029263792","doi":"10.1007/s11661-009-0118-5","title":"Connectivity of Phases and Growth Mechanisms in Peritectic Alloys Solidified at Low Speed: an X-Ray Tomography Study of Cu-Sn","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Paul Scherrer Institut","keywords":"Nucleation; Lamellar structure; Materials science; Eutectic system; Electron backscatter diffraction; Microstructure; Crystallography; Instability; Diffraction; Synchrotron; Optical microscope; Scanning electron microscope; Chemical physics; Optics; Metallurgy; Composite material; Chemistry; Thermodynamics; Physics; Mechanics","score_opus":0.016404437757717313,"score_gpt":0.24729262095996438,"score_spread":0.23088818320224708,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2029263792","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9955628,0.000021804408,0.0034893253,0.00002494444,0.0002513209,0.00048760753,0.00007394467,0.00004190644,0.000046373967],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993257,0.000029256305,0.00050672225,0.000013170378,0.000017721308,0.000052842173,0.0000046462,0.000014762858,0.00003516104],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9984503,0.00021106366,0.0005154341,0.00040422333,0.00020810115,0.00021091964],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993165,0.00008949746,0.00015522784,0.00022364584,0.000075522104,0.00013958433],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006227611,0.0001819429,0.0005239199,0.0001650569,0.00012889114,0.00006851601,0.00012690184,0.000097049546,0.0018422623],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000023007406,0.00015908074,0.00004930805,0.00021785342,0.00023520738,0.00025112584,0.000023019296,0.00009221793,0.0000021059454],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00023826431,0.0015975728,0.000052243016,0.00009453838,0.00002116024,0.0000045686475,0.001212863,0.000015441525,0.9957424,0.00095071795,1.883881e-7,0.00007005619],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003290504,0.0011898561,0.027435992,0.000029278985,0.00015412451,0.000056444613,0.0020484806,0.00021475989,0.96280694,0.0023789904,0.00002456098,0.0003700728],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009267374,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007314908,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.032935448,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000074757254,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000013012169,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99907017},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2031580796","doi":"10.4310/cms.2004.v2.n1.a4","title":"Conservative multigrid methods for ternary Cahn-Hilliard systems","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Communications in Mathematical Sciences","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":90,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Cahn–Hilliard equation; Discretization; Multigrid method; Convergence (economics); Mathematics; Applied mathematics; Nonlinear system; Ternary operation; Stability (learning theory); Constraint (computer-aided design); Work (physics); Extension (predicate logic); Mathematical optimization; Computer science; Mathematical analysis; Partial differential equation; Geometry; Physics","score_opus":0.1874477857703185,"score_gpt":0.4625380611941955,"score_spread":0.275090275423877,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2031580796","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.1460598,0.0021398463,0.80571216,0.009348092,0.00044377721,0.0022843962,0.000044595196,0.00027255723,0.03369481],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5266305,0.00004145327,0.4725574,0.0001452549,0.000016816737,0.00048637847,0.0000034609475,0.00000708462,0.00011159851],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99835384,0.00031341205,0.00054399646,0.00028848744,0.00020281314,0.00029746073],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.996978,0.0017455134,0.00017429198,0.0008980977,0.00011153401,0.0000925514],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002938768,0.00012743012,0.0002659369,0.00010268656,0.00046771285,0.00016783515,0.0017646858,0.000059832484,0.000057959995],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0010776945,0.00009927958,0.000054033113,0.0004954482,0.0012670334,0.00027241054,0.00026611442,0.00010914588,0.000116517585],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007524514,0.00036980194,0.00019375145,0.00008342207,0.000005100514,2.7409365e-7,0.0024965864,0.00074367353,0.029929977,0.9647747,0.00007550022,0.001319672],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013659876,0.00021511827,0.0015199587,0.00044915898,0.0000281415,0.000021712543,0.0090407245,0.07099727,0.015347609,0.89001936,0.010398534,0.00059645076],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007319245,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001722719,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.38057074,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00011500618,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00013517098,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.46684375},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2033554507","doi":"10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.233-234.97","title":"Diffusion Process Simulations - An Overview of Different Approaches","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Defect and diffusion forum/Diffusion and defect data, solid state data. Part A, Defect and diffusion forum","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre","funders":"Vetenskapsrådet","keywords":"Diffusion; Random walk; Process (computing); Diffusion process; Statistical physics; Field (mathematics); Computer science; Phase (matter); Software; Biochemical engineering; Engineering; Physics; Thermodynamics; Mathematics; Innovation diffusion; Statistics","score_opus":0.11383740730130151,"score_gpt":0.3391508582166459,"score_spread":0.2253134509153444,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2033554507","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9817169,0.0062497165,0.0015014645,0.00040469228,0.00064632803,0.0018978611,0.0068175136,0.00039046447,0.00037508114],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9770328,0.009380187,0.00026972636,0.0006327528,0.00017685909,0.00009324694,0.012108909,0.00015296837,0.00015256813],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9914474,0.00056430046,0.0018824168,0.0030553655,0.0014015553,0.0016489958],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.993267,0.00054519356,0.0009838447,0.0036146317,0.00023310949,0.0013562095],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts"],"consensus_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0012114033,0.0014095469,0.001779687,0.00068186736,0.0021237487,0.00072477135,0.001632465,0.0005168725,0.0003873718],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00040316832,0.0011072133,0.00035688328,0.0007945369,0.000885757,0.0022795217,0.0052695405,0.0005993813,0.000055390698],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0056960112,0.018825404,0.15691331,0.005754825,0.0006716622,0.00012680632,0.013106124,0.00037639163,0.68054867,0.021062283,0.007880071,0.08903843],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.10921896,0.017554533,0.19381197,0.008972972,0.007630134,0.0016739669,0.050731335,0.20324378,0.05326231,0.16036947,0.1690898,0.024440784],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00037425032,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0013029431,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6272864,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007971824,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00016937256,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998655},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2033825623","doi":"10.4171/ifb/191","title":"The critical mass constraint in the Cahn–Hilliard equation","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Interfaces and Free Boundaries Mathematical Analysis Computation and Applications","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"RADIUS; Constraint (computer-aided design); Critical radius; Boundary value problem; Critical mass (sociodynamics); Domain (mathematical analysis); Critical point (mathematics); Boundary (topology); Physics; Cahn–Hilliard equation; Mathematical analysis; Mechanics; Mathematics; Geometry; Partial differential equation","score_opus":0.034259305520153986,"score_gpt":0.28568622051460024,"score_spread":0.25142691499444625,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2033825623","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.13895305,0.00035705016,0.8517229,0.0067520947,0.000023462313,0.00032677597,0.000022441727,0.00003908674,0.0018031589],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9962461,0.00005391388,0.0032011906,0.00021564095,0.000027501945,0.000175804,0.000010007463,0.0000046502346,0.000065208646],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988345,0.000116438,0.0004087185,0.00023270876,0.00024190755,0.0001657311],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984729,0.0010334455,0.00009045488,0.00024459738,0.0000969595,0.00006159554],"candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005120807,0.00011298468,0.00018865842,0.000066556946,0.0013002168,0.0007390042,0.0002311515,0.00003973362,0.000067079825],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00014117376,0.00006651204,0.00004712285,0.00039559146,0.001967738,0.00010725786,0.000054263066,0.00010234318,0.000027656795],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000011651936,0.00009176035,0.00028060036,0.000031821113,0.000047629554,9.718228e-7,0.0046251193,0.00027900186,0.0012223863,0.9910833,0.00020679536,0.0021189237],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00041443494,0.000063057225,0.0038311826,0.000017992772,0.00027611418,0.000043588603,0.010701413,0.11595874,0.00042390902,0.8582583,0.009722648,0.000288609],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000026919142,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000050631454,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.857293,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000016822287,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000032772146,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99999994},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2034555216","doi":"10.1007/s11661-002-0324-x","title":"Statistical self-similarity in Rhines’ concept of unique multiphase diffusion paths on the ternary gibbs’ isotherm","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research","funders":"","keywords":"Thermodynamics; Instability; Statistical physics; Materials science; Mathematics; Physics; Mechanics","score_opus":0.021248843215683294,"score_gpt":0.23268782809751917,"score_spread":0.21143898488183588,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2034555216","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9621473,0.00005880063,0.035855,0.0005981534,0.00016913633,0.00035558917,0.00024470684,0.00006417042,0.00050717464],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981981,0.00012928591,0.0010993279,0.00020072328,0.000025998534,0.00007309799,0.000007070257,0.000012957974,0.00025341733],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99862003,0.0002964743,0.00042481686,0.00027223278,0.00018817812,0.00019829303],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99936956,0.00022124106,0.00008856723,0.00020217,0.000028801536,0.00008966692],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00032780046,0.00015214116,0.00029565618,0.000047750524,0.00012733812,0.000066746834,0.00014090665,0.0000828292,0.014401714],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000023017841,0.00010174364,0.000042447642,0.00011621101,0.00020408335,0.000091921844,0.0000131160405,0.000100801335,0.00003839889],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002128656,0.0021035976,0.000013706742,0.00009370847,0.000025473608,0.00003855097,0.002111535,0.00013352645,0.9800129,0.013514772,0.00007610893,0.0016632723],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.011814525,0.00173842,0.021891125,0.00039588698,0.00036121294,0.00026523415,0.002075194,0.03626889,0.8873113,0.010907516,0.024889952,0.0020807355],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00016821692,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000018296052,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.09270157,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000019045707,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008702923,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.98649925},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2036585494","doi":"10.1103/physreve.82.041601","title":"Phase-field-crystal calculation of crystal-melt surface tension in binary alloys","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Tekes","keywords":"Surface tension; Surface energy; Materials science; Anisotropy; Binary number; Formalism (music); Thermodynamics; Crystal (programming language); Granularity; Phase (matter); Condensed matter physics; Binary alloy; Alloy; Chemistry; Physics; Metallurgy; Optics; Composite material","score_opus":0.024018534170292462,"score_gpt":0.32885510269637763,"score_spread":0.30483656852608515,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2036585494","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99648196,0.00093925325,0.0001151863,0.0005399317,0.00014951144,0.0003656203,0.000011295192,0.000039743143,0.0013574902],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987831,0.0004061702,0.00027321442,0.00036612462,0.000082283565,0.000017268723,0.000019296544,0.000013572457,0.000038939677],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99870694,0.00010073631,0.0003996567,0.00028236353,0.00030082406,0.00020949371],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991058,0.00015106764,0.00017629609,0.0003710937,0.00010150401,0.00009424848],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00038110605,0.00013976157,0.00038257297,0.00003187693,0.000037905516,0.000014386391,0.00020201514,0.000041438132,0.00031971495],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00025226118,0.000115218,0.00010317394,0.00030769684,0.00006903405,0.00018126472,0.00006711575,0.0001766692,0.00010742549],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000020777823,0.00051731145,0.00005592745,0.00037211037,0.0000016327591,0.0000015095911,0.000104340266,0.000012511723,0.99479336,0.0020331547,0.0004177487,0.001669593],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0035102537,0.0010727594,0.0066649574,0.0025013192,0.00012913575,0.0000136512335,0.00010839719,0.01159644,0.94004375,0.0073871464,0.025951099,0.0010210705],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000039159127,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007624739,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.05474961,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000017230588,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003503663,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.46984535},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2037129118","doi":"10.1063/1.2179146","title":"Cusp instability and phase field in forced velocity solidification of binary alloys","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics Letters","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research","funders":"","keywords":"Cusp (singularity); Amplitude; Wavelength; Instability; Phase (matter); Field (mathematics); Steady state (chemistry); Binary number; Physics; Condensed matter physics; Mechanics; Optics; Mathematics; Chemistry; Quantum mechanics; Geometry","score_opus":0.014999364945803808,"score_gpt":0.2459459190467113,"score_spread":0.23094655410090748,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2037129118","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99479616,0.000008967352,0.003119649,0.00037041894,0.000037116744,0.00024273513,0.000009586544,0.00003221824,0.0013831615],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987349,0.0000019766806,0.00053036964,0.0005898929,0.000055020104,0.000050970568,0.000023355684,0.00000859288,0.0000049582454],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991607,0.00002867406,0.00026536407,0.00024894002,0.00013388791,0.00016242091],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99951136,0.00007944047,0.0001208465,0.00023985172,0.00001915864,0.000029358656],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00017120544,0.00010193598,0.0001585257,0.000032196887,0.00004635523,0.00001837328,0.00011812688,0.00003641622,0.000024858451],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000061885744,0.00010475117,0.000023492823,0.00016778911,0.00010695637,0.00009911166,0.000037016496,0.00006866322,0.00000908684],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005448572,0.00017637071,0.00044274115,0.00003522757,0.0000015703854,2.6583984e-7,0.00031821174,0.00020193259,0.9846933,0.012953238,0.00018788615,0.0009347896],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0012739726,0.000035364716,0.01191247,0.00000803545,0.000008335626,2.5377406e-7,0.00012666859,0.00036306487,0.9819375,0.0039733914,0.00017554556,0.00018536365],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00012873877,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000054077937,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.011469728,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000030837484,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000014543578,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4271629},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2037713899","doi":"10.1007/s11663-005-0031-2","title":"Kinetics of scrap melting in liquid steel","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Scrap; Materials science; Bar (unit); Kinetics; Liquid steel; Thermodynamics; Heat transfer; Thermal conduction; Heat transfer coefficient; Metallurgy; Melting temperature; Shell (structure); Latent heat; Composite material","score_opus":0.016911503159231976,"score_gpt":0.24060975213061123,"score_spread":0.22369824897137924,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2037713899","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9517656,0.00014166969,0.046676606,0.00026485985,0.00013504969,0.00013344873,0.000028400596,0.00004012785,0.0008142367],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9960421,0.00008933842,0.003452938,0.00005788832,0.0000467248,0.00002751588,0.0000036405904,0.000009572525,0.00027033038],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989768,0.000077748606,0.00044104154,0.00019660802,0.00013054252,0.00017725467],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99966687,0.000036547357,0.00007796369,0.00011822133,0.000030764786,0.0000696507],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00024262142,0.000099044264,0.00025333886,0.00006851937,0.00004252708,0.000046365953,0.00009329668,0.000060012033,0.0039294697],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009335607,0.00009038017,0.00003437138,0.00012311294,0.000105958854,0.00015016718,0.000009633222,0.000044055098,0.00003957511],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000066966284,0.00016106285,3.4405716e-7,0.000035782195,0.000004108398,0.0000011332404,0.00018022025,0.0005117978,0.9973512,0.0012143467,0.0000017623926,0.00047124975],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00056530186,0.00010725894,0.0005034994,0.000025129895,0.000023162278,0.000016031117,0.00013138479,0.00019521367,0.9929869,0.000145172,0.005172938,0.00012799699],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000053394084,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000043150936,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.04427645,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000137010975,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006408996,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9969811},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2039292056","doi":"10.1088/0953-8984/22/36/364111","title":"Effective model hierarchies for dynamic and static classical density functional theories","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Physics Condensed Matter","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Statistical physics; Formalism (music); Generalization; Density functional theory; Functional theory; Non-equilibrium thermodynamics; Classical mechanics; Operator (biology); Projection (relational algebra); Computer science; Physics; Mathematics; Theoretical physics; Mathematical analysis; Algorithm; Chemistry; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.00896439907583626,"score_gpt":0.2466395466171018,"score_spread":0.23767514754126554,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2039292056","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8520612,0.0000074841028,0.1465651,0.00077332975,0.00031358332,0.00013357568,0.000019236375,0.00000822842,0.000118238335],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99490917,0.0000010251229,0.003912468,0.0007098505,0.00017223759,0.0000137882325,0.000002398295,0.000013130269,0.0002659592],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992837,0.00004367566,0.00022520388,0.00012316783,0.00018379439,0.00014050103],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990734,0.00031073415,0.00021442054,0.000105790874,0.0002165596,0.00007908801],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002755934,0.00010433356,0.00019712855,0.00004000626,0.00011115781,0.000083103485,0.000087466455,0.000038462982,0.00009118035],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000042554188,0.00008099731,0.00007078664,0.000037502596,0.00023162077,0.00023600875,0.000029042678,0.00019967537,0.00001929441],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00021095506,0.000058452602,0.00030669678,0.000042001444,0.000021064756,7.965163e-7,0.0005765973,0.00013262733,0.96214485,0.035027422,0.0009702296,0.00050830015],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0015101779,0.0001683757,0.01315746,0.000021176906,0.000082698134,0.000060059232,0.00024189464,0.011798024,0.11005614,0.8625418,0.0001438539,0.00021837353],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":3.9704048e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000016514981,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8520887,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000019523517,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000058825917,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.33029744},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2040434498","doi":"10.1007/s11661-011-0984-5","title":"Mechanism of Dendritic Branching","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Division of Mathematical Sciences; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of California, Irvine; Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Washington; York University; National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"Branching (polymer chemistry); Boundary value problem; Latent heat; Rotation (mathematics); Mechanics; Surface energy; Field (mathematics); Statistical physics; Tip growth; Physics; Marginal stability; Materials science; Thermodynamics; Geometry; Instability; Mathematics","score_opus":0.03203066554615337,"score_gpt":0.2229408456545626,"score_spread":0.1909101801084092,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2040434498","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.74374807,0.00005265151,0.25401098,0.000019665347,0.0002609615,0.000105898114,0.000029189523,0.00005757826,0.0017150021],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99567837,0.00004686163,0.0039060388,0.00003615521,0.000018032419,0.000031836185,0.0000019174568,0.000009810948,0.000271005],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99918777,0.00006838011,0.0002982416,0.00018605993,0.00010738214,0.00015216613],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996796,0.000019801926,0.00006457168,0.00012206428,0.000030601084,0.00008332851],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00023461966,0.0000918767,0.00022164761,0.000042754524,0.000096496224,0.000037294787,0.000092910865,0.00004973992,0.011967511],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005321587,0.00008101903,0.00004287012,0.000070628164,0.0001010681,0.00014832686,0.000008287134,0.00003410052,0.00005253125],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000033156804,0.00010300193,2.5148194e-7,0.000048904873,0.000010152135,0.0000030372603,0.0004616454,0.0000014728546,0.95776653,0.041325174,8.6038244e-7,0.00024581107],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00039291862,0.00007519011,0.00035485465,0.000021070076,0.00006546512,0.00006379663,0.00021744276,0.000038435064,0.98525125,0.012977872,0.0003875886,0.0001541163],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00013746247,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000076080983,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.25193027,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004707389,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000094745565,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9889357},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2041299890","doi":"10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.09.009","title":"A self-consistent treatment of precipitate growth via ledge migration in the presence of interfacial dissipation","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Scripta Materialia","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Dissipation; Diffusion; Phase (matter); Precipitation; Volume (thermodynamics); Composite material; Thermodynamics; Chemistry","score_opus":0.025881722249859615,"score_gpt":0.2576386384500907,"score_spread":0.2317569162002311,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2041299890","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9950017,0.000047109712,0.00039234842,0.00031393993,0.003342985,0.0005285394,0.000044892953,0.000029799836,0.00029870286],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99888355,0.000023919243,0.000673714,0.000020091873,0.0000554466,0.000111845475,0.000019634273,0.000008276958,0.00020354304],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987603,0.00017148873,0.00048254814,0.00020859444,0.00021678128,0.0001602779],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993583,0.0000062077766,0.00023517894,0.00027773168,0.00009227951,0.000030281117],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002776405,0.00012756612,0.0002065097,0.00007423599,0.000042888285,0.00005218033,0.00022981034,0.000043077267,0.00009213002],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000034083932,0.00008795845,0.00004850131,0.00016478306,0.00009561997,0.00021421186,0.0000249378,0.00001926389,0.000026721984],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001602791,0.00050617015,0.0008651292,0.00009813313,0.000007874924,0.0000011499476,0.019847406,0.0000030809329,0.97320217,0.0050628,0.00013152741,0.000114266244],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0011792609,0.0005547891,0.02351359,0.000057847887,0.0000339144,0.000004374561,0.0011098651,0.000053868473,0.9671597,0.0050163795,0.0011773175,0.0001391149],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00081764295,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00017111714,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.022648461,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000100754114,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000048316662,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.35868412},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2041543007","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.11.196","title":"A numerical simulation study for the combined effect of static and rotating magnetic fields in liquid phase diffusion growth of SiGe","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Crystal Growth","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Magnetic field; Diffusion; Phase (matter); Rotating magnetic field; Magnetostatics; Mixing (physics); Computer simulation; Field (mathematics); Mechanics; Convection; Materials science; Condensed matter physics; Physics; Thermodynamics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.01410043878659388,"score_gpt":0.3082263471451207,"score_spread":0.2941259083585268,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2041543007","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.96468085,0.00011880447,0.034299117,0.000073753545,0.00009835155,0.00067870755,0.0000049361083,0.00000523581,0.000040267132],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994502,0.000006274932,0.0004456633,0.000026121159,0.00004532007,0.000008982772,7.7133143e-7,0.000011848517,0.0000048366965],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9981783,0.0002062025,0.0009264798,0.00012483221,0.00037917722,0.00018502238],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99641055,0.0024857398,0.00068166363,0.00010977537,0.0002362391,0.00007602901],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0022265452,0.00012784869,0.00039965686,0.00016929088,0.00006310577,0.00002320254,0.0001841394,0.000044952692,0.00002942778],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007832536,0.00008317424,0.00007721323,0.00024311733,0.00008264195,0.00016122969,0.00003689141,0.00012426703,2.1416179e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.01880201,0.0027798295,0.032914106,0.00096763164,0.00005398985,0.00002290304,0.011620795,0.0016245603,0.92654645,0.0006141305,0.000021859087,0.004031702],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.070456944,0.1679404,0.20431846,0.0008536763,0.0007592567,0.00006229297,0.012442099,0.10024888,0.43465063,0.0072622607,0.000030216708,0.0009748874],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003110933,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005800174,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.49189585,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002451635,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000030669657,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.33917472},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2044896445","doi":"10.1139/p08-124","title":"Numerical simulation of facet dendritic growth in a forced flow","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":true,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Facet (psychology); Physics; Flow (mathematics); Anisotropy; Upstream (networking); Mechanics; Perpendicular; Computer simulation; Optics; Geometry; Computer science","score_opus":0.020148760703673097,"score_gpt":0.250212063229726,"score_spread":0.2300633025260529,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2044896445","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98131645,0.000066805376,0.017281633,0.00030264878,0.0001612624,0.00007075599,0.000011298677,0.0000037628627,0.000785395],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99923617,0.0000011876641,0.00047221925,0.0001742001,0.00009883944,4.0339583e-7,0.0000013619401,0.0000048672414,0.000010773784],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993032,0.000039520586,0.000294061,0.000065380336,0.00013004048,0.00016779936],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993681,0.000028794175,0.00015620023,0.000074456766,0.00015655012,0.00021593404],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000134649,0.000061529616,0.00016365734,0.00008940035,0.000030600495,0.000023368359,0.000147643,0.00002771881,0.000076734395],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000847302,0.000060004437,0.000047469835,0.00022091108,0.000033934328,0.00018232402,0.0000018344173,0.00007915057,0.000008828146],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007586545,0.00019542311,0.004547343,0.000084145744,0.000018299897,0.000084444706,0.00784819,0.65504146,0.2843152,0.032361228,0.00062416954,0.014804201],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0061058733,0.0018768182,0.1358918,0.000650137,0.00011098551,0.00009487266,0.0020933358,0.25463825,0.3553993,0.24065478,0.0011918579,0.0012919798],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00024053323,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00013162849,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.40040323,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000094189694,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00032056918,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.244691},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2046735523","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2007.12.060","title":"Molecular dynamics study of liquid metal infiltration during brazing","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Materialia","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Dissolution; Materials science; Molecular dynamics; Infiltration (HVAC); Arrhenius equation; Liquid metal; Thermodynamics; Penetration (warfare); Metal; Capillary action; Physical chemistry; Metallurgy; Composite material; Activation energy; Computational chemistry; Chemistry; Physics","score_opus":0.01849334488147283,"score_gpt":0.24532766518238788,"score_spread":0.22683432030091505,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2046735523","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9983346,0.000006038518,0.000053956475,0.000030012838,0.0007873313,0.00025826797,0.000016082553,0.00008147161,0.00043224604],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995426,0.0000026355663,0.0001436505,0.00001974752,0.0000539699,0.00002676545,0.000015904245,0.0000187158,0.00017603573],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99888635,0.00009908775,0.00036654054,0.0002254992,0.00024346678,0.00017908754],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993829,0.00000627661,0.00017690648,0.00031856282,0.00006444156,0.00005088858],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00015052108,0.00012157552,0.00019834467,0.000066682485,0.00012576497,0.000041138363,0.00021253552,0.000041877247,0.00032470693],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000031304968,0.00011875631,0.000030339294,0.0001276874,0.000054695884,0.0002720048,0.00007451576,0.00003403818,0.000040323863],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000112764516,0.00017890074,0.0004074609,0.000026657495,0.000009950313,0.000009591028,0.0019756204,0.000014597356,0.9968187,0.00043374905,0.0000096878675,0.0000022724478],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006081797,0.00025052435,0.010527464,0.0000078895155,0.00001875285,0.000019953432,0.00086095836,0.0000422053,0.9874449,0.000036762685,0.000034622273,0.00014778276],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000114179995,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000011854527,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.010120003,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000057457255,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000033662553,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.48427418},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2046954038","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.93.246101","title":"Crossover Scaling of Wavelength Selection in Directional Solidification of Binary Alloys","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":71,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research","funders":"","keywords":"Crossover; Scaling; Binary number; Materials science; Function (biology); Selection (genetic algorithm); Phase (matter); Wavelength; Field (mathematics); Range (aeronautics); Statistical physics; Alloy; Directional solidification; Physics; Mathematics; Computer science; Optoelectronics; Geometry; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.020168754497823186,"score_gpt":0.2926198809908434,"score_spread":0.2724511264930202,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2046954038","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9975108,0.0005141179,0.00048731582,0.0010581315,0.000055594726,0.00021286914,0.000005489693,0.000022237418,0.00013343604],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980679,0.0004523777,0.0004960061,0.00086745893,0.00006292659,0.000034549645,0.000006172248,0.000009016501,0.0000035660264],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99896,0.00006833416,0.0003731764,0.00020352087,0.00025209607,0.00014285425],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99950975,0.00005424688,0.00021650414,0.00012055685,0.00006291111,0.000036015357],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00024959663,0.00009409325,0.0002704797,0.000052972322,0.00003028603,0.000007140255,0.00012043722,0.000010476308,0.00005080433],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006582046,0.00008524828,0.00008655326,0.00037637193,0.00009236791,0.00015054969,0.00002047555,0.00007305113,0.00003124893],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000015126539,0.00019978052,0.00012445234,0.00045337365,0.000003350089,1.8522775e-7,0.0001715124,0.0012838206,0.9957666,0.0015937042,0.000048899197,0.00033922662],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0012433887,0.00011849674,0.06134671,0.0023850445,0.00006605296,0.0000052576906,0.00004940575,0.0014340449,0.92963815,0.0023631933,0.0009458196,0.00040446038],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004547269,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000013821457,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.06612844,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008245419,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003427367,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.34763238},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2048668222","doi":"10.1504/ijmpt.2005.005744","title":"Use of an axial magnetic field to suppress convection in the solvent of Ge&lt;SUB align=right&gt;0.98Si&lt;SUB align=right&gt;0.02 grown by the travelling solvent method","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Materials and Product Technology","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Canadian Space Agency","keywords":"Crucible (geodemography); Materials science; Magnetic field; Convection; Hartmann number; Germanium; Solvent; Mass transfer; Condensed matter physics; Flow (mathematics); Fluid dynamics; Crystal (programming language); Intensity (physics); Heat transfer; Mechanics; Field (mathematics); Silicon; Chemistry; Optics; Physics; Metallurgy; Magnetohydrodynamics","score_opus":0.018334162146789342,"score_gpt":0.2760675811977474,"score_spread":0.25773341905095803,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2048668222","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98234993,0.00035132733,0.002197388,0.013522101,0.0010464465,0.00039385742,0.000078182995,0.000019916095,0.00004082525],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99609506,0.00022424581,0.0027962436,0.00038182366,0.00041053223,0.000030539413,0.000008960357,0.000016229278,0.000036374957],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99738884,0.00036637273,0.0011232641,0.00031609248,0.0005582685,0.0002471405],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982537,0.00020551158,0.0007318099,0.00034068813,0.00041288853,0.000055420038],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0019459632,0.00019904469,0.00041219505,0.00034688323,0.000080827325,0.00014421364,0.0009395947,0.00013686465,0.00031741904],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00021014758,0.00012702035,0.000069625465,0.00019403573,0.00018730009,0.00031366703,0.00011742402,0.00015814965,0.000006580897],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003679936,0.00025938053,0.000028589231,0.000024409806,0.000035316018,0.000008372648,0.00086507393,0.00016633149,0.99009216,0.0033500174,0.0009074381,0.0038949433],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005356805,0.0006054186,0.00034208957,0.00007125846,0.00003871872,0.00031934225,0.0001942697,0.000071323004,0.98759985,0.0028850178,0.0072009116,0.00013611592],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000048258666,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003285435,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.013745095,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000049433645,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000052284853,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.51797396},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2049063924","doi":"10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.1050","title":"Phase Field Modelling of Austenite Formation in Low Carbon Steels","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Diffusion and defect data, solid state data. Part B, Solid state phenomena/Solid state phenomena","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Austenite; Pearlite; Materials science; Phase field models; Metallurgy; Microstructure; Lamellar structure; Bainite; Ferrite (magnet); Annealing (glass); Dual-phase steel; Carbide; Phase (matter); Composite material; Martensite","score_opus":0.09523411286883514,"score_gpt":0.3100210961172354,"score_spread":0.21478698324840023,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2049063924","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.93770003,0.0009417987,0.03168371,0.000100488774,0.0010068738,0.002378942,0.021988066,0.00037449377,0.0038255746],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9831719,0.0047414326,0.0013382711,0.0005066005,0.0002686757,0.00020363642,0.0090569835,0.00021189768,0.0005005954],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9892246,0.00081248063,0.0035444587,0.002741049,0.0013379941,0.0023394183],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99159527,0.00048376108,0.001645517,0.00480083,0.0004396809,0.0010349137],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0028433262,0.0013676018,0.0019942345,0.001000874,0.00056087744,0.0004615992,0.00305674,0.00022117497,0.0004828622],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001931327,0.0013174729,0.0001809783,0.0011760093,0.0005410436,0.003552138,0.0032300737,0.0007923723,0.00017864717],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.028850539,0.034724444,0.0037346648,0.011588238,0.0021215733,0.0010478906,0.29294446,0.057080995,0.47392493,0.0018804108,0.00952075,0.08258109],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.03398297,0.0049947742,0.0006772584,0.0017108548,0.00072742073,0.00013610581,0.012738296,0.7827364,0.11435265,0.02159443,0.018877333,0.007471481],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009906223,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004739995,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.72565544,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00025631415,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00026801284,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999075},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2049195111","doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012014","title":"In-situ characterization of droplets during free fall in the drop tube-impulse system","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Physics Conference Series","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Shadowgraph; Drop (telecommunication); Mechanics; Materials science; Gravitational acceleration; Impulse (physics); Gravity of Earth; Copper; Body orifice; Gravitational field; Physics; Classical mechanics; Mechanical engineering","score_opus":0.028608882981414462,"score_gpt":0.22328037753750124,"score_spread":0.1946714945560868,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2049195111","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9969092,0.000008577591,0.0010444759,0.00012828792,0.00020734515,0.000097856886,0.0000073103615,0.0000062617746,0.0015906608],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997096,0.000021139385,0.000103455146,0.000026765203,0.00009767113,0.000005316009,0.0000013512221,0.0000070436568,0.000027648459],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988457,0.00013075689,0.0005217844,0.00009579582,0.00026181294,0.00014416974],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99900305,0.000019988222,0.0005080854,0.00023137411,0.00020479264,0.000032730837],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00035426614,0.00009938509,0.00024514878,0.00007710326,0.000037173402,0.00004604997,0.00047571986,0.000033327593,0.00003549632],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002723174,0.00007187509,0.00004317247,0.00020342537,0.000088964945,0.00082256296,0.000049111863,0.00012265051,0.0000068725094],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000083872124,0.00008808844,0.0013269392,0.00009938451,0.0000036146466,0.000012779026,0.012456388,0.000001945513,0.9536298,0.0321014,0.0000019288466,0.00019386788],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00043427982,0.00010557383,0.11824248,0.00017515695,0.000009086606,0.000035934285,0.0051950985,0.000010567199,0.8710236,0.0046585794,0.000015205329,0.00009443223],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000027868544,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000029905741,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.11691554,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000038410748,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000079756,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.29309812},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2049375845","doi":"10.1179/026708300101508928","title":"Microstructures formed by directional solidification of two ternary eutectic alloys of Bi–Cd–In system","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials Science and Technology","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Eutectic system; Materials science; Lamellar structure; Microstructure; Eutectic bonding; Phase (matter); Faceting; Quenching (fluorescence); Ternary operation; Directional solidification; Metallurgy; Crystallography; Thermodynamics; Optics; Fluorescence; Chemistry","score_opus":0.006849866038422645,"score_gpt":0.23716481648411017,"score_spread":0.23031495044568753,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2049375845","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99860406,0.00012681584,0.000038789065,0.00019855291,0.00018860486,0.00019790955,0.000054870925,0.00007958498,0.0005108198],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992745,0.000029025836,0.00055833085,0.000019991407,0.000014771979,0.00003722562,0.000003882667,0.0000067440133,0.00005555238],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986546,0.000037451187,0.00044760632,0.00033681863,0.00026751627,0.000256022],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993495,0.00002184022,0.0001983273,0.0002631314,0.00012970903,0.00003751697],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006826136,0.000108227985,0.00025736014,0.00034607027,0.000109106026,0.000041590953,0.00042306387,0.000081066806,0.00028396846],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000049213304,0.00009337331,0.000011868637,0.00072911225,0.0010679564,0.00020062692,0.00006773916,0.000040131516,0.000014778656],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000026807782,0.00003253683,0.00049305154,0.000060861,0.0000013823783,5.2301135e-7,0.00009418133,0.0000028215304,0.99308527,0.0050022746,0.000024434332,0.001175859],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00032111193,0.00006632335,0.0025219552,0.000035650635,0.0000045926913,0.0000368992,0.00022190544,0.00002672043,0.99411076,0.0023793513,0.00018444288,0.00009026527],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00016377856,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000794568,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0026229233,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005948669,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007958488,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.39349303},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2050002561","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.91.155502","title":"Seaweed to Dendrite Transition in Directional Solidification","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":48,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Directional solidification; Materials science; Dendrite (mathematics); Transition (genetics); Condensed matter physics; Physics; Geometry; Microstructure; Metallurgy; Chemistry","score_opus":0.021513141353864,"score_gpt":0.29144843658865394,"score_spread":0.26993529523478993,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2050002561","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9746972,0.0011790863,0.0061578425,0.014854206,0.00019467018,0.0006420191,0.0000081263315,0.00008418128,0.0021827207],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.97818494,0.00024086544,0.00050861866,0.02075896,0.000077612975,0.00018112664,0.000009809522,0.000011273747,0.000026810656],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99889165,0.00018294225,0.00022588958,0.00027563982,0.00022238796,0.00020149637],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99958485,0.000052574203,0.000049348382,0.0001857226,0.000030390049,0.000097101496],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00029345002,0.00010679079,0.0001975601,0.00004885362,0.000044201955,0.000021396772,0.00010565425,0.000007033202,0.00018407914],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007385852,0.00010000781,0.00006537986,0.00037896217,0.00002719985,0.00013674007,0.000006712011,0.00007106864,0.00073334744],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000539613,0.00010075369,0.000017024984,0.00014545463,0.0000015752141,8.5620695e-7,0.00028149353,0.00018232665,0.99465317,0.002724969,0.0010449578,0.0008420324],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0026996443,0.00026900458,0.036417164,0.004282172,0.0002113967,0.000047096055,0.0003189397,0.0016465645,0.6140351,0.006527074,0.33076945,0.0027763564],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001314438,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002597427,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.380618,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007545706,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000015079697,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.94259423},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2050138443","doi":"10.1002/crat.200710927","title":"Incorporation of surface tension to interface energy balance in crystal growth","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crystal Research and Technology","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Canadian Space Agency; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Surface tension; Surface energy; Discontinuity (linguistics); Jump; Energy balance; Crystal growth; Thermodynamics; Gibbs free energy; Interface (matter); Balance (ability); Mechanics; Surface (topology); Crystal (programming language); Energy (signal processing); Materials science; Chemistry; Gibbs isotherm; Physics; Mathematics; Computer science; Geometry; Mathematical analysis","score_opus":0.033906910104259814,"score_gpt":0.32523621701464855,"score_spread":0.2913293069103887,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2050138443","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98663235,0.00028306598,0.009974375,0.001127206,0.000054739896,0.00020033537,0.000008867075,0.00007259685,0.0016464685],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984149,0.00004523496,0.0011985628,0.00003078931,0.000018508246,0.0000132291025,0.000003819387,0.000012844052,0.00026213925],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9982549,0.00007099936,0.00036700547,0.0003914873,0.00039431304,0.00052130123],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988664,0.00015956975,0.00007679998,0.0002887548,0.00046678685,0.00014170284],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0015820316,0.00011196847,0.00021132907,0.0007107642,0.00009243685,0.00003281027,0.0003410904,0.00016820208,0.000045368633],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004892417,0.00010511029,0.000012838885,0.0016044449,0.0005005331,0.00013667205,0.00037450076,0.00021806896,0.000016997752],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00016136472,0.00008936262,0.0038663256,0.000027370224,0.0000015289263,0.000010077825,0.00013134934,0.000005271363,0.96054137,0.034142576,0.00021261732,0.00081078877],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00046941216,0.0006726607,0.002693985,0.00006004764,9.848285e-7,0.00001575068,0.0015056793,0.0001494304,0.95406276,0.038641576,0.0015843419,0.00014335365],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00019264284,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00025656616,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.011782528,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000089347435,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007081463,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4286273},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2051447498","doi":"10.1016/j.ijengsci.2005.06.001","title":"A continuum model for the Liquid Phase Diffusion growth of bulk SiGe single crystals","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Engineering Science","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":37,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canadian Space Agency","keywords":"Buoyancy; Materials science; Diffusion; Convection; Crystal growth; Phase diagram; Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Phase (matter); Thermal; Chemical physics; Chemistry; Physics","score_opus":0.022041146723167447,"score_gpt":0.2838012039553718,"score_spread":0.26176005723220436,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2051447498","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.6739453,0.00009178665,0.3243404,0.0008207581,0.00059222616,0.00007940176,0.000016171316,0.000011580017,0.0001023569],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.991627,0.000014687485,0.007869353,0.00009667595,0.0002876195,0.0000053574877,4.6370872e-7,0.000007740283,0.000091128604],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99861556,0.0000067862497,0.00044280873,0.000118974895,0.0006475606,0.00016831381],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99834526,0.0001833069,0.00032695057,0.00011451251,0.0009517546,0.00007820157],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009220678,0.00008366918,0.00012660833,0.00018419899,0.00006752905,0.000094014686,0.0010117004,0.000019863459,0.000035903],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00063266145,0.000058790793,0.00008034608,0.00016110731,0.00015816459,0.0005097642,0.00006807102,0.000065446475,0.0000021805276],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009675075,0.00012541946,0.0000034319444,0.0000052229534,0.0000069489984,6.1657295e-7,0.0005439334,0.038768306,0.957872,0.0022122231,0.00008006567,0.00028509315],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00091556244,0.00022083313,0.00007092075,0.000060203143,0.000011810136,0.00003355105,0.0000718549,0.34587273,0.6515364,0.00023684421,0.0008758157,0.00009345822],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000014738413,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.5573497e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.31768167,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000101800295,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000106171465,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.23974189},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W205330406","doi":"10.71781/17022","title":"Étude numérique des mécanismes d'autodiffusion dans les semiconducteurs","year":2006,"lang":"fr","type":"dissertation","venue":"Papyrus : Institutional Repository (Université de Montréal)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies","keywords":"Physics","score_opus":0.009759838990755196,"score_gpt":0.18895436748426445,"score_spread":0.17919452849350925,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W205330406","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9294608,0.011637095,0.0013634526,0.00017431856,0.0016882707,0.00051739643,0.00018643713,0.00026277849,0.0547094],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9027148,0.0008174171,0.001204337,0.00006748326,0.00030046745,0.000056380388,0.0008872612,0.000067456305,0.093884386],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9961457,0.0003578189,0.0007527697,0.001070291,0.0008854686,0.0007879451],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976038,0.00013288044,0.000710305,0.00059302687,0.00048479476,0.000475202],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002889904,0.0007481106,0.00058679667,0.00033787775,0.011739043,0.00021207285,0.0008548577,0.000732863,0.0003167079],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007293483,0.00085841137,0.00038327737,0.00048798686,0.00095682463,0.0006494925,0.00023308065,0.0004987147,0.00019701001],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00030631432,0.00039152184,0.016980937,0.00033360856,0.00008923682,0.0005407987,0.07830674,0.0027503339,0.87124026,0.027604079,0.0003226475,0.0011335507],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0015938319,0.00019557182,0.23839799,0.00074818835,0.00032658386,0.0009594011,0.1838372,0.0015473663,0.5483358,0.002033429,0.020432863,0.0015917646],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.12335172,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.045984972,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.32290444,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00779356,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00160323,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99938667},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2053756325","doi":"10.1029/2008jb005819","title":"Volatile bubble growth in a decompressing magmatic system: A many‐bubble model","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Bubble; Supersaturation; Magma; RADIUS; Growth rate; Geology; Advection; Mechanics; Magma chamber; Constant (computer programming); Decompression; Physics; Thermodynamics; Geometry; Volcano; Mathematics","score_opus":0.04342181030449224,"score_gpt":0.33427248432902257,"score_spread":0.29085067402453035,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2053756325","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98820627,0.0003622168,0.0036730396,0.00054383976,0.000100704325,0.00022828992,0.0000031503941,0.000034003442,0.0068485085],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99170446,0.000019936679,0.0073002107,0.00006820532,0.00022929221,0.0000107927,6.510823e-7,0.000019170906,0.0006472781],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99642366,0.00039914576,0.00078674,0.00027366076,0.0014076444,0.0007091506],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99809,0.00032985688,0.00029197655,0.0002938296,0.0006443762,0.00034992912],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0016943524,0.00017795898,0.00048392228,0.0000747934,0.00020150129,0.00030328022,0.00073875254,0.0000794031,0.00016306504],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00042566718,0.00014080305,0.00013738056,0.00066439726,0.00014743936,0.000662106,0.00010215149,0.00059686304,0.00017787315],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00091776886,0.0015138147,0.0008081515,0.00045855666,0.00002836993,0.00021827329,0.0019486289,0.004633431,0.9320621,0.04635204,0.0068751494,0.0041837227],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0043202564,0.0021316695,0.03463454,0.002148701,0.00004999172,0.00013435775,0.004670991,0.63134795,0.06705683,0.2522667,0.00041967005,0.00081835774],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001592967,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009147308,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.86500525,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00032130745,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00034957082,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5741782},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2053976969","doi":"10.1016/j.commatsci.2010.11.008","title":"Numerical modeling and simulation of a diffusion-controlled liquid–solid phase change in polycrystalline solids","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computational Materials Science","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Grain boundary; Crystallite; Thermal diffusivity; Diffusion; Superalloy; Grain boundary diffusion coefficient; Phase (matter); Effective diffusion coefficient; Thermodynamics; Casting; Finite element method; Mechanics; Metallurgy; Microstructure; Chemistry; Physics","score_opus":0.031692132696432215,"score_gpt":0.3412439079569305,"score_spread":0.30955177526049826,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2053976969","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9768943,0.000022665005,0.021903312,0.00017321313,0.0004328334,0.00043890157,0.00002801531,0.000040502655,0.00006623367],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99670637,0.0000029686296,0.0029287094,0.00013895417,0.00013418957,0.00006154923,0.000012863307,0.000010817218,0.0000036097858],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99810874,0.00006731606,0.00063669577,0.00040582413,0.00049423124,0.00028718714],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990405,0.00016927773,0.00022718804,0.00017612033,0.00025330883,0.00013362354],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001101829,0.00014837059,0.0003635343,0.00026869707,0.00016529516,0.00013249094,0.0002981739,0.000054675103,0.00031787917],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002935699,0.00013028413,0.000026559874,0.00040825462,0.00036089888,0.00053643045,0.000117481395,0.00007113106,0.000012289549],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00041862403,0.00016508203,0.000026855647,0.000018675339,9.44265e-7,9.387094e-7,0.00062329567,0.10647869,0.88986284,0.0022824234,2.4034986e-7,0.00012140873],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002795425,0.00013659378,0.00076202163,0.000026425467,0.00000498799,0.000005705954,0.000053565454,0.9224244,0.07097083,0.0026630214,0.0000034672325,0.0001535589],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000064881155,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000034057823,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.818892,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000027567294,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00012874378,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.53128326},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2055294280","doi":"10.1139/p07-094","title":"About the simulation of primary grown-in microdefects in dislocation-free silicon single-crystal formation","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":true,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Silicon; Physics; Dislocation; Diffusion; Crystallization; Single crystal; Crystal (programming language); Crystallography; Vacancy defect; Chemical physics; Molecular physics; Carbon fibers; Oxygen; Condensed matter physics; Thermodynamics; Materials science; Optoelectronics; Composite material; Chemistry; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.024646789304025786,"score_gpt":0.23264562882227705,"score_spread":0.20799883951825127,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2055294280","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99177235,0.0002066354,0.006330595,0.00011132919,0.00017361263,0.00012684158,0.000010857986,0.000002526413,0.0012652737],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996048,0.0000025877748,0.00010846596,0.00014259227,0.00010818773,0.0000010646978,0.000005797367,0.0000075687562,0.000018940238],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990134,0.00005756106,0.00049299817,0.000071047165,0.00016835927,0.000196616],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990476,0.00013977734,0.0003499944,0.00017740409,0.0001524492,0.00013279307],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006461408,0.000073437324,0.0001422867,0.00015515114,0.00005390076,0.000034560682,0.00025850374,0.000036522524,0.000023185075],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00015159283,0.00006147745,0.00004330283,0.00033509405,0.00008276722,0.00042505978,0.000009685755,0.000107120395,0.0000050746444],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007959594,0.00010269604,0.0050910297,0.000115138864,0.0000053499784,0.000011237622,0.0127934,0.04393644,0.9258204,0.0031928935,0.00021387861,0.008637931],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006095352,0.00063474406,0.3037182,0.0010355242,0.00006573474,0.0000747544,0.01023879,0.0125097195,0.6183962,0.042717412,0.0035817088,0.00093181606],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005230904,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006258982,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.3074242,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003527185,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00036305236,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.34926587},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2056115704","doi":"10.1016/s0022-0248(01)02342-9","title":"Experimental and numerical study of the VGF growth of CdTe crystal","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Crystal Growth","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Cadmium telluride photovoltaics; Crystal growth; Crystal (programming language); Materials science; Crystallography; Chemistry; Nanotechnology; Computer science","score_opus":0.02337100589061767,"score_gpt":0.25241184266971406,"score_spread":0.2290408367790964,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2056115704","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9967732,0.0004820832,0.00034578395,0.00017220645,0.00029652438,0.00023427502,0.000012040316,0.000010647201,0.0016732467],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99948317,0.000008887368,0.00020884926,0.000058899663,0.00011936988,0.000004578471,1.9804801e-7,0.000020195981,0.00009586225],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99753314,0.00023846923,0.0009770364,0.0001983276,0.0008151839,0.00023786012],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99818194,0.000106314845,0.0009908925,0.00025218117,0.00030877982,0.00015987299],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00044225308,0.00019340798,0.00048606383,0.00013431473,0.000112600814,0.000044857414,0.00052416435,0.000059418227,0.00045543158],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00013472654,0.0001296896,0.00015706308,0.0003134484,0.00027227367,0.00034698748,0.00017984332,0.00019356886,0.000003299807],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00014074982,0.0014594313,0.00788436,0.000052085274,0.000039398376,0.000008537728,0.0054493644,0.000008770606,0.98349327,0.0009715501,0.00045758073,0.000034891927],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0062275464,0.004812813,0.06897309,0.00016375877,0.00019247581,0.0005074069,0.017309828,0.00027927296,0.89901745,0.0016910151,0.0002972065,0.0005281263],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000027554966,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.275883e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.084475815,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000047385653,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000034675475,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5288588},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2056194027","doi":"10.1103/physreve.64.021604","title":"Sharp interface limits of phase-field models","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":173,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Ostwald ripening; Spinodal decomposition; Curvature; Spinodal; Diffusion equation; Phase field models; Mean curvature; Diffusion; Limit (mathematics); Field (mathematics); Phase (matter); Physics; Statistical physics; Thermodynamics; Mathematical analysis; Mathematics; Geometry; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.03161943168575162,"score_gpt":0.3598114041140466,"score_spread":0.328191972428295,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2056194027","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.6391226,0.014874812,0.25934333,0.0065411334,0.0018765569,0.0019442381,0.0006958671,0.00042552102,0.07517594],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99327165,0.0043049436,0.00094656093,0.00030023267,0.00029704886,0.000041626172,0.00007861079,0.00003979842,0.00071953295],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99753565,0.00012277748,0.0008696293,0.00063508877,0.00039187502,0.0004449554],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99838454,0.0004411574,0.00023970666,0.000479211,0.00016875459,0.00028666205],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00021587648,0.0003720669,0.0008412919,0.000043404216,0.000180097,0.000051557738,0.00039542466,0.00010247852,0.00038262308],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001467715,0.00030639028,0.00017295625,0.000228491,0.0003856654,0.0003882735,0.00041337527,0.00041815077,0.00017943904],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00055625796,0.0036629057,0.000057975973,0.0027163946,0.00020423999,0.000053703752,0.0037895266,0.0002599695,0.22371592,0.66943526,0.019189745,0.07635811],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0022285506,0.0022082694,0.00012798923,0.0025707856,0.00046425272,0.000059485246,0.00040110655,0.09420885,0.05397844,0.83878356,0.0038988362,0.0010698637],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000072735074,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000011455047,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.35414904,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004567401,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000042251333,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99993885},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2059724715","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2014.11.023","title":"Numerical and experimental investigation of the effect of crucible translation in liquid phase diffusion growth of SiGe","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Crystal Growth","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Crucible (geodemography); Diffusion; Liquid phase; Phase (matter); Translation (biology); Materials science; Chemistry; Mineralogy; Chemical engineering; Thermodynamics; Physics; Organic chemistry; Engineering; Computational chemistry","score_opus":0.012542595427669077,"score_gpt":0.2603718466676488,"score_spread":0.2478292512399797,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2059724715","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9978049,0.0002011959,0.0013539038,0.000107308835,0.000114711955,0.000178627,0.000005344949,0.000004024929,0.0002299905],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99958336,0.000009073564,0.0003296626,0.000017940882,0.000043265994,0.0000032061241,0.0000010573754,0.000009916696,0.000002529513],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9981537,0.000391102,0.0007946114,0.0001190562,0.00042422375,0.00011729258],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985948,0.00024897524,0.000834942,0.00012237877,0.00012104471,0.00007785408],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009184104,0.00011827404,0.00038952622,0.0001559015,0.000034632085,0.000011005243,0.0001974779,0.000060951374,0.000033775355],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00018967569,0.00007886909,0.00010267532,0.0002643469,0.00022103314,0.00027190565,0.000031224637,0.00010487078,2.8888516e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008931868,0.0001197322,0.00611976,0.00017458881,0.00000542043,3.5009455e-7,0.0015968642,0.000022240227,0.99045867,0.0004963603,0.0000075776225,0.00010524311],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0027854543,0.0025522984,0.0070861527,0.00016095955,0.000022916793,0.0000121819185,0.00014935459,0.00036569076,0.98601896,0.00076897076,0.0000059174013,0.00007112974],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000029277033,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.663775e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0044397027,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000028241391,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000037229005,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3216188},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2059769743","doi":"10.1103/physreve.83.031601","title":"Phase-field-crystal methodology for modeling of structural transformations","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":132,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Cubic crystal system; Phase diagram; Phase (matter); Crystal (programming language); Materials science; Anisotropy; Symmetry (geometry); Field (mathematics); Condensed matter physics; Physics; Statistical physics; Geometry; Quantum mechanics; Mathematics; Computer science","score_opus":0.20679205781170532,"score_gpt":0.4091635548183704,"score_spread":0.2023714970066651,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2059769743","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.54274625,0.0036999704,0.44609997,0.00029359886,0.00017631703,0.00091714645,0.00007481576,0.00006558248,0.005926354],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9884627,0.00022287364,0.010860747,0.00029532678,0.000051231058,0.00008579864,0.0000085049,0.0000068167055,0.000006042567],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992652,0.0000824047,0.00029201727,0.00012862076,0.000091345726,0.00014043807],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994713,0.00014142909,0.00008963002,0.00016011804,0.00008629035,0.000051230534],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00026442393,0.00007992158,0.00028765344,0.00001772904,0.000045241544,0.0000041357707,0.00016224339,0.000015941976,0.00025861763],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00014188937,0.00006180738,0.00012681072,0.00008487042,0.000031564436,0.00013076903,0.000012855347,0.00004083601,0.000014578041],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000081143386,0.00024743858,0.0000016338595,0.0017335028,0.000014274625,1.04902895e-7,0.0023592196,0.000024078709,0.82337236,0.1587363,0.00011512959,0.0133148255],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0022434862,0.0012036571,0.000018530804,0.000624418,0.00033970186,0.0000073241513,0.00034990194,0.08325464,0.5843343,0.3249838,0.0021288805,0.00051132846],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009269834,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.5625034e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4457164,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000068494205,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000019835785,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.28316817},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2061884702","doi":"10.1002/crat.200900639","title":"Effect of a static magnetic field on silicon transport in liquid phase diffusion growth of SiGe","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crystal Research and Technology","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Diffusion; Magnetic field; Crystallite; Materials science; Phase (matter); Silicon; Polycrystalline silicon; Crystal growth; Germanium; Condensed matter physics; Magnetostatics; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Chemistry; Crystallography; Composite material; Optoelectronics; Thermodynamics; Metallurgy; Layer (electronics); Thin-film transistor; Physics","score_opus":0.01590239766555384,"score_gpt":0.33300757663729563,"score_spread":0.3171051789717418,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2061884702","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.998031,0.00007676076,0.000029806542,0.00044456858,0.000036162997,0.00038397562,0.000016143615,0.000031083473,0.00095049577],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997863,0.000037773498,0.00004093036,0.000010372267,0.000008078947,0.000060253384,0.0000032052465,0.000008350412,0.00004473729],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987717,0.00009701921,0.0002754739,0.00025136856,0.00029404098,0.00031034334],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989512,0.00052443176,0.000054861714,0.00028001997,0.00011434421,0.000075147706],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00093665265,0.0000948932,0.0002452847,0.00058396254,0.000045523982,0.000007053177,0.00027473283,0.00016170961,0.00026582225],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006723234,0.0000760355,0.000020275862,0.0005708554,0.0006146502,0.000045732024,0.000071829236,0.00037895032,0.0000057278344],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0010768451,0.00031033196,0.0012098943,0.00022171754,0.0000013024733,0.000009613027,0.00013449215,5.652798e-8,0.98474365,0.008151025,0.000011684511,0.004129359],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0016040414,0.020996895,0.00034692092,0.00004720173,0.0000027628198,0.000003949067,0.000120624994,0.000036812704,0.97154576,0.005168862,0.000061721796,0.00006444464],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007759409,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000050890347,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.020686563,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000010407597,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000044861325,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.31006378},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2062546043","doi":"10.1016/j.jcp.2013.09.049","title":"High accuracy solutions to energy gradient flows from material science models","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Computational Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":86,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Division of Mathematical Sciences; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Energy (signal processing); Applied mathematics; Statistical physics; Computer science; Mechanics; Mathematics; Calculus (dental); Physics; Statistics","score_opus":0.028206816939531896,"score_gpt":0.2502486961247427,"score_spread":0.22204187918521082,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2062546043","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.72643244,0.000011580417,0.27184856,0.0005823566,0.0008493287,0.00006571856,0.000040368166,0.000015640053,0.00015402977],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.96718293,0.0000024016692,0.031479005,0.0005354992,0.0007530262,0.000009818942,0.000012613859,0.000009983636,0.000014737547],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9983625,0.0000448695,0.00045958004,0.00017649189,0.0007133222,0.00024322634],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99827456,0.00013296379,0.00033243923,0.00014162266,0.00088609004,0.00023232198],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00022135302,0.000112812915,0.0001869723,0.0001005743,0.00024172515,0.00028833456,0.0004544784,0.00002119827,0.00031679537],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000043668148,0.000097598466,0.000064371576,0.00032254355,0.000109334534,0.0012340288,0.00010517697,0.00006241155,0.00014560854],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002270543,0.00012158606,0.0000025606903,0.000002112842,0.000008760913,8.9466306e-7,0.00037192015,0.5633069,0.3329036,0.09967983,0.0015525746,0.0020265023],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00036532033,0.00009556129,0.0017424438,0.000023560307,0.000013946205,0.000008500015,0.000101288264,0.06488177,0.031376585,0.90092766,0.00029046598,0.00017291703],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00014683315,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001079007,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.80124784,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00012267752,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002744397,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.397995},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2063551397","doi":"10.1007/s11663-000-0117-9","title":"Freckle formation and freckle criterion in superalloy castings","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":171,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Superalloy; Materials science; Directional solidification; Temperature gradient; Anisotropy; Metallurgy; Rayleigh number; Microstructure; Thermodynamics; Heat transfer; Optics","score_opus":0.011224069513396948,"score_gpt":0.21276393915628583,"score_spread":0.2015398696428889,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2063551397","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99140364,0.0001352744,0.0070133684,0.00029479942,0.0001259099,0.00018691759,0.000038946946,0.000073285795,0.00072787906],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974186,0.0003668622,0.0008945029,0.00010826997,0.000033378798,0.00006280332,0.000015472351,0.000010901933,0.0010892136],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989643,0.00009714592,0.00035152596,0.00025743683,0.000113845796,0.00021573217],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997189,0.000028813372,0.00003299641,0.000099148696,0.000019814248,0.00010029654],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00028866343,0.00012745307,0.00022580946,0.000061754145,0.00016206272,0.00022072985,0.00006365548,0.000075017386,0.014147966],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005748707,0.00011730637,0.000024145,0.00010788497,0.00009470904,0.0005325359,0.0000064503,0.00005858798,0.00010469588],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00011528883,0.00013275877,0.000003959234,0.00009642026,0.0000050683825,0.000009455286,0.0010229658,0.00015080556,0.99156606,0.00039157443,0.000018950293,0.006486721],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.010001658,0.000828897,0.03598826,0.00043686008,0.0002875079,0.001859307,0.0023072774,0.014583755,0.7497976,0.0071257753,0.17396307,0.0028200252],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00034384342,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008109961,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.24176842,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000016705464,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000073450556,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9867532},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2064169709","doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/327/1/012016","title":"Diffusion Limited Silicon Dissolution into Germanium Melt","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Physics Conference Series","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Dissolution; Silicon; Germanium; Materials science; Diffusion; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Crystallography; Mineralogy; Chemical engineering; Metallurgy; Chemistry; Thermodynamics; Chromatography","score_opus":0.042206118249480215,"score_gpt":0.24806008620621572,"score_spread":0.2058539679567355,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2064169709","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98270696,0.000052531603,0.011825231,0.0002465008,0.0005432578,0.00007521098,0.0000041606095,0.000034339417,0.0045118146],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99868983,0.000057687907,0.00077665906,0.00006678676,0.00022306126,0.0000032641908,0.0000027482536,0.000010779348,0.00016916213],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99894065,0.0000770359,0.00039630686,0.00012882339,0.00028064087,0.00017655863],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99875337,0.0000223716,0.00047831738,0.00018845957,0.00044610765,0.00011139153],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00020684281,0.00013106366,0.00022651351,0.000051335035,0.00012499413,0.00007501346,0.00028893686,0.00004884715,0.0004302814],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000027518936,0.000105367355,0.00007850174,0.00013327815,0.00015648732,0.0009190227,0.00006369753,0.00013073777,0.00006537595],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001284549,0.00012558165,0.0001890753,0.000021535801,0.000008026016,0.0000032498451,0.0052869096,0.0000010881639,0.897716,0.090575814,0.00006895339,0.0058753174],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00026350236,0.00026916337,0.007471874,0.000047566908,0.00002483485,0.00001710836,0.0015666441,0.00002677393,0.95012605,0.039467316,0.00057125563,0.00014788556],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000016735035,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000065023087,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.052410077,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004021342,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009281535,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.47112796},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2064606062","doi":"10.1557/jmr.2009.0294","title":"A new viewpoint to the mechanism for the effects of melt overheating on solidification of Pb-Bi alloys","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of materials research/Pratt's guide to venture capital sources","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China; Leukemia and Lymphoma Society of Canada","keywords":"Overheating (electricity); Materials science; Supercooling; Microstructure; Nucleation; Thermodynamics; Electrical resistivity and conductivity; Metallurgy","score_opus":0.028561322885146716,"score_gpt":0.33706049416179124,"score_spread":0.3084991712766445,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2064606062","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.97201484,0.00072763587,0.0066188793,0.017881898,0.00089467986,0.001656446,0.0000394266,0.000015674126,0.00015050272],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9954155,0.00014596617,0.0021900218,0.00097484107,0.0008910477,0.00005650021,0.0000024421104,0.000027015656,0.00029665395],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99617356,0.0005892663,0.0011837578,0.00027368433,0.0013130015,0.0004667571],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9961852,0.0011987556,0.0008382079,0.00053135486,0.0009778694,0.0002686009],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0052011595,0.00021769591,0.00052346755,0.00023688993,0.00028837728,0.00024304475,0.0011773631,0.000099478755,0.00017841812],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0032483782,0.00012156321,0.00018143906,0.00034622542,0.000087700544,0.00017730745,0.00013058362,0.00020364832,0.000041155916],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005740095,0.00010655014,9.091e-7,0.00014145231,0.00003256081,0.0000020751836,0.0043891543,0.00027213668,0.9662176,0.015563442,0.011099215,0.0016008893],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00056858675,0.002597377,0.00063136435,0.00038638833,0.00004229595,0.000013605866,0.0016937681,0.000010165427,0.9796448,0.0069217607,0.0073624966,0.00012740136],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007808098,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000088076295,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.023400653,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00011356201,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00018129172,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4957204},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2065287417","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2009.10.011","title":"On the influence of boron-addition on TLP bonding time in a Ni3Al-based intermetallic","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Intermetallics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Institut National Du Cancer","keywords":"Intermetallic; Materials science; Boron; Metallurgy; Alloy; Nuclear physics","score_opus":0.01339963076726066,"score_gpt":0.24785935987623126,"score_spread":0.2344597291089706,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2065287417","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99184185,0.000007750189,0.00008807417,0.001023853,0.00007268688,0.00026261134,0.000028675835,0.000053642634,0.0066208416],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968541,0.0000021300418,0.00008901721,0.0025302959,0.000026037036,0.00003157257,0.000012282469,0.000013028022,0.00044153412],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99852484,0.0001441093,0.00044578605,0.00029821813,0.00032716777,0.00025988146],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99886847,0.00030915727,0.00022802448,0.00047221454,0.000065175926,0.00005698806],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004936318,0.00018370236,0.00023776702,0.00019854463,0.00006008904,0.000063255604,0.0004952042,0.000065598295,0.0008694428],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00031067245,0.0001336432,0.000093737646,0.00030889662,0.00014137998,0.00014929354,0.00003088226,0.00017744981,0.00055681163],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00017088727,0.00034758847,0.000030298974,0.000015269752,0.000006188135,0.0000053166905,0.00039354802,0.0017950624,0.935142,0.06073745,0.00058979634,0.0007666304],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0020641088,0.002961599,0.053153373,0.0013863893,0.000048440586,0.000010549411,0.0003080244,0.0071092625,0.87893695,0.04792016,0.0051404885,0.00096064643],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000010193548,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000052619366,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.05620501,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00010847618,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000037447287,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9519789},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2065899833","doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/100/7/072001","title":"Phase diagram of pinned lattices in the phase field crystal model","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Physics Conference Series","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Phase diagram; Condensed matter physics; Vortex; Lattice (music); Energy minimization; Phase transition; Physics; Phase (matter); Materials science; Thermodynamics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.06921673272072058,"score_gpt":0.3187171703371003,"score_spread":0.2495004376163797,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2065899833","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9749209,0.000054712047,0.023180488,0.0005896368,0.00009127821,0.000083529565,0.000016674912,0.000006456967,0.0010562687],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998964,0.00008957856,0.0006252425,0.00015845685,0.00010099174,0.0000046220493,0.00000168635,0.0000053455765,0.00005009107],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989087,0.00008224266,0.00044891148,0.000090905,0.00032161883,0.00014763707],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989683,0.00010533185,0.000449891,0.00017764464,0.00025132275,0.000047483063],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00029092745,0.00010329239,0.00024976328,0.000044744636,0.00007742414,0.000045013614,0.00038824018,0.000032326127,0.00008557705],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007776764,0.00006989837,0.00007332912,0.00016022204,0.0001848818,0.00063576846,0.00002606025,0.00014644276,0.0000032065689],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004850571,0.0015906891,0.000085971085,0.000044791268,0.000012325841,0.000019107036,0.014890404,0.000322125,0.94118285,0.033739977,0.00034448237,0.0072822105],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0034228552,0.0017796602,0.00013329109,0.0000713512,0.000029377323,0.000060165312,0.004001459,0.0024221577,0.9520109,0.035607886,0.00027526557,0.00018561323],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008431241,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000043393916,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.024043031,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000010869303,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00018716166,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2850373},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2067536854","doi":"10.1115/pvp2002-1537","title":"A Three Dimensional Simulation Model for Liquid Phase Electroepitaxy Under Magnetic Field","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Magnetic field; Intensity (physics); Flow (mathematics); Field (mathematics); Condensed matter physics; Mechanics; Materials science; Phase (matter); Physics; Optics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.056310519224298215,"score_gpt":0.2987642900787549,"score_spread":0.24245377085445666,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2067536854","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.49707812,0.000090484755,0.49985075,0.0009776426,0.00006420461,0.00027755622,0.000007818237,0.00009370648,0.00155971],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9924942,0.00000149423,0.0039522746,0.0017381321,0.000059208112,0.00006303146,0.0000051679644,0.0000117512645,0.001674697],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992043,0.000010314392,0.00018577516,0.00022359953,0.00015246886,0.00022354751],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994797,0.00015523208,0.000042194923,0.00018302133,0.00006885915,0.00007095591],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000094034265,0.00009398777,0.00009408986,0.00003835746,0.00010542758,0.000036548026,0.00010636276,0.00004784234,0.0040332205],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004149209,0.00008119531,0.00004454039,0.000069088645,0.000021843922,0.00012298605,0.000019777759,0.00003534802,0.00016926246],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00035478917,0.0004280451,0.0000042089296,0.000017594617,0.0000050201106,3.8753987e-7,0.00025928474,0.12650745,0.8342483,0.032865837,0.0042714207,0.0010376743],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008518033,0.00063845457,0.0000058039423,0.0000024428464,0.000008997805,7.5015936e-7,0.000010771242,0.9682081,0.017711502,0.012265755,0.00018119763,0.00011442683],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000055003165,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000014243301,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8417007,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000023555067,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000010936245,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99687725},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2068647536","doi":"10.1016/j.jprocont.2011.07.017","title":"Optimal control of convection–diffusion process with time-varying spatial domain: Czochralski crystal growth","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Process Control","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Ordinary differential equation; Partial differential equation; Semigroup; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Boundary value problem; Distributed parameter system; Convection–diffusion equation; Domain (mathematical analysis); Convection; Parabolic partial differential equation; Crystal (programming language); Mechanics; Differential equation; Physics; Computer science","score_opus":0.010615871566117398,"score_gpt":0.22846164958259668,"score_spread":0.21784577801647928,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2068647536","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8878557,0.00016769485,0.10942251,0.0001629467,0.00018845961,0.00041213955,0.00001930837,0.00004551891,0.0017257135],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986336,0.0000073978904,0.00081186916,0.0001471405,0.0002772605,0.000030276042,0.0000015317703,0.00003271294,0.00005816075],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99748296,0.00015885684,0.0009619325,0.00026443868,0.00076471816,0.00036709593],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9962546,0.00010269647,0.0015999993,0.00015864841,0.0016541871,0.00022983612],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00071466586,0.00026201564,0.00068138307,0.00021357978,0.00017202106,0.0000624182,0.00045773428,0.00010649374,0.0009286561],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00015736424,0.00018861785,0.00013069934,0.00025667134,0.00022555287,0.0006752942,0.00001772789,0.0002699975,0.000020963778],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.010333675,0.00095349515,0.008262361,0.0005143757,0.00019683692,0.00005803792,0.007348239,0.0013958198,0.9701131,0.0005093029,0.0000450167,0.0002697279],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.06804931,0.011257915,0.012209521,0.0012975,0.0011818775,0.0016855155,0.0076175695,0.014214034,0.8712573,0.0090233935,0.00024044391,0.0019656192],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000020790461,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000017406287,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.110777944,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000051062914,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00032822075,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999846},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2069626236","doi":"10.1103/physreve.80.046107","title":"Phase field crystal study of deformation and plasticity in nanocrystalline materials","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":191,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research","funders":"","keywords":"Nanocrystalline material; Materials science; Crystal plasticity; Plasticity; Formalism (music); Crystal (programming language); Phase (matter); Dynamic relaxation; Condensed matter physics; Field (mathematics); Mechanics; Statistical physics; Composite material; Nanotechnology; Geometry; Mathematics; Computer science; Physics","score_opus":0.02486067308626678,"score_gpt":0.33289085219329106,"score_spread":0.3080301791070243,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2069626236","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9986839,0.00034467762,0.00011323414,0.0001436728,0.000023062466,0.00044121753,0.000009538526,0.00001671446,0.00022393769],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993575,0.00024426446,0.000034490455,0.00029702386,0.000035022,0.000020936537,0.00000416195,0.0000031391305,0.000003413563],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991323,0.000088086985,0.0003580714,0.00014820595,0.00015757068,0.000115764815],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995991,0.00007054408,0.00013255389,0.00011726286,0.000034504854,0.000046016565],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001776123,0.00008980534,0.00031711522,0.000027319686,0.000023858212,0.000016529857,0.00009155155,0.000012367353,0.00010332942],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00013073982,0.00006988191,0.00001950788,0.00013475031,0.000017856973,0.0001560794,0.00002463428,0.000038706083,0.000010937896],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000047831694,0.0017611898,0.0000176764,0.0003169672,0.00000137684,8.048487e-7,0.0004628646,0.0000020812952,0.9939923,0.0010741462,0.000032611555,0.0022901392],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0066932025,0.006990171,0.0097001055,0.0019439937,0.00012705765,0.000007842246,0.0006456423,0.00055345165,0.96254426,0.0096269,0.00058367016,0.0005836728],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001361476,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000029069922,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.031448018,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000115740195,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009152027,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.28497016},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2072502891","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2014.06.047","title":"Steady spatially-periodic eutectic growth with the effect of triple point in directional solidification","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Materialia","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","keywords":"Materials science; Isotropy; Supercooling; Eutectic system; Directional solidification; Surface tension; Péclet number; Curvature; Steady state (chemistry); Tension (geology); Mechanics; Tilt (camera); Thermodynamics; Triple point; Optics; Microstructure; Geometry; Physics; Composite material; Compression (physics); Mathematics","score_opus":0.0075908847395877764,"score_gpt":0.22007820318989638,"score_spread":0.2124873184503086,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2072502891","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9964,0.0000086117025,0.00040432674,0.0006845609,0.0010890835,0.00042139797,0.000014246022,0.00006332074,0.0009144344],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991243,0.0000030454576,0.00010566521,0.00006598057,0.00013351373,0.00014871231,0.000017268028,0.000020618365,0.00038089717],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9984095,0.00043900008,0.00033405196,0.0002898883,0.00029734583,0.00023019455],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999153,0.00010813963,0.00023984702,0.00037602062,0.00007384254,0.000049138183],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0012284524,0.00016540763,0.0002659477,0.00008305822,0.00011222984,0.00011397157,0.00031104914,0.00006249836,0.00045549124],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00015370788,0.000101681035,0.000034329423,0.00021965556,0.0001375876,0.00019065759,0.000045349643,0.00007322003,0.000076229415],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00036962665,0.000038420738,0.00135595,0.00009142734,0.00000612807,3.784208e-7,0.0004989516,0.0000051889206,0.99584943,0.0013519501,0.0003527091,0.000079852536],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0014521633,0.0005861951,0.034439508,0.000043700908,0.000028872595,0.00000923611,0.000098125165,0.00009076123,0.96098566,0.00039866703,0.0016712216,0.00019588199],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00041710943,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008869297,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.03486375,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000055483342,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000034370925,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.49873096},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2072598211","doi":"10.1209/0295-5075/81/40007","title":"Phase field crystals as a coarse-graining in time of molecular dynamics","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Europhysics Letters (EPL)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":44,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Mesoscopic physics; Molecular dynamics; Phase (matter); Field (mathematics); Structure factor; Crystal (programming language); Resolution (logic)","score_opus":0.012778138662916648,"score_gpt":0.24426400446320873,"score_spread":0.23148586580029207,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2072598211","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9920901,0.000016934899,0.004113076,0.0008236454,0.00009534287,0.0001576802,0.000018639024,0.000059111404,0.0026254694],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9947353,0.0000037784828,0.0006715497,0.0043062354,0.00005006932,0.0000114835075,0.000017162674,0.000029800629,0.00017463205],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986341,0.00011108958,0.0003452264,0.00030055674,0.00033241697,0.00027658348],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992446,0.00009621984,0.00016315804,0.0003790044,0.000043461423,0.00007360375],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00014369159,0.00015981511,0.00025234584,0.00009188262,0.00006340859,0.000027584854,0.00035061216,0.000036836813,0.00015290269],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006896429,0.00017168945,0.000076150216,0.00032064947,0.00013578791,0.00013566251,0.00008101809,0.00012871753,0.00025229424],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000050598715,0.00022788791,0.00006250162,0.00001657642,0.000005164798,0.00011948985,0.0015591366,0.00017652365,0.9961328,0.0010910408,0.00030662172,0.00025165523],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002965241,0.00052791554,0.00018183619,0.00007753465,0.00002192363,0.000030216088,0.00021640921,0.004864952,0.9884671,0.0013509362,0.00073800044,0.0005579091],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003314408,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.3289683e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.007665677,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005435348,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000049832954,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7001293},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2072801225","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.96.225504","title":"Phase-Field Crystals with Elastic Interactions","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":300,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research","funders":"","keywords":"Phase (matter); Physics; Magnitude (astronomy); Field (mathematics); Phonon; Vibration; Atomic units; Condensed matter physics; Statistical physics; Materials science; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.018448544316294783,"score_gpt":0.30793659307070687,"score_spread":0.2894880487544121,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2072801225","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9692574,0.0010324392,0.010961412,0.012527974,0.00014315183,0.0003944333,0.000011749483,0.00015241181,0.0055190027],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98554224,0.00007126909,0.00022732108,0.013695068,0.00026952525,0.000093868584,0.000010848594,0.000014137029,0.000075733355],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990783,0.00005745474,0.0002050119,0.00023808255,0.00021066768,0.000210489],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999381,0.0001646749,0.000106268395,0.0002490766,0.0000343178,0.000064627544],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007790109,0.00013146311,0.00023204398,0.000023887764,0.00007542714,0.000046806075,0.00015693827,0.000004108325,0.0004907253],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003152247,0.0000948493,0.00007280741,0.00018749178,0.000058253125,0.00017680357,0.000021721959,0.00009185698,0.00057404663],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000014919398,0.00034914367,0.000012652525,0.00021275507,0.0000046621667,0.0000035769524,0.000026154548,0.00003662607,0.9788031,0.0019031204,0.01817705,0.0004562236],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0049595595,0.0014735913,0.0011600573,0.0061531924,0.00072687626,0.00009631219,0.00010904633,0.0017293926,0.32633325,0.004000264,0.65097284,0.0022856235],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001803803,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000024206981,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6524699,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000029791163,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000125749875,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.73783994},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2073861643","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2011.12.009","title":"Phase-field simulation of solidification morphology in laser powder deposition of Ti–Nb alloys","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Materialia","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":192,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Microstructure; Deposition (geology); Directional solidification; Casting; Alloy; Phase field models; Phase (matter); Heat transfer; Temperature gradient; Finite element method; Metallurgy; Laser; Thermal; Composite material; Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Optics","score_opus":0.03190826995277508,"score_gpt":0.31022632193742355,"score_spread":0.2783180519846485,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2073861643","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99752134,0.000017750242,0.0007383916,0.00011282226,0.0009376063,0.00020054578,0.000028445038,0.000026981,0.0004161345],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99928886,0.0000060378084,0.00034470749,0.00008608987,0.00010074704,0.000024186545,0.000057276273,0.000013316054,0.00007877284],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99886245,0.00013098128,0.00048297312,0.0001552752,0.00015146777,0.0002168397],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99927366,0.00004664699,0.00029216654,0.00026342503,0.00007398286,0.000050139126],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00037279338,0.0001021071,0.00020517035,0.00010448782,0.000025247837,0.00001658737,0.00014161212,0.00010498608,0.0011327068],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006908465,0.0000998215,0.000029680481,0.00013112108,0.000047565187,0.00036120083,0.000034148725,0.000033881366,0.00005603474],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00017757613,0.00041901437,0.0007411754,0.00005113819,0.0000034188229,2.400567e-7,0.000700741,0.000054418775,0.9969002,0.00066293497,0.00017176161,0.000117380085],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00087497366,0.00011779915,0.0056020846,0.00001862872,0.000013529398,0.0000018823492,0.00012048139,0.0002510248,0.992363,0.0002113068,0.00032553196,0.00009977501],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000113693124,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000037064076,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.004860909,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000030769937,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000016211205,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997804},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2074609624","doi":"10.1088/1674-1056/18/4/069","title":"The effect of anisotropic surface tension on the morphological stability of planar interface during directional solidification","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Chinese Physics B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Anisotropy; Planar; Materials science; Surface tension; Stability (learning theory); Tension (geology); Symmetry (geometry); Directional solidification; Surface (topology); Mechanics; Optics; Composite material; Geometry; Thermodynamics; Physics; Mathematics; Compression (physics); Computer science; Microstructure","score_opus":0.016556392210836865,"score_gpt":0.2609521075287231,"score_spread":0.24439571531788623,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2074609624","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99832284,0.000037623697,0.00037099852,0.00042805762,0.00010151542,0.00022296734,0.000036085836,0.000030895,0.00044900095],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9998429,0.0000069377193,0.000037630736,0.000018732082,0.000052300595,0.00000839586,0.0000074783075,0.0000048467596,0.000020785903],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990183,0.00021382188,0.00022669091,0.00018636503,0.0002323502,0.00012247157],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99868643,0.0006437871,0.00018107815,0.00038567037,0.00007693136,0.000026121636],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000347043,0.000114264665,0.0001683767,0.0000078457315,0.00019372243,0.000018715762,0.00024379492,0.000028678758,0.00008397456],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002114818,0.0000522614,0.000064613545,0.00016968127,0.00015888723,0.00005596283,0.000026001277,0.00009265427,0.000021338523],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00019399148,0.00007099051,0.0015761243,0.000014108191,0.0000035794687,1.3006745e-7,0.00016381021,0.0002677537,0.99615306,0.0013615971,0.000068811205,0.00012602203],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00019269725,0.00024392108,0.09416196,0.000014808254,0.000005571547,0.0000012464337,0.00004341826,0.00035142445,0.90055436,0.004353167,0.000017087288,0.000060358092],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000061867654,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.786593e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.095598735,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000030555464,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000010839065,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.21311581},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2077242802","doi":"10.1103/physreve.79.011607","title":"Deriving surface-energy anisotropy for phenomenological phase-field models of solidification","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Anisotropy; Formalism (music); Condensed matter physics; Phenomenological model; Granularity; Surface energy; Surface (topology); Phase transition; Physics; Materials science; Statistical physics; Thermodynamics; Quantum mechanics; Mathematics; Geometry","score_opus":0.05411931320722626,"score_gpt":0.3456914460527906,"score_spread":0.2915721328455644,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2077242802","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.4310906,0.016412847,0.53675723,0.0047640367,0.00016735872,0.0012193925,0.000053367843,0.0002540172,0.009281186],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99307203,0.0027991075,0.002492415,0.0014213704,0.00010590662,0.000051167335,0.00001573167,0.000009623785,0.000032660755],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99882865,0.000052582145,0.00037129968,0.00030328723,0.00019798207,0.00024621276],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990854,0.00016342496,0.00021212595,0.0003267738,0.00012282933,0.00008940291],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002047988,0.00014338482,0.00041889562,0.000016584368,0.00007091872,0.000020243722,0.00027498225,0.00003125072,0.00009527207],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00011901342,0.000115442694,0.00013923009,0.00016764611,0.000043319673,0.00017901846,0.000024838124,0.000048511087,0.000021465907],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000025555188,0.00038880162,4.412684e-7,0.00015326886,0.000003092017,1.02314445e-7,0.0000675096,0.000059994134,0.7032217,0.2847655,0.00040933627,0.01090472],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0011556045,0.001512175,0.00003550119,0.00055618066,0.00011893067,0.0000020964794,0.000067876696,0.022935063,0.49229506,0.47052702,0.010305243,0.0004892448],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000034520826,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.8288256e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.56198144,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002667521,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000027514276,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.47076163},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2078283713","doi":"10.1007/s11661-012-1539-0","title":"Morphology and Growth Kinetic Advantage of Quenched Twinned Dendrites in Al-Zn Alloys","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Morphology (biology); Characterization (materials science); Alloy; Crystallography; Optics; Composite material; Nanotechnology; Chemistry; Geology; Physics","score_opus":0.011796102863617996,"score_gpt":0.23124526911609972,"score_spread":0.21944916625248173,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2078283713","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.992007,0.00018843015,0.0065566874,0.00052111386,0.00013346063,0.00029685255,0.000029688528,0.000038828937,0.0002279247],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99723923,0.00029851773,0.0019183499,0.00019588781,0.000015060301,0.00012999748,0.000007230059,0.000011965012,0.0001837399],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987739,0.00013849413,0.0004474832,0.00030316043,0.00010899637,0.0002280223],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99955654,0.000075240336,0.000083298786,0.00012835322,0.000048783157,0.000107796186],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00023855292,0.00014217783,0.00036827874,0.00009701273,0.000056250385,0.00007838944,0.00009474402,0.00007804582,0.006614004],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000018125862,0.0001222127,0.00003158397,0.00012763393,0.00024323234,0.00022228419,0.00001604128,0.000056506487,0.000046245794],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000031089858,0.00010792562,0.000029819665,0.000061631195,0.000007861641,0.000005443048,0.00015996894,0.000006522181,0.9978746,0.0015380587,0.000007695474,0.00016935884],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0032725362,0.00037107713,0.059540015,0.0000813216,0.00011969432,0.00031862996,0.0008848754,0.0003484617,0.9227182,0.009720808,0.0019395027,0.0006848287],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008554569,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000025268722,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.075156376,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009026071,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000104927285,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9942941},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2078707851","doi":"10.1007/bf02736575","title":"Modeling of the dynamics of transient liquid films in ternary systems","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Isothermal process; Ternary operation; Metastability; Materials science; Relaxation (psychology); Thermodynamics; Diffusion; Ternary numeral system; Transient (computer programming); Liquid phase; Solubility; Phase (matter); Liquid liquid; Kinetics; Concentration gradient; Chemical physics; Chemistry; Physical chemistry; Chromatography; Physics; Organic chemistry","score_opus":0.012788866904497922,"score_gpt":0.24881683924443934,"score_spread":0.2360279723399414,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2078707851","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9962792,0.0004146425,0.002527737,0.00009751512,0.00029916386,0.00009557045,0.0000223596,0.0000028022264,0.00026103464],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997721,0.000029508108,0.00009544317,0.000008296768,0.00004928648,8.236156e-7,0.0000017952419,0.000005659382,0.00003709822],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988411,0.00007247874,0.0006594361,0.00007670348,0.00025295,0.00009730999],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993986,0.000030894375,0.0003442494,0.00011311931,0.00007439516,0.000038747232],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003469417,0.000070826405,0.00022036042,0.00008612071,0.000025442887,0.000014927576,0.0001556264,0.0000384978,0.000023349481],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000016625692,0.000045024968,0.000065475724,0.00011009066,0.00005260538,0.00013149534,0.000037178423,0.00006426953,1.9434023e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00032873923,0.00029666332,0.00024870355,0.000067832596,0.0000020428706,0.0000023962032,0.00027790118,0.0038513208,0.99372965,0.0011372673,0.000018185658,0.00003930117],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0024125143,0.00039283963,0.00050489866,0.00033632494,0.000023732526,0.000042174284,0.00066924776,0.9669567,0.02818938,0.0003728762,0.000021564376,0.00007779216],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009578808,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008457453,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9655403,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000022448083,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000039026283,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1836065},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2079610671","doi":"10.1103/physreve.73.031609","title":"Diffusive atomistic dynamics of edge dislocations in two dimensions","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":201,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Climb; Dislocation; Condensed matter physics; Peierls stress; Annihilation; Dislocation creep; Lattice (music); Materials science; Classical mechanics; Physics; Thermodynamics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.014434282015623998,"score_gpt":0.3128403235104784,"score_spread":0.2984060414948544,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2079610671","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9847835,0.0034709473,0.0020212946,0.00074485823,0.000077355464,0.00050018204,0.000051710027,0.000038107682,0.00831205],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992179,0.0002894361,0.00011898495,0.00014103959,0.00004900352,0.00007408156,0.000031867203,0.000007540828,0.00007011916],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992252,0.000062366686,0.00027540003,0.00016453421,0.00013695528,0.00013553789],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99941325,0.0001264629,0.000107252774,0.00025135183,0.000060017752,0.000041672207],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009533149,0.00008350547,0.00025309462,0.000023739878,0.000032746102,0.00000886571,0.00014005616,0.000007023205,0.000083716004],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000097153104,0.00006876393,0.000060051647,0.0003215727,0.0000859621,0.00005095857,0.000041307245,0.00005067335,0.00015191521],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000034728369,0.0006199616,0.00046192558,0.0004802753,0.0000019281333,8.326485e-7,0.000063877014,0.000059554488,0.14779182,0.8493307,0.0002520119,0.00093360554],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0031206615,0.00018732667,0.10788361,0.006527862,0.00044780373,0.0000100711695,0.00026688143,0.050030313,0.037249878,0.7852074,0.0073686275,0.0016995666],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000101112455,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000057145273,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.11054193,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005349503,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000028787681,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.28041118},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2081937781","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2011.10.006","title":"Orientation selection in solidification patterning","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Materialia","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":85,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Anisotropy; Microstructure; Snowflake; Curvature; Directional solidification; Texture (cosmology); Orientation (vector space); Nanotechnology; Crystal growth; Chemical physics; Crystallography; Metallurgy; Geometry; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Optics","score_opus":0.04558662812910152,"score_gpt":0.25427918813090844,"score_spread":0.20869256000180691,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2081937781","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9956584,0.0000030036977,0.00061280705,0.000043591856,0.0011555371,0.00015913352,0.000005274935,0.00011210967,0.0022501436],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99848807,0.000003553819,0.0008420233,0.00008462663,0.000095921016,0.00007054624,0.000021019985,0.000014942322,0.0003793243],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990494,0.00009236354,0.00028187255,0.00025106882,0.00012312675,0.000202145],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996505,0.000005345665,0.00012843343,0.00012929142,0.00004315874,0.000043279244],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00028577208,0.00009684513,0.00010161458,0.000093046016,0.00006558481,0.00007373298,0.00013911925,0.000053669282,0.0030536132],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000024053224,0.000096945856,0.000015723806,0.00016639878,0.000025572599,0.00039125336,0.000024296936,0.000039009385,0.00044817515],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004716646,0.000052491192,0.0049720556,0.000013832277,0.0000010895427,6.709591e-7,0.0025648684,5.4258885e-7,0.99042946,0.0015737073,0.00019777752,0.00014630886],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00037305523,0.00004278555,0.14670186,0.000015174927,0.0000056926337,0.000004414404,0.00045371964,0.00006271342,0.8498875,0.0011890949,0.001098475,0.00016552568],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003214779,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000026715721,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1417298,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006754193,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000018218163,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99785775},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2082054423","doi":"10.1103/physreve.76.056706","title":"Adaptive mesh computation of polycrystalline pattern formation using a renormalization-group reduction of the phase-field crystal model","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":77,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Amplitude; Computation; Cartesian coordinate system; Adaptive mesh refinement; Renormalization group; Lattice (music); Crystallite; Mathematics; Field (mathematics); Physics; Phase space; Phase (matter); Mathematical analysis; Condensed matter physics; Materials science; Topology (electrical circuits); Geometry; Algorithm; Quantum mechanics; Thermodynamics; Combinatorics","score_opus":0.04737932665856763,"score_gpt":0.3388535779889565,"score_spread":0.29147425133038884,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2082054423","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.42417678,0.00045580755,0.5746357,0.00006750684,0.000056479836,0.00032864467,0.000014208617,0.000014992528,0.0002498807],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99871707,0.00013960936,0.0008987917,0.00013963623,0.000067484085,0.000007668946,0.00001569421,0.0000091429,0.000004912638],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.998778,0.00008374831,0.00052626734,0.00014234195,0.0003352521,0.00013439877],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989823,0.0000488199,0.00055027823,0.00018420457,0.00019354283,0.000040841824],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00040852022,0.00010240767,0.0002445111,0.000035896126,0.0000661091,0.000008382036,0.00014233368,0.000023313145,0.000019475408],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000060193634,0.00007611393,0.000104835875,0.00032786786,0.00006394217,0.00029364828,0.000042604064,0.000059286158,0.0000021625942],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000039068582,0.0002350562,0.00000502978,0.00054536853,0.000005049997,5.6788956e-8,0.0005299722,0.0019590438,0.9878918,0.0033080007,0.000045642344,0.0054359427],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00072145375,0.00023797498,0.00009186977,0.0016493939,0.00013465133,0.0000074024906,0.00028231993,0.5165393,0.4746762,0.0054033087,0.00005218304,0.0002039843],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000025380294,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000025080942,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.57454026,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000044031498,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000029060897,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.31038362},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2083115128","doi":"10.1140/epjb/e2008-00436-x","title":"First-principles and phenomenological theories of hydrodynamics of solids","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The European Physical Journal B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Nonlinear system; Isothermal process; Complex system; Statistical physics; Phenomenological model; Diffusion; Attenuation; Field (mathematics); Field theory (psychology); Classical mechanics; Domain (mathematical analysis); Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Mathematical analysis; Mathematics; Condensed matter physics; Optics; Quantum mechanics; Mathematical physics; Computer science","score_opus":0.029301845725750675,"score_gpt":0.23538839770775788,"score_spread":0.2060865519820072,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2083115128","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9537,0.000090361726,0.0003347224,0.00020705954,0.00005520976,0.000043458844,0.000006305697,0.000015453514,0.04554741],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993136,0.0001134644,0.00015845613,0.000029545332,0.000273937,5.571833e-7,3.7749214e-7,0.000010728873,0.00009931442],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99899715,0.00029190595,0.0002705554,0.00010255122,0.00019805485,0.00013978552],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992868,0.00015762693,0.00023189736,0.00019182364,0.00006673419,0.000065149005],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00048094388,0.00008940565,0.00018812544,0.000022652543,0.00020935775,0.000017021905,0.00035005866,0.000010517626,0.000024160965],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007849672,0.000050530427,0.000058822898,0.00008551553,0.00078206917,0.00007610271,0.0001463896,0.00013260425,0.000022593918],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00022119893,0.0006356242,0.00068909145,0.00006936412,0.0000566392,0.00003783972,0.02067671,0.004259831,0.60792285,0.3635607,0.00018484307,0.0016852889],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0044332794,0.002927655,0.16306031,0.0003072738,0.00026280648,0.0018936303,0.008226043,0.011150517,0.091519974,0.7086069,0.006172569,0.0014390682],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000012750708,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.6349998e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5164029,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008758517,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000013920509,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.28815663},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2083262720","doi":"10.3934/cpaa.2004.3.527","title":"Asymptotic theory for disc-like crystal growth (II): interfacial instability and pattern formation at early stage of growth","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Communications on Pure &amp Applied Analysis","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Instability; Growth rate; Plane (geometry); Physics; Mode (computer interface); Pattern formation; Observable; Base (topology); Geometry; Mechanics; Mathematical analysis; Mathematics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.025533801372391838,"score_gpt":0.2639500328715713,"score_spread":0.23841623149917948,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2083262720","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8647592,0.00006777497,0.13174398,0.00050799665,0.00002908631,0.0005796366,0.00038947674,0.00007896876,0.0018438655],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99685395,0.000058941485,0.0021075131,0.00014648327,0.000014996853,0.00028605582,0.00036051054,0.000020429252,0.0001511102],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9982751,0.00016021977,0.0006558416,0.00037992263,0.00027824542,0.00025066713],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973732,0.00027321445,0.0004211602,0.0015893342,0.00022891696,0.00011414475],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007676197,0.00022344495,0.0004133168,0.0003177981,0.0006548557,0.00008470278,0.00088364707,0.000099203244,0.00013663158],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000929647,0.00020472583,0.00018433818,0.0007092493,0.00043465634,0.00020519136,0.0005002843,0.00013767899,0.000024631549],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006559698,0.0016369473,0.0068785227,0.00048061533,0.00069138606,1.8047903e-7,0.022895671,0.0008262701,0.3271259,0.6361197,0.000074040436,0.0026147885],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.016743178,0.0019471241,0.16156471,0.00032361015,0.0071956296,0.000010800408,0.020132449,0.0041573956,0.3132318,0.460721,0.008853067,0.0051192557],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000732825,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00045700118,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1753987,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00020332728,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003781316,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8348477},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2083523880","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.114.155501","title":"New Density Functional Approach for Solid-Liquid-Vapor Transitions in Pure Materials","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":59,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Vapor pressure; Non-equilibrium thermodynamics; Thermodynamics; Materials science; Formalism (music); Phase transition; Phase (matter); Crystal (programming language); Chemical physics; Statistical physics; Condensed matter physics; Physics; Quantum mechanics; Computer science","score_opus":0.06166627207089472,"score_gpt":0.30959446236396704,"score_spread":0.2479281902930723,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2083523880","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8549458,0.0010231298,0.121762775,0.019651888,0.00041118657,0.0015891588,0.00008450245,0.0001271979,0.0004044089],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9822055,0.000051699102,0.0029604938,0.0136988945,0.00057192694,0.00032208808,0.00013798404,0.00002068022,0.000030709278],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99868244,0.00011719015,0.0003204566,0.0003419265,0.0002630753,0.0002749028],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99935085,0.000039169045,0.000101357495,0.00024241484,0.000064683816,0.00020152508],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00043074883,0.00016075192,0.00039847515,0.00003468808,0.00005432308,0.000043134278,0.00017511762,0.000016103368,0.00013839664],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007892591,0.00013785253,0.00010745701,0.00018812624,0.000052863845,0.0001537448,0.000025654235,0.000068207235,0.0001464751],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009357381,0.0001195411,0.0000040156415,0.0004316868,0.000006236994,9.138449e-7,0.0002634526,0.00019321349,0.9746964,0.004209822,0.019868871,0.00011229205],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.012979547,0.0012795249,0.0034115033,0.0032621503,0.0010581743,0.00010922577,0.00094720285,0.0032579026,0.86582327,0.026642427,0.07646211,0.0047669685],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001245507,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000014591757,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.12725978,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000075605545,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008171437,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5621463},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2086587063","doi":"10.1111/1467-9590.00149","title":"Dynamics and Coarsening of Interfaces for the Viscous Cahn—Hilliard Equation in One Spatial Dimension","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Studies in Applied Mathematics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":48,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Cahn–Hilliard equation; Ordinary differential equation; Metastability; Mathematics; Statistical physics; Binary number; Partial differential equation; Dimension (graph theory); Differential equation; Conservation of mass; Algebraic number; Initial value problem; Phase (matter); Algebraic equation; Mathematical analysis; Physics; Mechanics; Nonlinear system","score_opus":0.06741516256365958,"score_gpt":0.30737785980413757,"score_spread":0.23996269724047797,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2086587063","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9768608,0.00032857072,0.020249994,0.00020003851,0.0000805261,0.000741775,0.00001137294,0.000019042818,0.0015078386],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9882221,0.00027342615,0.011277568,0.000023673849,0.000017257162,0.00012671792,0.0000022847078,0.000009931373,0.000047047608],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991902,0.000013067277,0.0003789776,0.00014442237,0.00013682309,0.00013647023],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992001,0.0004815054,0.00012528132,0.00015087283,0.000030068008,0.00001218831],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00050055975,0.00009476561,0.00024432704,0.000041790357,0.00007045767,0.000013874793,0.00010067106,0.00003146278,0.000023765353],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000074395815,0.000069723996,0.000012893368,0.00009937903,0.00020477675,0.000027332564,0.00006080078,0.00004990004,0.0000047007384],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006135253,0.0010563693,0.00026771595,0.0032536208,0.00013553105,0.0000017917168,0.16087253,0.009532419,0.3788285,0.3324714,0.00011835026,0.112848245],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0041976795,0.00032273203,0.0007766063,0.000973319,0.00016233734,0.000005195469,0.10839297,0.5179479,0.13518651,0.23115626,0.00011211704,0.00076636253],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000017006294,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00015818393,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5084155,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005812517,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008451315,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2843262},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2087650908","doi":"10.1007/s002310000095","title":"Phase change process by natural convection-diffusion in rectangular enclosures","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Heat and Mass Transfer","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":48,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Polytechnique Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Natural convection; Materials science; Thermodynamics; Heat transfer; Mechanics; Adiabatic process; Heat flux; Convection; Latent heat; Physics","score_opus":0.019532524794577087,"score_gpt":0.27482203990432785,"score_spread":0.2552895151097508,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2087650908","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99623907,0.0014064969,0.00045331306,0.0005480219,0.00020575602,0.0002784976,0.000012706667,0.000060381644,0.00079578656],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99882317,0.00037818213,0.0000145570975,0.00036296304,0.00007030496,0.000095911484,0.000017530454,0.000010078973,0.00022732832],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992378,0.000040577568,0.00015223342,0.00023032572,0.00013442797,0.00020467455],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99979335,0.000016534426,0.000005890195,0.00008456816,0.000026836928,0.00007279049],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00012279958,0.00010675698,0.00012825335,0.000057001587,0.0000832236,0.000037590995,0.00006515424,0.000055273136,0.00035492753],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000053568983,0.00009036797,0.000020163274,0.00015923497,0.000052066953,0.00019466177,0.0000040631307,0.00007685277,0.000012850788],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001392154,0.00016601293,0.0012670228,0.000038614548,0.0000015655147,0.000005476757,0.0017770979,2.3866832e-7,0.99518967,0.00016698144,0.00008389161,0.0011641866],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.012875203,0.00075132045,0.00581701,0.00015759873,0.0000440429,0.000070863745,0.0024503232,0.0016509981,0.9265622,0.0024132007,0.04623164,0.00097560574],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000070282884,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000037008343,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0686275,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000018103594,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009498065,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.38862076},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2089134781","doi":"10.1007/bf02945952","title":"Effect of gravity on InGaSb crystal growth","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Microgravity Science and Technology","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique; University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Dissolution; Convection; Crystal (programming language); Crystal growth; Gallium antimonide; Homogeneous; Directional solidification; Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Crystallography; Composite material; Optoelectronics; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Physics; Microstructure","score_opus":0.0055637879317843525,"score_gpt":0.24872187299358553,"score_spread":0.24315808506180117,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2089134781","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99737406,0.00009140848,0.000041164047,0.0013873678,0.00007682135,0.00019164394,0.000009391825,0.0001431653,0.0006849981],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991946,0.0000108697395,0.00058554125,0.00013231965,0.00002230845,0.000017282,8.9331064e-7,0.000005788618,0.000030375697],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99862915,0.000045663175,0.00020068644,0.00042797,0.00033248452,0.0003640161],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992208,0.00006662869,0.000107497915,0.00032956072,0.00019081368,0.00008468989],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0015258192,0.00013430224,0.00021674558,0.00044534428,0.00026611993,0.000057965466,0.000561359,0.000096086005,0.000027294],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00031662371,0.00010773072,0.000025469331,0.0012591492,0.0023132486,0.00019264665,0.00019209307,0.00013485065,0.00005460914],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000022779668,0.00005703579,0.0027981198,0.000017982324,0.000001090166,7.596372e-7,0.00006493369,3.0102225e-7,0.9680055,0.009902604,0.00006511206,0.019063793],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00031907475,0.000662684,0.001047252,0.000012224149,0.000006654103,0.000024049827,0.000054686498,0.0000150506,0.9937903,0.0020894578,0.0018654302,0.00011309831],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000021726006,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006143198,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02578485,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000053234216,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000059362395,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8523261},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2089327521","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2010.10.142","title":"Global instability and selection of cellular array growth in solidification","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Crystal Growth","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Nankai University","keywords":"Instability; Limiting; Selection (genetic algorithm); Pattern formation; Biological system; Computer science; Physics; Mechanics; Biology; Engineering; Mechanical engineering","score_opus":0.01027500736121388,"score_gpt":0.2392209574509718,"score_spread":0.22894595008975793,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2089327521","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9926023,0.00006151296,0.00514987,0.00021413107,0.00028917353,0.00012678809,0.000011382616,0.000014085176,0.001530746],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99786836,0.000020751635,0.0019222383,0.000029272489,0.0001357591,0.0000032523371,0.0000012336969,0.000009056087,0.000010054945],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99831295,0.00012461707,0.00078603067,0.00019453905,0.00037679542,0.00020504722],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985734,0.00006466975,0.0006303605,0.000111410576,0.0004781483,0.00014199848],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011431486,0.00013613679,0.00030526725,0.00015686,0.00005618828,0.000050504248,0.00022869778,0.000108251865,0.00012727488],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00032944072,0.000119595876,0.000072263596,0.0003998748,0.00018596917,0.0004949294,0.000029246856,0.00023032186,0.0000027654419],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00011587271,0.000174759,0.04212463,0.00007207418,0.0000049057085,0.0000014886273,0.00029467721,0.0000037773216,0.9501927,0.0068564657,0.000026434196,0.00013221466],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0010963725,0.00027498763,0.23932138,0.00003657837,0.000026699481,0.00010641697,0.00041007178,0.00005981347,0.7342013,0.024048485,0.0002173561,0.00020052274],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000055583023,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004734289,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.21599138,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007920207,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000137689,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.48769784},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2090068856","doi":"10.2322/tastj.10.ph_1","title":"Numerical Simulation of the Dissolution Process of GaSb into InSb Melt under Normal and Microgravity Conditions","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY JAPAN","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","keywords":"Dissolution; Liquidus; Convection; Solidus; Materials science; Crystal growth; Diffusion; Mass transfer; Succinonitrile; Phase diagram; Natural convection; Crystal (programming language); Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Phase (matter); Chemistry; Physics; Metallurgy; Physical chemistry","score_opus":0.015121938831651246,"score_gpt":0.285687218492269,"score_spread":0.2705652796606178,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2090068856","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.96812946,0.00019090604,0.025111431,0.005945548,0.000109274406,0.00041016724,0.00004282402,0.00003646948,0.000023952294],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997361,0.000017348044,0.0024764396,0.000042473504,0.0000097301245,0.00003317465,0.0000010410012,0.0000066807297,0.000052125335],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.998899,0.00004326078,0.0002840365,0.00022174211,0.0002556322,0.0002963208],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99916947,0.00016272363,0.00023281375,0.00024548883,0.0001209947,0.00006851422],"candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00045957533,0.000131224,0.00023457235,0.000041308347,0.0006778532,0.000014142808,0.00033734308,0.00016491601,0.000022920047],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000049020786,0.00008364986,0.00017122627,0.00074259023,0.0047124093,0.00024290431,0.000046444966,0.00015284689,4.68556e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000059251044,0.000655405,0.027134739,0.0003367853,0.00006424424,3.2131586e-9,0.008428059,0.005109375,0.9099083,0.04732121,0.000034126682,0.0009484804],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0015999632,0.00082328735,0.101540685,0.00017170883,0.0005136041,0.000023757879,0.049473584,0.022583429,0.7898816,0.03265699,0.00018479956,0.0005466187],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004916716,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000021841302,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.120026745,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000029770506,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005655036,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9979962},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2091196392","doi":"10.1155/2009/696253","title":"Improving Accuracy of Coarse Grid Numerical Solution of Solid‐Solid Reactions by Taylor Series Expansion of the Reaction Term","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Mathematical Problems in Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Alberta Ingenuity","keywords":"Taylor series; Exothermic reaction; Series (stratigraphy); Scale (ratio); Term (time); Grid; Solid solution; Materials science; Mathematics; Geometry; Thermodynamics; Mathematical analysis; Physics; Geology; Metallurgy","score_opus":0.013912380122290659,"score_gpt":0.2443936637939808,"score_spread":0.23048128367169016,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2091196392","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.7121535,0.00007037868,0.28628868,0.0002180998,0.00027531496,0.00059276423,0.000033363503,0.00008940178,0.00027851388],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968719,0.000008337159,0.0030207934,0.000006965462,0.000024665895,0.000027142625,0.0000035072403,0.000012817272,0.00002387826],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9985594,0.000035635305,0.00077435566,0.00016700245,0.00026190383,0.0002017151],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990772,0.00012697674,0.0003704107,0.00031175942,0.000070138834,0.000043506603],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00038016753,0.00013020445,0.00030391244,0.00007791115,0.000037032594,0.000009254821,0.00020215247,0.000075589574,0.000029295657],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00050455576,0.00010144689,0.0000683548,0.00027713942,0.00007069015,0.0002888282,0.000050765757,0.00013623829,0.0000029843293],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000010836126,0.00015251002,0.000009597478,0.00050747185,0.000003008122,1.04579435e-7,0.00052968046,0.0051776418,0.9913742,0.0017074503,0.000019383346,0.0005080979],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00025095558,0.000105459585,0.00041029791,0.0004070816,0.000016810898,0.00001097665,0.00015707358,0.04312775,0.9525453,0.0028024141,0.000029038525,0.00013682804],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000020761978,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.233657e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.28471842,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000058665384,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000021768563,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4136884},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2091596246","doi":"10.7449/2005/superalloys_2005_299_310","title":"The Precipitation of Primary Carbides in IN718 and its Relation to Solidification Conditions","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Liquidus; Ingot; Solidus; Materials science; Directional solidification; Supercooling; Carbide; Metallurgy; Precipitation; Alloy; Dendrite (mathematics); Casting; Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.022803885509646092,"score_gpt":0.2701695091202506,"score_spread":0.24736562361060452,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2091596246","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99001646,0.00012382373,0.00041058756,0.0017350788,0.00004451074,0.000288512,0.000006110827,0.000024682831,0.0073502553],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986101,0.000035121564,0.0006229848,0.00015458869,0.000025664776,0.00006448163,0.000010663736,0.0000042261368,0.00047219274],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99936235,0.00005587721,0.0002520116,0.00012328845,0.000115950534,0.000090521746],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99956065,0.00013531052,0.00007705022,0.00011402601,0.00007767569,0.00003530457],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003420783,0.00004732392,0.00006509695,0.00006410189,0.000088202134,0.000028370938,0.00007397588,0.000026328713,0.000056331024],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00010368989,0.00003642613,0.000009107178,0.00015953954,0.000031387957,0.00022055476,0.000019094226,0.000028636501,0.00005813926],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000016300633,0.000029618073,0.00044730725,0.000010379028,0.0000010789441,2.0930836e-8,0.0017025823,0.00035990233,0.9408229,0.054915115,0.00017861453,0.0015161838],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00044943037,0.00006543774,0.7146637,0.000029046583,0.000008696367,0.0000016396705,0.0012677906,0.0023716013,0.2729315,0.0047312435,0.0033209359,0.00015898206],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000012573238,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000056346427,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7142164,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000052655465,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002465608,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.14854144},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2092304973","doi":"10.1007/s10853-010-4972-8","title":"Phase quantification of impulse atomized Al68.5Ni31.5 alloy","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Materials Science","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; University of British Columbia; University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canadian Space Agency; Atomic Energy of Canada Limited","keywords":"Materials science; Eutectic system; Porosity; Microstructure; Scanning electron microscope; Alloy; Volume fraction; Mass fraction; Optical microscope; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Diffraction; Helium; Composite material; Optics; Chromatography","score_opus":0.023485920344211438,"score_gpt":0.3151611177196988,"score_spread":0.29167519737548736,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2092304973","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99572825,0.000022739192,0.00064376387,0.00025540087,0.0028459192,0.0001409723,0.000025745414,0.000018893945,0.00031830036],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9949716,0.000015968226,0.0046647014,0.00006452552,0.00022275858,0.000003935439,0.0000012906632,0.000010617751,0.00004463133],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99749124,0.0001063423,0.0010795128,0.00023777196,0.0007947246,0.00029043268],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99708503,0.0000860722,0.0014148192,0.0004261309,0.0007808725,0.00020708975],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0051497025,0.00013321634,0.0003899248,0.00026884055,0.0001595829,0.00022744261,0.001054486,0.00005878959,0.0012755728],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00071034196,0.00010159939,0.00007217304,0.00042232667,0.00075683976,0.000884756,0.00008594164,0.00011321409,0.000084102074],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00023307641,0.00027956453,0.00001977321,0.000019943618,0.0000026753,0.0000022874854,0.0003124484,0.00000965746,0.9948939,0.0038583912,0.00011130941,0.00025698182],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001656714,0.00019640874,0.0006760623,0.00002445502,0.000016590158,0.000070953094,0.00017628599,0.00003920776,0.99549115,0.00085653004,0.000682404,0.000113258],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000013811359,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000015489063,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0044393605,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000034372577,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000386226,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996374},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2092961439","doi":"10.1017/s0022112009992679","title":"Sharp-interface limit of the Cahn–Hilliard model for moving contact lines","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":395,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Limit (mathematics); Computation; Singularity; Interface (matter); Scaling; Interface model; Diffusion; Mechanics; Statistical physics; Physics; Mathematical analysis; Computer science; Geometry; Mathematics; Algorithm; Thermodynamics; Bubble","score_opus":0.0276202608657817,"score_gpt":0.27125529391727066,"score_spread":0.24363503305148895,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2092961439","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8572335,0.000121107296,0.13972153,0.00076081284,0.0018239968,0.00018739402,0.00003627689,0.000010937868,0.00010441818],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9940576,0.00002404472,0.005280311,0.00019354445,0.00020048009,0.0000035245853,3.1048614e-7,0.000016406577,0.00022375466],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99887866,0.000028818717,0.00053530966,0.00010839095,0.00028049867,0.0001683225],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99852914,0.000095036434,0.00054580043,0.0002677045,0.00047761525,0.00008470166],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00076093775,0.000105196166,0.00023809404,0.000048345333,0.00007781434,0.00004200911,0.0005519329,0.00007643521,0.00010121862],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00039434026,0.00006790275,0.00017528131,0.000078662306,0.00001845576,0.00017358296,0.00006868734,0.00018634288,0.0000051700436],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000071901915,0.000045007175,0.0000057974835,0.000027705491,0.000009392355,2.449447e-7,0.00048512046,0.0013222358,0.98835784,0.008990266,0.00047988835,0.00020458383],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00044942184,0.000112839705,0.000024075254,0.000048778013,0.00003871598,0.000022603956,0.00016401394,0.20951022,0.7834492,0.0049024713,0.0011925689,0.00008511874],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000027895783,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000010723183,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.208188,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000028157416,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00013799238,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.27689937},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2094278319","doi":"10.1088/0965-0393/20/3/035004","title":"Permeability evolution during equiaxed dendritic solidification of Al–4.5 wt%Cu","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"University of British Columbia","keywords":"Equiaxed crystals; Materials science; Microstructure; Permeability (electromagnetism); Dendrite (mathematics); Polygon mesh; Thermodynamics; Composite material; Mechanics; Geometry; Chemistry","score_opus":0.02601473414212952,"score_gpt":0.25454758816981476,"score_spread":0.22853285402768525,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2094278319","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9567074,0.00015255617,0.042724617,0.000022570988,0.00020689893,0.00012119209,0.000004307462,0.000039836676,0.000020618492],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998583,0.000020575057,0.0013186556,0.000007848225,0.000042995554,0.000013577957,0.0000017448133,0.000007722543,0.0000038599223],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988489,0.000028515404,0.00034611722,0.00023103476,0.00024816385,0.00029727508],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999531,0.000055940927,0.000077075856,0.0001429817,0.00010163377,0.00009136838],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0014670893,0.000100168305,0.00015468778,0.00018520253,0.00014118777,0.00007721061,0.000084657964,0.00003968163,0.000019547055],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000113117625,0.00010022528,0.0000095539635,0.00024712275,0.00012961931,0.0007261207,0.000045354438,0.000037672078,0.0000030762235],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006561195,0.000011884461,0.0009402743,0.000056341178,3.1731577e-7,3.1890057e-8,0.00070524914,0.3841975,0.6132996,0.0007677124,5.9601373e-8,0.000014453285],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00020607446,0.0000105857835,0.036157623,0.000051267256,0.000004810368,0.0000023196876,0.00018938816,0.7481843,0.21473464,0.0003093849,0.0000067229494,0.00014287377],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000038070924,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.5107786e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.39856496,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000084920626,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000022211983,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.40870684},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2094936213","doi":"10.1039/c5sm00304k","title":"Coupling actin dynamics to phase-field in modeling neural growth","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Soft Matter","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Dynamics (music); Coupling (piping); Boundary (topology); Actin; Biological system; Phase (matter); Field (mathematics); Tracking (education); Order (exchange); Phase boundary; Artificial neural network; System dynamics; Boundary value problem; Computer science; Statistical physics; Physics; Mechanics; Mathematics; Artificial intelligence; Mathematical analysis; Biology; Engineering; Mechanical engineering; Acoustics; Cell biology","score_opus":0.0420841983724179,"score_gpt":0.301514944424686,"score_spread":0.2594307460522681,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2094936213","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.96666956,0.0000128136135,0.027910346,0.002997337,0.00030814955,0.00013551771,0.000005334647,0.000067238456,0.0018937245],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99565697,3.1142412e-7,0.00056707574,0.0034229555,0.00008134248,0.000026180582,0.000006840206,0.000018020888,0.0002202773],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990777,0.000018115186,0.00022415858,0.00023749523,0.00017738988,0.00026518974],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995313,0.000038523423,0.00003709313,0.00018534799,0.00006345275,0.0001442593],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00026658026,0.00010335062,0.00012580508,0.00008440998,0.000036566475,0.00008399211,0.00020441857,0.0000441361,0.00029878793],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007589992,0.00009946258,0.000021725247,0.00015340983,0.000011520632,0.00017965051,0.0000714302,0.000094573246,0.0010178013],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009573189,0.0008404423,0.04645934,0.00019620098,0.000016037648,0.000046633144,0.013901318,0.1369345,0.77117574,0.0040683793,0.023296878,0.0021072302],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0011473891,0.00010353757,0.00016481936,0.00003078252,0.0000064576634,0.000006885077,0.0015321474,0.9772878,0.016888756,0.0022854533,0.00020159868,0.00034435096],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00011221745,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002850238,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8403533,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000086976215,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000026199546,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99976003},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2095211906","doi":"10.2322/tastj.12.pe_19","title":"A Three-Dimensional Simulation of Thermocapillary Flow in a Circular Thin Liquid Film under Zero Gravity","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY JAPAN","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Indian Institute of Management Calcutta","keywords":"Flow (mathematics); Meniscus; Materials science; Zero gravity; Mechanics; Ring (chemistry); Space (punctuation); Liquid flow; Optics; Physics; Chemistry","score_opus":0.016763612464937138,"score_gpt":0.25164995169975307,"score_spread":0.23488633923481594,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2095211906","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8573075,0.00015718552,0.13551825,0.006390592,0.00009904311,0.00040906403,0.000025043302,0.00006620302,0.000027137105],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9919994,0.000011489664,0.00775314,0.00013117486,0.000009021234,0.00003703135,0.000001404948,0.000011605132,0.000045733406],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9984432,0.000054321747,0.00035819356,0.0004258871,0.00035773386,0.00036070723],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989583,0.00031119978,0.00018263307,0.00038177057,0.0001001774,0.00006593688],"candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00097388774,0.00018457645,0.00034482777,0.000083244835,0.0004308716,0.000019579518,0.00046596077,0.00025432292,0.00005053007],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000068978,0.00013405713,0.00024879377,0.0007948058,0.0028374128,0.00014810023,0.00005610983,0.00021840162,0.0000021889073],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00018162366,0.0005304962,0.0018485248,0.00019739367,0.000057934143,4.163266e-8,0.002920681,0.22283107,0.73187065,0.03833911,0.000050640338,0.0011718202],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0017184969,0.0013592149,0.006051956,0.00014275798,0.00013962641,0.000010538689,0.004572223,0.82366127,0.08461653,0.07711018,0.00014711249,0.00047012683],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000079932404,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000132486,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.64725417,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000043594522,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006401081,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998763},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2096644472","doi":"10.1186/s13661-014-0264-6","title":"Classical solutions for the Cahn-Hilliard equation with decayed mobility","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Boundary Value Problems","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Champlain Regional College; McGill University","funders":"Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Algorithm; Uniqueness; Computer science; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis","score_opus":0.05224402764884816,"score_gpt":0.26081014724746826,"score_spread":0.2085661195986201,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2096644472","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.10491169,0.0002775317,0.88367283,0.005173428,0.00050302054,0.0019090304,0.00006602127,0.0002659916,0.003220476],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.995491,0.0000058257374,0.0028350316,0.00033640585,0.00017813065,0.00067233137,0.000026293705,0.000020593105,0.0004343314],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9985408,0.00014569046,0.00027688243,0.0003467136,0.0002939827,0.00039588453],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987457,0.00040008192,0.0001277725,0.00046198646,0.00017313941,0.000091327485],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0015349869,0.00013858026,0.0001503911,0.00002690883,0.0010281261,0.00026616376,0.00028927167,0.000057177447,0.00009580098],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001797196,0.000087153494,0.00006187561,0.00015048096,0.00038504845,0.00020351491,0.00005726398,0.00009748834,0.00009825153],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000458589,0.0007946425,0.0009285092,0.00034983,0.00007993752,3.5037587e-7,0.0034146402,0.023575185,0.23770379,0.7150925,0.006657528,0.010944494],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0030713284,0.0010345073,0.013226546,0.00008891183,0.00021388907,0.000018803812,0.00054191775,0.22890103,0.01048036,0.20244509,0.53911614,0.00086146087],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000052002375,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000053605017,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.89057934,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000088139386,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00016404026,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7907619},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2098648969","doi":"10.1038/srep02728","title":"Micromechanics of emergent patterns in plastic flows","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Scientific Reports","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Crystallite; Micromechanics; Materials science; Crystallinity; Amorphous solid; Plasticity; Intermittency; Displacement (psychology); Condensed matter physics; Dislocation; Mechanics; Crystallography; Composite material; Physics; Chemistry; Metallurgy","score_opus":0.013800966437998156,"score_gpt":0.22610134179370864,"score_spread":0.21230037535571047,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2098648969","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99268395,0.000035373356,0.00054800714,0.000041959196,0.005950071,0.0002545485,0.0000036525496,0.000029979885,0.00045248374],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99883527,0.0000018923322,0.0002949159,0.000013675587,0.00002033116,0.000047817095,0.000012061962,0.000008434358,0.00076562795],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99832654,0.000035550827,0.00059892464,0.00044252258,0.00034466735,0.0002518044],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989522,0.000024271294,0.00024745072,0.0005602817,0.00012574601,0.000090067406],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00067578384,0.0000909509,0.00015083514,0.00015706684,0.000064076405,0.00010320733,0.00016268977,0.000035659523,0.004310262],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000109450004,0.000080034515,0.000042178668,0.00033696508,0.000060750706,0.00017118151,0.000074202995,0.000044952107,0.00028340396],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000012390992,0.00007169928,0.0030096837,0.000029190083,0.0000011353004,0.000011817321,0.0003670096,0.000057197572,0.99491316,0.00010203079,0.0012390681,0.00019676624],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00020190899,0.000038642265,0.017446997,0.00007706931,0.000008034307,0.000046610072,0.0006868594,0.0014151002,0.9617836,0.013109379,0.004897719,0.00028808074],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00011384256,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004317625,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.033129565,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000034268753,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005670785,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9965999},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2101255208","doi":"10.1557/proc-794-t9.2","title":"Instabilities, Elasticity, and Wetting Effect in Multilayer Heteroepitaxial Growth","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"MRS Proceedings","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Wetting; Superlattice; Wetting layer; Non-equilibrium thermodynamics; Elasticity (physics); Nanostructure; Coupling (piping); Ultimate tensile strength; Semiconductor; Composite material; Condensed matter physics; Nanotechnology; Optoelectronics; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.008311655200476229,"score_gpt":0.2189128124973321,"score_spread":0.21060115729685588,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2101255208","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99003005,0.00005572892,0.000026824804,0.000086466665,0.00013908383,0.00026042789,0.0000023065713,0.000084956264,0.009314183],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991548,0.00000518069,0.00046814376,0.00016039546,0.000042470012,0.00006500409,5.511302e-7,0.000017484732,0.00008594812],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988327,0.0000326784,0.0002571664,0.0003557077,0.00018354793,0.0003381729],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99960184,0.00009878171,0.00007449062,0.00006061682,0.00006602177,0.00009823624],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00066052936,0.00015630292,0.00019531729,0.00009883975,0.00010494944,0.00013008795,0.00011672861,0.000064113265,0.00010980474],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00064043445,0.000140004,0.00002384033,0.00019104684,0.00010545894,0.00031301225,0.00005427417,0.00011792168,0.00003692567],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000060563787,0.00007799098,0.18341258,0.0003061544,0.0000033642405,0.0000020550324,0.0037904407,0.0000022473475,0.7939563,0.01794611,0.00014122558,0.00030097485],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0033933818,0.0005537026,0.0818049,0.00017340998,0.000024403233,0.00003524236,0.002637382,0.0005185011,0.8983587,0.009230876,0.0024116219,0.0008578539],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000030604115,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000040868335,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.10440244,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000065866865,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000017506203,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5709198},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2108026486","doi":"10.1007/s11431-008-0212-8","title":"The steady-state solution of dendritic growth from the undercooled binary alloy melt with the far field flow","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science in China. Series E, Technological sciences/Science in China. Series E, Technological Sciences","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Péclet number; Materials science; Thermodynamics; Binary alloy; Alloy; Binary number; Steady state (chemistry); Mechanics; Flow (mathematics); Buoyancy; Chemistry; Metallurgy; Mathematics; Physics; Physical chemistry","score_opus":0.022903414812000557,"score_gpt":0.25456747531741747,"score_spread":0.2316640605054169,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2108026486","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.94132066,0.0005389213,0.00067809114,0.052335404,0.0005225267,0.0012554437,0.000028587225,0.0006170672,0.0027032923],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99246746,0.0012837936,0.005209618,0.00055345247,0.00003622203,0.00030985015,0.000001495638,0.000015731403,0.00012235042],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.98762226,0.00050788093,0.0014615499,0.0028501889,0.0045110164,0.0030471247],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.995059,0.0017016795,0.0008496996,0.0017215937,0.00036922062,0.00029881296],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","bibliometrics","sts","scholarly_communication","open_science"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.014808878,0.00080854143,0.0008315832,0.00081398035,0.011764304,0.0013684325,0.017616438,0.0005087493,0.00014627441],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0068077,0.00035982922,0.00016037904,0.025188258,0.16518572,0.0046066814,0.0033331353,0.0018622361,0.00003233521],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00054800743,0.0011161809,0.07824996,0.000042255997,0.000011901114,0.00018602637,0.0054706354,0.0052776914,0.5380852,0.34590343,0.00034328515,0.024765393],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0011808134,0.006346632,0.4018131,0.0004162559,0.00003197018,0.0006137249,0.047068663,0.01135114,0.24266419,0.28451833,0.0016160859,0.0023791075],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0013215856,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0026457354,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.32356313,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004887909,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0015940474,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998854},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2109105060","doi":"10.1007/s11663-010-9351-y","title":"Unsteady Flow Predictions of Initial Surface Formation in Aluminum Strip Casting","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of New Brunswick","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Casting; Materials science; Mechanics; Thermal; Substrate (aquarium); Aluminium; Flow (mathematics); Fluid dynamics; Melt flow index; Free surface; Computational fluid dynamics; Line (geometry); Fluid motion; Composite material; Thermodynamics; Geology; Physics; Geometry; Mathematics","score_opus":0.0221444331640594,"score_gpt":0.2679131557639376,"score_spread":0.2457687225998782,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2109105060","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.869794,0.000013454851,0.12860438,0.00008150807,0.0005986038,0.00019639218,0.0001531704,0.00005517868,0.0005032684],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99689275,0.000020046962,0.002825762,0.000014921684,0.000052161417,0.000030184909,0.000026234182,0.000009806352,0.00012810688],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988427,0.000090806185,0.00050950947,0.00020177118,0.00016097094,0.00019424803],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99954575,0.00006196181,0.000110392626,0.00013723837,0.000057527588,0.00008712785],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00040181592,0.0001141761,0.00024568907,0.00007114598,0.00012886927,0.00008294467,0.00009434084,0.0001006078,0.0027004373],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000023235461,0.00010816311,0.00003749525,0.00017104174,0.00014125713,0.00039771234,0.000010103207,0.00011865371,0.000026041926],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004342482,0.00013140553,0.0000016014899,0.00005442338,0.0000049055466,0.0000030030226,0.00034027305,0.0024174554,0.9962964,0.00041627945,0.000004018753,0.000286821],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0018574358,0.00013971546,0.002068776,0.000057788795,0.00008994601,0.00024674577,0.00078299176,0.026869211,0.9648943,0.00066522165,0.0019482917,0.0003795774],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00018909022,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00021261288,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.12709874,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000012139748,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002162332,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9982112},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2109162046","doi":"10.1002/mats.200350003","title":"A Computational Study of the Polymerization‐Induced Phase Separation Phenomenon in Polymer Solutions under a Temperature Gradient","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Macromolecular Theory and Simulations","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":44,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University; University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Spinodal decomposition; Polymerization; Spinodal; Polymer; Materials science; Thermodynamics; Temperature gradient; Phase (matter); Polymer chemistry; Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Physics; Composite material","score_opus":0.019134208105097833,"score_gpt":0.2937225929559255,"score_spread":0.2745883848508277,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2109162046","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99299073,0.00017166705,0.0057850205,0.00008118047,0.00007984491,0.00049346854,0.00003046779,0.0000191478,0.00034847172],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996483,6.5021493e-7,0.00003794741,0.00014655279,0.000009156537,0.00003215101,0.000021297476,0.000011206162,0.0000927572],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99831575,0.00077552645,0.00031644496,0.0002336133,0.00019449172,0.00016416037],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994096,0.00012674807,0.00011260981,0.00023761779,0.00006446399,0.000048941252],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003842858,0.00011992996,0.00013393883,0.000104810104,0.00039099136,0.000048632086,0.00010250043,0.000044855016,0.00017115782],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006171816,0.00009817438,0.00003396376,0.0004912096,0.00008384828,0.0001067697,0.00003199621,0.00008212168,0.0000031611717],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004423849,0.0009808593,0.00034454314,0.000005604453,0.000015846057,7.8008907e-7,0.00441436,0.04745446,0.6396736,0.30702835,0.000001310911,0.00003603638],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.027291572,0.0016666959,0.044207618,0.00014427264,0.0004529647,0.00006650298,0.039075322,0.04680468,0.44341657,0.39484772,0.0001612428,0.0018648382],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000010604669,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000019556117,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.19625704,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000030299425,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000060632035,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.40034348},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2111080754","doi":"10.1142/s0217979203022453","title":"Global Instability, Limiting-State Selection and Nonlinear Pattern Formation","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Modern Physics B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Nonlinear system; Instability; Limiting; Statistical physics; Quantization (signal processing); Scaling; Boundary value problem; Eigenvalues and eigenvectors; Phase transition; Theoretical physics; Physics; Computer science; Mathematics; Mechanics; Condensed matter physics; Quantum mechanics; Mechanical engineering; Geometry","score_opus":0.020723279260144296,"score_gpt":0.2718088543732288,"score_spread":0.25108557511308455,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2111080754","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.76473355,0.000041008734,0.23390947,0.00015967715,0.00033490075,0.000041576466,0.000019914627,0.000012175481,0.00074771757],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99812573,0.00002432881,0.0014585536,0.00017464308,0.0001914347,0.0000017166359,0.0000035813662,0.0000065586446,0.000013454813],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.998945,0.00006829466,0.00035781803,0.00010630482,0.0004130371,0.00010957255],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99895936,0.000031365737,0.00035309122,0.00006024792,0.0005303485,0.00006558496],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00029889215,0.00008657452,0.00010985355,0.000036434496,0.00004926035,0.00012368437,0.00016836848,0.000023845156,0.00003483473],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000062989144,0.00007975128,0.00004971701,0.000070748116,0.000032502325,0.0006331874,0.000029802404,0.000074669246,0.000011503832],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00040809446,0.0013487833,0.06715646,0.00010306465,0.00021780383,0.000028415212,0.0054092123,0.019437501,0.48135433,0.022050384,0.0003744677,0.40211147],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005016165,0.0005254961,0.0239273,0.00020695482,0.00008289455,0.0011474092,0.0005746686,0.113628685,0.28801525,0.5609201,0.0051297653,0.00082529685],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000059232793,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000095593105,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.53886974,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00014088173,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006065844,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.32521626},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2115657219","doi":"10.1016/j.crme.2007.05.011","title":"Controlling the growth interface shape in the growth of CdTe single crystals by the traveling heater method","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Comptes Rendus Mécanique","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Crucible (geodemography); Rotation (mathematics); Ampoule; Crystal growth; Materials science; Cadmium telluride photovoltaics; Crystallography; Chemistry; Geometry; Mathematics; Composite material; Nanotechnology","score_opus":0.03216349196312227,"score_gpt":0.2933559921659488,"score_spread":0.2611925002028265,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2115657219","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.85800403,0.0019789748,0.12978703,0.003952839,0.0002856358,0.00088968873,0.00004126324,0.000081781014,0.0049787415],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970192,0.00003389279,0.0013344248,0.0013454822,0.00010344418,0.00004829345,0.0000053583,0.000026225785,0.00008368785],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9972842,0.0007860707,0.00072022306,0.00034857227,0.00038398526,0.00047695066],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972748,0.0017257401,0.00028575724,0.0004882835,0.00016206765,0.00006331184],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0045169448,0.00023898458,0.00033574563,0.000060846945,0.00025243804,0.00015855578,0.0011448615,0.000092904746,0.00034407838],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00023079677,0.00012151378,0.00010586278,0.0004036712,0.00027132407,0.000125575,0.00010642042,0.00033909886,0.000023095059],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008327051,0.000102989965,0.00029476584,0.000026607571,0.000014209354,0.0000021035762,0.0051033343,0.000047765167,0.9886197,0.0036619129,0.0015710884,0.00047225668],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00067668443,0.00014146965,0.0015935113,0.00008294835,0.00003695439,0.000036482783,0.004906817,0.0017916051,0.9842577,0.0043684505,0.0018366488,0.00027070948],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00032023725,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000049795726,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.13901514,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000072855946,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000036213383,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.49551883},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2116216336","doi":"10.1007/s11661-013-1623-0","title":"Solid/Liquid Interfacial Energy of Mg-Al Alloys","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Microstructure; Materials science; Dendrite (mathematics); Surface energy; Adsorption; Directional solidification; Solid solution; Binary number; Binary alloy; Thermodynamics; Metallurgy; Composite material; Alloy; Chemistry; Physical chemistry; Physics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.014140237587010659,"score_gpt":0.24911141278159113,"score_spread":0.23497117519458047,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2116216336","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.87310475,0.000062323554,0.12495737,0.000378462,0.0004101909,0.00014735712,0.000049207592,0.00007832874,0.0008119934],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978872,0.00009688149,0.0006804706,0.00022485276,0.000049234757,0.00012462208,0.000008729747,0.000014804839,0.00091319694],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987387,0.00009990173,0.0004740413,0.00027703834,0.00017158825,0.00023873751],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994764,0.00003229182,0.000104397564,0.00016753614,0.00007847227,0.00014092456],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00017983821,0.00015078683,0.00034513394,0.000059203936,0.00011325938,0.00012572425,0.00014683466,0.00007741531,0.025581662],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000072815933,0.00012768676,0.00006939476,0.00009554559,0.0002088179,0.0002633735,0.000019495352,0.000037591813,0.00013153267],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007951579,0.000118231954,1.3430325e-7,0.000023086157,0.000017649185,0.0000011533259,0.0001110464,0.000014205748,0.9962837,0.0028624882,0.00007191068,0.00041689194],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00059215445,0.00023906399,0.00017164942,0.00001994301,0.000050038976,0.000040973304,0.00016985327,0.00014321205,0.9785725,0.00136148,0.018388206,0.00025092775],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004840867,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000020340456,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.12478244,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000010735371,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000018351106,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9753091},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2118557739","doi":"10.1103/physreve.74.021104","title":"Phase diagram and commensurate-incommensurate transitions in the phase field crystal model with an external pinning potential","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":62,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Academy of Finland; Division of Materials Research; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Condensed matter physics; Phase diagram; Vortex; Lattice (music); Phase transition; Pinning force; Physics; Phase (matter); Superconductivity; Quantum mechanics; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.025119873063664755,"score_gpt":0.33276529331298854,"score_spread":0.3076454202493238,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2118557739","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9727209,0.00097240915,0.021233596,0.0040775514,0.00001642846,0.00039620584,0.00004373664,0.000036527512,0.00050262624],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9961921,0.00016326677,0.00038902255,0.003002159,0.0001034753,0.00010169717,0.000029791574,0.0000108240565,0.000007681395],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.998874,0.00019036468,0.00025071733,0.00024552416,0.00021519489,0.00022417436],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995049,0.000060133007,0.0000825701,0.00024099118,0.00003786976,0.00007353471],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00028383502,0.00015031148,0.00024887867,0.000022271082,0.00014600264,0.00010082403,0.00017978676,0.000016410517,0.000035834677],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000107420265,0.00009510853,0.00004630904,0.00016259462,0.00008376758,0.0002545829,0.000016968781,0.00013911522,0.000007348651],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00045362607,0.009065417,0.00002949164,0.00066731777,0.000011059194,0.00006797377,0.0018005526,0.001085668,0.9360855,0.028079024,0.0012088121,0.021445535],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.032829084,0.00878791,0.0012113076,0.0044249226,0.00077024434,0.0003275966,0.0012207744,0.8107841,0.04042577,0.092537835,0.003854131,0.002826337],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000051127274,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000013260505,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.89565974,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000011875127,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000019029992,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.38784134},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2125085753","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2005.12.002","title":"Phase field model of stress-induced surface instabilities: Surface diffusion","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Materialia","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":41,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Instability; Materials science; Phase (matter); Surface (topology); Diffusion; Phase field models; Stress (linguistics); Field (mathematics); Stress field; Surface diffusion; Mechanics; Condensed matter physics; Physics; Finite element method; Thermodynamics; Geometry; Mathematics","score_opus":0.02805153947162197,"score_gpt":0.2727778225682162,"score_spread":0.24472628309659422,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2125085753","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959121,0.000013524064,0.00017404863,0.00020907867,0.0010117384,0.00023620074,0.00029609483,0.00011400952,0.0020332336],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972106,0.00000534696,0.00072966516,0.00006504306,0.000080383914,0.0000071409463,0.000045964836,0.000023572788,0.0018322715],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99852294,0.00008402019,0.00049419765,0.00032271844,0.0002767523,0.0002993748],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990777,0.00004355812,0.00021435226,0.0004983941,0.00009629942,0.00006970348],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00022950346,0.00018686881,0.00028202042,0.000029446383,0.000093186674,0.00010056505,0.00032708756,0.000106673666,0.0014707724],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003896006,0.00016992119,0.000051685638,0.0001053573,0.000065365166,0.00027537497,0.00010875298,0.00005104816,0.00005109221],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00013033437,0.00043426204,0.00014436044,0.00008602663,0.0000024841365,6.065585e-7,0.00043924185,0.00029164896,0.9957632,0.0015865244,0.0011073865,0.000013939512],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0011372057,0.00014309633,0.0000983883,0.000028465582,0.000011093054,6.662548e-7,0.0003121557,0.0025291382,0.99401283,0.0011682129,0.00036044122,0.00019828357],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009677844,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000024268535,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0022374892,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000041534076,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000056700457,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99944204},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2127166951","doi":"10.1007/s11837-007-0095-3","title":"Using the phase-field crystal method in the multi-scale modeling of microstructure evolution","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"JOM","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":160,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Microstructure; Materials science; Eutectic system; Crystal (programming language); Alloy; Phase (matter); Crystal growth; Condensed matter physics; Statistical physics; Thermodynamics; Metallurgy; Physics; Computer science","score_opus":0.06919269076860637,"score_gpt":0.3764932986675403,"score_spread":0.3073006078989339,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2127166951","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.532206,0.00006390686,0.46721256,0.00009496107,0.00008188353,0.00009953905,0.000004506771,0.0000075228695,0.00022916505],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9677303,9.779471e-7,0.03194354,0.00023334619,0.00006784539,0.0000027378135,0.0000012482948,0.000005378707,0.000014618863],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99919593,0.00010668261,0.00024303878,0.00012855604,0.0001617471,0.00016402984],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99951285,0.000117552765,0.00008620441,0.00022120032,0.000042911244,0.00001926471],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011856246,0.0000664112,0.00008902628,0.00004033309,0.00010344878,0.000028036186,0.00023245577,0.00005133688,0.000046878915],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005175006,0.000038437996,0.00003655578,0.00019127512,0.00003555946,0.00007651022,0.000028810948,0.00010295207,0.00000210323],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000030415176,0.000041237552,0.0001468995,0.0000072996777,0.0000010487652,3.9214433e-7,0.0028002958,0.0031850354,0.993033,0.00052284123,0.000013924454,0.00021764783],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0015993146,0.000075285076,0.0019203052,0.00003926769,0.000031212818,0.0000327393,0.019079397,0.59417355,0.3780764,0.004201328,0.00054621225,0.00022499287],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00022730535,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000078142366,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.61495656,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003642578,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000024081326,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1567456},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2127623724","doi":"10.7449/2000/superalloys_2000_255_261","title":"Freckle Formation in Superalloys","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Superalloy; Metallurgy; Microstructure","score_opus":0.01477046739298618,"score_gpt":0.23005779684580374,"score_spread":0.21528732945281756,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2127623724","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8477624,0.000010560404,0.00014864455,0.00023683286,0.00002825905,0.000056632936,0.0000010534942,0.00005371226,0.15170188],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9939654,0.000009113747,0.00051737577,0.00041597802,0.000017727569,0.000013369926,0.0000038419453,0.0000028611562,0.0050543263],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9996042,0.000019669857,0.00012088238,0.000078172925,0.000071789786,0.00010523038],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998545,0.000008091865,0.000008329072,0.000093758055,0.00000858965,0.000026706351],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008903019,0.000035753674,0.000044078824,0.000026250746,0.000025017272,0.000028198485,0.00007574236,0.000017309163,0.030197171],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000040290797,0.000030215257,0.000009787393,0.00008687951,0.000012105768,0.00027183618,0.000005217007,0.000020060537,0.0027426393],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000021405172,0.0000864587,0.0005064764,0.000011038621,4.6675004e-7,0.0000017987883,0.0016261725,0.00014014913,0.9713293,0.012594024,0.0025706275,0.011112086],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001891791,0.00009997271,0.03394749,0.000025687112,0.000003928476,0.000024507342,0.0014945257,0.0047768136,0.81983745,0.012947043,0.12438986,0.00056091155],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000049200236,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000033203723,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.15149184,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000020212095,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004444221,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9980338},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2138372276","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.86.5084","title":"Solidification of a Supercooled Liquid in a Narrow Channel","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Supercooling; Steady state (chemistry); Materials science; Channel (broadcasting); Phase (matter); Mechanics; Field (mathematics); Condensed matter physics; Thermodynamics; Physics; Computer science; Chemistry","score_opus":0.02726366972469785,"score_gpt":0.29283896356578476,"score_spread":0.2655752938410869,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2138372276","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98964834,0.0021762082,0.0001934994,0.007124704,0.00005335361,0.00032732828,0.0000034256489,0.000033463606,0.00043965253],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9923116,0.0011799057,0.000040076382,0.006246047,0.00008070293,0.00011243977,0.0000069496505,0.000011117842,0.000011152805],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99887574,0.000119459124,0.0003364755,0.00023928042,0.00021346672,0.00021559367],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994298,0.000054468084,0.00011279713,0.00029815966,0.000039644834,0.00006511582],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00028397283,0.00011341494,0.00032467098,0.000047421876,0.00002399975,0.00000939819,0.0002269333,0.000008340292,0.0001237014],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007521149,0.00009813539,0.00008644281,0.00037676241,0.00007165353,0.00014419791,0.000026998801,0.000070879454,0.00020769789],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000295204,0.0001555023,0.00003200857,0.00040573708,0.0000016460257,0.0000018339903,0.00040880134,0.00004573143,0.9977579,0.0005807073,0.00044154332,0.00013905305],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005814306,0.0014047145,0.022362819,0.012914902,0.0003910602,0.000076412805,0.000839526,0.009766299,0.88192296,0.0052888305,0.05559462,0.0036235373],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000019602634,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000017849804,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.115834944,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003665094,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000015832626,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.40018448},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2140180802","doi":"10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.790-791.323","title":"&lt;i&gt;In Situ&lt;/i&gt; Investigation of Grain Migration by TGZM during Solidification in a Temperature Gradient","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials science forum","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"European Synchrotron Radiation Facility","keywords":"Equiaxed crystals; Temperature gradient; Materials science; Directional solidification; Microstructure; Synchrotron; Alloy; Dendrite (mathematics); Eutectic system; Phase (matter); Diffusion; Zone melting; Grain boundary; Synchrotron radiation; Dissolution; Metallurgy; Thermodynamics; Optics; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Geometry","score_opus":0.00885762126096176,"score_gpt":0.22010811935047206,"score_spread":0.2112504980895103,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2140180802","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99737203,0.00005329307,0.00009788803,0.0009829361,0.00057826296,0.0005009235,0.000039112856,0.000064911204,0.00031065856],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99911463,0.000019181802,0.00037881333,0.000117178715,0.000051543528,0.00012771845,0.00005425797,0.000017959508,0.00011872914],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9970066,0.00025633318,0.00083308975,0.0006608754,0.00061847555,0.0006246564],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99879134,0.000040763596,0.0003988669,0.0004802249,0.000141936,0.00014686474],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0025157924,0.00022501773,0.00033705513,0.00045799997,0.00023300876,0.00025045362,0.0005746856,0.00011540519,0.00008430752],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002842898,0.00021178108,0.000034056513,0.0010929434,0.0005185027,0.00088470394,0.00010528102,0.00006884204,0.00005570201],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000034013538,0.00005982516,0.00085618533,0.00005803352,5.939565e-7,3.8039926e-7,0.0014034357,0.00006428155,0.9897867,0.0075254906,0.00017704966,0.00003399908],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00048425657,0.000068273366,0.044831105,0.00008453226,0.000003141922,0.000003062714,0.00019348967,0.00018078355,0.95134324,0.002283293,0.00030245457,0.00022238861],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000058850223,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00033141175,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.04397492,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00022549303,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00011689751,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.86361814},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2145999529","doi":"10.1115/1.4004803","title":"A Numerical Simulation Study on the Effects of Crucible Rotation and Magnetic Fields in Growth of SiGe by the Traveling Heater Method","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Heat Transfer","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Crucible (geodemography); Rotation (mathematics); Micro-pulling-down; Magnetic field; Centrifugal force; Materials science; Mechanics; Field (mathematics); Rotating magnetic field; Magnetostatics; Computer simulation; Condensed matter physics; Temperature gradient; Rotational speed; Silicon; Physics; Classical mechanics; Metallurgy; Chemistry; Geometry; Mathematics; Computational chemistry","score_opus":0.030349805773082272,"score_gpt":0.2779527565744007,"score_spread":0.24760295080131844,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2145999529","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.97010523,0.00013915413,0.029114679,0.00020103873,0.00006030151,0.00028968777,9.962174e-7,0.000001921725,0.000086998516],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997091,0.000011610247,0.00015613779,0.00009438641,0.00001306803,0.0000066542143,9.1670515e-8,0.0000053665767,0.0000035743035],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.998878,0.0003578974,0.00039549495,0.00007894887,0.00020733997,0.00008233873],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991982,0.0005847967,0.00003178998,0.00008753658,0.00007167683,0.000025974035],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00077015016,0.00006837223,0.00017625061,0.00004898946,0.00003303613,0.0000107044525,0.000108948334,0.000030274086,0.00006894525],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006253898,0.00003575727,0.000040725787,0.000118374846,0.00003587796,0.00007738798,0.0000037300094,0.00010697617,5.484009e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005781709,0.0007017938,0.0055906638,0.00011893032,0.000019849585,0.0000030495794,0.03879272,0.0010276459,0.9519725,0.00035436332,0.000012794954,0.0008275126],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0018477003,0.0034227485,0.14167596,0.000119619275,0.00008624683,0.000008530899,0.0026662694,0.0024507737,0.84621024,0.0014084987,0.0000032220125,0.00010020648],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006350913,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000281267,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1360853,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009010369,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000012537546,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.14581393},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2148443506","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2010.07.029","title":"Spacing characterization in Al–Cu alloys directionally solidified under transient growth conditions","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Acta Materialia","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Dendrite (mathematics); Directional solidification; Transient (computer programming); Materials science; Phase (matter); Growth rate; Field (mathematics); Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Metallurgy; Microstructure; Mathematics; Geometry; Chemistry; Physics; Computer science","score_opus":0.023346558247756697,"score_gpt":0.26762568213554905,"score_spread":0.24427912388779235,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2148443506","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98035,0.0000069505395,0.0008719486,0.0028594912,0.012349196,0.00076873176,0.0011833424,0.0003097627,0.001300539],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.993745,0.000054852353,0.0003514697,0.0009962097,0.0004900808,0.0004075761,0.0029342591,0.00008109164,0.0009394566],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9970092,0.00024444924,0.00086079206,0.00090768683,0.00045304297,0.00052484067],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99846834,0.000033205193,0.00046735487,0.0006553696,0.0001999043,0.00017579687],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00056859036,0.00046881533,0.00055012025,0.00030785776,0.00019729233,0.00058949256,0.0005424093,0.00048860506,0.003376044],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000062361025,0.00049248815,0.00012004586,0.00019319616,0.00014758884,0.0003738239,0.00026787323,0.00048467005,0.0002620094],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000059738824,0.00016573176,0.00010467868,0.00013505416,0.00001659489,0.000004468014,0.0008458436,0.000020768124,0.9942938,0.0036791444,0.00066351943,0.000010635716],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002108273,0.000080397636,0.22106266,0.00053446554,0.00013765517,0.000038109898,0.00037054857,0.0003946253,0.739442,0.015272155,0.018438099,0.0021210427],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00040022968,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00015024048,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.25485185,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00019879815,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00019213048,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997527},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2153142220","doi":"10.1142/s0217979205032917","title":"MULTISCALE MODELING OF SOLIDIFICATION: PHASE-FIELD METHODS TO ADAPTIVE MESH REFINEMENT","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Modern Physics B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":93,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research","funders":"","keywords":"Adaptive mesh refinement; Phase (matter); Field (mathematics); Computer science; Phase field models; Computation; Limit (mathematics); Scale (ratio); Statistical physics; Computational science; Algorithm; Physics; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis","score_opus":0.0672358136418131,"score_gpt":0.3911845461924792,"score_spread":0.32394873255066614,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2153142220","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.13908243,0.00009418487,0.8574208,0.0015643935,0.00038093003,0.00008070564,0.000018325683,0.000010963429,0.0013472744],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8594991,0.00001796397,0.13937508,0.00039293614,0.000619614,0.0000072153293,0.0000025936552,0.00001152302,0.000073951705],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9983413,0.00007600921,0.0006736989,0.00016061388,0.0006141434,0.00013418701],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981657,0.000098907185,0.00046773633,0.00017781432,0.0009822836,0.00010755932],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005245342,0.00011379968,0.00021870846,0.0001021491,0.000036724065,0.00004100274,0.0005727645,0.000034493372,0.00015724498],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007825118,0.00010407013,0.00011894817,0.000086785854,0.000023327368,0.0003173316,0.000078348945,0.00011124692,0.000026012534],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002855178,0.00043734437,0.0000071713025,0.0000039662164,0.000058747948,0.0000012009486,0.0017670833,0.083972424,0.77749985,0.007569905,0.00025000086,0.1281468],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001225754,0.00023307267,0.000015590063,0.000065446766,0.000028168293,0.0000116804285,0.00021973078,0.39612553,0.5853334,0.015113073,0.0014798881,0.0001486971],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008527379,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000017075896,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7204167,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00011367418,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000077548546,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.42438567},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2155756277","doi":"10.1149/1.3367948","title":"The Effect of Applied Magnetic Fields on Silicon Transport in Liquid Phase Diffusion Growth of SiGe","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ECS Transactions","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Magnetic field; Diffusion; Materials science; Rotating magnetic field; Silicon; Condensed matter physics; Phase (matter); Field (mathematics); Thermal; Magnetostatics; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Chemistry; Optoelectronics; Thermodynamics; Physics; Chromatography","score_opus":0.006141222625190856,"score_gpt":0.23608217328515027,"score_spread":0.22994095065995943,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2155756277","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9938062,0.000014104048,0.0014868818,0.00013430798,0.00023922032,0.00032272117,0.000021904656,0.000025175817,0.0039495295],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997698,0.000016540635,0.000033299595,0.00001766455,0.000017378317,0.00007377834,0.000002869885,0.000008934879,0.000059713133],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99920475,0.000039359948,0.00029375966,0.0001554567,0.00016358668,0.00014306315],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99936557,0.0002480124,0.00006830069,0.00024839333,0.00002300298,0.00004674475],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00028581714,0.000097689706,0.00016304315,0.00006838547,0.000093567156,0.0000066114603,0.00017624929,0.0000761784,0.0005002708],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000011062791,0.0000689623,0.000064529275,0.00018319258,0.00013178516,0.000039554263,0.0000018855009,0.00017791044,0.000012092429],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00067320844,0.00020621544,0.000042610915,0.000040176517,0.0000021623548,3.421978e-7,0.0006012502,0.000059381255,0.9959667,0.0009277261,0.0000031259513,0.0014771331],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00135248,0.0010278882,0.001512205,0.000011557758,0.000019357089,6.8612843e-7,0.00007423912,0.00010539811,0.99544615,0.00017918213,0.00019603051,0.000074809606],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004375985,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00012572671,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.005963666,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007787449,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000018433711,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.54776144},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2156865258","doi":"10.1017/s0956792515000066","title":"Interface closure in the root region of steady deep-cellular growth in directional solidification","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"European Journal of Applied Mathematics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Closure (psychology); Root (linguistics); Mechanics; Eigenvalues and eigenvectors; Mechanism (biology); Interface (matter); Quantization (signal processing); Materials science; Turning point; Point (geometry); Physics; Mathematics; Geometry; Acoustics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.04277210983028067,"score_gpt":0.24893008654486642,"score_spread":0.20615797671458574,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2156865258","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9430007,0.00012599833,0.028380895,0.00022540844,0.0001408073,0.00019400362,0.0000011578085,0.000010939705,0.02792012],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99472004,0.000010538995,0.0050988565,0.000031201307,0.00008915709,0.0000032013884,0.000001138986,0.000018686766,0.000027193666],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99820876,0.00023513587,0.00087477115,0.0001144779,0.0004270306,0.0001397981],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99869055,0.00011686088,0.00074380334,0.00021373443,0.00017423676,0.00006080462],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0033184758,0.00011363154,0.0002362561,0.00015508206,0.000024870742,0.000040032955,0.00048837776,0.00002390455,0.000014873749],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00013108327,0.00008024859,0.000045425375,0.0002840331,0.000073553965,0.000106013205,0.00004049056,0.0001933219,0.00004222602],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00068181596,0.0028469898,0.00082848506,0.0005336945,0.000041426312,0.00017471837,0.14001039,0.0043035382,0.70671415,0.14022726,0.0024457069,0.0011918293],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0130039,0.0015961799,0.013634271,0.0012819442,0.00021779673,0.0011474445,0.13870731,0.0029785284,0.6643621,0.15679231,0.0047881617,0.0014900932],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000013982147,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000024400726,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.051719353,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000061264436,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000054875065,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.32724425},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2157424962","doi":"10.7449/2000/superalloys_2000_247_254","title":"The Thermal Analysis of the Mushy Zone and Grain Structure Changes during Directional Solidification of Superalloys","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Superalloy; Materials science; Directional solidification; Metallurgy; Thermal; Microstructure; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.006750906515501483,"score_gpt":0.207481889702486,"score_spread":0.2007309831869845,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2157424962","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99794596,0.00009307131,0.00001739902,0.00070188777,0.000055938217,0.0000962065,0.000029043313,0.000015061271,0.0010454258],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980204,0.000051482202,0.00006330211,0.00004369693,0.000027321525,0.000008299952,0.000003790231,0.0000041691496,0.0017775242],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993115,0.00008391323,0.00017709944,0.00013393293,0.00019038586,0.00010315746],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995475,0.000046864578,0.000084036335,0.0002443926,0.000053935895,0.000023275657],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001706777,0.000065674634,0.00011779591,0.000046436387,0.00019996587,0.000024382813,0.00017527923,0.000028051825,0.0015967459],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000013940014,0.000034157798,0.00004756694,0.00038323543,0.00017668739,0.00004984784,0.000025689378,0.000034708642,0.000001440969],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000023379176,0.00001815045,0.0027176887,0.00000781175,0.000046216184,2.1989248e-8,0.0008397926,0.00017876098,0.9937241,0.0014868393,0.000010846913,0.00094635814],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00014693805,0.000013037001,0.59858924,0.0000035890264,0.000094854215,0.0000013308369,0.00038863276,0.00044556466,0.39969295,0.00016912303,0.00039192618,0.00006280744],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008515444,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00020165232,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.59587157,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000010167817,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000010739575,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9993159},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2158207092","doi":"10.1149/1.2986760","title":"Liquid Phase Diffusion Growth of SiGe Single Crystals under Magnetic Fields","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ECS Transactions","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Canadian Space Agency; Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management","keywords":"Diffusion; Materials science; Crystal growth; Dissolution; Magnetic field; Phase (matter); Silicon; Condensed matter physics; Germanium; Convection; Chemical physics; Thermodynamics; Crystallography; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Optoelectronics; Physics; Engineering","score_opus":0.0318548447230064,"score_gpt":0.25356741941176036,"score_spread":0.22171257468875397,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2158207092","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8633087,0.000118078264,0.13130465,0.00037422136,0.0002370002,0.00014794791,0.00003858745,0.00009436367,0.0043764333],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982049,0.000052982705,0.0005402977,0.00013465996,0.00004122358,0.000024695883,0.0000048007328,0.000015176686,0.0009812654],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990212,0.000053559386,0.000302653,0.00021031822,0.00021172548,0.00020055467],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99942863,0.00006991567,0.00007392448,0.0002380905,0.00008612649,0.00010332574],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007954341,0.00011619388,0.00016341815,0.00008829824,0.00022381697,0.0000149707785,0.00015241998,0.00007598378,0.003997763],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000011725444,0.000111723304,0.00008383774,0.00023114518,0.00015669856,0.00015844332,0.000006116803,0.00008500387,0.0000769103],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000072393654,0.00072444783,0.000006614737,0.000021792053,0.0000039289616,0.0000021921942,0.0009645291,0.00013465418,0.99740094,0.0004447084,0.00012698754,0.00009682181],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0015674713,0.0010953775,0.0005229108,0.000022926453,0.00004162952,0.000031709726,0.00047685203,0.00019837874,0.9935045,0.000936673,0.0013425127,0.00025904106],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000042362808,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001045149,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.13489619,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000029360273,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000043194766,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9969127},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2162524026","doi":"10.1214/ejp.v17-1731","title":"Triviality of the 2D stochastic Allen-Cahn equation","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Electronic Journal of Probability","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":62,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Hydro-Québec; Royal Society; Leverhulme Trust","keywords":"Triviality; White noise; Mathematics; Limiting; Allen–Cahn equation; Noise (video); Space (punctuation); Term (time); Mathematical analysis; Applied mathematics; Statistical physics; Statistics; Physics; Computer science","score_opus":0.03427528208856824,"score_gpt":0.2599754628298743,"score_spread":0.2257001807413061,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2162524026","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.97493565,0.0006720023,0.022911081,0.00055486476,0.0003748762,0.00023982406,0.0000026654116,0.000008759657,0.0003002824],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99952936,0.00000660375,0.00020892812,0.00003646576,0.00016227385,0.00000521839,3.2694854e-7,0.000005741307,0.00004506149],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99809813,0.0003892056,0.00059712573,0.00009996218,0.0004143786,0.000401186],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985764,0.00013211269,0.0006703102,0.00030647614,0.00023519712,0.000079477686],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0038562983,0.00009014028,0.00020629201,0.000028957014,0.00007619303,0.00001355598,0.0003676918,0.000045779867,0.0002448218],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00063376414,0.00005736301,0.00012953646,0.00013854368,0.00013891028,0.00027393416,0.000046311645,0.00023591201,0.000012164752],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005177653,0.0017300844,0.009988728,0.00016625792,0.00007487299,1.13270644e-7,0.0049494025,0.0012059684,0.7759829,0.20214301,0.00026630875,0.0029745803],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0026837261,0.0010024379,0.14193265,0.00010123609,0.00025029827,0.000092545335,0.00073399825,0.0003194838,0.24729702,0.6028805,0.0022095698,0.00049655396],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009754967,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000010164492,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.52868587,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00032802907,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004073124,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.26806268},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2164524712","doi":"10.1557/proc-782-a5.65","title":"Pattern Formation in Directional Solidification","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"MRS Proceedings","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Anisotropy; Dendrite (mathematics); Directional solidification; Temperature gradient; Scaling; Wavelength; Pattern formation; Surface tension; Phase transition; Thermal; Tension (geology); Phase diagram; Condensed matter physics; Phase (matter); Crystal (programming language); Optics; Geometry; Microstructure; Physics; Thermodynamics; Composite material; Optoelectronics; Computer science","score_opus":0.020655229213623914,"score_gpt":0.2393580983141899,"score_spread":0.21870286910056597,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2164524712","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.96126,0.000028767272,0.0021050656,0.00028363723,0.00016451096,0.00017047461,0.0000021277544,0.00010059496,0.03588479],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989775,0.000007450625,0.0003928928,0.00018266054,0.000039407863,0.0000887338,0.000004773466,0.000009094901,0.00029750928],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99920595,0.0000118925955,0.00022883296,0.00018970708,0.00017957203,0.00018404204],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99970466,0.000011719729,0.000091213136,0.000057428362,0.000088086286,0.000046906105],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003118388,0.000080824255,0.00008053755,0.000099819175,0.00008089137,0.00007880493,0.000093489805,0.00004248892,0.00034701795],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007491324,0.00007957471,0.000019400211,0.00023698511,0.000025561432,0.00049152086,0.000010050072,0.000059225946,0.0002893007],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007847626,0.000077036006,0.0048101936,0.000040189447,9.2308085e-7,3.2024326e-7,0.001766251,0.0000060401776,0.9745401,0.016349431,0.0010774146,0.0013242465],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00062732014,0.000039554725,0.020145789,0.00003328126,0.000005095194,0.000030821073,0.0017981849,0.00056605943,0.9472675,0.0071304035,0.022068305,0.0002876917],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000092728105,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003265024,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.037717443,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009289299,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000012856139,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.37996033},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2164903432","doi":"10.1007/s10665-010-9378-8","title":"A thermal elastic model for constrained crystal growth with facets","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Engineering Mathematics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"York University; University of Ontario Institute of Technology","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Thermal; Perturbation (astronomy); Materials science; Crystal growth; Stress (linguistics); Variety (cybernetics); Heat flux; Crystal (programming language); Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Computer science; Heat transfer; Physics","score_opus":0.01452690320929331,"score_gpt":0.2219386070602649,"score_spread":0.20741170385097157,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2164903432","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.53928065,0.0000056833296,0.4602773,0.00004631189,0.00012323132,0.00008627436,0.0000071965355,0.000022556178,0.00015078539],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.80246323,7.9091325e-7,0.19734341,0.000013367989,0.00009300157,0.0000071458066,4.0024483e-7,0.000021047612,0.000057630612],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991407,0.000003449589,0.0003672348,0.00007575191,0.00023066491,0.00018222987],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99907,0.00019236685,0.0002534623,0.0001236753,0.00025159857,0.000108884225],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00038153838,0.00012120203,0.0002159212,0.00007662886,0.000037327645,0.000057181263,0.0002064091,0.000051928855,0.00004584101],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00029242228,0.00008606428,0.0000623061,0.00006273137,0.000045406545,0.00014580018,0.000013705586,0.00017611924,0.0000038378075],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000019037447,0.00006783574,0.00000406326,0.00016958277,0.000015145215,0.0000018954798,0.0008396965,0.042019162,0.9383419,0.018485121,0.000027087428,0.000009440496],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013610509,0.0002522572,0.000060978837,0.00014751221,0.000083621926,0.00025255518,0.0002740871,0.9211065,0.07159001,0.0045171706,0.00006635012,0.0002878644],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":1.3584688e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.3429088e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8790874,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000015372596,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008283704,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.35096},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2172266624","doi":"10.1063/1.2754682","title":"Kinetic coefficient of steps at the Si(111) crystal-melt interface from molecular dynamics simulations","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Journal of Chemical Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":74,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Kinetic energy; Molecular dynamics; Materials science; Thermodynamics; Vicinal; Crystal (programming language); Kinetics; Crystallization; Supercooling; Chemistry; Computational chemistry; Physics","score_opus":0.012067613329764236,"score_gpt":0.2604516049090967,"score_spread":0.24838399157933244,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2172266624","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.93286556,0.0001814978,0.06592339,0.00030376835,0.00012516268,0.000094693256,0.000044663127,0.00000780815,0.00045345852],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994447,0.00000418712,0.00023030998,0.00014720242,0.00011803989,3.94193e-7,0.000006331686,0.000013966289,0.000034843146],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986806,0.00007666853,0.00051535794,0.00009100809,0.0004560993,0.00018026258],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99830484,0.00055267155,0.0005076674,0.00033222535,0.00022625897,0.00007633016],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004634413,0.00011409245,0.0001974418,0.00001684536,0.00006432917,0.000021215807,0.00051999046,0.000039693867,0.00013038368],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000079709396,0.000066340785,0.00009757754,0.00019039377,0.00027979066,0.000059979127,0.00013684675,0.00018543229,0.000014472897],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001397101,0.00010544613,0.000011802147,0.0000069755565,0.000016673457,7.1124236e-7,0.00095005054,0.015995622,0.981867,0.00059513736,0.00008681051,0.00022407356],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00031353006,0.000052697458,0.0000734565,0.000029120847,0.00007237121,0.0000058171545,0.0003971866,0.006588443,0.9865359,0.005671224,0.00017825868,0.000081999824],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001117013,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000020081964,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.06657917,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00015832111,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000041840412,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.27052987},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2178147716","doi":"10.1115/ihtc14-23025","title":"A Numerical Simulation Study on the Effects of Crucible Rotation and Magnetic Fields in Growth of SiGe by the Travelling Heater Method","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference, Volume 2","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Crucible (geodemography); Rotation (mathematics); Magnetic field; Micro-pulling-down; Materials science; Centrifugal force; Mechanics; Field (mathematics); Rotating magnetic field; Magnetostatics; Computer simulation; Silicon; Magnetic levitation; Temperature gradient; Rotational speed; Condensed matter physics; Physics; Mechanical engineering; Classical mechanics; Metallurgy; Chemistry; Engineering; Magnet; Computer science","score_opus":0.019145973797629938,"score_gpt":0.2761770117882544,"score_spread":0.25703103799062443,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2178147716","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9552493,0.00001628232,0.042097725,0.0010321909,0.00042822873,0.0006103878,0.000017401873,0.000011796779,0.00053665246],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993956,0.0000062966324,0.00016300118,0.00013001356,0.000036045654,0.00008363478,0.000005813461,0.000009583127,0.00017001112],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987005,0.0002118038,0.00035571895,0.00024454025,0.0003509156,0.00013654471],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99887013,0.000696844,0.000028306182,0.00018839177,0.00017766583,0.000038659695],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005093359,0.000129529,0.00018429778,0.00009053675,0.0000612704,0.000051792016,0.00029828877,0.00007278154,0.00058374624],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000100678415,0.00008320219,0.00003602587,0.00013588413,0.000115632596,0.00009288194,0.000014484954,0.00023009472,0.000008743322],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002176197,0.0005760688,0.013455737,0.000073875875,0.000022650385,9.856534e-7,0.007452809,0.0004943438,0.96784365,0.008210905,0.00005821859,0.0015931178],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0028322653,0.0017694589,0.24887654,0.00013265078,0.0000738275,0.00000505625,0.0014222701,0.15883671,0.58145803,0.004012447,0.00019259487,0.0003881337],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00041651155,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007753201,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.38638562,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000011381249,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000029042085,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6391612},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2184853200","doi":"10.4203/ccp.93.264","title":"Numerical Analysis of Complex Systems Evolution with Phase Transformations at Different Spatial Scales","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Civil-comp proceedings","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Wilfrid Laurier University","funders":"","keywords":"Nanowire; Statistical physics; Dimension (graph theory); Nanoscopic scale; Basis (linear algebra); Ranging; Field (mathematics); Phase (matter); Length scale; Materials science; Phase field models; Thermal; Partial differential equation; Shape-memory alloy; Physics; Computer science; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Nanotechnology; Mechanics; Geometry; Thermodynamics; Quantum mechanics; Pure mathematics","score_opus":0.01741560434676757,"score_gpt":0.2558087717232421,"score_spread":0.23839316737647456,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2184853200","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.97923464,0.000022623255,0.016464263,0.00010970774,0.00013744709,0.0003157182,0.00008326765,0.00011541906,0.0035168885],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994949,0.0000023205157,0.00020650025,0.000016293377,0.00007257036,0.00007200888,0.000058773796,0.000013613137,0.00006297986],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99858695,0.000014050796,0.00044728306,0.0002881047,0.00040874272,0.00025484286],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99913615,0.000027824884,0.00026370544,0.00015491132,0.00026599955,0.00015141148],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00015312214,0.0001751045,0.00040911807,0.00020778125,0.00020501118,0.00008787635,0.00024796856,0.000065130196,0.0004050473],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000018046585,0.0001332046,0.00009896581,0.0005401937,0.00019261001,0.00023287203,0.000026696769,0.00011023325,0.00002315867],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00011947927,0.0003197813,0.004111609,0.00011248662,0.00008115869,1.7796042e-7,0.0011513364,0.00011399788,0.9840849,0.009547202,0.0002779795,0.000079898244],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006459471,0.0010473697,0.3818845,0.0001278414,0.002190934,0.000059879272,0.0026970992,0.34079313,0.2551146,0.000416066,0.007723709,0.0014854315],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001394232,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00014016448,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7289703,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008263997,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000013943694,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.54319257},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2220051347","doi":"10.1115/imece2002-33819","title":"Numerical Modeling of Si0.15Ge0.85 by the Traveling Solvent Method","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fluids Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University; Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Buoyancy; Convection; Materials science; Crystal growth; Crystal (programming language); Solvent; Silicon; Heat transfer; Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Semiconductor; Chemistry; Physics; Optoelectronics","score_opus":0.025534979485302447,"score_gpt":0.23899256766353483,"score_spread":0.21345758817823238,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2220051347","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.06573309,0.000939948,0.9314113,0.00021860683,0.00023160152,0.00011185674,0.000007872272,0.000118417476,0.0012272581],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98659366,0.000020650501,0.013042717,0.00005662557,0.00008759196,0.00002304083,0.0000020558466,0.000023146073,0.00015050513],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989899,0.00003160493,0.00030919307,0.00019103411,0.00022648381,0.00025181533],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999526,0.00007459976,0.000037925714,0.00024917338,0.000041556345,0.00007075008],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00033556405,0.00012439824,0.00016661022,0.000030306335,0.000066560875,0.00003651546,0.0002617243,0.00004273358,0.00042640552],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000068988724,0.00009736498,0.0000629694,0.0001705399,0.000020685315,0.00009180765,0.000032762262,0.00010270076,0.000051509993],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000018914576,0.000022221266,0.0000026383582,0.000026527663,0.00000444508,3.2488015e-7,0.00061856257,0.22781199,0.7697381,0.0010555228,0.0002498894,0.00046789745],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00011200019,0.000016189206,0.0000055947858,0.000016323762,0.0000087724975,0.000004332126,0.00009573748,0.8876422,0.11102674,0.000054486973,0.0009070616,0.00011056502],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000017267346,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.646182e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9208606,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000031566484,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000054156426,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.46688417},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2221364202","doi":"10.1088/1674-1056/21/10/106802","title":"Interfacial evolution of a spherical particle in a uniaximal straining flow","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Chinese Physics B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Flow (mathematics); Oblate spheroid; Particle (ecology); Mechanics; Spheroid; Volumetric flow rate; Growth rate; Surface (topology); Classical mechanics; Physics; Geometry; Geology; Chemistry; Mathematics","score_opus":0.02197978466200823,"score_gpt":0.27171994971320645,"score_spread":0.24974016505119823,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2221364202","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9855803,0.00005016196,0.01301162,0.000024811989,0.00015882394,0.00006522837,0.000006603882,0.000026731732,0.0010756871],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986963,3.7393926e-7,0.0010428012,0.000019931224,0.00020727066,0.000011108405,0.0000022321124,0.0000074778654,0.000012474955],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99934256,0.00004353938,0.00018111068,0.00010184008,0.00012274724,0.00020822682],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996962,0.000027487142,0.00005966844,0.00012714142,0.000027362894,0.000062135034],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00017275775,0.000075997865,0.00012901973,0.000011937252,0.000024972758,0.000010856676,0.00010041734,0.000021881311,0.00012276962],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000044982153,0.000064102984,0.000029465831,0.00026742707,0.00006335426,0.0002558008,0.00004455167,0.000054724045,0.00006589083],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006404111,0.00029315858,0.07709826,0.000018501403,0.0000023832806,2.0375597e-7,0.00486352,0.00034061327,0.90692645,0.009139415,0.000008501328,0.0012449543],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002573638,0.0002341046,0.66553843,0.00007314663,0.000021063533,0.000005359716,0.0027209532,0.06061427,0.2314294,0.03603622,0.00012714321,0.0006262776],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000024298763,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000035680673,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.67549706,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005362446,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000024789313,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.26140437},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2224392305","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2015.12.043","title":"Numerical study of liquid phase diffusion growth of SiGe subjected to accelerated crucible rotation","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Crystal Growth","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Crucible (geodemography); Rotation (mathematics); Diffusion; Mechanics; Micro-pulling-down; Materials science; Flattening; Phase (matter); Rotational symmetry; Crystal growth; Flow (mathematics); Chemistry; Thermodynamics; Composite material; Physics; Geometry; Mathematics","score_opus":0.030074983484860134,"score_gpt":0.2988982974043397,"score_spread":0.26882331391947956,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2224392305","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9894287,0.000033139415,0.009308479,0.00024358771,0.00025394344,0.00041483642,0.000023442126,0.000027256508,0.00026661443],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992159,0.000011654424,0.00050496205,0.000050741426,0.00012353554,0.000011046171,0.0000016275906,0.000027049371,0.000053510503],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99692166,0.00029187644,0.0013879791,0.0002588327,0.0008538786,0.00028575238],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9966566,0.00020309958,0.0012281275,0.00025504598,0.0013831716,0.0002739449],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007034858,0.00021034184,0.00059755,0.00042563482,0.00007587339,0.000036386937,0.00047934314,0.00007498297,0.00046285908],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00056546147,0.00013940099,0.00012655016,0.00074814726,0.00008032753,0.00053754926,0.00008091669,0.00011111849,0.000014394602],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0027969123,0.002344317,0.001748927,0.000052197436,0.000030561194,0.000010230065,0.002046496,0.0000113288415,0.9903128,0.00025916545,0.00016464342,0.00022238819],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0060915165,0.009158531,0.012383488,0.00016008552,0.00006097155,0.000026304315,0.0011748321,0.000019191732,0.97019815,0.0004631258,0.000045450808,0.0002183502],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000055240333,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000028494148,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02011468,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009258469,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00013894103,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.56846076},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2229182679","doi":"10.1103/physrevb.93.035447","title":"Structural phase field crystal approach for modeling graphene and other two-dimensional structures","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. B./Physical review. B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":64,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Homogeneous space; Nucleation; Graphene; Statistical physics; Square (algebra); Invariant (physics); Materials science; Physics; Mathematics; Nanotechnology; Geometry; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.042288009613880205,"score_gpt":0.3820236384464247,"score_spread":0.3397356288325445,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2229182679","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.91075,0.026563395,0.057314977,0.0018447107,0.00016902873,0.0023451534,0.00024809057,0.00016258394,0.0006020962],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98870283,0.0022006158,0.001794908,0.006057319,0.0007361782,0.0003902521,0.000029476729,0.000056009576,0.00003238218],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9970896,0.00021163613,0.0006423865,0.00090081734,0.00057417905,0.00058134744],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980636,0.00046916772,0.00028799367,0.0006257392,0.00019130214,0.00036214822],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003806275,0.00048691925,0.0011201226,0.000039633876,0.00020758649,0.00005693957,0.00044012084,0.000041126368,0.0001927756],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004821604,0.00028803825,0.00046331534,0.00025987293,0.00019377163,0.00030965102,0.00016070604,0.00017388347,0.000046138543],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00013940362,0.00042278218,0.000020230735,0.0042471713,0.00005252653,0.0000011273245,0.000082079925,0.00008259513,0.6955695,0.26743793,0.0022054089,0.02973923],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0053113494,0.00091734104,0.000051990613,0.006977548,0.00096714695,0.000038354203,0.000024504503,0.17142789,0.062939316,0.74123657,0.007903972,0.0022040077],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001075826,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.604914e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6326302,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000038854305,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000050539547,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999572},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2247188535","doi":"10.3970/fdmp.2009.005.331","title":"Numerical and Experimental Study of Forced Mixing with Static Magnetic Field on SiGe System","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"FDMP: Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Dissolution; Materials science; Magnetic field; Silicon; Crucible (geodemography); Melt flow index; Micro-pulling-down; Diffusion; Condensed matter physics; Field (mathematics); Liquid metal; Mechanics; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Composite material; Metallurgy; Chemistry; Thermodynamics; Physics","score_opus":0.008713569427429176,"score_gpt":0.249001859138116,"score_spread":0.24028828971068683,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2247188535","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99683315,0.00010207805,0.0017078306,0.000054427775,0.0001306237,0.0005336281,0.000012054999,0.00012233443,0.000503897],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99871355,0.0000011933033,0.0009896389,0.00012804146,0.000044697244,0.000047651763,0.000008975086,0.00002688554,0.00003938175],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9982997,0.00011753759,0.000520783,0.00041763805,0.00034391458,0.00030041],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992822,0.000054294596,0.00024257107,0.0002533981,0.000073166484,0.00009438599],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00025715012,0.00024152479,0.00041277413,0.000091128684,0.00019200642,0.00024534445,0.00019439649,0.000057384383,0.000072522336],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000022142889,0.00019647913,0.000016239237,0.00015858244,0.000050278704,0.00020541476,0.000037153473,0.00005361556,0.000008019771],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004358955,0.00044287354,0.0000655453,0.00025703665,0.0000046048094,0.000009893414,0.0029478744,0.00014715544,0.9940285,0.00087768846,0.000004433318,0.00077850505],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002295215,0.009736735,0.0011514958,0.00056231394,0.000060410228,0.00004486681,0.016486185,0.017251998,0.9517352,0.00013894355,0.0000027742974,0.00053385133],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000042216867,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002066993,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.042293284,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009668091,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000040164778,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8012186},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2259122356","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-52663-8_5","title":"The Steady State for Dendritic Growth with Nonzero Surface Tension","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Springer series in synergetics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Surface tension; State (computer science); Tension (geology); Surface (topology); Mechanics; Physics; Mathematics; Geometry; Thermodynamics; Algorithm","score_opus":0.019396459493626977,"score_gpt":0.2377967552315329,"score_spread":0.21840029573790593,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2259122356","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.120691195,0.0069936174,0.0057128,0.0052069426,0.011885802,0.00703596,0.0010880369,0.000912507,0.8404731],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2472258,0.00225567,0.0044927048,0.00013491564,0.00025418247,0.00010533228,0.00003457693,0.00023967633,0.74525714],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9979822,0.000026764486,0.00049395504,0.0005488068,0.00044655357,0.00050171645],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977404,0.00025899295,0.0004341087,0.0010555357,0.0004021611,0.00010879181],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005687219,0.00040266648,0.00043052976,0.000054842763,0.0005657453,0.0003373038,0.0007894243,0.00019958995,0.00005765642],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00014276801,0.0002842933,0.00007966916,0.000020389452,0.00064645987,0.00019786967,0.00022782636,0.00029055422,0.00008033742],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0010905976,0.00008226022,0.00025676333,0.00096580124,0.00011140634,0.00008964666,0.0020940038,0.00029463987,0.04177467,0.9497033,0.0022092643,0.0013276943],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0017160074,0.0008356181,0.00056347856,0.0013714709,0.00019042165,0.00004725001,0.00067205203,0.00013088257,0.034482434,0.20922825,0.748445,0.0023171334],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000017992556,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003631888,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7462357,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000111285204,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001555848,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999609},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2272192327","doi":"","title":"Design of a Zone Refiner for Optimization Studies","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Scientia Iranica","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Zone melting; Refining (metallurgy); Materials science; Impurity; Dead zone; Semiconductor; Thermal; Mixing (physics); Mechanical engineering; Composite material; Process engineering; Metallurgy; Chemistry; Geology; Optoelectronics; Engineering; Thermodynamics; Physics","score_opus":0.08069035378418354,"score_gpt":0.3289385146424614,"score_spread":0.24824816085827783,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2272192327","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.026579801,0.0002815292,0.9715423,0.00014775954,0.00043190247,0.0003249019,0.0000073494516,0.00004645485,0.0006379913],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.798565,0.000015802494,0.20037499,0.00010654723,0.00004898552,0.000022753196,0.0000043196355,0.000009967441,0.00085165736],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990809,0.00002945221,0.0002808504,0.00021307828,0.00019580549,0.00019992939],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992159,0.0001472328,0.0001329508,0.00020693296,0.0002508109,0.000046155026],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0016241103,0.00006685743,0.00013062386,0.00007639795,0.00011807939,0.000022334461,0.0001821633,0.000027375232,0.00015217003],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00017047695,0.000055406777,0.000033011762,0.0002921049,0.0001515936,0.00010690113,0.000036087156,0.000018283652,0.000022945213],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000101315236,0.000068499285,0.000008256632,0.000040958144,0.00000962543,2.9964153e-7,0.00080774253,0.01415434,0.9785104,0.0044333925,0.0015196359,0.0003455667],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0021549745,0.00041649106,0.00026101904,0.00007147472,0.000090672496,0.0000054963007,0.0019944995,0.016803028,0.96625745,0.0032579314,0.008263145,0.00042381062],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000017997559,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001597559,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7719852,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002302069,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000029967956,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.22594228},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2277115451","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-48767-0_44","title":"Development of Processing Maps for Intercritical Annealing Using the Phase Field Approach","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Austenite; Recrystallization (geology); Materials science; Dual-phase steel; Martensite; Metallurgy; Microstructure; Phase field models; Ferrite (magnet); Annealing (glass); Dynamic recrystallization; Phase (matter); Composite material; Hot working; Geology; Physics","score_opus":0.10473185203003357,"score_gpt":0.3356206982001754,"score_spread":0.23088884617014185,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2277115451","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.0008526909,0.00016871994,0.61123216,0.00016724323,0.00016678924,0.0005263399,0.000040911327,0.000050983934,0.38679415],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4564896,0.000011614382,0.35415,0.0013378834,0.00092526077,0.00020361281,0.00007221984,0.00017468238,0.18663512],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988218,0.0000095430705,0.000485845,0.00028408505,0.00019976094,0.0001989753],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99931425,0.000115000024,0.00014500879,0.0002115478,0.00015981466,0.00005439672],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00036898922,0.00017720019,0.00023933692,0.000053905547,0.0001674594,0.000055800247,0.00028211117,0.00012522718,0.00039301548],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000039120645,0.00010323904,0.00006852098,0.00001481838,0.00011043085,0.000072548035,0.00008236874,0.00007440986,0.000010098426],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00017237713,0.00009925749,2.8077767e-7,0.0009101763,0.00003062665,6.1257606e-7,0.0024075792,0.000002112438,0.42285928,0.5245618,0.00050364673,0.04845226],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0032268916,0.00028948943,5.417932e-7,0.0018040006,0.00027616645,0.000038353865,0.003095927,0.0037150711,0.5633589,0.06733428,0.35509878,0.001761594],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":5.832643e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.139946e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.45722753,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000049427395,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00016240061,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4303244},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2319428952","doi":"10.1007/s11661-013-1710-2","title":"Foreword","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Philosophy","score_opus":0.010094960158708,"score_gpt":0.20191851437863279,"score_spread":0.19182355421992478,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2319428952","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8904885,0.0000643663,0.10728135,0.00043367728,0.0002587086,0.00023361862,0.000032679134,0.00012984552,0.0010772488],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9944159,0.00003822315,0.0018731868,0.00017998165,0.000045751367,0.0002006433,0.0000049169644,0.000010609487,0.003230828],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991955,0.00005003689,0.00023115882,0.00021618312,0.000107543434,0.00019953321],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996455,0.000024581552,0.00003798068,0.0001261396,0.00003580932,0.00013003318],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00013193724,0.000101358026,0.00017484943,0.000030354651,0.00015345715,0.0001910039,0.00008497053,0.00005212894,0.047099058],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000045818356,0.000082893755,0.000035185807,0.0000726329,0.00010164873,0.00026565057,0.000008120082,0.00003753009,0.0011549242],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000011116474,0.00007014365,5.1682423e-7,0.000022880042,0.0000081701355,0.0000014731164,0.00008035148,0.000009297533,0.9942297,0.003494749,0.00009701802,0.0019746239],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0025817603,0.00031312273,0.012047728,0.000056926743,0.00019563321,0.0003629757,0.00090518454,0.001296861,0.8530641,0.025714366,0.10208185,0.001379448],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001935049,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006161789,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.14116551,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000074220366,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000074916784,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996228},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2321848983","doi":"10.1115/imece2006-16357","title":"Electrothermo Convective Instability With Inclined Temperature Gradient","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fluids Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor","funders":"","keywords":"Temperature gradient; Convection; Mechanics; Instability; Convective instability; Convective flow; Electrode; Eigenvalues and eigenvectors; Electric field; Transverse plane; Flow (mathematics); Physics; Materials science; Meteorology; Engineering","score_opus":0.0035299591582909004,"score_gpt":0.17691268519017275,"score_spread":0.17338272603188185,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2321848983","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99279517,0.00010333751,0.0049340357,0.00006406319,0.00011657726,0.00019835967,0.000008980783,0.00027219407,0.0015073039],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982985,0.0000011072171,0.0012595432,0.000043309043,0.00013253815,0.000059174385,0.000010059478,0.000022840342,0.00017292611],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.999165,0.000018561544,0.00016414389,0.00024287749,0.00015195688,0.00025747035],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996129,0.000027999571,0.000025688285,0.00021432711,0.000062415995,0.00005662862],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001354491,0.0001408358,0.00013563782,0.00004985886,0.000064921274,0.00004846047,0.00011897106,0.00004636485,0.00013718767],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000018858747,0.00011398181,0.000025316207,0.00021669953,0.00003385299,0.000109178676,0.000018992643,0.00009972196,0.00003288161],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000022932434,0.000036128473,0.00042428751,0.000023521581,0.000002956748,0.0000019374822,0.00012931564,0.0015026579,0.99139875,0.006370277,0.00007136135,0.000015848704],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006408302,0.00014459946,0.02476774,0.000025557032,0.000010980699,0.000013341021,0.00006287535,0.0018365378,0.9696692,0.00023828856,0.002248858,0.00034118],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000032202777,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000792602,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.024343453,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00010490166,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000029932336,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.46480435},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2323639658","doi":"10.1103/physreve.89.062303","title":"Phase-field-crystal modeling of glass-forming liquids: Spanning time scales during vitrification, aging, and deformation","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Supercooling; Materials science; Deformation (meteorology); Vitrification; Scaling; Amorphous solid; Phase (matter); Binary number; Crystal (programming language); Statistical physics; Field (mathematics); Plastic crystal; Glass transition; Phase transition; Thermodynamics; Composite material; Physics; Crystallography; Computer science; Polymer; Mathematics; Chemistry; Geometry","score_opus":0.017494797532840962,"score_gpt":0.29482088273445295,"score_spread":0.277326085201612,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2323639658","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.97744775,0.0019398131,0.018975506,0.00023536463,0.00002811806,0.00021248336,0.0000035467501,0.00006458832,0.0010928361],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986233,0.00055838627,0.00046488174,0.00016600988,0.0001211609,0.000026993228,0.000010064493,0.000011835354,0.00001735585],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99890536,0.00007587201,0.00040063125,0.00021464433,0.00022166576,0.00018184158],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99929345,0.000084515945,0.00020754345,0.00022954044,0.00010131092,0.000083657935],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00044489084,0.00012417248,0.0003064375,0.000040972533,0.000117362644,0.000035393252,0.00014454348,0.000021233645,0.000032086795],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00023044512,0.00010646528,0.000062815816,0.00014658968,0.00004060942,0.00038473197,0.000052351046,0.0000708965,0.000060657665],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000013553425,0.00010666777,0.000013902395,0.0013451112,0.0000041000467,7.4252874e-8,0.0003677152,0.00014256265,0.98915154,0.003173679,0.000017045439,0.0056640366],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013826555,0.00027998514,0.00014656135,0.0033395034,0.000113748436,0.000011339061,0.00013496573,0.565437,0.4222742,0.004918497,0.001420619,0.000540926],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006221969,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.4027293e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.56687737,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000021134967,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000012320712,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.43415284},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2327207057","doi":"10.4208/cicp.090412.121012a","title":"Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Dendrite Growth Using Phase-Field Method with a Magnetic Field Effect","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Communications in Computational Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Magnetic field; Isothermal process; Materials science; Mechanics; Action (physics); Convection; Phase (matter); Nonlinear system; Field (mathematics); Rotating magnetic field; Dendrite (mathematics); Binary number; Condensed matter physics; Thermodynamics; Physics; Mathematics; Geometry","score_opus":0.05968158800759416,"score_gpt":0.3621509590810063,"score_spread":0.30246937107341215,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2327207057","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.24284805,0.00006681985,0.75629276,0.00020746018,0.000009135777,0.00024526753,0.0000026510684,0.000018927796,0.00030894525],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7233376,0.0000028460727,0.27651474,0.00007921766,0.0000111749405,0.000034343342,0.000008950025,0.000008624246,0.0000025293605],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990048,0.00020721753,0.000319254,0.00016430004,0.00018749904,0.00011694226],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9964304,0.0028459807,0.00012976278,0.0003655394,0.00018330921,0.000045033372],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00021409903,0.00010716238,0.00019947853,0.000059948736,0.00010556248,0.000050168477,0.00026672793,0.000040158367,0.000056706765],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007105387,0.000097119424,0.000026184722,0.0002723427,0.00008640586,0.00022377413,0.00011658444,0.00012327217,0.000011928063],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003465677,0.00028477373,0.00038422146,0.00007549711,0.0000075363887,1.6706913e-7,0.00063331705,0.9530405,0.007882473,0.03296621,0.0000052000128,0.0046854815],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00050766865,0.00018955611,0.000086151005,0.00005529812,0.000016230313,0.000002829043,0.000057279187,0.9045283,0.0025214064,0.09193722,0.0000029906612,0.00009505046],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004994397,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.1662065e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.48048952,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000024310526,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000032058048,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3960415},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2335489851","doi":"10.1103/physreve.86.051605","title":"Effects of nonlinear interfacial kinetics and interfacial thermal resistance in planar solidification","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Canadian Space Agency","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canadian Space Agency","keywords":"Supercooling; Classification of discontinuities; Interfacial thermal resistance; Materials science; Planar; Discontinuity (linguistics); Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Thermal resistance; Instability; Thermal; Steady state (chemistry); Boundary value problem; Front (military); Nonlinear system; Condensed matter physics; Physics; Chemistry","score_opus":0.01801040518659972,"score_gpt":0.29203555700044626,"score_spread":0.2740251518138465,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2335489851","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.986378,0.011824367,0.00015604164,0.00017181771,0.000111430905,0.00031434125,0.0000079941265,0.000017201486,0.0010187983],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99833614,0.000922278,0.0003359358,0.00015965839,0.00017783405,0.000036712267,0.0000042494394,0.000008949316,0.000018238636],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991291,0.00011219869,0.00026876546,0.00015175747,0.00014722352,0.00019095835],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995063,0.0001112553,0.000127129,0.00014992671,0.000031847394,0.000073569034],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00019556232,0.00010606,0.00028012373,0.000024847883,0.000018272482,0.000009514238,0.00013473029,0.000020974481,0.0000243873],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00015384746,0.000087488785,0.000036386566,0.00012882095,0.00009079966,0.00012968732,0.000036832902,0.00007370913,0.000058426438],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000032797696,0.0002915968,0.00018504872,0.0014435566,0.0000023984203,2.456426e-7,0.0008168978,2.3099373e-7,0.9910688,0.0042131115,0.000054275766,0.0018910571],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007299791,0.0001479767,0.042945776,0.0022492995,0.000081064216,0.0000012223948,0.00005297923,0.00007401788,0.9395206,0.0016349342,0.012175328,0.00038683802],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000042080833,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000027347867,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.051548198,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000022062963,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008131317,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3567689},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2364499649","doi":"","title":"INFLUENCE OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD DRIVEN FORCED CONVECTION ON THE MICROSTRUCTURES OF SN-BI ALLOYS","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Metallurgica Sinica","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Science North","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Eutectic system; Equiaxed crystals; Dendrite (mathematics); Microstructure; Lorentz force; Rotating magnetic field; Superheating; Buoyancy; Magnetic field; Convection; Fracture (geology); Metallurgy; Mechanics; Phase (matter); Composite material; Condensed matter physics","score_opus":0.020112301862470552,"score_gpt":0.245825947849299,"score_spread":0.22571364598682847,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2364499649","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9957388,0.00004573469,0.000029196235,0.0005793956,0.000079349215,0.00025024862,0.0000075378603,0.00003058752,0.003239167],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987152,0.00004207595,0.00051143905,0.00043962928,0.00002648123,0.000021580337,0.000002965141,0.00001134049,0.00022928281],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99865377,0.00015264493,0.00048929243,0.00024134043,0.0002807695,0.00018221278],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982512,0.0007364624,0.00038062182,0.0004587817,0.00012180258,0.00005114403],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00026234306,0.00013290586,0.0002634786,0.00005124431,0.0001436355,0.000015623258,0.0004145554,0.00006921765,0.00085980195],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00048052243,0.00009122751,0.00009844845,0.00019087597,0.0002889128,0.0001040112,0.000071523704,0.00011555949,0.00002612752],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007683018,0.000040063693,0.00022696627,0.000020193977,0.000011903007,0.0000011884343,0.00062887283,0.00047766676,0.9959038,0.0023903644,0.00012814693,0.000094023446],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00067692954,0.0008091235,0.029242994,0.000061295716,0.000046649897,0.000021567444,0.00028312168,0.000589625,0.96486264,0.0007597668,0.002415872,0.00023041874],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004949525,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000033530423,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.031041145,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009864868,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004719021,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9414229},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2379238754","doi":"","title":"The Solidification Behavior of Pb-Sn Alloy in Rotating Magnetic Field","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Cailiao daobao","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Science North","funders":"","keywords":"Eutectic system; Materials science; Nucleation; Alloy; Microstructure; Cooling curve; Lamellar structure; Magnetic field; Rotating magnetic field; Directional solidification; Metallurgy; Dendrite (mathematics); Recalescence; Phase (matter); Convection; Condensed matter physics; Thermodynamics; Physics","score_opus":0.012066768973064324,"score_gpt":0.24456312878669,"score_spread":0.23249635981362568,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2379238754","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9940566,0.0003919349,0.00014350635,0.00030674995,0.00018231128,0.00027508012,0.0000061402493,0.000035275643,0.00460239],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99808365,0.000019689736,0.00057407015,0.000066949055,0.000054851993,0.00012846573,0.000007128048,0.000009621515,0.0010555933],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989314,0.00006505923,0.000395018,0.00019795855,0.00018550937,0.00022504141],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992541,0.00016584096,0.00013720391,0.00034310328,0.00006821599,0.000031499352],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003645759,0.00008942018,0.000114878065,0.000041557018,0.000110943605,0.0000551275,0.00027983094,0.000049123904,0.00020708767],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009814946,0.00007101947,0.000034454373,0.00018085635,0.00008308252,0.000095326046,0.000036267338,0.000070969065,0.000079659476],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000015648648,0.00008266046,0.007986832,0.000016868591,5.4968183e-7,0.0000014496549,0.00020813965,0.00004371023,0.981126,0.0062542884,0.0008595991,0.0034042648],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00092992996,0.00025674334,0.13178441,0.000058689362,0.000030890966,0.0000056945596,0.0014793155,0.0010494016,0.851434,0.0047282395,0.007845588,0.0003971372],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002722431,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00016100165,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.12969202,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000028537248,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000031560863,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.289609},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2388340883","doi":"","title":"Phase-field simulation of effect of lateral constrains on dendritic spacing change","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Science North","funders":"","keywords":"Dendrite (mathematics); Rectangle; Materials science; Microstructure; Isothermal process; Phase (matter); Shape change; Mechanics; Geometry; Composite material; Physics; Biophysics; Thermodynamics; Mathematics; Biology","score_opus":0.03149087686525415,"score_gpt":0.33144577501955114,"score_spread":0.299954898154297,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2388340883","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959562,0.00008168955,0.0025224644,0.0002314919,0.0003385283,0.00018068355,0.000006869905,0.000008268733,0.00067383656],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99946016,0.000006352533,0.00008334592,0.00017292998,0.00024328945,0.0000029526707,8.4329923e-7,0.000011042579,0.000019084353],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99837214,0.0004213919,0.00057855883,0.00008795318,0.00040012138,0.00013982266],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99769896,0.0011166829,0.0007091992,0.00021920806,0.00019317122,0.00006280055],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001996863,0.0001404887,0.0004951769,0.00012609594,0.00005345815,0.00002477164,0.00030176874,0.000043354878,0.00014662194],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008250868,0.000072394454,0.00016260114,0.00015477202,0.000089047666,0.00016417143,0.000027351773,0.00011865793,0.000009530088],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00055778824,0.00025751494,0.0009890731,0.0001312395,0.00004456352,0.0000028116017,0.0018588202,0.0019069995,0.99173445,0.00044881782,0.000009457257,0.0020584464],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0073618293,0.008196726,0.0070853024,0.0005313167,0.0003377223,0.000130878,0.00015543739,0.012136127,0.95888644,0.004770622,0.00009721098,0.00031038412],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009225117,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000016360502,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.032848023,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000014420384,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001683522,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.29521602},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2410977154","doi":"10.1103/physreve.92.042405","title":"Calculating the role of composition in the anisotropy of solid-liquid interface energy using phase-field-crystal theory","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; Compute Canada","keywords":"Anisotropy; Materials science; Thermodynamics; Work (physics); Condensed matter physics; Liquid crystal; Phase (matter); Dislocation; Crystal (programming language); Binary number; Alloy; Field (mathematics); Physics; Optics; Metallurgy","score_opus":0.03885341191511079,"score_gpt":0.3608866339687121,"score_spread":0.32203322205360135,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2410977154","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98377883,0.0061209574,0.008499071,0.00018818292,0.00003816607,0.0001969172,0.000009378878,0.000009547836,0.0011589245],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99936104,0.00011502296,0.000094769646,0.0003447822,0.000059459493,0.000014693209,0.0000024173255,0.0000062108265,0.0000015764701],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99872464,0.0004757103,0.00031521157,0.00012070032,0.0002414727,0.00012229203],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99917287,0.00024078476,0.0002179606,0.0002593469,0.000077108656,0.000031959276],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006860156,0.000085585816,0.00024998875,0.000014383932,0.000035677673,0.000009378349,0.00029019173,0.000013959453,0.000026053003],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000107422944,0.000047796162,0.0000730727,0.00018789628,0.0000924783,0.00008388656,0.000062186075,0.00006411675,0.00000408561],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006042654,0.00018585581,0.000003350341,0.00008909685,0.0000033735703,1.7953602e-7,0.0010184312,0.00013505649,0.9436061,0.05348265,0.000015114486,0.0014004129],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00044076642,0.0003989545,0.000014226253,0.0008276123,0.00006564486,0.000005669438,0.0013752849,0.009156219,0.9636022,0.02279749,0.0011842332,0.00013171145],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000057911588,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000010792178,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.030685164,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000021773894,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000032879434,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.19490708},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2478325422","doi":"10.6028/nist.ir.6442","title":"A phase-field model with convection:","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"report","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Centennial College","funders":"National Institute of Standards and Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"Field (mathematics); Convection; Phase (matter); Mechanics; Computer science; Meteorology; Geology; Physics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.05576618082743572,"score_gpt":0.32342451949387635,"score_spread":0.2676583386664406,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2478325422","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.007934171,0.00014162243,0.0104210805,0.00025705594,0.00036322497,0.00027794566,0.00003637723,0.0003086985,0.98025984],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.54355216,0.00053748605,0.0021137907,0.001327023,0.0007451764,0.00022636887,0.00009521981,0.00008654876,0.4513162],"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9982996,0.000021054706,0.0003141354,0.00044413714,0.0006767323,0.00024433664],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99901253,0.000030420986,0.0001576885,0.00045806757,0.00022356222,0.00011773665],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00023173024,0.00022900756,0.0003097681,0.00008228004,0.00009767196,0.00009959641,0.00021566435,0.0001892344,0.017779483],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000019577896,0.00016660301,0.000061122155,0.0001269655,0.000055671204,0.0001019292,0.000022446133,0.000170922,0.00058907625],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009228411,0.0018600677,0.00002351533,0.0006020576,0.0001272343,0.00005798788,0.0007736087,0.0009457742,0.07925628,0.0042478787,0.89046985,0.020712921],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0025817852,0.0011436121,0.000005256488,0.00017425905,0.00015713621,0.0002781599,0.0001793926,0.0035899861,0.05632137,0.0011920464,0.93321466,0.0011623488],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000118338416,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000019939542,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.535618,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00010295105,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009240693,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9831184},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2480968009","doi":"10.1142/9781860949609_0077","title":"UNIFORMLY VALID ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTIONS FOR DENDRITE GROWTH WITH CONVECTION","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"PUBLISHED BY IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS AND DISTRIBUTED BY WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CO. eBooks","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Convection; Dendrite (mathematics); Mechanics; Materials science; Mathematics; Physics; Geometry","score_opus":0.027790471932820512,"score_gpt":0.22800241569900245,"score_spread":0.20021194376618195,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2480968009","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.0031585044,0.0024434219,0.011422259,0.0034244452,0.010177691,0.0071129836,0.17553386,0.0016637335,0.7850631],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.24571207,0.000025008267,0.00023811223,0.0002680121,0.0006918313,0.00079852535,0.016336577,0.00020562467,0.7357243],"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99327,0.00013603091,0.0012911115,0.0021880341,0.0015520296,0.0015628302],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99458027,0.00048512855,0.0010821894,0.0010919473,0.0018557262,0.0009047114],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","scholarly_communication","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0026093742,0.00096429075,0.0010322067,0.00060280156,0.002845485,0.023512641,0.0014485276,0.00062860467,0.0010031989],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006100652,0.0008794004,0.00025339666,0.00033184615,0.0013116995,0.0040742173,0.0004622536,0.0008104842,0.000020317113],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00024813917,0.000108471795,0.00000573616,0.00020969199,0.000090554226,0.0000031905417,0.00017116693,0.0000034541624,0.010633672,0.2129519,0.77546465,0.00010937044],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003106992,0.00022944585,0.0000053598683,0.00021263216,0.00028066454,0.000027713753,0.0001340615,0.00042196838,0.004946071,0.016146312,0.9731001,0.001388662],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00013393596,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00017934579,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.24255356,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00042910094,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00050859165,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99991},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2484123951","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-48254-5_7","title":"Microstructural Evolution in Undercooled Al–8wt%Fe Melts","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"National Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Supercooling; Materials science; Intermetallic; Nucleation; Recalescence; Acicular; Metastability; Transmission electron microscopy; Alloy; Diffraction; Metallurgy; Microstructure; Optics; Thermodynamics; Nanotechnology; Eutectic system; Chemistry; Physics","score_opus":0.01852844887667,"score_gpt":0.24010079511056362,"score_spread":0.22157234623389363,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2484123951","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.010389543,0.0003050968,0.00064158294,0.00092300726,0.00081632234,0.00043503311,0.000081272294,0.00018620638,0.9862219],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.35279608,0.000034703644,0.00024243841,0.0005847452,0.00014494554,0.00001360072,0.000022797276,0.000043971206,0.64611673],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99835455,0.000028516142,0.00047271402,0.0005292176,0.00029153156,0.00032346463],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991068,0.000050852774,0.0002075256,0.00044260148,0.000084318206,0.00010785836],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002001079,0.0003028367,0.00033793502,0.00017889489,0.00006819673,0.0000624659,0.0003174201,0.00024611226,0.008752371],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000019067636,0.00022589113,0.00008728167,0.000032690656,0.0001490172,0.0001617171,0.00010177686,0.00014583764,0.0029169351],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004421668,0.000008001907,0.000011312564,0.000028415481,0.000007091248,0.000006447717,0.000072594485,8.795068e-7,0.4035064,0.5935214,0.0021491295,0.00064412144],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002860023,0.00015288226,0.0024252997,0.0006343724,0.000059669906,0.00009934507,0.00016792088,0.000029583096,0.036580462,0.7088885,0.24587555,0.002226425],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000030498028,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00009405333,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.36692593,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000398893,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00011210916,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9978594},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2501762969","doi":"10.1016/b978-044452232-0/50007-9","title":"LIQUID PHASE ELECTROEPITAXY","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Elsevier eBooks","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Thermoelectric effect; Mass transfer; Thermal conduction; Mechanics; Materials science; Magnetic field; Ternary operation; Semiconductor; Phase (matter); Electric field; Heat transfer; Condensed matter physics; Flow (mathematics); Thermodynamics; Physics; Computer science; Optoelectronics; Composite material","score_opus":0.031472063608743196,"score_gpt":0.28898166314944823,"score_spread":0.257509599540705,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2501762969","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.0014074103,0.00094834296,0.000046591507,0.00004750671,0.0005486832,0.00049262494,0.000055467386,0.00024620089,0.9962072],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.007884096,0.000053789154,0.00030187564,0.00095353386,0.0007032915,0.000038971168,0.00004058238,0.00011789843,0.98990595],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99769527,0.000027946508,0.00061908574,0.0006239868,0.00049643003,0.0005372974],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99843293,0.000057686622,0.00035379606,0.0007505307,0.00014522219,0.0002598419],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005152846,0.00045940225,0.000501219,0.00019591482,0.00015582796,0.00008329233,0.00050085585,0.00033076387,0.0044511682],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001984525,0.00043949715,0.00020900549,0.000017718765,0.00020856706,0.000058071102,0.000105795945,0.0003831599,0.0034544128],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002793752,0.000053616033,1.472452e-7,0.00009179991,0.000042818054,0.000055437347,0.00034658294,1.674608e-7,0.14931947,0.08367163,0.00057591917,0.765563],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005109321,0.00034570796,5.013458e-7,0.000088980494,0.000057916848,0.000014783728,0.000008186206,0.000001049183,0.017956683,0.0074468385,0.9730808,0.00048758046],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":2.5958462e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000041259236,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9725049,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00014701697,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00014158676,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998057},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2520484042","doi":"10.3390/cryst6090116","title":"Numerical Analysis of the Combined Influence of Accelerated Crucible Rotation and Dynamic Crucible Translation on Liquid Phase Diffusion Growth of SiGe","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crystals","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Crucible (geodemography); Rotation (mathematics); Translation (biology); Diffusion; Materials science; Phase (matter); Mechanics; Finite volume method; Micro-pulling-down; Crystal growth; Computer science; Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Physics; Artificial intelligence","score_opus":0.023984627713758186,"score_gpt":0.28703507261275657,"score_spread":0.26305044489899837,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2520484042","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9961387,0.000040097937,0.0030694029,0.00017773533,0.00003129129,0.00029455026,0.000086619606,0.000020190497,0.00014143765],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99977785,0.00003101383,0.00009437911,0.000030317884,0.0000036181764,0.000015894451,0.000009482852,0.000009056709,0.00002837802],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99858433,0.00015652376,0.000572319,0.00024503772,0.00030887424,0.00013290922],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998671,0.00022172605,0.0004873005,0.00032439307,0.00024412217,0.000051440227],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003010245,0.000117177726,0.0003504743,0.00021644589,0.00006327564,0.000012639763,0.00018625903,0.000059787515,0.00015988435],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00015526928,0.00007186642,0.000088913366,0.0009804862,0.0001984839,0.00020068647,0.000028482464,0.00003373371,0.00000176975],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00046317562,0.00022143994,0.0011643661,0.000057551115,0.00003505143,9.664962e-8,0.0005794914,0.000517926,0.9960095,0.00058991194,0.0000025525387,0.00035892855],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0016818184,0.0005434614,0.059889566,0.000115588846,0.00016984278,2.9525057e-7,0.000089405694,0.0028889754,0.93385553,0.0006464872,0.0000057268526,0.00011330968],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000045902667,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000049216487,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.062153988,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000026294316,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003847758,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.29306278},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2531890889","doi":"","title":"A multi-mesh adaptive finite element approximation to phase field models","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":37,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"National Key Research and Development Program of China; Hong Kong Baptist University","keywords":"Polygon mesh; Finite element method; Adaptive mesh refinement; Computer science; Field (mathematics); Function (biology); Phase (matter); Applied mathematics; Mesh generation; Phase field models; Computational science; Mathematical optimization; Algorithm; Mathematics; Physics","score_opus":0.0389634461478665,"score_gpt":0.29504228211506817,"score_spread":0.25607883596720166,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2531890889","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.20063618,0.00007209326,0.7930012,0.0038227134,0.00026305005,0.00086679606,0.00016080757,0.00053732353,0.00063984765],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.86020905,0.000013668319,0.13874277,0.00074092415,0.000032812077,0.00014533346,0.000021304386,0.000013716653,0.00008039314],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9980601,0.000018227385,0.0006570353,0.0005222088,0.00031201832,0.00043038352],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99871796,0.000020973734,0.0002591555,0.00063020963,0.00020123197,0.000170476],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00039994495,0.00025571487,0.00037712956,0.000572891,0.00016139107,0.00003276836,0.0006673734,0.00029060713,0.00009349117],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003143435,0.00024216648,0.000087035696,0.0008799175,0.00016221755,0.00027139168,0.00013898688,0.00023453601,0.00022395191],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00023369465,0.0008031086,0.000009594124,0.00003990352,0.000015724878,0.000009411132,0.00032775925,0.0038256263,0.8244189,0.12880333,0.0007671895,0.040745746],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001867137,0.0013699967,0.000011752363,0.00013347273,0.0000385072,0.00000769929,0.0003915015,0.07770479,0.8662245,0.03296288,0.018791279,0.00049646717],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000010212791,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004326389,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6595729,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000099362274,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000074519194,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.98752624},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2532170765","doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/745/3/032128","title":"Numerical study of dendritic growth during solidification using front-tracking method","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Physics Conference Series","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"","keywords":"Tracking (education); Interface (matter); Front (military); Anisotropy; Code (set theory); Mechanics; Homogeneous; Set (abstract data type); Materials science; Computer science; Biological system; Directional solidification; Simulation; Mechanical engineering; Physics; Statistical physics; Optics; Composite material; Engineering; Microstructure","score_opus":0.05519763015250194,"score_gpt":0.3104728032792442,"score_spread":0.25527517312674225,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2532170765","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8045628,0.000017630011,0.19494724,0.00008733813,0.00019711317,0.00009131036,0.0000038292483,0.000012843322,0.00007990878],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9945483,0.00001219735,0.005180149,0.000008113073,0.00019768214,0.0000033327574,2.1851561e-7,0.00001470179,0.000035301746],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9983464,0.00022202701,0.0006478558,0.00017182292,0.00041216938,0.00019975207],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979722,0.000105147854,0.0008168272,0.00020175513,0.0008162517,0.00008783768],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00038876513,0.00013829987,0.00036945552,0.00007400155,0.00011395691,0.00007247391,0.000306805,0.000035306024,0.00012129077],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000138762,0.00009782287,0.00007346273,0.00013473823,0.00008940524,0.001034471,0.000043545966,0.00009367455,0.0000089066425],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000094661744,0.00025780284,0.00178173,0.000042017436,0.000022685375,0.0000035347712,0.0027623218,0.000069693306,0.98807925,0.0044311304,0.0000023757711,0.0024527793],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006531991,0.00026090056,0.009299705,0.0001266027,0.00004941971,0.000031715987,0.003621978,0.000048848462,0.97815156,0.0076152137,0.0000048503343,0.00013600432],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000021405742,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001610113,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.18998551,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006817468,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001288541,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.39891008},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2551433988","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.117.220601","title":"Incorporating Noise Quantitatively in the Phase Field Crystal Model via Capillary Fluctuation Theory","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"U.S. Department of Commerce","keywords":"Mesoscale meteorology; Statistical physics; Noise (video); Physics; Fluctuation spectrum; Phase (matter); Granularity; Field (mathematics); Non-equilibrium thermodynamics; Dissipation; Gaussian; Condensed matter physics; Quantum mechanics; Computer science; Mathematics","score_opus":0.03344180548554735,"score_gpt":0.3226664859263398,"score_spread":0.2892246804407924,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2551433988","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8750907,0.000831001,0.10653045,0.016601492,0.00005208591,0.0004585108,0.000009552437,0.000038530157,0.0003876682],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9751299,0.00019094643,0.00034628282,0.02411787,0.000087292196,0.000105448846,0.000004537678,0.000010191124,0.000007513764],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99863476,0.0003794557,0.00028216105,0.00024351069,0.00027197943,0.000188152],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99890924,0.0005824452,0.00015791527,0.0002730343,0.000033504522,0.000043842643],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00079465966,0.00013173831,0.0002094796,0.000028384577,0.00007363431,0.00002846343,0.0002912947,0.000009220177,0.000066096094],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000270453,0.00007008977,0.00007541959,0.00018150687,0.000095024334,0.00027599127,0.000035922185,0.000081747145,0.00015095317],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000021163201,0.00009852469,0.000009253321,0.00011408356,0.0000021465708,0.0000019128208,0.00059510436,0.000039790364,0.9799074,0.014786774,0.00078153424,0.0036423262],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.010682242,0.0014791831,0.0021512182,0.010439383,0.0005108531,0.000048265116,0.0014652506,0.10753402,0.34677818,0.5088985,0.0059311963,0.004081732],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005109418,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000011297178,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6331292,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000034593162,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000022311431,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2858178},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2552346069","doi":"10.1002/num.22121","title":"Error estimates of fully discrete finite element solutions for the 2D Cahn–Hilliard equation with infinite time horizon","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Mathematics; Finite element method; Piecewise; A priori and a posteriori; Cahn–Hilliard equation; Mixed finite element method; Partial differential equation; Applied mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Piecewise linear function; Element (criminal law); Extended finite element method","score_opus":0.08283708201035438,"score_gpt":0.36388067159127746,"score_spread":0.28104358958092307,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2552346069","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.0022466125,0.000047976635,0.9933643,0.0016328087,0.00037503007,0.0015340378,0.00064661977,0.00009806156,0.000054559652],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8220218,0.000007412539,0.17499185,0.000052274885,0.00024009305,0.0022433475,0.00016006683,0.00004456873,0.00023860266],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9976408,0.00033890345,0.0007062275,0.00042335267,0.00031914745,0.0005715974],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99226314,0.006368928,0.00044642924,0.0004433766,0.0003290089,0.00014914485],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009414891,0.0002544864,0.00039194582,0.000087689215,0.0006284863,0.00008323835,0.0003386941,0.000093196584,0.00071812415],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0020861127,0.00014111596,0.00019412088,0.0002676232,0.0002952546,0.00021272404,0.00008325119,0.000072525756,0.000054224038],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000649525,0.00024485376,0.000019676001,0.00004789671,0.000117803094,5.8882524e-8,0.0003650584,0.0020721573,0.8604277,0.084785104,0.00013868237,0.05113149],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0033896347,0.002844333,0.00071065134,0.00010480568,0.00094501395,0.0000012187206,0.00021493841,0.6837337,0.26703325,0.031900086,0.0083930995,0.0007292632],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000029303377,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005955527,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.81977516,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006909676,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00010715242,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7862956},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2561857813","doi":"10.1103/physrevb.92.184109","title":"Phase-field crystal approach for modeling the role of microstructure in multiferroic composite materials","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":35,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Condensed matter physics; Multiferroics; Ferroelectricity; Physics; Magnetocrystalline anisotropy; Anisotropy; Magnetization; Polarization (electrochemistry); Coupling (piping); Materials science; Magnetic field; Magnetic anisotropy; Quantum mechanics; Dielectric","score_opus":0.04705604669092906,"score_gpt":0.3335995253052987,"score_spread":0.28654347861436963,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2561857813","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9892264,0.005633866,0.0035766338,0.00016919363,0.00006677494,0.00082143536,0.000059862483,0.000019763615,0.00042609533],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99809587,0.00010733669,0.0011995761,0.000319144,0.000102547696,0.00013165368,0.000027137494,0.000011109529,0.0000056173676],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990652,0.000097861295,0.00031514606,0.00019423828,0.0001586464,0.00016885983],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99942106,0.00007017344,0.00011774861,0.00024727566,0.000084349595,0.0000594146],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00038249206,0.000110829955,0.00034554108,0.000014513521,0.000033296925,0.000025295978,0.0002706467,0.000021945867,0.000017573775],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00011113644,0.00007041503,0.00006767566,0.00011233151,0.000038681774,0.00007829223,0.000051970863,0.000055615998,0.000008205747],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000053945918,0.00020115642,0.0000036327472,0.0003562594,0.000002505457,4.9427218e-8,0.0004101385,0.00021948012,0.99617755,0.0017125732,0.00005552961,0.00080717914],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0017619167,0.00019169066,0.000013849289,0.00044534373,0.00006581425,0.0000037216328,0.0004738381,0.06858618,0.9075174,0.019041553,0.0016259331,0.0002727632],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000304836,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.9900185e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.08866015,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000018444833,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000027478134,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.28714415},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2574957312","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2016.11.058","title":"Liquid channel segregation and morphology and their relation with hot cracking susceptibility during columnar growth in binary alloys","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Materialia","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":90,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"China Scholarship Council; McGill University Health Centre; Compute Canada; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Canada Research Chairs; McGill University","keywords":"Materials science; Eutectic system; Misorientation; Intergranular corrosion; Grain boundary; Cracking; Thermodynamics; Metallurgy; Microstructure; Composite material","score_opus":0.020144854785370408,"score_gpt":0.24011303180248317,"score_spread":0.21996817701711277,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2574957312","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99864924,0.0000151335225,0.000017528328,0.00045919494,0.00039323876,0.00027493748,0.000018321412,0.00005165207,0.00012077774],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995788,0.000028354849,0.00013900163,0.00003617738,0.00006323019,0.000033549433,0.000014476167,0.000017592212,0.00008885864],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989601,0.00011339219,0.00022687612,0.00039076456,0.00008637631,0.00022250261],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992965,0.000017581211,0.00023020711,0.00033937086,0.000052087697,0.00006424911],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004356507,0.00014867765,0.00019515456,0.00006333993,0.00037398556,0.00029399391,0.00016350755,0.00009069176,0.00009328428],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007593019,0.00012442368,0.000009831863,0.000041093816,0.0002311714,0.00070421415,0.00014833307,0.000060072845,0.000007515688],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00052721525,0.000028262662,0.011147197,0.00008345034,0.0000026067194,0.000005275819,0.0015053567,0.0000011053512,0.9863684,0.00031147798,0.000010818755,0.000008835034],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00091453054,0.00019132513,0.7137137,0.000060457227,0.000006762059,0.000023428169,0.00036886835,0.000068023866,0.2834894,0.0009561123,0.000014445503,0.00019296164],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00037735692,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00010340063,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.702879,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000043914803,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001717328,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.507385},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2597371991","doi":"10.1557/proc-715-a19.10","title":"Epitaxial Growth in Dislocation-Free Strained Alloy Films","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"MRS Proceedings","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Alloy; Condensed matter physics; Instability; Epitaxy; Dislocation; Free surface; Thin film; Lattice (music); Composite material; Nanotechnology; Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Layer (electronics)","score_opus":0.021007297535973895,"score_gpt":0.22186642742311355,"score_spread":0.20085912988713966,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2597371991","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9346218,0.00005855995,0.000055566932,0.0020272671,0.00021762591,0.00029160292,0.00001716414,0.00020424851,0.062506124],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9952734,0.00001527708,0.00095055526,0.00034946206,0.00011247202,0.00009049588,0.000003810772,0.000019849296,0.0031846869],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99871004,0.000008571219,0.00030777807,0.00035185972,0.00028617794,0.00033555366],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995043,0.000024227218,0.00010043825,0.00014244394,0.00012172502,0.000106850646],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00025941178,0.00014637511,0.00015717724,0.00011221165,0.000091190144,0.00012668686,0.00048759475,0.00006850048,0.0036966605],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00028577677,0.00014023996,0.000035170186,0.0003771491,0.00008928986,0.00040549555,0.00007987332,0.00009959167,0.0007559433],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000036944606,0.00033224252,0.004908512,0.000129595,0.0000060672714,0.0000036770148,0.00859561,0.00000559424,0.8227338,0.10110828,0.061718453,0.0004211784],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.016639933,0.0012036184,0.15647106,0.00052087265,0.00011298347,0.00010053202,0.020612758,0.02276321,0.6069221,0.1378189,0.0316646,0.0051694517],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000034092292,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000038535513,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.21581176,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000052530086,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000011447509,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9972141},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2623603670","doi":"10.1007/s11837-017-2402-y","title":"Solidification of Undercooled Melts of Al-Based Alloys on Earth and in Space","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"JOM","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Levitation; Crucible (geodemography); Nucleation; Materials science; Magnetic levitation; Sounding rocket; Drop (telecommunication); Microstructure; Convection; Mechanics; Rocket (weapon); Dendrite (mathematics); Recalescence; Supercooling; Metallurgy; Thermodynamics; Physics; Aerospace engineering; Chemistry; Eutectic system; Mechanical engineering; Geometry","score_opus":0.03324244550294225,"score_gpt":0.2881274343364662,"score_spread":0.25488498883352395,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2623603670","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99442786,0.000018502058,0.00017542666,0.0010151241,0.00006021015,0.00011717293,0.00000782226,0.000009612926,0.0041682846],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993059,0.000009787178,0.0004069427,0.000096866985,0.000009879213,0.000006524411,0.0000019926476,0.000005166363,0.00015693308],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99942267,0.00003791462,0.00017616719,0.00014197032,0.00013298585,0.000088278146],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99926853,0.000047632642,0.00022614494,0.0003839978,0.00003961749,0.000034073935],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00025682224,0.000055575856,0.00012992269,0.000053421463,0.00005026928,0.000024610683,0.00014731928,0.00003060169,0.000055320474],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00010202508,0.000050205144,0.00001644224,0.000035235415,0.00010458085,0.00007647267,0.000021562822,0.000031414773,0.000014753162],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000074186064,0.0000812442,0.0022330675,0.000034662393,0.0000013650457,3.1391363e-7,0.00019600592,0.00006471274,0.9900105,0.0070379945,0.00005125149,0.00021467438],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006827766,0.000069820075,0.24533956,0.000047507656,0.0000039493843,1.7874711e-7,0.00010236202,0.0006162047,0.75155216,0.00094758987,0.0005684528,0.00006942127],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000082766186,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000046087756,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.2431065,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009871494,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000033234457,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.20473063},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2631265071","doi":"10.1103/physreve.95.063312","title":"Linearization-based method for solving a multicomponent diffusion phase-field model with arbitrary solution thermodynamics","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Canadian Nuclear Laboratories","funders":"","keywords":"Thermodynamics; Linearization; Isothermal process; Diffusion; Materials science; Statistical physics; Phase (matter); Physics; Nonlinear system","score_opus":0.03879083434187725,"score_gpt":0.3815822609374701,"score_spread":0.34279142659559286,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2631265071","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.13750935,0.0001726624,0.8593413,0.001563434,0.000052871943,0.0006985001,0.00002357524,0.00006128084,0.0005769887],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9518362,0.00010992478,0.046422336,0.0011904824,0.00011995448,0.00022820111,0.000038796916,0.000024091809,0.000029981615],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99897474,0.000046077606,0.00021958514,0.00031873965,0.00022366036,0.00021717786],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99877745,0.00020589307,0.00027777595,0.0005338909,0.00011222764,0.000092744536],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00028694313,0.00015446926,0.00029200906,0.000019271945,0.00042649958,0.00009713901,0.00032350537,0.000028898367,0.000019404071],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002473106,0.000112567475,0.00010543725,0.000041269726,0.000049949267,0.00018524808,0.000050863015,0.00008367078,0.000015911848],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000102677164,0.000486577,0.000015097107,0.00043678537,0.000005517689,2.9797903e-7,0.000076609234,0.0006172518,0.9817073,0.00900013,0.000053720058,0.0074980687],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008374316,0.00011434915,0.0000775818,0.00037786938,0.000059613867,3.187859e-7,0.0000047863346,0.96289724,0.031020038,0.004303147,0.00014689573,0.00016073673],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000018073511,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000030515148,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.96228,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000034627436,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006486089,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.45903683},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2741468697","doi":"10.1149/ma2010-01/1/62","title":"Numerical Simulation for Convective Effect on Silicon Transport and Dissolution in a Germanium Melt","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ECS Meeting Abstracts","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Dissolution; Germanium; Silicon; Convection; Materials science; Mechanics; Engineering physics; Engineering; Chemical engineering; Metallurgy; Physics","score_opus":0.013365617361483074,"score_gpt":0.27587393897102946,"score_spread":0.2625083216095464,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2741468697","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99164027,0.000007053182,0.00005244617,0.00011538175,0.00029053428,0.00046629962,0.0000071268514,0.00006346875,0.0073573976],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99963343,3.9453099e-7,0.00009848715,0.000051500712,0.00010447457,0.000065814704,0.000011428832,0.000013601221,0.000020853864],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990916,0.0000454817,0.00024961532,0.00027623324,0.00013129745,0.00020572492],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99905205,0.0006030264,0.000118554985,0.00011402851,0.00003767191,0.00007466271],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007352232,0.00011303115,0.00014821146,0.000054411157,0.000093546805,0.000029923724,0.00006191367,0.000084080646,0.000017864668],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00019241245,0.00010378057,0.00002993007,0.00006925419,0.000043225158,0.00010958767,0.0000052776422,0.00013997167,0.000022997947],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00025016975,0.00006336011,0.0021299135,0.000044036744,0.0000018751958,0.0000013547948,0.00056303234,0.012496346,0.9840775,0.00016112516,0.0000036435035,0.00020760992],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0012116127,0.00022000789,0.24988715,0.000041093146,0.000010828193,0.0000020394584,0.000047253252,0.007374293,0.74057543,0.0001837702,0.0002755201,0.0001709678],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000040907675,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001866366,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.24775724,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002824273,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000015772745,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.42320487},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2746928895","doi":"10.3390/ma12244048","title":"Phase Field Modelling of Abnormal Grain Growth","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":35,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Grain boundary; Grain growth; Materials science; Abnormal grain growth; Crystallite; Grain boundary strengthening; Phase (matter); Grain size; Homogeneous; Chemical physics; Condensed matter physics; Crystallography; Microstructure; Metallurgy; Statistical physics; Chemistry; Physics","score_opus":0.028960343894335813,"score_gpt":0.26264383743752245,"score_spread":0.23368349354318663,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2746928895","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99180686,0.000017342998,0.002965235,0.00009190288,0.00072817906,0.00019209384,0.000050947878,0.000054470587,0.0040929923],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99820423,0.000006222256,0.00094572303,0.00018747583,0.00008197621,0.000014446367,0.000009234736,0.000012410163,0.0005383073],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990451,0.000062600906,0.00034750853,0.00018756915,0.0001622894,0.00019493354],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99944586,0.00005423729,0.00014464375,0.00024593523,0.0000612038,0.000048148166],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00039176593,0.00009842092,0.00022539964,0.00004881885,0.00003161613,0.00004998031,0.00020829111,0.00005192723,0.0065631005],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000028838893,0.0000867641,0.00003213342,0.00007069255,0.000026138325,0.00015111602,0.000049810897,0.000024832061,0.00062568864],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009272602,0.000091000475,0.000042210588,0.000079364974,0.0000027657343,6.243121e-7,0.00026314592,0.000049900187,0.9920229,0.0071320864,0.00018178696,0.000041507916],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00075496774,0.0001633677,0.000023337334,0.000018917272,0.000005436309,0.000001812366,0.00008062635,0.00015203119,0.9958359,0.0024898786,0.00036584723,0.00010789333],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007177581,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.8036538e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0063973684,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000011652313,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000018360828,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.994345},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2748983454","doi":"10.1002/adem.201700343","title":"Phase‐Field Modeling of Microstructural Evolution by Freeze‐Casting","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Advanced Engineering Materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Industrial Technology Research Institute; McGill University; Auburn University","keywords":"Materials science; Microstructure; Dendrite (mathematics); Ceramic; Casting; Phase (matter); Particle (ecology); Anisotropy; Nucleation; Field (mathematics); Directional solidification; Crystallization; Mechanics; Composite material; Thermodynamics; Geometry; Optics","score_opus":0.012318595220550408,"score_gpt":0.26051449525335413,"score_spread":0.24819590003280373,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2748983454","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9575538,0.000104103114,0.040943395,0.000033215943,0.00091068464,0.00012146094,0.00009059653,0.00010613073,0.00013659206],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99467224,0.0000067120136,0.005119116,0.000012704825,0.000098995515,0.0000180672,0.000015293197,0.000023431285,0.000033458633],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.999019,0.0000126485775,0.00036129772,0.00022036386,0.00012819369,0.00025845857],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991855,0.000028236695,0.00022847515,0.0004384636,0.00006179287,0.000057554844],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00017708287,0.00014775232,0.00023872375,0.000037798964,0.00016961273,0.00011675656,0.00034252845,0.000056618275,0.00014392841],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00025404317,0.00014831203,0.000030219002,0.00002904971,0.000030548606,0.0004254624,0.00008051002,0.00004316899,0.000015190858],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000036854075,0.000016816977,0.0000058784017,0.00006479255,0.0000036703993,4.272256e-7,0.00005488153,0.00888585,0.99001694,0.0005881572,0.000019387795,0.0003063674],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00070672424,0.00006296956,0.000060291994,0.00006571,0.000007290049,0.0000033597962,0.000028943532,0.0077483207,0.9907701,0.00031484925,0.00006668916,0.00016472346],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006139906,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.980552e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0371184,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003803121,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000011236293,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6047989},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2750625732","doi":"10.1063/1.4999341","title":"The dynamics of nucleation and growth of a particle in the ternary alloy melt with anisotropic surface tension","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Journal of Chemical Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China; McGill University","keywords":"Supercooling; Nucleation; Surface tension; Materials science; Ternary operation; Critical radius; Particle (ecology); Anisotropy; Thermodynamics; Isotropy; Alloy; Melting point; RADIUS; Composite material; Geometry; Optics; Physics; Geology","score_opus":0.014751592584399877,"score_gpt":0.23959645463716442,"score_spread":0.22484486205276455,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2750625732","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99793506,0.000041726664,0.0002221818,0.0016377167,0.000020373483,0.000058670776,0.0000017550291,0.0000014877888,0.00008104012],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997472,0.000049718943,0.00012210313,0.000037954054,0.00003224724,3.5227512e-7,2.0867051e-7,0.000004467644,0.0000057527946],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993594,0.00007111534,0.00021431518,0.000042647538,0.00023312136,0.00007937044],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989851,0.00017320178,0.00046910715,0.0002301254,0.00012254773,0.000019922782],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00045341643,0.00005146658,0.00011401975,0.0000034038214,0.00009343423,0.000031670195,0.00040740237,0.0000156393,0.000001487686],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005953037,0.000021645585,0.00002216179,0.000042645035,0.00032716276,0.00013581285,0.000048875132,0.00008997675,4.950395e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00018518238,0.000057491783,0.0027016436,0.000010993417,0.0000058799565,4.581743e-7,0.00095049076,0.000032118074,0.98950654,0.0063060205,0.000019371353,0.00022380525],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008586907,0.00021733927,0.030752007,0.00008483296,0.00005806381,0.000022998642,0.001222236,0.007622762,0.93932784,0.019751292,0.000006464651,0.00007548589],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000024292056,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000025446507,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.050178718,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000014330683,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000017713357,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.120544486},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2753561888","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2017.09.011","title":"Evolution of a mushy zone in a static temperature gradient using a volume average approach","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Materialia","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; European Space Agency","keywords":"Materials science; Diffusion; Volume (thermodynamics); Temperature gradient; Convection; Thermodynamics; Volume fraction; Mechanics; Phase (matter); Composite material; Chemistry; Physics","score_opus":0.02591607067652758,"score_gpt":0.2602948582510967,"score_spread":0.23437878757456915,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2753561888","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99785197,0.000016716955,0.00030245967,0.000057256624,0.000944198,0.00028636816,0.00006470259,0.00002962312,0.0004467107],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99734414,0.000002695404,0.0018082695,0.00002190525,0.00007492485,0.000030469213,0.000013509242,0.000017304008,0.00068678026],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99878067,0.00010488147,0.0003528321,0.00029178066,0.00020241963,0.0002674171],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989339,0.0000047505864,0.00032430736,0.00061766064,0.00005570777,0.00006368688],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00029467727,0.00014161068,0.00025979755,0.00009180703,0.00017353195,0.00025305664,0.00040082584,0.00007789026,0.00026575677],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000066810055,0.00013001796,0.000034856283,0.00008055396,0.0001314085,0.00040111213,0.000116799034,0.00005745836,0.000027477892],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006803143,0.00011608085,0.0010662474,0.00012230204,0.0000034728066,0.0000025642169,0.00084035104,0.00003082273,0.9964347,0.0011071131,0.00020050308,0.000007802911],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007528922,0.00043236138,0.33446783,0.00068696897,0.00012740382,0.0000949454,0.004397411,0.014928797,0.6255779,0.0052143596,0.004641424,0.0019016614],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001013328,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000021221273,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.3708568,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00014681823,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000060217884,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.53019786},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2757054198","doi":"10.1103/physrevmaterials.1.043405","title":"Investigating gas-phase defect formation in late-stage solidification using a novel phase-field crystal alloy model","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Materials science; Nucleation; Eutectic system; Alloy; Shrinkage; Phase (matter); Cavitation; Crystal (programming language); Crystal growth; Thermodynamics; Metallurgy; Composite material","score_opus":0.12068045584190285,"score_gpt":0.3983491588466654,"score_spread":0.27766870300476254,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2757054198","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9917069,0.00022623461,0.0059989714,0.00039068292,0.00015442018,0.0008681764,0.00013194824,0.00007944771,0.00044323807],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966911,0.0003227846,0.0019086611,0.00061698334,0.00016990674,0.00017043926,0.000060591938,0.000033066757,0.000026437605],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99781436,0.00016358208,0.00081470597,0.00044572202,0.00034557594,0.000416051],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99796826,0.00008533166,0.000898293,0.00079203286,0.00010283652,0.00015326955],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009826885,0.00027722245,0.00063302,0.000061256455,0.00036415356,0.00042459843,0.0005288037,0.00006013092,0.00021190062],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00092476176,0.00025006116,0.00012265355,0.000106789696,0.00010198923,0.001230904,0.0001620956,0.00010463092,0.00010377373],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000254797,0.00034268788,0.0000020598172,0.0010498873,0.000003867851,9.050099e-7,0.00034279024,0.00045712898,0.99369186,0.003640871,0.000029966459,0.0004125197],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0016143803,0.00008965403,0.00001472962,0.0014131825,0.000061023657,0.0000024878182,0.000024342795,0.102154,0.89013207,0.003942208,0.0001971623,0.00035473183],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008778634,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005821011,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.10355974,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00010011267,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006688291,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999952},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2766021019","doi":"10.1103/physreve.97.042802","title":"Classical nucleation theory in the phase-field crystal model","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Nucleation; Classical nucleation theory; Statistical physics; Scaling; Mesoscale meteorology; Materials science; Molecular dynamics; Phase (matter); Phase transition; Chemical physics; Thermodynamics; Physics; Chemistry; Computational chemistry; Mathematics; Geometry; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.0356942986261465,"score_gpt":0.37187001211307186,"score_spread":0.3361757134869254,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2766021019","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9308942,0.00072015903,0.012780113,0.005694678,0.000121819256,0.0005962924,0.000010022999,0.00008232537,0.04910042],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99313813,0.00015486991,0.0001000858,0.0061002206,0.00033868986,0.00006501784,0.000004057084,0.000009435235,0.00008949778],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99886584,0.00022852475,0.000215305,0.00022606603,0.00026696982,0.00019726965],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992709,0.00022004882,0.000071120565,0.00033756206,0.00004910385,0.000051275187],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00060665066,0.00010484782,0.00018461034,0.000018031384,0.00008575894,0.000041306062,0.00034323995,0.00002199938,0.000313383],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00025541984,0.00006539401,0.000072774594,0.00020468191,0.0001288245,0.00014590829,0.000041734344,0.00011547632,0.0006403484],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007223075,0.00069247367,0.000008900971,0.00013099318,0.0000028883412,0.0000010341677,0.0014795915,0.00000612514,0.51652884,0.45890906,0.009815662,0.012352193],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0020014527,0.0011199105,0.00051706925,0.0008762757,0.00013545889,0.000009826558,0.00055139523,0.07378892,0.07925359,0.770359,0.07056527,0.00082184636],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000021094859,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000019006953,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.43727523,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002169401,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000026239753,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8230597},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2766842473","doi":"10.1103/physrevmaterials.1.053407","title":"Generalization of the binary structural phase field crystal model","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Materials science; Spinodal decomposition; Nucleation; Eutectic system; Binary number; Thermodynamics; Phase (matter); Precipitation; Kirkendall effect; Spinodal; Statistical physics; Alloy; Metallurgy; Physics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.04027925751952399,"score_gpt":0.3655224410923831,"score_spread":0.3252431835728591,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2766842473","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99725074,0.00040544893,0.00016438928,0.00079571526,0.0003274722,0.0003305816,0.000081997605,0.0000202371,0.00062340294],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99873066,0.00029417078,0.00011303733,0.0005527153,0.00016670773,0.0000350946,0.0000089186315,0.000010186775,0.00008849434],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99906737,0.00010009491,0.00030198626,0.0001800103,0.00020982219,0.00014073029],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99871093,0.0000230754,0.00042237184,0.0007318643,0.00006841887,0.000043364544],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00019722096,0.000114242976,0.0003110902,0.000008103243,0.00023350172,0.00008702017,0.0005782014,0.00002010735,0.00051191426],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002327163,0.00006959051,0.00008276233,0.000034884586,0.00010439105,0.00021271834,0.00018260148,0.000029514078,0.00003042567],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000013892543,0.000039149993,0.000006890655,0.00041035912,0.0000024658516,1.3799402e-7,0.000050600138,0.000022376265,0.98891675,0.00982622,0.0004891729,0.00022200299],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00026704452,0.000041075316,0.0003124864,0.00034161462,0.000039318453,0.0000010037182,0.0000029264997,0.0013065031,0.98786324,0.009441145,0.0002703569,0.00011325414],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000017511904,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.69591e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0014799193,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000011655042,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000029814513,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5605102},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2770831394","doi":"10.1088/1361-651x/aaa635","title":"Atom based grain extraction and measurement of geometric properties","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies","keywords":"Materials science; Hexagonal crystal system; Lattice (music); Atom (system on chip); Perimeter; Measure (data warehouse); Phase (matter); Crystal (programming language); Algorithm; Extraction (chemistry); Grid; Statistical physics; Geometry; Crystallography; Computer science; Mathematics; Data mining; Physics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.05541178904285264,"score_gpt":0.250157684008782,"score_spread":0.19474589496592937,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2770831394","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.865528,0.000114489354,0.13411088,0.00001654803,0.00011213741,0.00008306923,0.0000013166489,0.000019967894,0.0000136125045],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9963871,0.000017386024,0.003543001,0.000010211738,0.000028127948,0.000006704213,3.0295624e-7,0.000004789984,0.000002379036],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991747,0.000014475054,0.00021087672,0.0001929535,0.0002697792,0.00013720481],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996437,0.000020805015,0.000051683593,0.0000727419,0.00016568812,0.000045405624],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0014817193,0.00007163552,0.00010837008,0.00026912786,0.000106371524,0.000105405525,0.000046804926,0.00002551141,0.000010548768],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000072956405,0.000062503175,0.000004052712,0.0002962734,0.00015166524,0.000278764,0.000020465824,0.00002007605,8.6699026e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000010881381,0.000005614214,0.00008046458,0.00004886333,3.0686584e-7,5.2971522e-8,0.00026712607,0.26569778,0.7335991,0.00010349042,1.4527804e-7,0.00018615474],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00012151682,0.000023605007,0.0013073188,0.00004693131,0.000001999547,4.6665144e-7,0.000046017936,0.64746505,0.35082963,0.00006120672,0.000035794015,0.000060447856],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000035840054,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.2311644e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.38276947,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000027989945,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000024508026,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.25488055},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2775863266","doi":"10.1007/s12217-017-9572-7","title":"Thermocapillary Convection in a Binary Mixture with Moderate Prandtl Number in a Shallow Annular Pool","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Microgravity Science and Technology","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Toronto; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Prandtl number; Mechanics; Convection; Adiabatic process; Temperature gradient; Reynolds number; Physics; Marangoni number; Thermodynamics; Flow (mathematics); Materials science; Rayleigh number; Oscillation (cell signaling); Wavenumber; Thermophoresis; Natural convection; Heat transfer; Marangoni effect; Optics; Chemistry; Meteorology; Turbulence","score_opus":0.008737059933564544,"score_gpt":0.2504307340968803,"score_spread":0.24169367416331577,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2775863266","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959422,0.00013585294,0.00003926655,0.002840112,0.00005804033,0.00027121234,0.0000037061734,0.000070218965,0.00063939096],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992794,0.00004208148,0.00040857957,0.00013780592,0.00000799964,0.00004980714,0.0000010186051,0.000006823379,0.00006651414],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987503,0.000027561893,0.00015452935,0.00049265963,0.00019466397,0.00038022976],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99923337,0.000010127463,0.00010864965,0.00047165932,0.00012214512,0.00005404541],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007278283,0.00012544057,0.00018442597,0.00030120194,0.0004505717,0.00024994288,0.000568819,0.0001304816,0.000034230146],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008519724,0.00010046127,0.000009813112,0.00065724115,0.0018295912,0.0005033764,0.00018170576,0.00018215655,0.00002189014],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000606706,0.0000872242,0.0979089,0.000011427198,0.0000011538551,0.000039520753,0.00032964043,0.0000020498883,0.8974957,0.0014494448,0.000013698995,0.0026005788],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0036732384,0.0005050279,0.43887848,0.00018415395,0.000014091985,0.0005517012,0.0024163648,0.0017383782,0.5326543,0.016438628,0.0021342738,0.0008113802],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002242831,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00039248288,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.36484143,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000057409634,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00012833874,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.67412055},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2783994504","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2017.0212","title":"A phase-field-crystal alloy model for late-stage solidification studies involving the interaction of solid, liquid and gas phases","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Canada Research Chairs; Compute Canada","keywords":"Alloy; Materials science; Phase (matter); Field (mathematics); Stage (stratigraphy); Thermodynamics; Metallurgy; Chemistry; Physics; Mathematics; Geology","score_opus":0.06402294884583863,"score_gpt":0.32405208630396864,"score_spread":0.26002913745813,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2783994504","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.86176634,0.00008747214,0.13450271,0.0032321285,0.00007185788,0.00024175835,0.000029798324,0.00003287949,0.000035063244],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976255,0.000031083488,0.0020897568,0.00006370247,0.00010137765,0.000052651987,3.2244205e-7,0.000007688285,0.000027888824],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99903774,0.000024473668,0.00029379307,0.00022257377,0.00024057493,0.00018086328],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989185,0.000658564,0.00011114442,0.000154384,0.00009955562,0.000057886467],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00038570078,0.00013235188,0.0002491772,0.000018686804,0.00039681132,0.00002964567,0.00023184209,0.000044119613,0.00001035502],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00017592103,0.00007590377,0.00015653858,0.0001694079,0.0010554194,0.00016068737,0.000037778445,0.00011354708,5.944233e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000120544166,0.0007476654,7.0434396e-7,0.0006231415,0.00008468486,2.9752378e-8,0.010446933,0.05182253,0.8746293,0.061223585,0.000020522668,0.00028033656],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00026102728,0.00042304012,0.000001586692,0.000086152264,0.00005753477,6.357504e-7,0.00062179164,0.86057186,0.08159346,0.0562907,0.000007110211,0.00008511127],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003487913,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.1738767e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8087493,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000013986055,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000019735515,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3888737},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2791706560","doi":"10.4153/cmb-2018-033-4","title":"Low Complexity Solutions of the Allen–Cahn Equation on Three-spheres","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Canadian Mathematical Bulletin","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":true,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Allen–Cahn equation; SPHERES; Metric (unit); Index (typography); Mathematics; Hard spheres; Theoretical physics; Mathematical analysis; Physics; Computer science; Economics; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.10153121576700519,"score_gpt":0.2622973701901413,"score_spread":0.16076615442313613,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2791706560","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.7667555,0.0001883972,0.027387252,0.03313214,0.0021338793,0.0034594494,0.0014090785,0.00025336625,0.16528094],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99646753,0.000002066765,0.0014866764,0.0008309357,0.0001929954,0.00010341744,0.000028643659,0.00003243401,0.0008553263],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99793863,0.00018218214,0.0005497046,0.00042489392,0.00043693217,0.00046766855],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997859,0.00020418763,0.00030368858,0.0010915536,0.00019552081,0.00034604184],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005589039,0.0002555056,0.00036274103,0.00007558426,0.00029627027,0.00009558742,0.000916904,0.00024692455,0.05146721],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006185139,0.00019295867,0.00016549902,0.000086511754,0.000766029,0.000014817883,0.00031082178,0.00031953928,0.009532399],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000043453365,0.0004720834,0.000057016623,0.0015936042,0.000055231747,0.00000408861,0.001675073,0.0004232519,0.0056244596,0.85566044,0.13386054,0.00053076644],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00038280722,0.00010545108,0.0017270541,0.0012057145,0.000087168024,0.000005539823,0.0004132197,0.0029146483,0.008351475,0.9698258,0.014273533,0.0007076106],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0021458806,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009416158,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.22971201,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00028695638,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005179413,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9912388},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2791884283","doi":"10.1140/epjb/e2018-80543-9","title":"Magnetic islands modelled by a phase-field-crystal approach","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The European Physical Journal B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Condensed matter physics; Magnetization; Scaling; Magnetic field; Ferromagnetism; Materials science; Anisotropy; Phase (matter); Magnetic anisotropy; Phase transition; Magnetic energy; Magnetic domain; Physics; Geometry; Optics; Quantum mechanics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.017939575683928,"score_gpt":0.2576017896902301,"score_spread":0.2396622140063021,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2791884283","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.61147386,0.00009206812,0.011621996,0.00040468446,0.00020371679,0.000113894384,0.000010991697,0.000072388524,0.3760064],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99515074,0.000007919061,0.00017696545,0.0004947407,0.0027430833,0.000002616291,0.0000028315505,0.000029363697,0.001391728],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.998415,0.00052360975,0.00023364028,0.00020318414,0.00032023637,0.00030435773],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99925923,0.00006698906,0.00012218322,0.00030717452,0.000083864725,0.00016053727],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006307247,0.0001463072,0.00015336233,0.000025195744,0.00038668458,0.00022130525,0.00063749775,0.0000145574695,0.00025557773],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000034183453,0.00008739069,0.000089543464,0.00014182023,0.00019736968,0.0001319324,0.00010735097,0.00024556473,0.00089476357],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00011657209,0.00041523887,0.0000010857588,0.000004115154,0.000008168623,0.0000045963725,0.0025329285,0.000014163514,0.95052063,0.0005271534,0.035147436,0.010707906],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.029707452,0.014776462,0.00048902107,0.00022696615,0.00066561834,0.0020992234,0.0068726344,0.08974784,0.49022645,0.12630036,0.23459345,0.004294544],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000012828752,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.5136417e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4602942,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000016747574,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000018029645,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998832},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2797533140","doi":"10.1139/cjp-2017-0887","title":"Morphological instability at the solid–liquid interface by the maximum entropy production rate principle","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":true,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Cincinnati","keywords":"Instability; Physics; Planar; Entropy production; Gravitational instability; Binary number; Growth rate; Entropy (arrow of time); Thermodynamics; Production rate; Mechanics; Statistical physics; Geometry; Mathematics","score_opus":0.026145327186495395,"score_gpt":0.26769100745725,"score_spread":0.2415456802707546,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2797533140","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9929777,0.000117326505,0.0011271548,0.004201695,0.0009602467,0.00015398872,0.000025734884,0.000007302973,0.00042886438],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99839264,0.0000048719744,0.000032535725,0.00048037586,0.0006612591,0.0000047795616,0.0000017186447,0.000008867025,0.00041292803],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988993,0.00022655276,0.00028639357,0.00015707423,0.00015870832,0.0002719781],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988522,0.000043095824,0.00026592496,0.00033969228,0.00027777092,0.00022130265],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00083952193,0.000101873855,0.00012785415,0.000016197484,0.00046178783,0.00008690134,0.00046078122,0.000033371816,0.0007375422],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00019533241,0.000055123302,0.00005878285,0.0001539992,0.00071702217,0.00015989314,0.000041969655,0.00017282294,0.00015812344],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00010358554,0.00003291942,0.0001879124,0.0000056765366,0.0000117109075,0.0000033978429,0.0017172226,0.00014424804,0.98136365,0.0011401651,0.014677872,0.0006116251],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00020666346,0.00034120135,0.0010333275,0.000013538539,0.000021713919,0.00008792118,0.0005539896,0.00004583408,0.89765537,0.0038690534,0.09603943,0.000131941],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002840755,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009629611,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.08370828,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002686713,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003315079,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.807557},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2797541640","doi":"10.1007/s10853-018-2239-y","title":"Interaction between primary dendrite arm spacing and velocity of fluid flow during solidification of Al–Si binary alloys","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Materials Science","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; McMaster University Medical Centre","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Liquidus; Materials science; Dendrite (mathematics); Supercooling; Mechanics; Flow (mathematics); Casting; Fluid dynamics; Thermodynamics; Temperature gradient; Transient (computer programming); Melt flow index; Flow velocity; Alloy; Metallurgy; Composite material; Mathematics; Physics","score_opus":0.024833150794397192,"score_gpt":0.27764218044204964,"score_spread":0.25280902964765245,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2797541640","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9980218,0.000052198826,0.0006066405,0.00017749301,0.0008114965,0.000103690225,0.000018385554,0.000011596975,0.00019674466],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99389577,0.000062794556,0.0057288134,0.000036986636,0.00025345638,0.0000015734978,0.0000012916488,0.000008911206,0.000010411641],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99793154,0.00011521172,0.0009138468,0.00022866223,0.0005832104,0.00022751701],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976647,0.000071660834,0.0012349269,0.00023123012,0.0006754478,0.00012206918],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002426322,0.00012104124,0.00037609925,0.00029901214,0.0001862731,0.00010522633,0.00042000436,0.00004355101,0.00014261718],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00024006168,0.000103312996,0.000039492123,0.0003222269,0.00075297453,0.0010812966,0.0001500233,0.00006565882,0.000009780255],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00013063686,0.000053701213,0.00041456823,0.00012183097,0.0000053264484,0.0000010606069,0.00098684,0.000016799913,0.99787736,0.00007514038,0.000020791484,0.00029595516],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00029539538,0.00025702885,0.05893647,0.00019554784,0.000019526879,0.000047443857,0.00035640894,0.000054058415,0.9395085,0.00019609382,0.000040872845,0.00009265657],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000013838955,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.438407e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.058521904,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00010528829,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00017418993,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.42129815},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2800809553","doi":"10.1139/tcsme-2000-0006","title":"A NUMERICAL SIMULATION MODEL FOR THE GROWTH OF Ga<sub>x</sub>In<sub>1-x</sub>Sb BY THE TRAVELLING HEATER METHOD","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":true,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Ternary operation; Process (computing); Thermal; Convection; Computer simulation; Mechanics; Materials science; Finite element method; Field (mathematics); Thermodynamics; Power (physics); Mechanical engineering; Computer science; Mathematics; Physics; Engineering","score_opus":0.018122065031036427,"score_gpt":0.23534527280044648,"score_spread":0.21722320776941006,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2800809553","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.088507116,0.000072553325,0.9092176,0.0010869805,0.00011918396,0.00072631927,0.0002363764,0.000026870704,0.000007012041],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99397814,0.00002881177,0.005473692,0.00022084796,0.000032327644,0.00020503161,0.0000057067064,0.000035412202,0.000020014892],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99876314,0.000033487435,0.0004028464,0.00022786697,0.00019849675,0.00037418003],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99891824,0.0005092612,0.00006968452,0.00029879724,0.00007909617,0.00012490136],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006424265,0.00016262181,0.0002241539,0.000030536103,0.0003143306,0.000030173507,0.0003983027,0.00012951324,0.000023650962],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000035901037,0.00011124117,0.00048035316,0.00030426102,0.00005891217,0.00009924744,0.0000038455846,0.00018940387,0.000001377058],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000015705486,0.000014945257,1.0970123e-7,0.00003960733,0.000023140065,1.1201821e-8,0.00050507823,0.57710487,0.4206269,0.0004652321,0.00003084456,0.0011735412],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00023676426,0.000017252038,0.00000639034,0.000015689344,0.000056833316,9.1852075e-7,0.00007007478,0.64708287,0.35179228,0.00055220455,0.00008251614,0.00008623169],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008553459,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006713301,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.905471,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00018753423,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00012524646,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.45362833},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2806640277","doi":"10.4095/292552","title":"An outline of phase equilibrium","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"report","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Phase (matter); Phase equilibrium; Mathematical economics; Computer science; Economics; Physics","score_opus":0.06924426449254374,"score_gpt":0.36545603305644686,"score_spread":0.29621176856390313,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2806640277","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.45282328,0.00040381105,0.0010639544,0.00010362524,0.0018357678,0.00059615256,0.00025171897,0.00029801222,0.5426237],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.95046526,0.0000658401,0.0011569439,0.00008594072,0.0005793717,0.00005175019,0.00024082937,0.000047459645,0.04730661],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9980838,0.000052829197,0.0006157101,0.00036821284,0.00065577007,0.00022370604],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980364,0.000026512811,0.0004190016,0.0007730947,0.00058651186,0.00015846633],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005531352,0.00019456107,0.00042520807,0.000098462224,0.000020734884,0.00005971761,0.00043264183,0.00016750449,0.0203301],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000083937586,0.00015300624,0.00008039092,0.0000988409,0.00010005697,0.00018564855,0.00006556422,0.00009044067,0.00061405986],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000010929534,0.00039256227,0.000013795278,0.00016806788,0.000008231261,0.0000012291957,0.00007766881,0.0000020721461,0.9701116,0.0003659451,0.027246006,0.0016019029],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0017868154,0.0009852111,0.00025318546,0.00012539214,0.00013557498,0.000033587665,0.0004881618,0.0005949699,0.6241992,0.0011705008,0.36915627,0.0010711013],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003166434,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004058232,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.49764198,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000056000154,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00046451282,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9805654},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2807854674","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-93713-7_8","title":"Efficient Linearly and Unconditionally Energy Stable Schemes for the Phase Field Model of Solid-State Dewetting Problems","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Lecture notes in computer science","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Discretization; Backward Euler method; Euler method; Dewetting; Applied mathematics; Phase field models; Finite element method; Scalar (mathematics); Numerical analysis; Mathematics; Computer science; Euler's formula; Mathematical analysis; Phase (matter); Physics; Geometry","score_opus":0.025307782460504465,"score_gpt":0.2703432585268172,"score_spread":0.2450354760663127,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2807854674","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.0076640225,0.00031062917,0.99072397,0.00027435247,0.0002911577,0.00034402084,0.0001090012,0.000029326913,0.00025350048],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.90776837,0.00002987206,0.08976635,0.0013673474,0.00031378574,0.00003904867,0.000011542457,0.000033208198,0.00067046535],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99819946,0.000013825679,0.00041823575,0.0005976869,0.00043542948,0.00033533233],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99821687,0.000654111,0.00029856697,0.0003979219,0.0003580156,0.00007454449],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00076131016,0.00023214641,0.0002723851,0.00016312998,0.0002728353,0.00014790901,0.00065228017,0.000099871635,0.00006317862],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00010305835,0.00016761213,0.0000552262,0.00012657474,0.0007245124,0.00009253541,0.00026306926,0.000135368,0.0000026235748],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009577363,0.00012297106,0.0000044961503,0.00024196474,0.000022823331,0.0000015538204,0.0029789114,0.73202693,0.18031313,0.021417988,0.00011119599,0.06266229],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003541206,0.00018732643,7.8398574e-7,0.00014340223,0.00001062853,0.0000031620007,0.0000012181686,0.846623,0.07569673,0.0761849,0.00059524557,0.00019950354],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000012803251,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000021641248,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.90095764,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005075381,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00029796633,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.68350244},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2810761854","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-77504-3_4","title":"Modeling Semiconductor Crystal Growth Under Electromagnetic Fields","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Advanced structured materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Magnetic field; Crystal growth; Growth rate; Condensed matter physics; Semiconductor; Materials science; Electric field; Convection; Crystal (programming language); Electromagnetic field; Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Physics; Optoelectronics; Computer science; Mathematics; Geometry","score_opus":0.01778818814256439,"score_gpt":0.24190247487143612,"score_spread":0.22411428672887174,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2810761854","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8995185,0.000851198,0.0025321657,0.00017471492,0.005528026,0.0013933217,0.0010480132,0.00078638433,0.08816767],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9060056,0.000179392,0.004482569,0.0006664731,0.0014315689,0.00006410432,0.00035233574,0.00024358451,0.086574376],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99678713,0.0000608656,0.00092142733,0.0010474744,0.0004977918,0.0006853005],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981274,0.000045752637,0.00043604735,0.0008489923,0.00033125898,0.00021055916],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00019798124,0.0007586141,0.0008722741,0.000169183,0.00022683699,0.00024035826,0.00066265074,0.0006375027,0.030860689],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000053747033,0.0007119257,0.00013807778,0.000048204834,0.0002160885,0.0002974003,0.00018493188,0.00026455816,0.00052801357],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00011617106,0.0000061897285,3.755395e-8,0.000112317975,0.000027892374,0.0000048632787,0.00015805058,0.00018414255,0.9638109,0.035110924,0.00042060198,0.00004786642],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00062283594,0.00023518708,0.000002228197,0.00012861329,0.00009762863,0.000044312455,0.000054895332,0.00003736767,0.5479918,0.44697973,0.002826296,0.0009791168],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000014029449,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000014111226,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.41581917,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001694555,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00013827634,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995332},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2896423893","doi":"10.3390/app8101878","title":"On the Effect of Filling Rate on Positive Macrosegregation Patterns in Large Size Cast Steel Ingots","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Sciences","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Cégep de Sorel-Tracy; École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Ingot; Materials science; Metallurgy; Microstructure; Grain size; Liquid metal","score_opus":0.014248600306559753,"score_gpt":0.263890524225738,"score_spread":0.24964192391917825,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2896423893","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9861006,0.0000027896474,0.000113669324,0.00016191609,0.00014200312,0.00030976234,0.000020793092,0.000017624443,0.013130856],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99938494,8.268872e-7,0.000029973791,0.0004417812,0.00004373179,0.0000370495,0.0000012727344,0.0000044866524,0.000055967477],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989007,0.00014267878,0.00017595079,0.00027787132,0.00027381527,0.00022898494],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987103,0.00094681984,0.0001277641,0.00016046013,0.00002574012,0.00002893075],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0017622062,0.0000977443,0.000119292214,0.000054200453,0.0002831091,0.0000727022,0.00029459607,0.000028319157,0.00027570323],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00014342518,0.000057997124,0.000019111609,0.00033115948,0.00031223128,0.00005747893,0.00004177288,0.00006235754,0.0001520663],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00013887262,0.000046146928,0.0018938327,0.000014115787,0.000002014641,6.657942e-7,0.0025628346,0.00010040738,0.9614814,0.03322814,0.000059112415,0.00047247173],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00036555695,0.0004844616,0.035896156,0.000056242705,0.0000026087039,3.7326265e-7,0.0006756474,0.000413672,0.9607515,0.0012344462,0.000022623917,0.00009671242],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002219134,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003545963,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.034002326,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000026677768,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001781411,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3018757},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2898783532","doi":"10.1103/physrevmaterials.3.053804","title":"Thermodensity coupling in phase-field-crystal-type models for the study of rapid crystallization","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Formalism (music); Crystallization; Recalescence; Thermal; Latent heat; Density functional theory; Coupling (piping)","score_opus":0.055690997688114655,"score_gpt":0.34229887273440784,"score_spread":0.2866078750462932,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2898783532","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9941007,0.0012173194,0.0013429276,0.000103827435,0.00025518774,0.002791487,0.000020133237,0.00002776034,0.00014068303],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99860346,0.0008370071,0.000034180706,0.00022173974,0.000078805,0.00017659501,0.00001140383,0.000018782663,0.00001802616],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99862427,0.00012218267,0.00052522996,0.00028555593,0.00024923333,0.00019354554],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987299,0.00034665095,0.0002833568,0.00045422398,0.00015293992,0.000032932727],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00090243877,0.00014738462,0.0005599324,0.00002558659,0.000052027513,0.00004158237,0.00030115797,0.000024109986,0.00044312677],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001304498,0.00009731656,0.00005713528,0.0001974461,0.000026252308,0.00017461253,0.00006988115,0.00003977979,0.00003431967],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00014854742,0.0006029837,0.000009654839,0.00078171416,0.000009087524,1.0467193e-7,0.00042344033,0.0015739284,0.9933334,0.0028316535,0.000044629636,0.00024085755],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005500228,0.0028695706,0.00058924936,0.001908727,0.00032403457,0.0000015531119,0.0012263223,0.045944694,0.9179798,0.02196988,0.0009186691,0.00076727907],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000032391177,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000022246486,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.07535361,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000022086475,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000029513943,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.48519275},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2906552717","doi":"10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.2360","title":"3D FEM Simulation of the Effect of Cooling Rate on SDAS and Macrosegregation of a High Strength Steel","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials science forum","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Cylinder; Metallurgy; Shrinkage; Finite element method; Dendrite (mathematics); Composite material; Structural engineering; Mechanical engineering; Geometry; Engineering; Mathematics","score_opus":0.010251241324346377,"score_gpt":0.26325986650648836,"score_spread":0.25300862518214196,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2906552717","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.998669,0.000005864202,0.00016986526,0.000042943357,0.0005685706,0.00031316825,0.000066291235,0.000014265644,0.00015000191],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99974924,0.0000011770246,0.00014571023,0.000024129622,0.00003502953,0.000007514969,0.0000018352767,0.0000065888826,0.000028746363],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986502,0.00015819274,0.0003915234,0.00023713172,0.0003544148,0.00020853103],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99883235,0.00015793068,0.00047665814,0.000323284,0.00017229773,0.00003750602],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0015291316,0.00010427811,0.0002329472,0.00008597761,0.00018828697,0.00005556633,0.00031421366,0.000036231308,0.00012525936],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00030816073,0.00006668698,0.00002130397,0.00035361672,0.0010596353,0.00022296207,0.0001307776,0.000020970376,0.000008129154],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00019307784,0.00001597754,0.000434877,0.00006380718,0.0000013276866,3.7022716e-8,0.00028094754,0.0007527073,0.9963526,0.001559931,0.0000030924375,0.00034158357],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00037913152,0.0004968218,0.016577134,0.00008170863,0.000008984988,5.3580857e-7,0.000080252714,0.0016000594,0.98035353,0.00034492603,0.000013152552,0.0000637403],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006399886,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004467028,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.016142257,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000024000103,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000046303012,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.39042705},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2933581303","doi":"10.4134/bkms.b180238","title":"A nonlinear convex splitting fourier spectral scheme for the Cahn–Hilliard equation with a logarithmic free energy","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Mathematics; Logarithm; Regular polygon; Fourier transform; Cahn–Hilliard equation; Nonlinear system; Energy (signal processing); Mathematical analysis; Scheme (mathematics); Partial differential equation; Physics; Geometry; Statistics","score_opus":0.01578105581610479,"score_gpt":0.21799592982752758,"score_spread":0.2022148740114228,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2933581303","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.7437152,0.00017129607,0.20063572,0.03838867,0.00042793868,0.003240428,0.00016575359,0.00022769062,0.013027304],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7791081,0.00001151105,0.21201287,0.0022486863,0.00036856916,0.00021523294,0.0000111088775,0.0000720543,0.005951841],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9985547,0.00006182612,0.000370968,0.0002668602,0.00043684253,0.00030882057],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99805546,0.0007327202,0.0002762353,0.0007515167,0.00012512323,0.000058967307],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008895422,0.00016871234,0.00027091324,0.000007959528,0.00021522565,0.00006179652,0.0006925839,0.00008321524,0.0013669298],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00025265795,0.000086719585,0.00025955928,0.00010605981,0.00031314703,0.000025709387,0.00017150369,0.00011838423,0.00010162326],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00040639171,0.0008903578,0.00064893387,0.0014158522,0.0003705751,7.1047606e-7,0.0071665933,0.00035406498,0.1418715,0.7951252,0.05115216,0.0005976548],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009941937,0.00091231475,0.0010671342,0.0009495168,0.00059671426,0.000058355436,0.01103035,0.28551197,0.25264463,0.26999208,0.16560273,0.0016922542],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003229938,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000015495817,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.52513313,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000051488594,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000052500156,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99954593},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2937623648","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2019.04.001","title":"Adjoint-based sensitivity analysis for the optimal crucible temperature profile in the RF-Heating TSSG-SiC crystal growth process","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Crystal Growth","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","keywords":"Crucible (geodemography); Micro-pulling-down; Sensitivity (control systems); Crystal (programming language); Volumetric flow rate; Crystal growth; Chemistry; Process (computing); Atmospheric temperature range; Growth rate; Flow (mathematics); Analytical Chemistry (journal); Materials science; Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Crystallography; Mathematics; Physics; Electronic engineering; Geometry; Chromatography","score_opus":0.015428524171274518,"score_gpt":0.2618381615236008,"score_spread":0.24640963735232627,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2937623648","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9881758,0.00017776823,0.007948422,0.001621555,0.0003456544,0.00093982514,0.00008392339,0.00003161398,0.00067541545],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99743885,0.0000067020087,0.0013051814,0.0005737708,0.00044938494,0.00006386314,0.000015152824,0.000034589466,0.00011249514],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99668777,0.00042106805,0.0009620083,0.00041601586,0.00094363646,0.00056950847],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99659216,0.0010897005,0.0008940127,0.00044183692,0.00084689475,0.00013540343],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0039128605,0.00032964651,0.00065046485,0.00039270974,0.00034590057,0.00042755928,0.00072228647,0.00014206779,0.00025483346],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005210595,0.00018945862,0.00048038512,0.0014428906,0.00016154155,0.00067119824,0.000058148493,0.0005570326,0.00001383565],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0011109428,0.0005722436,0.0137601625,0.00053938036,0.00027677775,0.000032166045,0.0041195373,0.026563792,0.950529,0.001527871,0.0008972864,0.000070851085],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.017801693,0.004793268,0.18958269,0.0011616963,0.0036385278,0.0009852028,0.064125784,0.14115183,0.5657637,0.006064351,0.0013631451,0.0035681173],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000038205937,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000027234566,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.3847653,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00012120982,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000370484,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7725898},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2938503605","doi":"10.1007/s12217-019-9698-x","title":"Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Heating Rate on InGaSb Crystal Growth under Zero-Gravity","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Microgravity Science and Technology","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Dissolution; Materials science; Rotational symmetry; Mechanics; Zero gravity; Computer simulation; Growth rate; Process (computing); Thermodynamics; Physics; Chemical engineering; Geometry; Computer science; Mathematics","score_opus":0.0071655512835873784,"score_gpt":0.22962344380797256,"score_spread":0.2224578925243852,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2938503605","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9985175,0.000024421906,0.00007893253,0.0007810375,0.00012342518,0.0002967043,0.000005040946,0.000045472323,0.00012746234],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999674,0.0000016484644,0.00018044788,0.00011083817,0.0000047737126,0.00000922186,6.818104e-7,0.0000049336036,0.000013425274],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987945,0.00011049042,0.00022861247,0.0003337495,0.00029384406,0.00023880509],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99911493,0.000115717325,0.00020721703,0.00035159304,0.00016504036,0.000045512446],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0013684967,0.00010960717,0.00021700938,0.00020203475,0.00018239862,0.00003247211,0.00050741516,0.00008522023,0.000009732299],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002808389,0.000073166346,0.000030682164,0.0015107315,0.0019443176,0.0001271459,0.00018089685,0.000139512,0.000010460674],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000014043266,0.000012554471,0.07488439,0.000033814445,0.000001398187,7.70609e-8,0.000076130076,0.0000061786527,0.91800076,0.0065454706,0.0000069495163,0.00041821663],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000267317,0.00040553286,0.031576704,0.000034857014,0.000005893648,0.0000060832135,0.00009170267,0.000056319535,0.95784146,0.009624483,0.000015839754,0.00007382245],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000075433134,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000016201714,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.043307684,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003892375,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008027238,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7163919},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2944668812","doi":"10.1039/c9cp01272a","title":"Coherent phase equilibria of systems with large lattice mismatch","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Polytechnique Montréal","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Foundation for Innovation","keywords":"Lattice (music); Phase (matter); Statistical physics; Materials science; Physics; Condensed matter physics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.013850669179032347,"score_gpt":0.26090771126604345,"score_spread":0.2470570420870111,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2944668812","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99122715,0.00003797127,0.00039976838,0.000028097073,0.000052446434,0.0002390888,0.00011006361,0.00010056833,0.0078048403],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99892193,6.888844e-7,0.000090827016,0.000025405867,0.00038121908,0.000037786693,0.00007666532,0.00003473985,0.000430733],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99835855,0.000022516298,0.00029706894,0.0004476611,0.000480339,0.0003938416],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99874425,0.000117887204,0.0002311583,0.0005783177,0.00014509367,0.00018328027],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007974263,0.00024855297,0.00046540648,0.0000050623644,0.000028339093,0.00004293249,0.00038372574,0.00006817629,0.00024325612],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000016314847,0.00020450972,0.00010367692,0.00020738786,0.00012982685,0.00015182848,0.00011222043,0.0001794225,0.00024108733],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00013167919,0.0012694504,0.00003740444,0.00057550496,0.00002053916,8.319907e-7,0.00022279285,0.00004046326,0.99531525,0.0022067886,0.00014550918,0.000033756158],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0017357849,0.000056045257,0.0000041563076,0.000068758454,0.00003863297,0.000002251088,0.00019187387,0.006622391,0.989582,0.0009753175,0.0004482445,0.00027452744],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000048749885,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.6524963e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0076947785,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000054955653,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005403166,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.83396643},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2946063838","doi":"10.1615/ihtc12.80","title":"Free Surface Deformation in Oscillatory Thermocapillary Convection in a Rectangular Cavity","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceeding of International Heat Transfer Conference 12","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Mechanics; Deformation (meteorology); Convection; Materials science; Free surface; Surface (topology); Natural convection; Optics; Physics; Geometry; Composite material; Mathematics","score_opus":0.03799760270781998,"score_gpt":0.23864369231973875,"score_spread":0.20064608961191877,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2946063838","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98583364,0.00011693391,0.0011200507,0.00047857815,0.00029224635,0.00022378263,0.000025330119,0.000040809406,0.0118686],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999537,0.00013382196,0.00013635967,0.000050155755,0.000034883207,0.00002506405,0.000009044526,0.000009423085,0.00006423904],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987485,0.0000367613,0.00044491776,0.00023370882,0.0003518923,0.00018422892],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99958783,0.00003815016,0.0000248024,0.000114219314,0.00018895503,0.00004604124],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00039426936,0.00012484861,0.0001764077,0.00018802339,0.000033505556,0.00004094054,0.00031430088,0.000070327376,0.0010557866],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005585588,0.00012495536,0.00003717367,0.00019473916,0.00007423825,0.0004949047,0.000023499933,0.00013159661,0.000028737111],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007316414,0.0001591066,0.048705127,0.00007530536,0.0000063587504,0.0000010228367,0.00652844,0.00018244123,0.9365792,0.0072174156,0.000049273476,0.00042312712],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004977969,0.00021663746,0.10847674,0.0008188967,0.000021882677,0.000041555828,0.004225464,0.059035234,0.80858487,0.011807536,0.0008524255,0.0009407932],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00022542712,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00016310417,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.12799436,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00015118934,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003232085,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99985737},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2947087518","doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/529/1/012031","title":"A 3D discrete-element model for simulating liquid feeding during dendritic solidification of steel","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Dendrite (mathematics); Mechanics; Materials science; Representative elementary volume; Flow (mathematics); Fluid dynamics; Equiaxed crystals; Finite element method; Hagen–Poiseuille equation; Discrete element method; Thermodynamics; Physics; Geometry; Mathematics; Composite material","score_opus":0.022084380994771766,"score_gpt":0.24600289000876457,"score_spread":0.2239185090139928,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2947087518","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98928225,0.00002075515,0.009541886,0.000063978434,0.00036979167,0.00045492433,0.000042868414,0.00008410373,0.00013942954],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99451137,0.000017508919,0.0051967655,0.000013400486,0.000051009425,0.00008338992,0.000005511762,0.000019145273,0.00010190822],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9982699,0.000011814361,0.00046871207,0.0004280011,0.00036154874,0.00046002542],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99909616,0.00003541447,0.00017371752,0.00026683157,0.00031925229,0.00010862997],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007784649,0.00018594592,0.0002954483,0.00014530725,0.00020853267,0.00027906089,0.00032196927,0.00004683399,0.00009829359],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00017172573,0.00017923463,0.000023211796,0.0002032862,0.0001718952,0.0010282551,0.00014683389,0.000040463554,0.000007884958],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000068757705,0.00000900174,0.000012140785,0.00039887623,0.0000024277865,1.2593264e-7,0.0012597984,0.018170167,0.97153056,0.008513138,3.9199674e-7,0.000034596997],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002735605,0.00010011708,0.00037562402,0.00012796473,0.000008801802,0.0000035230369,0.0007313185,0.13087144,0.8671894,0.000098622055,0.000014580004,0.00020504982],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000082993365,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000010976893,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.11270128,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006837251,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00012287147,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.73089767},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2949490148","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.0810.4978","title":"Competition between Surface Energy and Elastic Anisotropies in the Growth of Coherent Solid State Dendrites","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"ArXiv.org","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Anisotropy; Isotropy; Elastic energy; Surface energy; Curvature; Materials science; Condensed matter physics; Surface (topology); Phase (matter); Strain energy; Field (mathematics); Thermodynamics; Optics; Physics; Composite material; Geometry","score_opus":0.04008577988629274,"score_gpt":0.26136068132578605,"score_spread":0.2212749014394933,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2949490148","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99769783,0.00040141543,0.00084968907,0.00022167435,0.00017565374,0.00020940635,0.00010692422,0.000040961506,0.00029641896],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985465,0.00095677975,0.00015280247,0.00008158233,0.00007686694,0.00003172314,0.00006978026,0.000018793096,0.00006520198],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9983376,0.00027608362,0.0004899751,0.00039572912,0.00025012583,0.00025043852],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99888974,0.0002750534,0.0003072608,0.00035863256,0.000110077635,0.00005921448],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002416532,0.00022923801,0.00039600593,0.00007338327,0.00009559718,0.000053284177,0.00040982006,0.00010375478,0.000057019377],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000052769657,0.00018009558,0.000052121934,0.00012842391,0.00029431016,0.00008436688,0.00028984575,0.00018061827,0.00001961455],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000045508536,0.00019278681,0.83390796,0.0003918407,0.000039089457,0.000011641749,0.0044746394,0.0008075187,0.15588562,0.003999406,0.00016635483,0.00007763896],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005080296,0.000118214055,0.9217563,0.00021318952,0.00004520772,0.00000772692,0.0005909546,0.00013143074,0.06982898,0.006137603,0.0002773469,0.00038501198],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00042862308,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00009646398,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.08784836,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000045179375,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000675046,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7344085},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2963058231","doi":"10.1016/j.jmaa.2018.06.075","title":"Asymptotic stability of solutions for 1-D compressible Navier–Stokes–Cahn–Hilliard system","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Champlain Regional College; McGill University","funders":"Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Mathematics; Compressibility; Cahn–Hilliard equation; Stability (learning theory); Navier–Stokes equations; Applied mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Mechanics; Physics; Partial differential equation; Computer science","score_opus":0.03729305102074824,"score_gpt":0.28725337363146086,"score_spread":0.24996032261071263,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2963058231","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.20592688,0.00014775697,0.79207563,0.00023898343,0.000025083238,0.00028691257,0.00006179517,0.000015408354,0.0012215397],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98588717,0.000010356329,0.013849838,0.000017423397,0.00013061892,0.00006124647,0.000003315683,0.0000061299943,0.000033912922],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9985164,0.000058469443,0.00084798917,0.00015246695,0.00024954634,0.00017512558],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980279,0.00029870277,0.00060052203,0.00029390468,0.00063800573,0.00014093735],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001085693,0.000093955176,0.0004750225,0.00014007502,0.00023788938,0.000045680248,0.000225737,0.00004503598,0.00024533327],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007430182,0.000068268964,0.00023298588,0.00049888785,0.0002824341,0.00009760353,0.0000458445,0.000055872453,0.000019060313],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000725669,0.0011630864,0.000978364,0.0010817478,0.00067129615,2.691828e-7,0.00093623414,0.00012269989,0.3457216,0.64737207,0.0003442316,0.0015358299],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0050410065,0.0018260984,0.018753786,0.0009588715,0.02031368,0.00018042354,0.017562374,0.13241509,0.39783493,0.3875071,0.015826715,0.0017799087],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002729905,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000024787694,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7799603,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000036130954,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000039012422,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.27839276},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2966120038","doi":"10.1115/1.4044405","title":"Multiscale Mesoscale Modeling of Porosity Evolution in Oxide Fuels","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Nuclear Laboratories","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Intergranular corrosion; Mesoscale meteorology; Bubble; Fission; Porosity; Percolation (cognitive psychology); Creep; Mechanics; Nuclear physics; Geology; Metallurgy; Composite material; Physics; Corrosion; Neutron","score_opus":0.0074104769607213775,"score_gpt":0.2155977174791456,"score_spread":0.20818724051842422,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2966120038","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99679035,0.00013756158,0.0026717358,0.000051244344,0.00019071964,0.00004120053,9.285473e-7,0.00000782882,0.000108408574],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976898,0.000028347507,0.002238383,0.000011412097,0.000019329278,2.043744e-7,6.136401e-8,0.0000041622116,0.000008316519],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99925077,0.000011883606,0.0002770173,0.000093498704,0.00025779897,0.00010904087],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99960035,0.000022074477,0.00014322595,0.00007781542,0.00009109208,0.000065458065],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00080255506,0.00004591308,0.0001170982,0.00021094199,0.000031440435,0.00003042335,0.0001409992,0.000023220417,0.000018230496],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009006926,0.000040594183,0.000020893744,0.00027322455,0.000040594696,0.00048756134,0.000022728998,0.00006806341,0.0000060244206],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007121908,0.000014062788,0.0012602622,0.000013377057,5.5902245e-7,2.411768e-7,0.0003841656,0.1410099,0.8562818,0.00091641996,0.0000019604342,0.00011012999],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005367496,0.00007260613,0.15249828,0.00007275645,0.000004527479,0.000023355813,0.0005922848,0.82974803,0.016098088,0.00014968366,0.00009817715,0.00010547905],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000010992256,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.2282963e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.84018373,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007661871,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000038610222,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.16553828},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2969662642","doi":"10.1103/physreve.100.022128","title":"Phase-field crystal for an antiferromagnet with elastic interactions","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Compute Canada","keywords":"Condensed matter physics; Ferrimagnetism; Antiferromagnetism; Scaling; Frustration; Physics; Phase (matter); Phase transition; Vortex; Coupling (piping); Field (mathematics); Magnetic field; Materials science; Magnetization; Quantum mechanics; Geometry","score_opus":0.03134392027339843,"score_gpt":0.3700032168778443,"score_spread":0.3386592966044459,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2969662642","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98899907,0.00027563708,0.003676146,0.00045588205,0.00018593951,0.00075906015,0.000030652303,0.00007960914,0.0055380315],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979004,0.00005414246,0.00038237957,0.0009786028,0.00017424874,0.00014301046,0.000027529708,0.000016472037,0.00032318183],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99915254,0.000043036674,0.0001714482,0.00028348248,0.00015442162,0.00019505573],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99921924,0.00018380857,0.000091452464,0.00032041865,0.00007766357,0.000107394255],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00010374814,0.00011955889,0.0002501464,0.000019185145,0.00005876775,0.00004440138,0.00018049729,0.000011435961,0.0006414815],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006800011,0.00008661208,0.00006725227,0.00011970248,0.000028333227,0.0002903946,0.000021692042,0.000069345275,0.0005574706],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008814412,0.0007253413,0.000023468974,0.00042678416,0.0000059888257,2.978652e-7,0.000100418176,0.0000051286706,0.9869066,0.007676726,0.0019527526,0.0020883337],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.010130564,0.024870133,0.00093760155,0.0041685384,0.0007148789,0.000062062645,0.00064886926,0.018946411,0.42018807,0.020817557,0.49605685,0.0024584546],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000043176547,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000029323771,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5667185,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000015556403,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002811411,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.71653426},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2970129409","doi":"10.1016/j.cpc.2019.106870","title":"A fully discrete virtual element scheme for the Cahn–Hilliard equation in mixed form","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computer Physics Communications","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; Xi’an Jiaotong University; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Cahn–Hilliard equation; Scheme (mathematics); Element (criminal law); Applied mathematics; Discrete element method; Finite element method; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Computer science; Statistical physics; Physics; Mechanics; Partial differential equation; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.05188815249673127,"score_gpt":0.2867205580868759,"score_spread":0.23483240559014465,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2970129409","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.112953916,0.00013442166,0.8798752,0.003734165,0.00047939215,0.0016324322,0.00006224376,0.000099083976,0.0010291736],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.95893174,0.00003210023,0.039799877,0.00039017506,0.000117302494,0.0004394521,0.00013780847,0.000017452034,0.00013411352],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989739,0.0000982198,0.00032132844,0.0002140036,0.00017062842,0.0002218979],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975378,0.000508693,0.00015213343,0.0016388843,0.00012245233,0.000040052586],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00040914517,0.00012335235,0.0001499001,0.000033563516,0.0002586336,0.00011884147,0.0011382321,0.000032167456,0.000033397686],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000013445517,0.00009965301,0.00007362718,0.00022021928,0.00009448829,0.00023822839,0.00045912887,0.00011857455,0.00020000187],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000041062172,0.00038862377,0.0008903199,0.00004075255,0.000038078666,6.135819e-8,0.0045124325,0.0041377363,0.07172715,0.89515764,0.0011392167,0.021926926],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0010391263,0.00012669299,0.0047196625,0.000039577353,0.000017333232,4.835714e-7,0.0005521929,0.9526196,0.0017069561,0.02038495,0.018527301,0.00026611166],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000022299142,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000028316395,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.94848186,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008884086,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000056039233,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.40637317},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2977345239","doi":"10.1017/cbo9780511609725.016","title":"Competing interactions and defect dynamics","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Scalar (mathematics); Statistical physics; Topological defect; Time evolution; Domain (mathematical analysis); Saturation (graph theory); Time domain; Order (exchange); Phase (matter); Physics; Condensed matter physics; Mathematics; Computer science; Geometry; Mathematical analysis; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.02053981584648255,"score_gpt":0.20995705591477273,"score_spread":0.1894172400682902,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2977345239","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.0031274217,0.00007226311,0.00041548256,0.000024208677,0.00017698157,0.00020356529,0.00017602742,0.0001588709,0.99564517],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.030213948,0.00003856402,0.00018692743,0.00008028024,0.000075510994,4.1451483e-7,0.000047908547,0.000023726716,0.9693327],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99909467,0.000034665834,0.00015384013,0.00038948946,0.00014202353,0.00018532535],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992015,0.00007343284,0.0001918478,0.00030947794,0.00008899515,0.00013474627],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008643363,0.00022894575,0.00025002615,0.000114502385,0.00024289763,0.00008025577,0.0002501141,0.0001255251,0.00001914792],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008058979,0.00027337845,0.00010688324,0.000005721032,0.00017744907,0.00009024351,0.00018344879,0.0002533272,0.000029773188],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000036255613,0.0000077130335,0.0000014351664,0.00004248844,0.00002362591,0.000034024328,0.00007650837,0.00000200251,0.002579142,0.99370044,0.001461481,0.0020348774],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00040133667,0.000050982668,0.000034026492,0.0001674045,0.00017621466,0.000042512565,0.00023155661,0.00036180406,0.0007901063,0.000060418755,0.9971751,0.0005085643],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000040571576,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000049848713,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9957136,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00020176629,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003739095,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99997187},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2981674547","doi":"10.1002/num.22435","title":"Unconditionally maximum principle preserving finite element schemes for the surface Allen–Cahn type equations","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":45,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Mathematics; Discretization; Allen–Cahn equation; Finite element method; Maximum principle; Curvature; Mathematical proof; Type (biology); Surface (topology); Operator (biology); Regular polygon; Applied mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Mathematical optimization; Geometry; Optimal control","score_opus":0.08271158519413598,"score_gpt":0.3950822039295169,"score_spread":0.3123706187353809,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2981674547","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.0082966,0.00011127866,0.9859386,0.0014413749,0.0014123571,0.002222631,0.000257497,0.00012283155,0.0001968426],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8121683,0.000007764806,0.18385087,0.0002658627,0.00034058338,0.0011886877,0.00040487444,0.0000490532,0.0017240392],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9976074,0.00036588393,0.00063674204,0.00051430985,0.00036043342,0.0005151958],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99247146,0.006108342,0.00028813982,0.0005634582,0.00041404256,0.00015453376],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00092230464,0.00024193853,0.000320824,0.000053539155,0.00064559147,0.00020092142,0.00053568085,0.000099392135,0.0041150237],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00229958,0.000187478,0.00022701014,0.00025103465,0.00009058448,0.00022238771,0.00015469445,0.0001308893,0.00023526985],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00036161108,0.00048940355,0.000084853935,0.000113289694,0.00016572519,7.519491e-8,0.0005869543,0.022371532,0.5642101,0.40452403,0.0005236486,0.0065687546],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013477211,0.00038461926,0.0003833957,0.000020161706,0.00019561422,3.2665824e-7,0.00019254762,0.8184041,0.051109385,0.028307132,0.099237636,0.00041736246],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000022498381,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000056815743,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8038717,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000082044586,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00016331628,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99679536},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2985210836","doi":"10.1016/j.calphad.2019.101690","title":"Predicting the density of molten alloys using computational thermodynamics","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Calphad","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Teck (Canada)","funders":"Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province of China; Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions; Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Thermodynamics; Molar volume; Enthalpy; Enthalpy of mixing; Alloy; Mixing (physics); Volume (thermodynamics); Molar; Chemistry; Materials science; Metallurgy","score_opus":0.01986741435263885,"score_gpt":0.2508783543058536,"score_spread":0.23101093995321476,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2985210836","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99284464,0.000020357907,0.0032731357,0.00006487494,0.00018834717,0.0001292626,0.000010039153,0.00002676863,0.0034425883],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99891496,6.3853656e-7,0.00082557765,0.00013485865,0.00003324478,0.0000018160506,0.0000043127156,0.0000066607995,0.0000779107],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994122,0.00004598755,0.0001517705,0.00011746192,0.0001697327,0.00010286953],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99954605,0.00008583004,0.00009967032,0.00016403614,0.00007866514,0.000025722793],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00023122273,0.000053629275,0.00008561408,0.000015434449,0.000067769484,0.000018705641,0.00016040113,0.000024918061,0.00016561575],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000021609549,0.00003797007,0.00002922642,0.00007582223,0.00006916076,0.00006256223,0.0000504344,0.000044266897,0.00005256599],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000024251865,0.000044993816,0.054253787,0.000036473335,0.0000118629405,6.2095984e-7,0.0013977338,0.050766464,0.87838906,0.014870594,0.000027294926,0.00017687512],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004054125,0.0000350421,0.12377129,0.00002719411,0.000020815834,0.000012046681,0.00090644805,0.8559636,0.012334629,0.006265945,0.00010847076,0.00014912752],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000031557993,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000012897539,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8660544,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002657833,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000036474074,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.18133764},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2993686224","doi":"10.1103/physreve.95.022105","title":"Phase-field-crystal model for ordered crystals","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":38,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research","funders":"Northwestern University; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Formalism (music); Materials science; Condensed matter physics; Dislocation; Phase (matter); Grain boundary; Crystal (programming language); Field (mathematics); Statistical physics; Crystallography; Physics; Mathematics; Chemistry; Microstructure; Computer science","score_opus":0.06864365549097762,"score_gpt":0.40919607004467357,"score_spread":0.34055241455369595,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2993686224","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.78819984,0.0043717623,0.15713406,0.010643689,0.000632495,0.0034146588,0.0003382569,0.000360239,0.034905005],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99587655,0.0004905886,0.0009290077,0.0014672093,0.00027686448,0.00028560622,0.00001349204,0.000022892726,0.00063779927],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987752,0.000033674194,0.00028079483,0.0003613517,0.00023275061,0.00031625098],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99849725,0.00011474084,0.00026657424,0.00084837625,0.000124618,0.000148431],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00028684677,0.00016963114,0.0003975231,0.0000148248155,0.0003928417,0.000152891,0.0006340862,0.000028583265,0.00016488756],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00068515906,0.0001391931,0.00018685928,0.000038713377,0.000083783765,0.00030057327,0.00011032398,0.00007107743,0.0001823872],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005569142,0.000559324,0.0000042701868,0.0006866585,0.0000087918315,6.458881e-7,0.0001440522,0.000013319227,0.9497506,0.028850446,0.011956387,0.007969807],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007536136,0.0011997048,0.0000914736,0.0017008415,0.00037606744,0.000007187041,0.000076041906,0.24213944,0.30743262,0.2910307,0.14666091,0.001748868],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000054371203,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001609777,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.642318,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002149104,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005352481,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.567613},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2996718476","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2019.125418","title":"Phase field modeling of rapid resolidification of Al-Cu thin films","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Crystal Growth","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":54,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Academy of Finland; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; U.S. Department of Energy; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Supercooling; Phase (matter); Microstructure; Materials science; Field (mathematics); Transmission electron microscopy; Alloy; Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Physics; Nanotechnology; Metallurgy; Mathematics","score_opus":0.02371996687521099,"score_gpt":0.2802426826997006,"score_spread":0.2565227158244896,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2996718476","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9844466,0.00032275813,0.009605266,0.0004055013,0.00036664197,0.00015786546,0.000018546676,0.0000127514395,0.004664062],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974617,0.000081967075,0.0020814447,0.0001766773,0.00007280667,0.0000019485124,0.0000030474444,0.000015863177,0.00010455076],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9978637,0.00010862958,0.0010993946,0.00016372807,0.00057254574,0.00019196667],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99777526,0.00014612482,0.001105661,0.00029939518,0.0005634935,0.000110070905],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009685195,0.00013487936,0.00042219477,0.00021028395,0.000036294376,0.000027823236,0.00041937598,0.00008007788,0.0008783301],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00020781458,0.000112451045,0.0001767896,0.0002114148,0.00005502803,0.00042408978,0.000048574526,0.00017175352,0.000015929943],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00045321972,0.0003544483,0.000111005356,0.0001240964,0.000018207409,0.0000017359021,0.0008230778,0.0009663708,0.9938514,0.002197753,0.0008799597,0.00021871536],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0041736686,0.0025011383,0.00016142162,0.00028636755,0.000068128444,0.000056940313,0.002061798,0.024810528,0.96004605,0.0047636977,0.0007860019,0.00028426983],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000018566569,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.422079e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.03380537,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000026632339,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000114612376,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.96170986},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3004746055","doi":"10.1038/s41467-020-14530-7","title":"Controlling solid-liquid interfacial energy anisotropy through the isotropic liquid","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Communications","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":66,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; McGill University; University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; Compute Canada","keywords":"Anisotropy; Materials science; Isotropy; Dendrite (mathematics); Surface energy; Crystallography; Thermodynamics; Physics; Chemistry; Geometry; Composite material","score_opus":0.03586830505942897,"score_gpt":0.30488842453022635,"score_spread":0.2690201194707974,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3004746055","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.2411651,0.04428929,0.14419962,0.48761842,0.0029134299,0.0018403998,0.0004023693,0.00212665,0.07544473],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9823448,0.0005277532,0.0022106094,0.014371407,0.00030686447,0.000092372225,0.000042062835,0.000024766552,0.00007936971],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99848247,0.00032116583,0.00038686013,0.00028597002,0.00024753387,0.00027602582],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977424,0.00026311068,0.00019195149,0.0015025388,0.00019345175,0.000106512154],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00014501878,0.00018020022,0.00022822947,0.000025090574,0.000712562,0.00012793228,0.0023776367,0.00018766728,0.00030023034],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00024883414,0.00013474192,0.00010497188,0.00034731085,0.00032340942,0.00023494339,0.00056454365,0.0006117578,0.00020968655],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00033405685,0.000097120625,0.000010505388,0.000007743,0.000030676834,7.5124456e-7,0.004049056,0.00011416782,0.57435405,0.41495806,0.005925262,0.00011853246],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00080990104,0.00040665758,0.000051093393,0.000019452576,0.000059885155,0.000005694856,0.0016043843,0.0017417782,0.10065776,0.0016342648,0.8926653,0.00034377238],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000039019847,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000696047,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8867401,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005313516,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000082069375,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5494616},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3005603357","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-36296-6_28","title":"Phase-Field Simulation of Solidification Behavior of AlSi10Mg Alloys Manufactured Through Direct Metal Laser Sintering","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"˜The œminerals, metals & materials series","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Natural Resources Canada; Canadian Nuclear Laboratories; University of New Brunswick","funders":"","keywords":"Direct metal laser sintering; Equiaxed crystals; Materials science; Laser; Sintering; Selective laser sintering; Thermal; Work (physics); Field (mathematics); Metallurgy; Mechanics; Composite material; Microstructure; Optics; Mechanical engineering; Thermodynamics; Engineering","score_opus":0.04529808481949786,"score_gpt":0.29007029192201494,"score_spread":0.24477220710251707,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3005603357","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8888466,0.001977908,0.0023339805,0.001070133,0.005383234,0.0051164157,0.0051985336,0.00073744776,0.08933577],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9643253,0.00019684299,0.0005890665,0.0002268077,0.00045497378,0.00017217585,0.000486961,0.00015351923,0.033394355],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9956786,0.00027820052,0.0020516808,0.0008157792,0.00076965353,0.00040608546],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9960239,0.00026694185,0.002159401,0.0010893744,0.00034919597,0.000111197434],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00073751004,0.0007873299,0.0017576757,0.00014716468,0.00017460404,0.00018710279,0.0008155453,0.00039763132,0.0046747294],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001043538,0.0006170263,0.00038635524,0.00009550338,0.00040224483,0.0006444085,0.00027984547,0.00018738395,0.000151663],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00053958985,0.0001541573,3.9520512e-7,0.00036460994,0.0001658274,0.000005909206,0.00071987475,0.00030950448,0.9908221,0.0064057084,0.00034314237,0.0001692291],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00068433693,0.00047242097,0.000009570853,0.00013988656,0.0007459569,0.000010143199,0.00012898924,0.000026957667,0.9577144,0.0035378786,0.03596706,0.0005624449],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000108600725,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000027286322,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.07547872,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005671,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008359012,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996281},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3005848105","doi":"10.1007/s00170-020-05044-z","title":"Simulation and experimental validation of the effect of superheat on macrosegregation in large-size steel ingots","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Cégep de Sorel-Tracy; École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Ingot; Superheating; Metallurgy; Materials science; Casting; Mold; Continuous casting; Mass transfer; Mechanics; Composite material; Alloy; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.010877723246006103,"score_gpt":0.2799655768115139,"score_spread":0.2690878535655078,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3005848105","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9972985,0.00006256602,0.00029972562,0.0019369031,0.00020202472,0.00015093964,0.0000055259884,0.000011472581,0.000032386895],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99962825,0.0000071721083,0.0002303759,0.00008692879,0.000032279793,0.000003960364,6.3074594e-7,0.0000061013156,0.000004318229],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990909,0.00006529467,0.00036592022,0.000096461044,0.00030338584,0.00007799859],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990719,0.00030765776,0.00042249192,0.00010947498,0.00007192117,0.00001655827],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00028985972,0.000077925426,0.0001539309,0.00009793831,0.00003280058,0.000012979091,0.00044764008,0.000044374876,0.000027085465],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00038953332,0.000047546124,0.000038536724,0.000088393565,0.0000928673,0.00014337996,0.00012094852,0.0001345552,0.000001055594],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000470857,0.000027864437,0.0013767148,0.000012319768,0.000010321166,0.0000010054401,0.00055343646,0.08243225,0.9136501,0.00041279857,0.0000018439885,0.0010504907],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0010915453,0.00029724787,0.0044518085,0.000059531623,0.0000055443443,0.000006258817,0.00033746735,0.00061001093,0.9921884,0.00085956405,0.000054069682,0.000038549242],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000020869666,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.3487674e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.08182224,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000058350237,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000011748589,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.19388747},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3010018665","doi":"10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.02.034","title":"Microstructural characterization of dendritic evolution using two-point statistics","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Scripta Materialia","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Dendrite (mathematics); Materials science; Microstructure; Alloy; Branching (polymer chemistry); Characterization (materials science); Point (geometry); Statistical physics; Geometry; Nanotechnology; Composite material; Mathematics; Physics","score_opus":0.033315205437353224,"score_gpt":0.25966784544270327,"score_spread":0.22635264000535005,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3010018665","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9642514,0.000013497935,0.025974277,0.00011462339,0.008612834,0.00018503694,0.00074443803,0.00006893286,0.000034939476],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9931328,0.0000018286144,0.006005049,0.00024109238,0.0002370456,0.000005262754,0.00014123849,0.000020132826,0.00021553382],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99886566,0.00009406706,0.00041240494,0.00023853044,0.0001824569,0.00020689674],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99938524,0.0000014551177,0.00021901612,0.00016702338,0.00012749748,0.00009975808],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00011015843,0.00012750254,0.00020118713,0.000036766145,0.00007965593,0.0001113453,0.00017486363,0.00003922273,0.0014908516],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000049838978,0.00012764458,0.000025334644,0.00013161621,0.000099202734,0.00027954957,0.0000647395,0.000034613196,0.00012882381],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000057704478,0.0000103608145,0.00017826102,0.000099005316,0.000003229498,0.0000013682989,0.00045872133,8.553484e-7,0.9921365,0.00635825,0.00067376386,0.000021985288],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005033873,0.000059571117,0.0061717667,0.00002662463,0.000029563216,0.0000090811345,0.00020987076,0.0015628571,0.9892332,0.001041632,0.00095430075,0.00019817322],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007746879,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001049393,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.028881395,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006242168,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004834922,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994219},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3011354581","doi":"10.22215/etd/2020-13984","title":"CALPHAD Based Cellular Model of Dendrite Growth in Welds","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"dissertation","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"CALPHAD; Dendrite (mathematics); Materials science; Supercooling; Welding; Weld pool; Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Phase (matter); Metallurgy; Phase diagram; Mathematics; Geometry; Chemistry; Physics; Arc welding","score_opus":0.023456436240150227,"score_gpt":0.24670012849580886,"score_spread":0.22324369225565863,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3011354581","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8807734,0.0001856362,0.009041158,0.00027297705,0.00050223345,0.0005155146,0.00007755852,0.00013895679,0.10849253],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9924484,0.000011485648,0.0019673468,0.00022735348,0.000028877199,0.000046150843,0.00040215137,0.000032259824,0.0048359986],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9985152,0.000053238666,0.0005103296,0.00038278673,0.00033821902,0.00020023824],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99931616,0.000035034318,0.00021331759,0.00021976946,0.00011892015,0.00009679824],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00015529209,0.00020464988,0.00035787304,0.000158504,0.000028119757,0.000028093113,0.00034303888,0.00020056785,0.0009560082],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000050437677,0.00019813316,0.00008593157,0.00025268533,0.000027404421,0.00008251901,0.000017142924,0.00015312871,0.00011963506],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00010408163,0.00007990337,0.000046870868,0.00042022832,0.0000030856454,0.000002680457,0.0007081065,0.0004000849,0.9863117,0.011630968,0.00025506015,0.000037274458],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00039909655,0.000039298862,0.00012032031,0.00006717158,0.000019740206,7.7306886e-8,0.00061307574,0.04415638,0.9525373,0.0016973211,0.00009006615,0.00026012605],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00012141782,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008753715,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.11167494,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004111932,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00020280483,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99995726},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3024874723","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2020.04.003","title":"Impact of solute flow during directional solidification of a Ni-based alloy: In-situ and real-time X-radiography","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Materialia","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":74,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Safran Electronics (Canada)","funders":"Safran; Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales","keywords":"Materials science; Directional solidification; Dendrite (mathematics); Superalloy; Convection; Alloy; Synchrotron radiation; Casting; Crystal growth; Synchrotron; Oscillation (cell signaling); Liquid metal; Metallurgy; Mechanics; Optics; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.016271684331439034,"score_gpt":0.2468449315752069,"score_spread":0.23057324724376788,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3024874723","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9989606,0.0000125292945,0.000021026526,0.00016858366,0.00019760958,0.00018472265,0.00008543665,0.00005733902,0.0003121498],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99890804,0.000022594648,0.0008846173,0.000017918977,0.00006708608,0.000019714396,0.000030090201,0.000017328579,0.00003261232],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.998848,0.000094632014,0.0004240049,0.00026749476,0.00017954655,0.00018628282],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993767,0.000018603678,0.0002454993,0.00019701595,0.00006420075,0.00009798065],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00019267053,0.00013472281,0.00029500332,0.0001149076,0.000062863546,0.00006997893,0.00015510456,0.000057761645,0.00036587453],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000036254343,0.00012603424,0.00007065657,0.00027359676,0.000100717705,0.00017726673,0.000040188468,0.000030790954,0.000014553017],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00031873176,0.00007454025,0.0043320716,0.00011990439,0.000013742167,7.9181666e-7,0.00054375373,0.000029213781,0.994299,0.0000354325,0.00021988945,0.000012929965],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008078655,0.00012476234,0.31129885,0.000032365013,0.000015323929,0.0000016821826,0.00003367376,0.00032965184,0.6871253,0.000061357976,0.00003169017,0.00013746489],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00029191436,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000072737134,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.3071737,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000031848027,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000052751053,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.51395273},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3025409544","doi":"10.3934/dcdss.2020353","title":"A doubly splitting scheme for the Caginalp system with singular potentials and dynamic boundary conditions","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - S","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie","keywords":"Monotonic function; Scheme (mathematics); Mathematics; Boundary (topology); Operator (biology); Regular polygon; Operator splitting; Energy (signal processing); Singular solution; Field (mathematics); Boundary value problem; Applied mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Pure mathematics; Geometry","score_opus":0.01058297888699237,"score_gpt":0.236571184663151,"score_spread":0.22598820577615863,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3025409544","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.91111463,0.0022156676,0.08217518,0.0018856699,0.0002000853,0.0014386494,0.00026576393,0.00021752763,0.0004868258],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988509,0.000009741115,0.000360352,0.00019591488,0.00011296722,0.00023491733,0.000050536815,0.000030137744,0.00015452829],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9984613,0.00010004718,0.00039540997,0.00047151276,0.00022988151,0.00034186107],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990906,0.00016647177,0.00020142639,0.00022406434,0.00010796944,0.00020944608],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00033427766,0.0002160104,0.00038706113,0.000025943835,0.00060389884,0.0006032945,0.00019209046,0.00007274857,0.00000855765],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000413615,0.00013955474,0.00005636487,0.00011836112,0.00029761886,0.00015888354,0.000073196556,0.00010528952,0.000006054111],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008725124,0.000096773234,0.0029240046,0.003820677,0.0004378876,0.000064804684,0.004320006,0.00027598775,0.6828725,0.3023106,0.0003419736,0.0016622905],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0071936455,0.001378523,0.00850528,0.0014011378,0.00090847485,0.00066082017,0.046452112,0.91254985,0.0008925938,0.0006587574,0.017373923,0.0020248732],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00015160348,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000153306,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9122739,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000039253377,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003690877,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5817583},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3025952968","doi":"10.1007/s11837-020-04198-1","title":"Mechanism of Anomalous Grain Formation During Controlled Diffusion Solidification","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"JOM","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University Medical Centre","funders":"","keywords":"Equiaxed crystals; Nucleation; Materials science; Liquidus; Mixing (physics); Diffusion; Microstructure; Alloy; Eutectic system; Casting; Instability; Metallurgy; Mechanics; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.01904021279863466,"score_gpt":0.22629316565293106,"score_spread":0.2072529528542964,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3025952968","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98334867,0.000032349137,0.013709968,0.0009390317,0.00011591511,0.0003640958,0.000010729043,0.00010016951,0.0013790522],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991576,0.000011851234,0.0003685116,0.00021871876,0.00007864022,0.00003842627,0.000011934934,0.000009478343,0.00010484805],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990716,0.000064659005,0.00036355935,0.000161022,0.00020602328,0.00013311079],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994224,0.000024097466,0.0002497386,0.00015428467,0.00006965269,0.00007987425],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00016043363,0.00008492509,0.00020341363,0.000042159285,0.00008964956,0.000030504629,0.00014275235,0.000042794236,0.00024593004],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000093370414,0.000073955634,0.00005666405,0.0001282285,0.00002225316,0.00019707199,0.00003736256,0.00004013262,0.00012745356],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00016026663,0.000033988308,0.000023262275,0.00005194612,0.0000022523132,4.5184777e-7,0.0016206508,0.000008249072,0.98764455,0.010304316,0.000044892455,0.000105153784],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0037529336,0.000102915445,0.002273484,0.000017115002,0.00001999456,0.0000030353594,0.0008954282,0.00846824,0.9813383,0.0027005684,0.00027020133,0.00015773681],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000059520694,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.8332533e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0158089,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000026867505,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000015153971,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.30158234},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3026157476","doi":"10.1103/physrevmaterials.4.083404","title":"Incorporating density jumps and species-conserving dynamics in XPFC binary alloys","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Binary number; Work (physics); Grain boundary; Interphase; Boundary (topology); Langevin dynamics; Phase diagram; Dynamics (music)","score_opus":0.03533843141435777,"score_gpt":0.2796876938293544,"score_spread":0.2443492624149966,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3026157476","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9947551,0.0008938162,0.00004512856,0.0029646158,0.00010315454,0.00038465648,0.000034062447,0.00007258167,0.0007468741],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99572986,0.0008398437,0.00031901477,0.0028302327,0.00019142726,0.00003558379,0.000022865763,0.000017683242,0.000013480006],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.998541,0.00024443146,0.0004399993,0.00037295642,0.00018270013,0.00021889627],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993109,0.00009177242,0.00020597794,0.00020944374,0.000042472187,0.00013941065],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00045653427,0.00017637687,0.0005610042,0.000020330493,0.00006780254,0.00009942575,0.0002140507,0.000025487412,0.00026577374],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00030669465,0.00015341412,0.000039907238,0.0002210417,0.000088194174,0.000198758,0.00024205078,0.00007310764,0.00021739306],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001597208,0.000040060957,0.00047712182,0.0013442559,0.0000023006803,0.000007745741,0.00012721236,0.0000011788098,0.9857266,0.011957787,0.00013271262,0.00016703419],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0016993199,0.00046634753,0.043267846,0.005544157,0.00020327953,0.000029923438,0.0007745538,0.0059116203,0.9080836,0.028312167,0.0036164345,0.0020907542],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000029322762,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007060448,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.07764302,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000633434,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000030259705,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6256046},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3033879567","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2020.105305","title":"Densities of liquid Re, Os, and Ir, and their temperature dependence measured by an electrostatic levitator","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Institut National d'Optique","funders":"Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency","keywords":"Materials science; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Melting temperature; Phase (matter); Refractory metals; Metal; Liquid phase; Volume (thermodynamics); Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Metallurgy; Physics; Composite material; Chromatography","score_opus":0.028872613502589805,"score_gpt":0.26481959295932983,"score_spread":0.23594697945674004,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3033879567","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99543095,0.0029787747,0.00011876222,0.0008056133,0.0003395199,0.00008209585,0.00021741402,0.000009927996,0.000016948066],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971916,0.0013741665,0.0005928397,0.0006046468,0.00018789254,0.0000027200283,0.00000915704,0.000013411316,0.000023558707],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99862987,0.0001998211,0.00053493504,0.00018620248,0.0003316512,0.000117511365],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99873936,0.000088959336,0.00052912463,0.00007817994,0.0003942278,0.00017014952],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006600481,0.00015053604,0.00039596498,0.00006582439,0.000055050372,0.0002266777,0.00020111518,0.000059356764,0.00021181864],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00019245672,0.00010878481,0.000032224478,0.000030434092,0.00012690214,0.00059108745,0.000052744082,0.0000841893,0.0000017481321],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005820093,0.000026216803,0.00005274195,0.00006484329,0.000060190865,0.0000063255075,0.0012077885,7.412102e-7,0.9973878,0.00024616698,0.00023916768,0.0001259966],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005041695,0.00056309276,0.000996645,0.00006035998,0.00004542416,0.00009156083,0.001140107,0.0000047372446,0.9945174,0.00040134965,0.0015510495,0.00012412865],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007324538,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000012052391,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0028704356,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000015982872,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000055175664,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4436116},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3040035736","doi":"10.1007/s10973-020-09957-5","title":"Modeling of the effect of the presence of a free surface on transport structures and mixing during the dissolution process of silicon into germanium melt","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Dissolution; Silicon; Germanium; Mixing (physics); Materials science; Process (computing); Chemical engineering; Mineralogy; Metallurgy; Chemistry; Physical chemistry; Engineering","score_opus":0.007755981041617784,"score_gpt":0.23303733612755334,"score_spread":0.22528135508593555,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3040035736","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9988315,0.00056939776,0.00024077162,0.00019814962,0.000038524642,0.000088984256,0.000010252149,0.0000014986628,0.00002091959],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99991107,0.000024370029,0.000015527738,0.000012192,0.00002927376,4.7421818e-7,1.5809779e-7,0.0000043485693,0.0000025866605],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987373,0.00017769767,0.0004959376,0.00010360885,0.00040651497,0.00007897683],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989026,0.00009764112,0.0006430833,0.00019951077,0.000118836375,0.00003829238],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00051012385,0.00009122942,0.00036526012,0.000044206743,0.00008338256,0.000008944339,0.00039712994,0.000034324952,0.0000131093375],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007630018,0.000039812054,0.00020537783,0.00043989226,0.00015415216,0.000089271496,0.0000587944,0.000120703044,2.0953653e-8],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002833057,0.00001570613,0.035559308,0.00027468076,0.00014585842,1.565967e-7,0.0019508399,0.057232648,0.90443915,0.000044042234,4.5738307e-7,0.000053854103],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00028956603,0.000111796835,0.13360876,0.00006352156,0.0005002382,0.0000013558758,0.0005495122,0.011728815,0.8530192,0.00008464668,3.1813266e-7,0.0000422922],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00010532991,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008541426,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.098049454,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000084094545,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000019212983,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.16234885},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3041264491","doi":"10.1103/physrevfluids.5.124501","title":"Penetration of a cooling convective layer into a stably-stratified composition gradient: Entrainment at low Prandtl number","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Fluids","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Compute Canada; Marketing Science Institute","keywords":"Convection; Prandtl number; Penetration (warfare); Entrainment (biomusicology); Lift (data mining); Planet; Boundary layer; Turbulence","score_opus":0.026217506877734303,"score_gpt":0.2969900405904631,"score_spread":0.2707725337127288,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3041264491","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9915983,0.0013081362,0.0034638057,0.0010989688,0.000076174394,0.0008282237,0.00003249246,0.000059202448,0.0015346888],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975284,0.00050482457,0.00021080035,0.0014650543,0.00011749851,0.00009938441,0.000052506137,0.000012501335,0.000009040096],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9985857,0.00016969888,0.00039175164,0.00031815196,0.00035257678,0.00018214503],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99930036,0.000081769445,0.00015892669,0.00017756365,0.000120446646,0.00016093669],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00018035527,0.00015402252,0.00038255425,0.000009914174,0.00008535285,0.000026552643,0.00014189255,0.000022391108,0.0006388559],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006596477,0.00013272994,0.00010946343,0.00021429366,0.00009050568,0.00016101748,0.000051299226,0.00007353517,0.0003577215],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008196994,0.00016696432,0.000030079987,0.0010777155,0.000011267622,8.1684897e-7,0.0023689943,0.0000084947,0.9790752,0.016731273,0.0002876447,0.00015958435],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000690228,0.000210343,0.00048411996,0.0006697204,0.00010325138,0.0000025524523,0.00012450172,0.0022714732,0.9924742,0.0013900042,0.0013182191,0.0002613595],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008774618,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000010107964,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.015341269,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000091626534,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000036824087,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6995024},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3043385646","doi":"10.1140/epje/i2020-11972-9","title":"Effect of local composition-dependent interfacial anisotropy on dendritic growth orientation","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The European Physical Journal E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Anisotropy; Dendrite (mathematics); Composition (language); Materials science; Work (physics); Chemical physics; Microstructure; Surface energy; Orientation (vector space); Condensed matter physics; Phase (matter); Morphology (biology); Crystallography; Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Physics; Geometry; Composite material; Optics; Geology; Mathematics","score_opus":0.012464039013235064,"score_gpt":0.2555442516111234,"score_spread":0.2430802125978883,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3043385646","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9795835,0.000008567532,0.011782399,0.00060370495,0.00021854838,0.00010638416,0.00000868548,0.00003491958,0.0076532876],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986109,0.0000027267774,0.00002248514,0.00035016323,0.0009837273,0.0000013707595,0.0000023417915,0.000017820246,0.000008454213],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9979767,0.0011476431,0.00023401788,0.00014547053,0.00035240548,0.00014373766],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99936944,0.0001624074,0.0001552519,0.000109411165,0.00006996354,0.00013355025],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000435467,0.000113684786,0.0001629795,0.000019396804,0.0001556624,0.00007436929,0.00034432573,0.000008962393,0.0000512756],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000042862266,0.000069969115,0.00008739996,0.000105391366,0.0001461432,0.00010577343,0.000062865925,0.00021406659,0.0006574194],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00053613767,0.0001109034,0.000011272619,0.000028521199,0.0000122199435,0.000020387946,0.0016536493,0.0003787404,0.9868595,0.0051351413,0.00034668014,0.004906866],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001454715,0.0028739066,0.0007469243,0.00005895512,0.00006921813,0.000046907495,0.0003834482,0.0005232585,0.99143773,0.0021667883,0.00006731834,0.000170837],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000011431206,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.8943509e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.019027408,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000032275177,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000011227324,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8450015},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3047040637","doi":"10.1002/9781119093404.ch3","title":"Undercooling of Rapidly Solidified Droplets and Spray Formed Strips of Al‐Cu(Sc)","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"other","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Supercooling; STRIPS; Materials science; Metallurgy; Chemical engineering; Composite material; Nanotechnology; Meteorology; Engineering; Geography","score_opus":0.031031778281522534,"score_gpt":0.26969740610034265,"score_spread":0.23866562781882011,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3047040637","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.02476777,0.0013816415,0.0016348724,0.00015883612,0.00050087285,0.00068486447,0.00025826297,0.00019635343,0.97041655],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.72823393,0.0002472162,0.0028295524,0.00025148518,0.00015652066,0.00002213052,0.00006904331,0.0002650385,0.2679251],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9985026,0.000082094666,0.00047606468,0.00032684254,0.00036588626,0.00024651477],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99874884,0.00006815212,0.0005098952,0.00041801948,0.0001114765,0.00014362698],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004737381,0.00022424215,0.0005385337,0.00020963738,0.000028075543,0.000022311347,0.00026323847,0.00018976672,0.0037032263],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008445356,0.0001849414,0.000048797254,0.00015956574,0.00019948253,0.000061697654,0.00009118616,0.000096636075,0.000052944284],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000059689606,0.000115387884,0.00003229136,0.00048294693,0.000046189827,0.0000011734774,0.00061204965,0.000002151321,0.6249161,0.005585281,0.36788025,0.0002665377],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003545286,0.00039417416,0.00019551204,0.00062357314,0.00016220337,0.000012312949,0.003080689,0.00009611545,0.18999551,0.003658184,0.79705787,0.0011785533],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00017177017,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000105168416,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7034661,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000025298566,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00015075618,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9972075},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3082630036","doi":"10.1007/s11669-020-00833-1","title":"Metastable Dendrite Morphologies in Aluminum Alloys","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Dendrite (mathematics); Metastability; Alloy; Microstructure; Electron backscatter diffraction; Aluminium; Anisotropy; Metallurgy; Chemistry; Geometry","score_opus":0.03638541649572888,"score_gpt":0.2874358669780338,"score_spread":0.2510504504823049,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3082630036","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99655795,0.0006081304,0.00058798067,0.0014861821,0.00024576837,0.00007007613,0.0000065980284,0.00001565518,0.0004216295],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99817246,0.00011858649,0.0009866332,0.00046793578,0.00018217073,0.0000013123978,0.000001598273,0.0000078711755,0.00006141096],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99895877,0.0000844683,0.00043214037,0.00014203302,0.0002136292,0.00016894087],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993878,0.00006222563,0.00023605797,0.00008153481,0.00005152025,0.000180847],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003401186,0.00009831855,0.000257987,0.00007981668,0.000039472867,0.00007205347,0.00016811391,0.00003867085,0.00045976473],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00015426676,0.00007498681,0.000050278923,0.00015147074,0.000056727546,0.0003887225,0.00009755233,0.00010668968,0.000018185876],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002601547,0.00014399303,0.00048639753,0.000018925408,0.0000035848298,0.000041074214,0.0007416656,0.0000047717294,0.9963382,0.00024143666,0.0009821029,0.00073770003],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.03707434,0.0051736794,0.010297743,0.0003549759,0.00024315751,0.00071686733,0.009076456,0.027011935,0.8300319,0.006849081,0.07189632,0.0012735756],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000056440203,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.434936e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.16630632,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001611126,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000038042122,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.50341016},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3086458781","doi":"","title":"Style and dynamics of thermal convection in the superheated Sudbury melt sheet: Implications for the history of crystallization and deposition of sulfide","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"AGU Spring Meeting Abstracts","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Crystallization; Deposition (geology); Geology; Thermal; Sulfide; Mineralogy; Convection; Superheating; Materials science; Metallurgy; Meteorology; Thermodynamics; Geomorphology; Geography; Physics","score_opus":0.015219938728298013,"score_gpt":0.22549683104517598,"score_spread":0.21027689231687796,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3086458781","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99722916,0.00039113316,0.0011894678,0.00018951067,0.000053512067,0.0002608636,0.00001028053,0.000011368474,0.00066467584],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99951446,0.000025102952,0.0003784429,0.000013646632,0.000015983685,0.000022730212,0.00001045074,0.0000070006486,0.000012197782],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993164,0.000049189137,0.00034407055,0.00011458959,0.00008742477,0.000088355286],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991498,0.00035150532,0.00025574534,0.00013672173,0.000094607196,0.000011647048],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006277219,0.000060400802,0.00010061074,0.000046485544,0.000058566406,0.000011750311,0.000084895866,0.000038048558,0.0000018161104],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008342937,0.000045032255,0.000018197412,0.00007596016,0.00012836125,0.000082540944,0.000014646463,0.00003780674,8.354306e-8],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002132497,0.000044689576,0.011386961,0.00008899338,0.0000030156355,4.752087e-8,0.000770739,0.0030988746,0.98175347,0.0025379672,0.0000064765827,0.00028742495],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00030415313,0.00003664025,0.8995866,0.000061889965,0.00002877222,0.000002459955,0.0006671736,0.004106077,0.09472256,0.00039407198,0.000026418922,0.000063181],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0031276732,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005860382,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8881996,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000055028788,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000027128965,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.47281268},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3102969125","doi":"","title":"Phase Field Crystals as a Coarse-Graining in Time of Molecular Dynamics","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Mesoscopic physics; Granularity; Molecular dynamics; Phase (matter); Statistical physics; Field (mathematics); Physics; Structure factor; Dynamics (music); Chemical physics; Classical mechanics; Materials science; Condensed matter physics; Quantum mechanics; Mathematics; Computer science","score_opus":0.013143933876320426,"score_gpt":0.2950230935622761,"score_spread":0.28187915968595567,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3102969125","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9307935,0.000018898168,0.014988751,0.00014009068,0.000039641116,0.00011784654,0.0000046143473,0.00004146797,0.053855162],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967893,9.966005e-7,0.0015678661,0.00061669777,0.000009823991,0.000004165283,0.000006089484,0.000008258797,0.0009967982],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99908227,0.000027615699,0.00032036545,0.00016155491,0.00019904402,0.00020912947],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99950314,0.00011215136,0.00008213158,0.00019431295,0.00004035114,0.00006794261],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006389651,0.0000777589,0.00014413227,0.00010028861,0.000019279934,0.00002103277,0.00019104891,0.000052220257,0.0017012957],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000117999676,0.000073725496,0.000032478827,0.00020639435,0.0000422637,0.00007178859,0.00004329597,0.000049505208,0.00012606084],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006331757,0.00019432814,0.00009483103,0.000010406789,0.0000018833159,0.000014332117,0.0006411645,0.000010536449,0.9879773,0.009738271,0.000045864723,0.0012077644],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013657807,0.0002880589,0.0000692966,0.000024754096,0.000004959741,0.000006346719,0.0012336322,0.002403037,0.9912822,0.0028906562,0.00027524884,0.00015598255],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007439107,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002003691,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.065995775,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004459909,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000040388175,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992113},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3105065604","doi":"10.1007/s11663-020-02016-2","title":"Dephosphorization of Metallurgical-Grade Silicon by Electromagnetic Levitation","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Levitation; Silicon; Refining (metallurgy); Materials science; Mass transfer; Work (physics); Metallurgy; Diffusion; Mass transfer coefficient; Phase (matter); Magnetic levitation; Phosphorus; Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanical engineering; Engineering; Magnet; Physics","score_opus":0.01597013582198967,"score_gpt":0.21827837730368044,"score_spread":0.20230824148169077,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3105065604","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.7869454,0.00040349716,0.21096098,0.00091487734,0.000113818336,0.00026616477,0.000086797016,0.00010566358,0.0002028021],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99807423,0.00025130657,0.0010934304,0.00021052011,0.00003513364,0.000057290217,0.00005792165,0.000018207347,0.00020194265],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9985552,0.00014697354,0.0005017895,0.0003535689,0.00023171776,0.000210793],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99944365,0.000055239252,0.00014261033,0.000115727,0.00005689878,0.00018586505],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00019001032,0.00016382849,0.00036342247,0.00003328281,0.00011507418,0.0001021412,0.00012599406,0.00008940618,0.004705354],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000024279003,0.00015095924,0.00006755745,0.00023488123,0.00013982983,0.00017979657,0.000009606493,0.000062183404,0.000056758825],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007458603,0.00010926626,2.066688e-7,0.000070743125,0.000016833781,0.0000011133059,0.00019586082,0.0001474673,0.99762046,0.0014048698,0.000026415362,0.00033217817],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007868501,0.000340755,0.00019846285,0.000009940661,0.0001393588,0.000014719779,0.000121650235,0.0015350475,0.98954266,0.0003932351,0.0066767414,0.0002405918],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005450493,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000028918187,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.21112886,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000011034038,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001763794,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9962045},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3106219610","doi":"10.1557/mrs.2020.274","title":"Solute trapping in rapid solidification","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"MRS Bulletin","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":55,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Trapping; Materials science; Geography","score_opus":0.03675229780904237,"score_gpt":0.2305896327412643,"score_spread":0.1938373349322219,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3106219610","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.83768266,0.00060154404,0.009054974,0.10963158,0.00039575843,0.0006563763,0.000017080885,0.00049730844,0.041462705],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99594474,0.000024587298,0.0007266158,0.002897244,0.00012365189,0.000041519444,0.00000743155,0.00001385975,0.00022036674],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989537,0.00008253793,0.00027495294,0.0002961148,0.00015549095,0.00023719268],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99959034,0.000035606612,0.00007551273,0.00016444211,0.000025462916,0.000108657114],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00026722965,0.00009750447,0.00013556979,0.00004173779,0.00006443076,0.00005333305,0.00022103377,0.00004411913,0.0039212387],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008621342,0.00009913964,0.000033337623,0.00019476855,0.000043633874,0.000043319866,0.000037384347,0.00008753284,0.0026842258],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000045961962,0.000055796692,0.00012658165,0.00003691313,0.0000020762761,0.0000042750685,0.0027862224,0.000101687794,0.9753166,0.0020557984,0.016983556,0.002484556],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013065458,0.00010821999,0.0057785013,0.00003692534,0.000009263141,0.0000036768529,0.0015687969,0.0014442692,0.17630051,0.0005200312,0.81243294,0.00049033546],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000015565953,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000013725634,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.79901606,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000028974368,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000021292866,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9980923},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3113279281","doi":"10.1021/acsanm.0c03255","title":"Thermodynamics Model for Mechanochemical Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles: Implications for Solvent-Free Nanoparticle Production","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ACS Applied Nano Materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"École de Technologie Supérieure; Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis; McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; McGill University","keywords":"Mechanosynthesis; Nanoparticle; Mechanochemistry; Context (archaeology); Nanomaterials; Work (physics); Non-equilibrium thermodynamics; Phenomenological model","score_opus":0.03153629451699407,"score_gpt":0.26111212553204305,"score_spread":0.22957583101504897,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3113279281","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9872396,0.000034902223,0.009391051,0.00095510844,0.00023275425,0.0011234896,0.0008104476,0.000102588354,0.00011004212],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98530835,0.000017140863,0.011205666,0.0001127333,0.0001043137,0.0029812225,0.000067896115,0.000045653465,0.00015703932],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9983073,0.00003541485,0.0006208134,0.0005146789,0.00014839832,0.00037342473],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983311,0.00016809082,0.0002825643,0.0008374412,0.00030233618,0.000078421865],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00054610503,0.00018114316,0.00036725335,0.00004128809,0.00013942558,0.000077675584,0.00038929793,0.00010620184,0.00004867168],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004154606,0.00017635201,0.00006762474,0.00017516415,0.00008975474,0.00011319785,0.00012902186,0.000020639105,0.000011914218],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00016959592,0.00019881641,0.0000015453599,0.00016308087,0.000015445956,3.9566626e-8,0.000171133,0.0001959466,0.91106254,0.08723421,0.0005823239,0.00020535088],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00045346937,0.000021713226,0.000015749178,0.000017680195,0.000074370735,0.0000021366802,0.0001572185,0.00042760003,0.93202734,0.066556185,0.000059586928,0.00018695879],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001970439,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000029078765,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.020964814,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000058366542,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00011789873,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7191426},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3122545788","doi":"10.1007/s10915-020-01391-x","title":"Asymptotic Behaviour of Time Stepping Methods for Phase Field Models","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Scientific Computing","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Mathematics; Applied mathematics; Stability (learning theory); Metastability; Energy (signal processing); Truncation (statistics); Asymptotically optimal algorithm; Time stepping; Statistical physics; Fidelity; Truncation error; Mathematical analysis; Mathematical optimization; Computer science; Discretization","score_opus":0.05530486863367588,"score_gpt":0.38199036070789705,"score_spread":0.32668549207422115,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3122545788","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.5440156,0.00017554271,0.4544662,0.00010670786,0.00093836396,0.00006147052,0.0000039394604,0.000008070955,0.00022413135],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.84399974,0.0000012015582,0.15546906,0.00004740031,0.00010740809,5.9065815e-7,0.0000019048979,0.0000074837994,0.0003651971],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99848366,0.0001100062,0.00072360056,0.00020049057,0.00027633662,0.00020593526],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99771315,0.0004921333,0.000659215,0.00020421697,0.0008330359,0.000098267046],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003214691,0.00008235496,0.00028081576,0.00014083371,0.0002008411,0.00019288227,0.0002933433,0.0000359662,0.0001901495],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003840317,0.00007514785,0.00015369187,0.00032738084,0.00006753035,0.00023234845,0.00009058258,0.00009108469,0.0000047919266],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000021039039,0.00015225161,0.00002235602,0.000040038278,0.000009342758,0.000002872452,0.0007522119,0.0018638057,0.98019445,0.00043936612,0.0003821066,0.016120173],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0010897227,0.00017206345,0.000043303713,0.00018142984,0.000058208654,0.00007374675,0.0006790232,0.13857457,0.8549553,0.0035889696,0.0004556752,0.00012795278],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000010621575,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.7546327e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.29998416,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003491793,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00019240016,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.30644405},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3123394854","doi":"10.3390/cryst11020116","title":"The Relative Contribution of Solutal Marangoni Convection to Thermal Marangoni Flow Instabilities in a Liquid Bridge of Smaller Aspect Ratios under Zero Gravity","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crystals","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Research Institute for Information Technology, Kyushu University; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","keywords":"Marangoni number; Marangoni effect; Convection; Wavenumber; Zero gravity; Mechanics; Thermal; Materials science; Physics; Thermodynamics; Optics","score_opus":0.022362592827819237,"score_gpt":0.25690351239212994,"score_spread":0.2345409195643107,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3123394854","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9853295,0.00032139494,0.01170682,0.00082165934,0.0002505107,0.0005365692,0.0001388017,0.000028425173,0.0008662926],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99934,0.000011567696,0.00013799181,0.000118983124,0.00003326212,0.00010514804,0.000024357758,0.000013468779,0.0002152421],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9979986,0.0005316427,0.000580754,0.00028919248,0.000319005,0.00028079326],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99865836,0.0003078582,0.00023591242,0.00034656044,0.00038956213,0.00006174694],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009696587,0.00014147085,0.0003155617,0.000073782525,0.0001961572,0.00004242504,0.00016745443,0.00006787091,0.0001690475],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00031627854,0.00011999089,0.00009894161,0.00040031297,0.00023190492,0.00018474291,0.00013349674,0.00012139156,0.000013071411],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006069377,0.00013047455,0.00034253483,0.00003096339,0.000019785355,0.0000019653432,0.002614531,0.0010971127,0.97224194,0.022685016,0.00006525991,0.00016348231],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0019356103,0.0005426179,0.08798305,0.00009067733,0.000035210338,0.000017306167,0.003717144,0.0005824585,0.8887159,0.015066582,0.0009575297,0.0003558615],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00010731594,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00017592046,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.08764052,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001709279,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00020627966,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.48930866},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3126373996","doi":"10.1088/1361-6544/ac4d91","title":"Microscopic patterns in the 2D phase-field-crystal model","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Nonlinearity","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Field (mathematics); Statistical physics; Parameter space; Phase (matter); Phase space; Physics; Space (punctuation); Crystal (programming language); Dynamical systems theory; Phase field models; Microscopic theory; Classical mechanics; Theoretical physics; Mathematics; Condensed matter physics; Geometry; Computer science; Pure mathematics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.053041059339525264,"score_gpt":0.34793750778452975,"score_spread":0.2948964484450045,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3126373996","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.989003,0.00011453953,0.004675156,0.0012458609,0.0006764005,0.0005877217,0.0008858699,0.00008618073,0.0027252918],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9956754,0.000032288364,0.0014170322,0.0018089904,0.0002334011,0.00024914547,0.0002847082,0.000023694789,0.0002753563],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9978101,0.00028581798,0.00046327445,0.0006030131,0.00048088547,0.00035691285],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99862844,0.00012094927,0.00019177752,0.0009479975,0.000046669196,0.000064144835],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00085190346,0.0002539591,0.0003088942,0.00008766143,0.00018232653,0.0002042824,0.0012452218,0.00018395485,0.0017903072],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000074165466,0.00021067164,0.000116870055,0.00013630315,0.00005393217,0.00007012635,0.00090401375,0.001070515,0.00003916602],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007928335,0.011896559,0.02209502,0.0025387695,0.000083544684,0.00019684565,0.043629136,0.03500868,0.8598061,0.007062845,0.010739165,0.0061504827],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.016954187,0.0017104541,0.024784843,0.00077354285,0.00045189413,0.00009198402,0.01849624,0.6629676,0.11380935,0.08361352,0.06913507,0.0072113215],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00044826238,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00015513645,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7459968,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00012004062,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002546665,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991222},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3131591939","doi":"10.1115/imece2020-23397","title":"Analytical Modeling of Outward Solidification With Convective Boundary in Cylindrical Coordinates","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Stefan problem; Biot number; Subcooling; Convection; Mechanics; Boundary (topology); Cylinder; Boundary value problem; Thermodynamics; Materials science; Physics; Heat transfer; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Geometry","score_opus":0.04073495799534993,"score_gpt":0.2612400417090825,"score_spread":0.22050508371373256,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3131591939","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9287534,0.000030812338,0.05946333,0.002033091,0.00002610286,0.00018978058,0.000006139093,0.00006926973,0.0094281025],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981133,0.000002646196,0.0014598549,0.00032682836,0.000026438878,0.000014706619,0.0000052241753,0.000009724884,0.00004128815],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989731,0.00005460141,0.0003142929,0.00028054058,0.00020744166,0.00017006353],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995125,0.000051844465,0.000068822825,0.00013419116,0.00012155417,0.00011110422],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00016476124,0.0000965168,0.00021813689,0.000052642965,0.00003452367,0.00003268198,0.00015478944,0.000044427263,0.000256736],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008328614,0.00007503392,0.000027128217,0.00031936666,0.00011824679,0.0001394179,0.000035308654,0.00008749838,0.00006245537],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0025566332,0.0010928396,0.040556822,0.0003805963,0.000075178716,0.00002474877,0.019317038,0.05445062,0.70583415,0.17412183,0.0004265661,0.0011629947],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001070052,0.00028209304,0.0023338562,0.000022990962,0.00002113929,0.0000029877328,0.0034537632,0.92972696,0.061395872,0.0012985977,0.00014358661,0.00024811193],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003489332,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000055894843,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8752763,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003586233,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008599807,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.30597943},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3132588862","doi":"10.1103/physreve.103.053310","title":"Quantitative phase field simulations of polycrystalline solidification using a vector order parameter","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Canadian Nuclear Laboratories","funders":"Academy of Finland; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Nucleation; Crystallite; Phase field models; Grain boundary; Statistical physics; Field (mathematics); Materials science; Phase (matter); Thermodynamics; Mathematics; Physics","score_opus":0.07852392825355406,"score_gpt":0.4241368975554174,"score_spread":0.34561296930186336,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3132588862","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9667822,0.0020825702,0.02958153,0.0008170086,0.00008634927,0.0002732221,0.00006090097,0.000031562682,0.00028462548],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9942193,0.00025942698,0.00475412,0.00058958447,0.00006896366,0.0000175543,0.000039450344,0.000012200087,0.00003941144],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99886423,0.00014618733,0.00036119737,0.00025549813,0.00021669788,0.0001562153],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985734,0.00046487775,0.0002043473,0.00033654278,0.00034979495,0.00007104036],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000118184726,0.00011418739,0.00031148535,0.00002433975,0.00006173257,0.000022690472,0.00011906098,0.000021865279,0.0006089245],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0010585107,0.00010075208,0.00009784246,0.00043915844,0.000054256336,0.00014605354,0.00003884647,0.00006843508,0.0000537275],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000019328774,0.00045438,0.000011487701,0.00026266335,0.0000092417695,7.943714e-7,0.00015656692,0.00014513609,0.987325,0.011111073,0.000082230436,0.00042205557],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00072515383,0.00024403767,0.00010615526,0.0006304178,0.00017096475,0.0000033921367,0.00012152124,0.06898899,0.9173493,0.008881011,0.002463862,0.0003152159],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009416128,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000019237568,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.069975756,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000022562885,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008768407,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6667296},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3140433152","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.127.205701","title":"Orientation Gradients in Rapidly Solidified Pure Aluminum Thin Films: Comparison of Experiments and Phase-Field Crystal Simulations","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Academy of Finland; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Division of Materials Research; Canada Research Chairs; U.S. Department of Energy; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Materials science; Aluminium; Phase (matter); Temperature gradient; Micrometer; Amplitude; Lattice (music); Crystal (programming language); Orientation (vector space); Field (mathematics); Chemical physics; Composite material; Optics; Geometry; Chemistry; Physics","score_opus":0.05041217356217619,"score_gpt":0.3754611117894654,"score_spread":0.3250489382272892,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3140433152","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9920447,0.004886996,0.00082618656,0.0009131969,0.0003199764,0.00084048905,0.000060461865,0.00003145771,0.000076533],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99625176,0.0005758206,0.0004898319,0.0021646323,0.00007536737,0.0001476152,0.00026834157,0.000021922924,0.000004676589],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.997594,0.0002876789,0.000782808,0.0006182638,0.00045315834,0.00026406487],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998598,0.00020157253,0.00051739014,0.00048410168,0.00008678827,0.00011214361],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00021299905,0.0002930745,0.000865084,0.000083517065,0.000062171785,0.000081538645,0.00028881172,0.000048631206,0.00019813834],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001624008,0.00028609674,0.00015029145,0.00023529235,0.000101558646,0.00018009217,0.00027326518,0.00032503513,0.000008686893],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000326242,0.00090330536,0.00042060015,0.0025284195,0.000021599855,0.0000028836964,0.00580765,0.0012903799,0.98743796,0.00015735585,0.0009429031,0.00045431394],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0077295112,0.0006705731,0.0037159778,0.02089942,0.0008679416,0.000005151917,0.005084748,0.062744625,0.8916686,0.0019357116,0.001663767,0.0030139664],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000042825104,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000454391,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.09576936,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000058524078,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000462535,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999591},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3153778706","doi":"10.82308/20751","title":"A grand potential based multi-phase field model for alloy solidification","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"eScholarship@McGill (McGill)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Phase (matter); Field (mathematics); Alloy; Metallurgy; Materials science; Physics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.054784719334861044,"score_gpt":0.30459266993834017,"score_spread":0.24980795060347913,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3153778706","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.986958,0.00003458803,0.005357366,0.00039038577,0.0007716583,0.001206442,0.0013701213,0.00031985447,0.0035915312],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9834035,0.000012427723,0.013827143,0.0008268387,0.0000578822,0.00038228132,0.00007026041,0.00007089821,0.0013487723],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9973865,0.00012313605,0.00059426436,0.00084333046,0.00042602821,0.00062673533],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99731225,0.00013409377,0.00051963684,0.0013618727,0.0003334034,0.00033876442],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009813973,0.0003576252,0.00036417364,0.00012564624,0.002855938,0.0003741183,0.0010832191,0.00024937215,0.00022528399],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009873905,0.0003609312,0.00024043834,0.00008067177,0.00013222572,0.0010203825,0.00015694615,0.00025520322,0.00019836187],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00039226565,0.00049645005,0.0000060870025,0.00007255851,0.000015919419,0.000004881544,0.00000838976,0.0006934548,0.964378,0.022408433,0.000018842482,0.0115047],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0076817684,0.00025204555,0.00014712622,0.000055845525,0.000102589765,0.0000069816742,0.000041492174,0.18670142,0.7803746,0.014930954,0.008937021,0.0007681992],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000053536434,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000068220994,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.18600796,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00014684393,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000050338374,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99988425},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3161852624","doi":"","title":"Modeling of combined natural/thermocapillary convection flows in germanium melt at high temperatures","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"DSpace - Isik (Işık University)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Natural convection; Convection; Mechanics; Meteorology; Thermodynamics; Environmental science; Materials science; Atmospheric sciences; Geology; Physics","score_opus":0.008776959033273404,"score_gpt":0.19583841179192918,"score_spread":0.18706145275865577,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3161852624","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9942023,0.000051254385,0.00033045522,0.00021222178,0.00046489618,0.00016752187,0.000011242382,0.00007501002,0.004485096],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99709404,0.000019323776,0.00014370098,0.000072639006,0.00006664134,6.989314e-7,0.000016068238,0.000012878072,0.0025740133],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990311,0.00010350146,0.00016076787,0.00029915044,0.0001818074,0.00022365176],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993807,0.00002991139,0.00009059514,0.0002724812,0.00015780685,0.000068515714],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00013678338,0.00013808637,0.00020291665,0.00026598034,0.00015960188,0.000022938164,0.00026190456,0.000076267606,0.00038606938],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008307898,0.0001434065,0.00004759298,0.00048110957,0.00012598783,0.0002616187,0.00012791746,0.00010303116,0.00009243039],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003559964,0.000069361115,0.0005990738,0.0000303794,0.000013937806,0.000010285597,0.0014079789,0.0008320117,0.97910905,0.01732374,0.0002355335,0.000012648848],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0044512087,0.00039059858,0.004490568,0.0001254428,0.00007191758,0.000013571481,0.006452508,0.04713045,0.9320561,0.0008382714,0.003069304,0.0009100122],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00022375853,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00026515409,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.047052905,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001821378,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000040635703,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.58479476},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3163729208","doi":"10.1139/cjc-2021-0064","title":"Solidification transformations in liquid phase separated metastable monotectic Cu-50 at. % Co alloy","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Chemistry","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":true,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Government of the United Kingdom","keywords":"Alloy; Chemistry; Drop (telecommunication); Metastability; Copper; Differential thermal analysis; Phase (matter); Melting point; Metallurgy; Tube (container); Analytical Chemistry (journal); Materials science; Composite material; Chromatography; Diffraction","score_opus":0.022483693471289635,"score_gpt":0.2715798236456539,"score_spread":0.24909613017436427,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3163729208","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9922442,0.00062566635,0.0004736745,0.000778326,0.000107501524,0.00005710886,0.000091224305,0.000008729441,0.0056135757],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989014,0.000033944394,0.00017673074,0.00013213014,0.00006145377,0.0000069867074,0.000053281878,0.000011328403,0.000622733],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99885875,0.000053864962,0.0005169253,0.00013474576,0.00015690697,0.00027878504],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99885464,0.000028732944,0.00020623613,0.00019240846,0.0002446821,0.00047330008],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00033240207,0.00010609774,0.00019998166,0.00008124814,0.0001323603,0.00008350202,0.00020492311,0.00007437645,0.003237525],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00010697475,0.00011380651,0.00006646891,0.00028714963,0.00005949704,0.00026088112,0.0000049132523,0.00016543329,0.00007271907],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000040418192,0.000043155593,0.00002999237,0.000035960136,0.000009245478,0.00004462916,0.00083895575,0.00033361005,0.9976076,0.000024778114,0.00093682855,0.00005486708],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009094863,0.000028814964,0.000066062945,0.000033055105,0.00001735584,0.00022280464,0.00063979556,0.00015424253,0.9755755,0.000093637835,0.022132859,0.00012636285],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00022305085,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00093054783,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.022032037,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00039034424,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0016015666,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99767363},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3202274395","doi":"","title":"Three-dimensional miscible displacement processes in the quarter five-spot configuration","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"APS Division of Fluid Dynamics Meeting Abstracts","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Displacement (psychology); Quarter (Canadian coin); History; Psychology","score_opus":0.01321085611104899,"score_gpt":0.24566767436665365,"score_spread":0.23245681825560466,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3202274395","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9892388,0.00008661685,0.00017436642,0.0007679248,0.00010556849,0.00030307978,0.000025894225,0.00003575808,0.009261974],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999097,0.00001188242,0.00041537907,0.00017013887,0.000031052958,0.000029172877,0.00007343645,0.000012189456,0.00015973113],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9981175,0.0000789856,0.0006181378,0.00032504834,0.000589491,0.00027083597],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99888474,0.00038720737,0.00021297013,0.0003110499,0.00014545741,0.000058555688],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011216262,0.00016558645,0.000185735,0.00007413877,0.00016074076,0.000094561634,0.00034509844,0.00006782025,0.0004840754],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00017916127,0.00012126678,0.000041123367,0.00026190892,0.000094716466,0.00020451145,0.000025016117,0.0001102272,0.00016454526],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005080721,0.0020616408,0.003996993,0.0006081583,0.000025654666,0.000023985198,0.0074197953,0.20511717,0.76454556,0.004567869,0.003505823,0.00761925],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005865832,0.0013540677,0.4160645,0.002298033,0.000115122755,0.000048092446,0.006181742,0.32237142,0.22921488,0.011714478,0.0026553308,0.0021165167],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002710144,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003268518,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5353307,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000049689672,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008032366,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.53002864},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3206982944","doi":"10.20944/preprints201809.0245.v1","title":"On the Effect of Filling Rate on Positive Macrosegregation Patterns in Large Size Cast Steel Ingots","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Preprints.org","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Cégep de Sorel-Tracy; École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Ingot; Materials science; Metallurgy; Liquid metal; Diffusion; Grain size; Molten metal; Casting; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.054694533403949995,"score_gpt":0.32381479965894855,"score_spread":0.2691202662549986,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3206982944","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99296623,0.000008232613,0.00008566946,0.00020142269,0.0006322571,0.0012107702,0.00023460001,0.000064773885,0.0045960196],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998931,0.000011513411,0.000011464637,0.0002501738,0.0001134467,0.00023686512,0.00003656759,0.000035970646,0.00037301227],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9968414,0.0010013821,0.0005623664,0.0008420911,0.0003858112,0.0003669912],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99696624,0.001175894,0.00056110555,0.0011014298,0.00012385153,0.000071484676],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.002708256,0.0003461242,0.0004359949,0.00011157625,0.00013079518,0.000048450707,0.00066146004,0.00021298252,0.0020582487],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0011173723,0.00025794774,0.00012799699,0.00013956126,0.00011156251,0.000056691682,0.0007713759,0.00054015755,0.0012791657],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0011846113,0.000360398,0.30556276,0.00061072275,0.00006742032,0.000014264114,0.0070722923,0.001544495,0.681675,0.001698261,0.00004858909,0.00016118897],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00046918404,0.00011023467,0.4050293,0.00058287656,0.000014488861,7.3364595e-7,0.000087371176,0.00019861333,0.5925616,0.00073327543,0.000022177775,0.00019011888],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000122617,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000029763603,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.099466555,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00019297555,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000049381237,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999873},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3213353845","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.127.205701","title":"Orientation gradients in rapidly solidified pure aluminum thin films: comparison of experiments and phase-field crystal simulations","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":36,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Academy of Finland; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; U.S. Department of Energy; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Materials science; Aluminium; Phase (matter); Temperature gradient; Lattice (music); Micrometer; Amplitude; Orientation (vector space); Chemical physics; Field (mathematics); Crystal (programming language); Thin film; Condensed matter physics; Composite material; Optics; Nanotechnology; Geometry; Physics","score_opus":0.07923023119989311,"score_gpt":0.264710021159259,"score_spread":0.1854797899593659,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3213353845","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9947726,0.00005919856,0.004014166,0.000026365302,0.00014182754,0.00014141412,0.000025045792,0.000027594686,0.00079174875],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99944293,0.000011562891,0.00018197951,0.00004923434,0.000011354352,8.992172e-7,0.000034638415,0.000007359351,0.0002600245],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990437,0.00010417422,0.00023778026,0.0003560881,0.000084374304,0.0001738845],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99935144,0.000098244294,0.00014061216,0.00022758162,0.00009775214,0.00008434163],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009324581,0.00010684499,0.00018864192,0.00010822877,0.000098480064,0.000028707209,0.00013286847,0.00006619878,0.00042821025],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000059629063,0.00012633816,0.000034563145,0.0004271838,0.00007246277,0.00028847405,0.000072187424,0.00007426444,0.000010440864],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001804243,0.0007934824,0.022895608,0.000043453103,0.000013450662,0.000024199428,0.005581764,0.01179669,0.9432784,0.01516271,0.00014830982,0.00008151196],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0063888673,0.0003093149,0.006174652,0.00007257583,0.00006144601,0.0000028838513,0.021754831,0.09589825,0.86432076,0.0043302802,0.00024584524,0.00044030967],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000039419196,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004148691,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.08410156,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000040981424,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000041505333,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.51519203},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3217547908","doi":"10.1016/j.cma.2021.114328","title":"A thermodynamically consistent model for two-phase incompressible flows with different densities. Derivation and efficient energy-stable numerical schemes","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Computation; Compressibility; Work (physics); Phase field models; Applied mathematics; Energy (signal processing); Phase (matter); Mathematics; Statistical physics; Field (mathematics); Numerical analysis; Mechanics; Physics; Mathematical analysis; Thermodynamics; Algorithm","score_opus":0.02093126355588998,"score_gpt":0.27821662349553816,"score_spread":0.2572853599396482,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3217547908","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.18127249,0.000127049,0.8182986,0.000018939827,0.00007403625,0.00013851696,0.000004614376,0.0000464245,0.000019366042],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.49758884,0.000007024072,0.50223505,0.00005258596,0.00001746038,0.0000770855,0.000005615338,0.0000133279555,0.0000030006454],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990861,0.000030097452,0.00022303054,0.00034207015,0.00009813823,0.00022057445],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995153,0.00013943859,0.000046968606,0.0001629459,0.00004471759,0.000090635374],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00024271298,0.00016278567,0.00026419538,0.000059385577,0.00006288181,0.000091029724,0.00006848549,0.000045638975,0.0000037539764],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009238599,0.00014099578,0.000020535952,0.00010130544,0.000009993206,0.000025364,0.00012896699,0.00006753661,8.1475264e-8],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003653413,0.00006604618,4.515473e-7,0.00007122262,0.000008901098,0.0000011810291,0.00019081017,0.20986705,0.6164183,0.1649223,7.585328e-7,0.00841646],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0012080816,0.0000278344,0.0000054747993,0.000036237416,0.000013112095,0.0000072808302,0.000041665808,0.9391876,0.055982117,0.003264139,0.00005425082,0.00017219117],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000015204948,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000010523903,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7293206,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000042347896,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000027278506,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5749641},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4200249566","doi":"10.1002/adts.202100351","title":"<i>SymPhas</i>—General Purpose Software for Phase‐Field, Phase‐Field Crystal, and Reaction‐Diffusion Simulations","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Advanced Theory and Simulations","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Computer science; Solver; Field (mathematics); Modular design; Computational science; Compiler; Interface (matter); Software; Programming language; Theoretical computer science; Parallel computing; Mathematics","score_opus":0.01665396955626728,"score_gpt":0.3213023696179892,"score_spread":0.3046484000617219,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4200249566","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8429948,0.00043962445,0.15474841,0.00035768416,0.00024377243,0.0004338399,0.00032761446,0.00012892751,0.00032532596],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99171835,0.000063324725,0.0056224475,0.0010046095,0.00013584274,0.000057200403,0.00027544293,0.000024878234,0.0010979307],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986617,0.00013624606,0.00035456102,0.00045036504,0.00013512232,0.00026201893],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972366,0.0019001698,0.00012624089,0.0003267769,0.00025821594,0.00015196491],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00020085432,0.00018866106,0.00022326624,0.00007915822,0.00079393963,0.00011155027,0.000086178516,0.000102050784,0.00036153075],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009148977,0.00019075505,0.000054540935,0.00024225771,0.00008095926,0.00051801215,0.00006366876,0.00009006662,0.0000049287873],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003943848,0.00033348476,0.00006449157,0.000033221742,0.000012763936,0.0000017917769,0.00044451063,0.0028062724,0.93027127,0.05325271,0.000061599225,0.012323499],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.018230174,0.0011973511,0.0001748666,0.00011714696,0.00025142083,0.000045523277,0.001677421,0.028437499,0.49470267,0.3588874,0.0951491,0.0011294227],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000024112514,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000010991732,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4355686,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002296882,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000058934427,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7778765},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4205946384","doi":"10.32920/ryerson.14657397.v1","title":"Three-dimensional modeling of SiGe by the traveling solvent method in the presence of magnetic field and rotating crucible","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Buoyancy; Crucible (geodemography); Intensity (physics); Magnetic field; Convection; Rotation (mathematics); Mechanics; Fluid dynamics; Materials science; Condensed matter physics; Mass transfer; Flow (mathematics); Chemistry; Physics; Optics; Geometry","score_opus":0.044745150549735234,"score_gpt":0.2993005893767886,"score_spread":0.2545554388270534,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4205946384","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8220392,0.0021065597,0.17395443,0.0006112909,0.00009941486,0.00042032896,0.000011435189,0.0000092257205,0.00074813137],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.96500754,0.00003264198,0.034657635,0.0001872739,0.00001783099,0.000056974743,0.000004583116,0.000007738953,0.000027771386],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9983422,0.00023752938,0.00054837484,0.000346272,0.00036506425,0.00016053572],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983358,0.0008831226,0.00020797693,0.00043158387,0.000116674484,0.000024873312],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0016995157,0.00013514188,0.00026500065,0.000030958367,0.00006511821,0.0000715474,0.00043848294,0.00008698441,0.00025713316],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00023181278,0.00008131388,0.00005881265,0.000112565736,0.00006508777,0.000048518985,0.0003966088,0.0002530445,4.4532166e-7],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000416447,0.00014981229,0.00029172224,0.00054196495,0.000014542334,0.0000016374162,0.009915492,0.15352422,0.8284615,0.0024194831,0.00010379709,0.004534128],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00017661984,0.000058750862,0.00016054005,0.00027325755,0.000025071366,0.0000045900597,0.004367557,0.91267383,0.073898956,0.008217298,0.0000029535702,0.00014059532],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0014293678,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00013120883,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7591496,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007371689,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008351878,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3315884},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4206255168","doi":"10.1016/j.jcp.2022.110943","title":"Energy-decreasing exponential time differencing Runge–Kutta methods for phase-field models","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Computational Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":90,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Dissipation; Runge–Kutta methods; Central differencing scheme; Energy (signal processing); Applied mathematics; Exponential function; Work (physics); Mathematics; Field (mathematics); Balanced flow; Flow (mathematics); Mathematical analysis; Statistical physics; Numerical analysis; Physics; Geometry; Finite element method; Finite difference coefficient","score_opus":0.04477346624284274,"score_gpt":0.34750940206956665,"score_spread":0.3027359358267239,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4206255168","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.15754803,0.00009530283,0.8415075,0.00020302397,0.000355912,0.00006632952,0.000021011292,0.000015913265,0.00018696066],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.87423706,0.0000016577392,0.12474565,0.0004105764,0.00048254625,0.00001482871,0.000022611606,0.00001776919,0.00006730248],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986231,0.00017329333,0.00046709826,0.00013897404,0.00043559758,0.00016194496],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99833244,0.0006853469,0.0005204739,0.000089455185,0.00028271592,0.00008959141],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00062327576,0.000109914145,0.00024174353,0.00007543872,0.0003151648,0.000076120385,0.00027238115,0.000019917372,0.00023038499],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000029351357,0.00010812376,0.00016072803,0.00014199353,0.000023177805,0.0003062554,0.00007895554,0.00011832175,0.0000025514362],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00045340674,0.00051318214,0.000001920838,0.000017677325,0.000054866756,0.0000022054378,0.00086962216,0.28932676,0.6047815,0.061901484,0.0013065621,0.04077082],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0011787026,0.00032274335,0.000008451709,0.000010351914,0.000036930684,0.000027519514,0.00012661175,0.39530852,0.03288749,0.56922853,0.00074030703,0.00012385233],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000027331962,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.2076958e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7167619,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009572391,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00018308806,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.44091588},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4210405356","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4757-3709-7_1","title":"Introduction","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Advances in mechanics and mathematics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Dendrite (mathematics); Materials science; Crystal growth; Crystallography; Nanotechnology; Chemistry; Geometry; Mathematics","score_opus":0.012825927504305834,"score_gpt":0.24074951029357583,"score_spread":0.22792358278927,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4210405356","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.00026089195,0.01884135,0.08589712,0.0008330677,0.0029086422,0.0010155403,0.000058513575,0.00018328497,0.8900016],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0044071157,0.07764038,0.16385007,0.0014558841,0.001717079,0.00017323207,0.0000843658,0.00038506454,0.7502868],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990184,0.000008853208,0.00034369424,0.00030029617,0.0001781712,0.00015062452],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993643,0.00003884014,0.00022024088,0.00028566094,0.00004309618,0.000047843856],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00028929993,0.00019407498,0.00028342288,0.000079240526,0.000047911148,0.00003445985,0.000115356044,0.00012875858,0.0007512271],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000039286046,0.0001808032,0.000029755207,0.000026148744,0.000026104717,0.0001399333,0.000043383556,0.00014083573,0.00010527313],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000020406233,0.000016299346,3.5731535e-8,0.00017609447,0.0000019009145,0.0000013587395,0.00012549998,0.000008480797,0.001845762,0.9962785,0.0003536223,0.0011903993],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007651778,0.000021347176,1.9423302e-8,0.00005325247,0.00001072006,0.000009885527,0.00006999467,0.00014352321,0.0005138012,0.629378,0.36957732,0.00014559891],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":1.7725513e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000034735294,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.3692237,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000041495136,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001269012,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.822541},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4220668291","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.128.075701","title":"Simple Method of Including Density Variation in Quantitative Continuum Phase-Change Models.","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PubMed","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Nuclear Laboratories","funders":"Atomic Energy of Canada Limited","keywords":"Hyperelastic material; Statistical physics; Formalism (music); Materials science; Eulerian path; Lattice (music); Thermodynamics; Physics; Theoretical physics; Finite element method","score_opus":0.18012252391513903,"score_gpt":0.3433884437605523,"score_spread":0.16326591984541325,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4220668291","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9521891,0.00005595284,0.045494124,0.00016111521,0.00019116457,0.0007016113,0.000059827118,0.00004133256,0.0011057941],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99538666,0.0000021929288,0.002575594,0.00015248587,0.000021257196,0.0017974,0.000011922915,0.00000834387,0.00004412989],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99875784,0.00032764595,0.00026622822,0.00020921104,0.00022807732,0.00021100962],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994144,0.00015035844,0.00019004822,0.00014382624,0.000057192396,0.00004421452],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0016457195,0.000068353074,0.00017336816,0.00012016349,0.000104408886,0.000015751233,0.00015621983,0.00001940883,0.000118927295],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00012166342,0.00007397068,0.000028191156,0.00032766518,0.000022801909,0.00024040135,0.00015540676,0.00007190104,0.000002239317],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00076170935,0.0012491047,0.0023346008,0.00010644091,0.000033459415,0.000008805945,0.051087648,0.0029095176,0.7984589,0.11780794,0.0004476847,0.024794186],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0087649,0.00033151216,0.45919824,0.000012971028,0.00008845451,0.000013652913,0.01178255,0.09863576,0.18417561,0.23358455,0.002407365,0.0010044198],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00036715966,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000055853645,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6142833,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00011897068,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000015262722,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.30164367},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4220694356","doi":"10.3390/met12040608","title":"Solidification Simulation of Al-Si Alloys with Dendrite Tip Undercooling","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metals","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; McMaster University Medical Centre","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Supercooling; Dendrite (mathematics); Materials science; Directional solidification; Eutectic system; Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Flow (mathematics); Recalescence; Computer simulation; Alloy; Metallurgy; Geometry; Mathematics; Physics","score_opus":0.03611850463216327,"score_gpt":0.27680594239105766,"score_spread":0.2406874377588944,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4220694356","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.95589334,0.00016633805,0.04107781,0.00037477945,0.0001352571,0.00027475637,0.000023321581,0.00008433717,0.001970055],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973457,0.0000034336763,0.0016955236,0.0003399506,0.00002783528,0.00006314796,0.000025864614,0.000016396658,0.00048219113],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99876344,0.00015408595,0.00029868324,0.00023239327,0.00039300715,0.00015838681],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992556,0.00009190225,0.0002336272,0.00028921553,0.00008335839,0.0000463042],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00058835465,0.00009068278,0.0001629092,0.000086929496,0.0001890554,0.00003020807,0.00019719338,0.00001665808,0.0010191562],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000033683555,0.00008236556,0.00003746252,0.00025846597,0.000046549234,0.00016954071,0.000065112006,0.00006388236,0.000060448554],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000052261803,0.00008819534,0.00014584954,0.00001911218,0.000011671099,5.830889e-7,0.00070843904,0.20975035,0.785902,0.0028786438,0.000105610954,0.00033725632],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0021102563,0.00051330955,0.0043295356,0.00003378651,0.0001844188,0.000025583644,0.0037335644,0.15431267,0.74122953,0.0042998986,0.088369586,0.0008578333],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000019421108,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000039358256,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.08826397,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000059486258,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000040565283,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999894},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4221147579","doi":"10.1007/s10915-022-01940-6","title":"Energy Plus Maximum Bound Preserving Runge–Kutta Methods for the Allen–Cahn Equation","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Scientific Computing","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Dissipation; Runge–Kutta methods; Mathematics; Upper and lower bounds; Nonlinear system; Energy (signal processing); Work (physics); Stability (learning theory); Applied mathematics; Field (mathematics); Mathematical analysis; Differential equation; Physics; Computer science; Pure mathematics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.07409098412908834,"score_gpt":0.34331997679906606,"score_spread":0.26922899266997774,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4221147579","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.18443483,0.0014066962,0.8037152,0.001420898,0.008290144,0.00020970445,0.0000074587892,0.000030439933,0.00048461024],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9660351,0.0000043795326,0.031966038,0.00017676195,0.0005747574,0.000012899794,0.000004143016,0.000016591404,0.0012092943],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99775296,0.00040187826,0.00065791066,0.00026036342,0.000615372,0.00031151786],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997408,0.0009953622,0.0008295813,0.00032386827,0.00035629392,0.000086918735],"candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0094267195,0.000106170635,0.0001974323,0.00017566537,0.0021454305,0.00066726556,0.0010138291,0.00002151266,0.0004279811],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00024549465,0.0000804499,0.0001431825,0.00038408104,0.00012377094,0.00024125769,0.00046775822,0.00017047004,0.0000031739153],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00014808081,0.00013916953,0.000033914657,0.000056847704,0.00005359823,0.0000036188128,0.0075512035,0.06470205,0.7895701,0.006840367,0.014077868,0.11682318],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0011279223,0.0002535016,0.00025298962,0.00004350482,0.00008020043,0.00011498392,0.0067516365,0.64195347,0.023071282,0.022580435,0.30348447,0.000285604],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000014908552,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002943866,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7816003,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00021584473,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00024528865,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991536},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4230394311","doi":"10.32920/ryerson.14646222","title":"A Study on Radial and Axial Temperature Effects on the Growth of Bulk Single Crystal of SixGe1-x in Bridgman Setting","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canadian Space Agency; Dalhousie University","keywords":"Materials science; Homogeneity (statistics); Buoyancy; Alloy; Directional solidification; Silicon; Convection; Crystal growth; Eutectic system; Germanium; Mechanics; Crystal (programming language); Homogeneous; Isotropy; Temperature gradient; Diffusion; Chemical physics; Thermodynamics; Crystallography; Composite material; Optics; Metallurgy; Chemistry","score_opus":0.01941029667046025,"score_gpt":0.24859659762215536,"score_spread":0.22918630095169512,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4230394311","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9944764,0.000048272203,0.000008322581,0.000319079,0.00035965678,0.0010345969,0.000028685145,0.000029489642,0.0036955478],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993391,0.000002771236,0.00010100961,0.00026226594,0.0001477672,0.00006585923,0.000012096897,0.000021747263,0.000047368558],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99780977,0.00048543845,0.0004911577,0.00056138413,0.00043896225,0.00021326898],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99848723,0.0005607895,0.00028181996,0.00051020674,0.00010156203,0.000058384565],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00073822495,0.0002643676,0.0004913694,0.00011415826,0.00007487293,0.00013562219,0.00034094235,0.00015733035,0.000063240404],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002824205,0.00018667521,0.00007775085,0.0001687826,0.00013038218,0.000049397404,0.000391789,0.00039915097,0.000002127091],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00017255556,0.00093356875,0.0009679866,0.00040151176,0.000028782215,0.00001747247,0.007840072,0.00005536433,0.9841488,0.0052764723,0.00007277046,0.00008463611],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0014389519,0.0011230626,0.029644862,0.0007229055,0.000042580505,0.000004623696,0.004549582,0.000037636877,0.96084785,0.0012091255,0.000005766396,0.00037303407],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00030730845,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007578991,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.028676877,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005469419,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000082109866,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.76123947},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4233408327","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4757-3709-7_10","title":"Concluding Remark","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Advances in mechanics and mathematics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Variety (cybernetics); Phenomenon; Field (mathematics); Subject (documents); Management science; Computer science; Epistemology; Engineering; Mathematics; Artificial intelligence; Philosophy; World Wide Web","score_opus":0.02222441449737732,"score_gpt":0.26326450963058345,"score_spread":0.24104009513320612,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4233408327","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.00018468098,0.013980836,0.03281491,0.00009567851,0.0008398577,0.00055342074,0.00004042532,0.0000910157,0.9513992],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.024329593,0.116374575,0.26332596,0.0031962926,0.00053689105,0.00023262273,0.00006978176,0.00063427957,0.5913],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99879676,0.000011917077,0.00044216405,0.0003206165,0.00022304557,0.000205501],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999164,0.000114063434,0.0002962323,0.00030855145,0.000047577072,0.00006960833],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00040497174,0.0002455724,0.00039610872,0.00008380842,0.00007055979,0.000045465298,0.0001723142,0.00015883277,0.00042500652],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000060174607,0.00022916035,0.000041770883,0.000029657838,0.000034849516,0.00013689532,0.00007961656,0.00016635872,0.000066625784],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000021901656,0.000012614119,1.2363407e-7,0.00025982686,0.0000028154907,0.000004490862,0.00019873712,0.000004369705,0.002018324,0.99659383,0.000095556796,0.0008071019],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00014514361,0.000025670573,2.943967e-8,0.0002709343,0.000016661852,0.000013279184,0.0001457295,0.00028532825,0.00058633037,0.8064697,0.19179548,0.0002457359],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":2.5859003e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000046151217,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.3600992,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000049809092,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000019453253,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9344888},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4236585330","doi":"10.32920/ryerson.14646222.v1","title":"A Study on Radial and Axial Temperature Effects on the Growth of Bulk Single Crystal of SixGe1-x in Bridgman Setting","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canadian Space Agency; Dalhousie University","keywords":"Materials science; Homogeneity (statistics); Buoyancy; Alloy; Silicon; Directional solidification; Convection; Eutectic system; Crystal growth; Germanium; Crystal (programming language); Mechanics; Homogeneous; Isotropy; Temperature gradient; Diffusion; Chemical physics; Thermodynamics; Crystallography; Composite material; Optics; Metallurgy; Chemistry","score_opus":0.01941029667046025,"score_gpt":0.24859659762215536,"score_spread":0.22918630095169512,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4236585330","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9944764,0.000048272203,0.000008322581,0.000319079,0.00035965678,0.0010345969,0.000028685145,0.000029489642,0.0036955478],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993391,0.000002771236,0.00010100961,0.00026226594,0.0001477672,0.00006585923,0.000012096897,0.000021747263,0.000047368558],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99780977,0.00048543845,0.0004911577,0.00056138413,0.00043896225,0.00021326898],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99848723,0.0005607895,0.00028181996,0.00051020674,0.00010156203,0.000058384565],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00073822495,0.0002643676,0.0004913694,0.00011415826,0.00007487293,0.00013562219,0.00034094235,0.00015733035,0.000063240404],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002824205,0.00018667521,0.00007775085,0.0001687826,0.00013038218,0.000049397404,0.000391789,0.00039915097,0.000002127091],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00017255556,0.00093356875,0.0009679866,0.00040151176,0.000028782215,0.00001747247,0.007840072,0.00005536433,0.9841488,0.0052764723,0.00007277046,0.00008463611],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0014389519,0.0011230626,0.029644862,0.0007229055,0.000042580505,0.000004623696,0.004549582,0.000037636877,0.96084785,0.0012091255,0.000005766396,0.00037303407],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00030730845,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007578991,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.028676877,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005469419,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000082109866,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.76123947},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4237109560","doi":"10.32920/ryerson.14657397","title":"Three-dimensional modeling of SiGe by the traveling solvent method in the presence of magnetic field and rotating crucible","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Buoyancy; Crucible (geodemography); Intensity (physics); Convection; Magnetic field; Rotation (mathematics); Mechanics; Fluid dynamics; Materials science; Condensed matter physics; Mass transfer; Flow (mathematics); Chemistry; Physics; Optics; Geometry","score_opus":0.044745150549735234,"score_gpt":0.2993005893767886,"score_spread":0.2545554388270534,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4237109560","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8220392,0.0021065597,0.17395443,0.0006112909,0.00009941486,0.00042032896,0.000011435189,0.0000092257205,0.00074813137],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.96500754,0.00003264198,0.034657635,0.0001872739,0.00001783099,0.000056974743,0.000004583116,0.000007738953,0.000027771386],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9983422,0.00023752938,0.00054837484,0.000346272,0.00036506425,0.00016053572],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983358,0.0008831226,0.00020797693,0.00043158387,0.000116674484,0.000024873312],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0016995157,0.00013514188,0.00026500065,0.000030958367,0.00006511821,0.0000715474,0.00043848294,0.00008698441,0.00025713316],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00023181278,0.00008131388,0.00005881265,0.000112565736,0.00006508777,0.000048518985,0.0003966088,0.0002530445,4.4532166e-7],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000416447,0.00014981229,0.00029172224,0.00054196495,0.000014542334,0.0000016374162,0.009915492,0.15352422,0.8284615,0.0024194831,0.00010379709,0.004534128],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00017661984,0.000058750862,0.00016054005,0.00027325755,0.000025071366,0.0000045900597,0.004367557,0.91267383,0.073898956,0.008217298,0.0000029535702,0.00014059532],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0014293678,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00013120883,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7591496,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007371689,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008351878,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3315884},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4240745599","doi":"10.32920/ryerson.14645214.v1","title":"Three-Dimensional Modeling of the Rotation Effect on the Growth of Ge₁₋ˣSiˣ, by the Traveling Solvent Method","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Dalhousie University","keywords":"Buoyancy; Rotation (mathematics); Mechanics; Rotational speed; Convection; Flow (mathematics); Solvent; Crucible (geodemography); Materials science; Crystal growth; Intensity (physics); Crystal (programming language); Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Classical mechanics; Physics; Mathematics; Geometry; Optics; Computer science","score_opus":0.03540048252656692,"score_gpt":0.28248603333536654,"score_spread":0.24708555080879963,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4240745599","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.83648926,0.00025392955,0.15875538,0.0016458927,0.00055155467,0.0009979844,0.000039752813,0.000029602841,0.0012366294],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966429,0.000007250314,0.002687796,0.00037045497,0.000058511894,0.00013123084,0.000019270505,0.000022541286,0.000060038656],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99720925,0.00073570374,0.0006287867,0.00044540386,0.0007789765,0.00020186334],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973294,0.0009765115,0.0004895831,0.00085600297,0.00031320562,0.00003528883],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002767949,0.00025016864,0.0003686782,0.000029686373,0.0002203402,0.00008482964,0.0008489534,0.00013403987,0.0003388115],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00030446216,0.000109904555,0.00028427414,0.00017039553,0.00012856956,0.00004531991,0.0004961097,0.00039147527,0.0000060454017],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007233677,0.00011800813,0.00004677827,0.00022483154,0.00006706968,1.9118235e-7,0.0012675569,0.10021095,0.8825897,0.014614091,0.0002595568,0.0005289044],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00022427992,0.00005964845,0.00020732358,0.00027015668,0.000090794296,0.0000020326772,0.000500802,0.31951284,0.66773105,0.011221505,0.0000049518167,0.0001746142],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005233178,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000029300689,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.2193019,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000052209536,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00014560859,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.44817775},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4240946416","doi":"10.32920/ryerson.14657451","title":"Three Dimensional Effect of Axial Magnetic Field to Suppress Convection in the Solvent of Ge0.98Si0.02 Grown By the Traveling Solvent Method","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Canadian Space Agency","keywords":"Hartmann number; Magnetic field; Convection; Mechanics; Mass transfer; Fluid dynamics; Flow (mathematics); Heat transfer; Plane (geometry); Finite element method; Materials science; Field (mathematics); Physics; Condensed matter physics; Classical mechanics; Thermodynamics; Magnetohydrodynamics; Geometry; Mathematics","score_opus":0.019279440562032398,"score_gpt":0.2876699527094758,"score_spread":0.2683905121474434,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4240946416","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9506725,0.00044976684,0.044405267,0.0014029755,0.0009612375,0.0012858331,0.00004173444,0.00002246724,0.00075823744],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99722654,0.000012448108,0.0019005688,0.00040165524,0.000086476175,0.00025610926,0.000032333537,0.000015766298,0.00006812413],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99717057,0.000712722,0.0007153217,0.0005057417,0.0006317208,0.00026390562],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99754053,0.0012905522,0.00026877265,0.00070836034,0.00013321236,0.0000585958],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0024503015,0.0002586733,0.0005023218,0.00006762401,0.000078229124,0.000088382265,0.0007210945,0.00017897323,0.0013824113],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00021775157,0.00014959568,0.00020781704,0.00018505414,0.000087853754,0.000045441102,0.0004729697,0.00035671692,0.0000078405465],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00023478297,0.00018854252,0.00015728164,0.00036347407,0.000024984542,0.0000019864926,0.0023779112,0.0020196408,0.99065787,0.0006603271,0.0011086466,0.002204558],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005887525,0.00062544923,0.0020632586,0.00018258498,0.00009055905,0.000009147304,0.0008101419,0.0032484154,0.99092066,0.0011044338,0.00011607034,0.00024052692],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0015836534,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00022187733,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.046554036,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004300538,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008443668,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99953043},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4241027809","doi":"10.1149/ma2010-01/23/1207","title":"The Effect of Applied Magnetic Fields on Silicon Transport in Liquid Phase Diffusion Growth of SiGe","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ECS Meeting Abstracts","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Liquid phase; Diffusion; Silicon; Materials science; Phase (matter); Engineering physics; Condensed matter physics; Optoelectronics; Chemistry; Engineering; Physics; Thermodynamics; Organic chemistry","score_opus":0.007518187625685602,"score_gpt":0.24069559911928073,"score_spread":0.23317741149359514,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4241027809","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.95676714,0.000018104503,0.0000010651238,0.00007461232,0.00022255634,0.00026905417,0.000005160136,0.00002568233,0.04261663],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99982333,0.000005738236,0.000038058526,0.000023089167,0.00004549749,0.000024798615,0.00000349118,0.000011348965,0.000024640889],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99884933,0.00004751604,0.0004581043,0.00019783383,0.0002432117,0.00020397731],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99880725,0.00060519687,0.0002282365,0.0002693856,0.000031690954,0.000058257505],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0010771051,0.0001212778,0.00020249873,0.00005652494,0.00007061963,0.0000117914615,0.0002476326,0.000092265516,0.00006314479],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00022021643,0.000084363935,0.00004445026,0.00011923814,0.000111261594,0.00003105296,0.000016831951,0.00019809412,0.00001611895],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00062407565,0.00012495392,0.000350776,0.00007371248,0.0000011294053,0.0000014854097,0.00050671183,0.00018477696,0.9975945,0.00013792406,0.0000074465606,0.00039254565],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0010030889,0.00075302547,0.010892625,0.000046916386,0.0000079486745,5.6361824e-7,0.00005680398,0.000043184806,0.98690355,0.00014044384,0.00006967014,0.000082161256],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000087014734,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000038093283,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.043056205,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007980608,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000019540796,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.34402615},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4242195565","doi":"10.32920/ryerson.14646381","title":"Computational study of comprehensive methods of initiating phase separation within metastable regions and obtaining some notable patterns in unstable region","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Spinodal decomposition; Metastability; Spinodal; Nucleation; Materials science; Chemical physics; Cahn–Hilliard equation; Work (physics); Phase (matter); Bistability; Wetting; Pattern formation; Thermodynamics; Quenching (fluorescence); Binary number; Statistical physics; Chemistry; Physics; Optics; Mathematics; Optoelectronics","score_opus":0.12442410342740405,"score_gpt":0.41499636981131766,"score_spread":0.2905722663839136,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4242195565","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8809722,0.00017864621,0.117655054,0.00003149092,0.00015267263,0.00069938495,0.00003364711,0.000034177774,0.00024271033],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9489125,0.000018819388,0.050688967,0.00006138185,0.00001954694,0.000094751005,0.00013965832,0.00002081287,0.00004357699],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","domain_scores_codex":[0.9966201,0.000980251,0.0012000119,0.00061237655,0.00036160392,0.00022565783],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9974746,0.0005023829,0.0010354778,0.0004049658,0.0005095717,0.00007299631],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0010176899,0.00025390938,0.0008020969,0.00029840384,0.00010133497,0.00010917046,0.00020514648,0.00011656837,0.0001046496],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008965812,0.00025932275,0.000055667246,0.00032603976,0.00008578433,0.00039960098,0.0004720003,0.00026408964,8.760819e-7],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00023319836,0.004125804,0.007232445,0.0019939414,0.00024483862,0.00002971606,0.06976389,0.65338206,0.245082,0.017140986,0.00004422723,0.00072687905],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01301376,0.0014674491,0.011170117,0.0018780638,0.0004990033,0.000040507835,0.42117143,0.3559225,0.16465767,0.028500294,0.00003554678,0.0016436627],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0010838473,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00011997298,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.35140756,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007020491,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00025099138,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999859},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4243150636","doi":"10.32920/ryerson.14645214","title":"Three-Dimensional Modeling of the Rotation Effect on the Growth of Ge₁₋ˣSiˣ, by the Traveling Solvent Method","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Dalhousie University","keywords":"Buoyancy; Rotation (mathematics); Mechanics; Rotational speed; Convection; Crucible (geodemography); Solvent; Flow (mathematics); Materials science; Crystal growth; Crystal (programming language); Intensity (physics); Fluid dynamics; Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Physics; Classical mechanics; Mathematics; Geometry; Computer science; Optics; Computational chemistry","score_opus":0.03540048252656692,"score_gpt":0.28248603333536654,"score_spread":0.24708555080879963,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4243150636","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.83648926,0.00025392955,0.15875538,0.0016458927,0.00055155467,0.0009979844,0.000039752813,0.000029602841,0.0012366294],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966429,0.000007250314,0.002687796,0.00037045497,0.000058511894,0.00013123084,0.000019270505,0.000022541286,0.000060038656],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99720925,0.00073570374,0.0006287867,0.00044540386,0.0007789765,0.00020186334],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973294,0.0009765115,0.0004895831,0.00085600297,0.00031320562,0.00003528883],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002767949,0.00025016864,0.0003686782,0.000029686373,0.0002203402,0.00008482964,0.0008489534,0.00013403987,0.0003388115],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00030446216,0.000109904555,0.00028427414,0.00017039553,0.00012856956,0.00004531991,0.0004961097,0.00039147527,0.0000060454017],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007233677,0.00011800813,0.00004677827,0.00022483154,0.00006706968,1.9118235e-7,0.0012675569,0.10021095,0.8825897,0.014614091,0.0002595568,0.0005289044],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00022427992,0.00005964845,0.00020732358,0.00027015668,0.000090794296,0.0000020326772,0.000500802,0.31951284,0.66773105,0.011221505,0.0000049518167,0.0001746142],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005233178,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000029300689,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.2193019,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000052209536,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00014560859,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.44817775},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4244099123","doi":"10.1149/ma2008-02/37/2383","title":"Liquid Phase Diffusion Growth of SiGe Single Crystals under Magnetic Fields","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ECS Meeting Abstracts","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Diffusion; Materials science; Magnetic field; Phase (matter); Condensed matter physics; Engineering physics; Liquid phase; Optoelectronics; Chemistry; Physics; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.032740073600289125,"score_gpt":0.2587609466199581,"score_spread":0.22602087301966894,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4244099123","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9378743,0.00017538386,0.000076005104,0.00022961582,0.00025604453,0.00014356479,0.000010418258,0.00011066486,0.06112398],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99856174,0.00002021782,0.0006512941,0.00018945138,0.00012534004,0.000009308773,0.000006908371,0.00002235625,0.0004133578],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9984066,0.000073636606,0.0005404627,0.0003006172,0.00035518644,0.00032350424],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99893826,0.00020056579,0.00029181121,0.00029022928,0.00013431594,0.00014484295],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003563513,0.00016435923,0.00023001041,0.00008300049,0.00018513901,0.000030792493,0.0002449629,0.000104469145,0.00046992855],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00029845515,0.00015554363,0.00006497829,0.00016870313,0.00014912138,0.00013610144,0.00006870619,0.00010897588,0.00011406229],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000077156925,0.0004581997,0.00006893574,0.000044600383,0.0000023320365,0.00001114653,0.0008253949,0.00050622097,0.9975684,0.00006461899,0.00034808414,0.000024870153],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008280552,0.00056612253,0.0027670038,0.000071588496,0.000012341029,0.00001876551,0.00025227465,0.0000550654,0.9943584,0.0005189056,0.00034389083,0.00020755574],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009997742,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003650733,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.06071062,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000034180877,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000052016192,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6342885},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4244955953","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4614-6170-8_100308","title":"Phase Transition","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Transition (genetics); Political science; Chemistry","score_opus":0.02756702337473209,"score_gpt":0.25943134087757763,"score_spread":0.23186431750284553,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4244955953","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.00021353668,0.00004545397,0.019060086,0.00023566483,0.0002261962,0.00013520879,0.00003309515,0.00017245124,0.9798783],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.06749379,0.000017468063,0.00030829845,0.0010696728,0.00030601493,0.000009585016,0.000077900266,0.000034452256,0.93068284],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99923486,0.0000091723,0.00020972147,0.00025165078,0.00017861747,0.000115956995],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99950844,0.000018037836,0.000085023035,0.00026447535,0.000045879107,0.00007816914],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.000121624806,0.00015326917,0.00017857403,0.000051757543,0.000050771967,0.00004070409,0.00013337082,0.00012942043,0.028186202],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000029497444,0.0001346923,0.00006892054,0.000007542646,0.0000591788,0.000035820696,0.000011580981,0.00007342926,0.0056099966],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002092588,0.000032348977,5.9091496e-9,0.00003292843,0.0000046577175,0.0000016917237,0.00012031096,0.0000011651118,0.080937214,0.9056054,0.008635762,0.0046075894],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008320427,0.00015813005,1.8261866e-7,0.000033874705,0.0000308629,0.0000053394274,0.0000120320465,0.000057022953,0.010515985,0.03904349,0.94899404,0.00031699715],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000020174703,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000012779055,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9403583,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000024821475,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000019888714,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9951643},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4247276606","doi":"10.32920/ryerson.14648655","title":"3-D modeling and simulation of crystal growth of GE₀.₉₈ Si₀.₀₂ under the influence of various gravity levels, G-jitter and rotating magnetic field using traveling solvent method","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Rotating magnetic field; Magnetic field; Materials science; Mechanics; Buoyancy; Mass transfer; Convection; Gravitational acceleration; Homogeneity (statistics); Intensity (physics); Computational physics; Physics; Optics; Gravitational field; Classical mechanics","score_opus":0.05267318457568157,"score_gpt":0.31650541457138814,"score_spread":0.26383222999570655,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4247276606","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.59490556,0.0001858676,0.40457124,0.000039525377,0.00003879006,0.00021270318,0.000011979051,0.00000882609,0.000025508329],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9436963,0.00002097853,0.056131322,0.000097240445,0.000020796077,0.000007784577,0.0000036183965,0.00001643147,0.000005488913],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99788904,0.0002628225,0.00086201355,0.00044690035,0.00034885175,0.000190379],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99814814,0.00052072696,0.00048240623,0.0003462037,0.00044817856,0.0000543416],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009935693,0.00022042365,0.00047949335,0.00007925108,0.00009792792,0.00008602357,0.0002099591,0.00016518835,0.000060464416],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00020476324,0.00017990098,0.000076410724,0.00012637714,0.00012902792,0.00014000783,0.00048357382,0.00022901245,8.178612e-8],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000013792417,0.000022239961,0.00024846187,0.00045077168,0.000011630415,2.5308637e-7,0.0019374342,0.5649999,0.43176705,0.00030107898,4.9932705e-8,0.0002473317],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002514888,0.000057756595,0.0033260623,0.0003197675,0.00010450666,0.0000041274784,0.0021975203,0.91340345,0.07145875,0.008677165,7.2555544e-8,0.00019931828],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0015197129,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003578011,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.3603083,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000022085802,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000121425415,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.73361486},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4250717118","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4939-7131-2_100874","title":"Phase Transition","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Transition (genetics); Chemistry","score_opus":0.034799500096813915,"score_gpt":0.27331772169104895,"score_spread":0.23851822159423502,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4250717118","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.00086652144,0.00004986598,0.0029048026,0.00015199807,0.00029174623,0.00014830889,0.00006159394,0.00017400997,0.99535114],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.020634495,0.00001969594,0.00042387447,0.00077790546,0.0005021635,0.000008802671,0.00007586671,0.000034466713,0.97752273],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992267,0.000006626902,0.00020221388,0.00026434418,0.00017967641,0.00012043479],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994965,0.000011274242,0.00007990418,0.00026509602,0.000071706396,0.000075475094],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00010116762,0.00015112784,0.00015301158,0.000052900974,0.00005864277,0.000043793392,0.00013870602,0.00013223084,0.12983347],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000025136408,0.00013231122,0.00006261491,0.000009544315,0.00011018138,0.000067468995,0.000014312377,0.000059758644,0.012425675],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009337353,0.00016132182,1.3606635e-8,0.0000682096,0.000017731334,0.000008003667,0.0011085067,3.9489183e-7,0.27997938,0.63644725,0.078638315,0.0034774865],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00084566284,0.0002763902,1.687576e-7,0.000040970124,0.000035390734,0.000007172637,0.000041437866,0.000024787096,0.025090847,0.0763774,0.8969066,0.0003531721],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000016428556,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000017351264,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8182683,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000029364646,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000028411418,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.98834324},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4255395178","doi":"10.32920/ryerson.14657451.v1","title":"Three Dimensional Effect of Axial Magnetic Field to Suppress Convection in the Solvent of Ge0.98Si0.02 Grown By the Traveling Solvent Method","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Canadian Space Agency","keywords":"Hartmann number; Mass transfer; Magnetic field; Mechanics; Convection; Fluid dynamics; Flow (mathematics); Heat transfer; Finite element method; Materials science; Plane (geometry); Physics; Condensed matter physics; Thermodynamics; Magnetohydrodynamics; Geometry; Mathematics","score_opus":0.019279440562032398,"score_gpt":0.2876699527094758,"score_spread":0.2683905121474434,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4255395178","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9506725,0.00044976684,0.044405267,0.0014029755,0.0009612375,0.0012858331,0.00004173444,0.00002246724,0.00075823744],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99722654,0.000012448108,0.0019005688,0.00040165524,0.000086476175,0.00025610926,0.000032333537,0.000015766298,0.00006812413],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99717057,0.000712722,0.0007153217,0.0005057417,0.0006317208,0.00026390562],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99754053,0.0012905522,0.00026877265,0.00070836034,0.00013321236,0.0000585958],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0024503015,0.0002586733,0.0005023218,0.00006762401,0.000078229124,0.000088382265,0.0007210945,0.00017897323,0.0013824113],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00021775157,0.00014959568,0.00020781704,0.00018505414,0.000087853754,0.000045441102,0.0004729697,0.00035671692,0.0000078405465],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00023478297,0.00018854252,0.00015728164,0.00036347407,0.000024984542,0.0000019864926,0.0023779112,0.0020196408,0.99065787,0.0006603271,0.0011086466,0.002204558],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005887525,0.00062544923,0.0020632586,0.00018258498,0.00009055905,0.000009147304,0.0008101419,0.0032484154,0.99092066,0.0011044338,0.00011607034,0.00024052692],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0015836534,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00022187733,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.046554036,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004300538,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008443668,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99953043},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4255557249","doi":"10.1016/b978-044452232-0/50002-x","title":"INTRODUCTION","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Elsevier eBooks","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Liquid phase; Epitaxy; Principal (computer security); Phase (matter); Diffusion; Crystal growth; Materials science; Finite element method; Mechanical engineering; Engineering; Computer science; Chemistry; Nanotechnology; Physics; Crystallography; Thermodynamics; Structural engineering","score_opus":0.02549489963082061,"score_gpt":0.2537486202727957,"score_spread":0.2282537206419751,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4255557249","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.000100434845,0.00035630405,0.000032080567,0.00016467758,0.0013374763,0.00028048258,0.000016349066,0.00017513889,0.9975371],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00067433715,0.000022858423,0.0004174357,0.00040807147,0.003198507,0.000015762416,0.00002684379,0.00006535472,0.99517083],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99847,0.000015754775,0.0004091461,0.0004907936,0.00035100814,0.00026327738],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989182,0.000023912042,0.00023930611,0.00058365613,0.000111885965,0.00012304961],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004117626,0.00027732915,0.00029620624,0.00013847748,0.0001084364,0.000063351814,0.0002576623,0.00023521658,0.007179771],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000014887939,0.00026393635,0.00011266643,0.000011032327,0.00015610771,0.00004559926,0.00007222605,0.00024686792,0.005438775],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000019326495,0.0000066019074,2.2344085e-7,0.000047015175,0.000012595802,0.0000065099434,0.00014992585,3.8538082e-7,0.016841743,0.080861315,0.002103527,0.8999508],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000098647535,0.000027308088,0.0000031565587,0.000034034703,0.000031023526,0.000013588393,0.000008914544,6.0183066e-7,0.0039129243,0.013059726,0.9825245,0.00028558396],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":1.4732609e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000024488834,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.98042095,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000109466346,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000054974353,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999813},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4281646656","doi":"10.1103/physrevmaterials.6.053404","title":"Phase-field crystal model for materials with anomalous expansion during solidification and its application to the cavitation of supercooled water droplets","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Supercooling; Materials science; Cavitation; Phase (matter); Work (physics); Relaxation (psychology); Field (mathematics); Crystal (programming language); Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Silicon; Chemical physics; Metallurgy; Physics","score_opus":0.020605783060132058,"score_gpt":0.2973746460611604,"score_spread":0.2767688630010283,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4281646656","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9925987,0.00027161857,0.0027886766,0.0012560796,0.00008628517,0.0026250181,0.00031958165,0.000044496825,0.00000952411],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9953321,0.00013369317,0.00015067865,0.0004610996,0.00010855932,0.0035754305,0.0001746167,0.00003131279,0.000032471507],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99828786,0.00021509203,0.00051276415,0.00040395753,0.00032034802,0.00025999147],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991238,0.000072669274,0.0002177931,0.00036021677,0.0001522536,0.00007323388],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00063989684,0.0001839539,0.00044233672,0.00004319877,0.00031585753,0.000057186666,0.00025720548,0.000020086663,0.00015805644],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000064396416,0.000115872455,0.000039641618,0.000121938865,0.000027042743,0.00018156666,0.0001364856,0.00003773204,0.000023717465],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00033101699,0.00019906265,6.077593e-7,0.0010443175,0.0000057421867,1.4857494e-7,0.0010036966,0.00014878875,0.9954535,0.0015454534,0.00004245572,0.00022521893],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006528443,0.00034102862,0.00003208229,0.00011004719,0.00006815397,0.0000054770253,0.00011572511,0.00078262197,0.99695224,0.00054807164,0.00021872397,0.0001729907],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000015965179,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000017511204,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0027334185,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004428073,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000028874398,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.47251415},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4283593157","doi":"10.11159/ffhmt22.204","title":"Magnetohydrodynamic Natural Convection of In-Ga-Sn Alloy in a Horizontal Concentric Annulus with Internal Fins","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the ... International Conference on Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":true,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Magnetohydrodynamic drive; Annulus (botany); Concentric; Natural convection; Materials science; Mechanics; Alloy; Convection; Magnetohydrodynamics; Physics; Geometry; Metallurgy; Composite material; Magnetic field; Mathematics","score_opus":0.010644990471389039,"score_gpt":0.21246280764017353,"score_spread":0.2018178171687845,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4283593157","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99305147,0.000046765836,0.000048015427,0.0009896223,0.00040008963,0.0002965307,0.0000591556,0.000014539498,0.005093839],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995018,0.000032282827,0.000057001045,0.000113374765,0.000022777893,0.00006936028,0.000006942152,0.000010490507,0.0001859218],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986793,0.000020259631,0.00035622003,0.00028523937,0.0004794328,0.00017958712],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996547,0.000025731306,0.000050020237,0.0000643777,0.00016688647,0.000038245435],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00025067187,0.00014504135,0.00021235218,0.00017400151,0.0000534476,0.000041875042,0.00044737,0.00003336694,0.00036553785],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000016680106,0.000112612775,0.000048364327,0.00024708113,0.00013879895,0.00020603667,0.000072813375,0.0002273812,0.0000014225271],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00094352505,0.00013086195,0.008773659,0.000043531425,0.000012374001,0.0000013723245,0.0012466756,0.00012470066,0.9601735,0.0283417,0.00002311978,0.0001849845],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.010581765,0.002376653,0.047783926,0.0006693402,0.000070269234,0.0001100053,0.007982922,0.20697147,0.7164213,0.005471849,0.0006033396,0.0009571476],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00014539815,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000043273045,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.24375218,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00014608493,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006307072,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.45922157},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4283688599","doi":"10.1088/1361-651x/ac7c83","title":"Time-scale investigation with the modified phase field crystal method","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Thermoelastic damping; Phonon; Dislocation; Crystal (programming language); Phase (matter); Field (mathematics); Climb; Fourier transform; Condensed matter physics; Statistical physics; Mathematical analysis; Thermodynamics; Physics; Computer science; Mathematics; Quantum mechanics; Composite material","score_opus":0.023580481157599042,"score_gpt":0.2591321905718734,"score_spread":0.2355517094142744,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4283688599","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8203012,0.00002046623,0.17925799,0.0001790227,0.000056616354,0.00011402922,0.0000049044547,0.000032895325,0.000032925484],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99694765,0.0000022966267,0.002843217,0.000107857326,0.000024204464,0.00003969939,0.0000028273623,0.0000067792885,0.000025492922],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991354,0.000047023892,0.00015922397,0.00022760955,0.0002656492,0.0001650974],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99964464,0.00011184261,0.000048702484,0.000106461106,0.000039213217,0.000049152564],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0014545899,0.000080537655,0.00009919328,0.00010351469,0.00040143632,0.00016154653,0.00011183184,0.000015953849,0.000055753593],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000020141748,0.00006123487,0.0000051001625,0.000303943,0.0000840431,0.00025352856,0.00006275869,0.000059162736,0.0000010394426],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001651811,0.0000041805015,0.0000027398692,0.0000060896764,2.7830674e-7,1.788238e-7,0.0010219992,0.5796309,0.4190961,0.00017066718,0.0000011568782,0.000049145787],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00027518536,0.000052437685,0.000031163254,0.0000071327536,0.0000032682563,0.0000030792005,0.00027771568,0.9458739,0.05314186,0.00018947397,0.000055864843,0.000088900466],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000028263794,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.0434728e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.36624297,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003113078,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000028277289,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3087564},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4286716313","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2022.954126","title":"Thermophysical Property Measurements of Refractory Oxide Melts With an Electrostatic Levitation Furnace in the International Space Station","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Institut National d'Optique","funders":"Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","keywords":"Levitation; Surface tension; Viscosity; Materials science; Oxide; Flow (mathematics); Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Composite material; Chemistry; Metallurgy; Mechanical engineering; Physics; Chromatography","score_opus":0.02721182762185521,"score_gpt":0.25280679291179214,"score_spread":0.22559496528993694,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4286716313","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9977195,0.000022439897,0.0007334886,0.0003488716,0.0004036139,0.0004442856,0.000042056417,0.000015140276,0.00027057988],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957448,0.000004252178,0.0036822562,0.00017034386,0.000026901962,0.00021696923,0.00007037497,0.000014040756,0.000070021684],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9979388,0.00070529454,0.00033521335,0.00022611344,0.00062314677,0.00017139083],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99943155,0.000030014342,0.00024746422,0.00020727591,0.000062037594,0.000021670674],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0014378715,0.00010293044,0.00018007569,0.00012044111,0.00007215403,0.000062476145,0.0004029258,0.000018807319,0.00019220024],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000054138356,0.000065588014,0.000013144524,0.00020836554,0.000056051096,0.0003069799,0.00003481774,0.000078517754,0.0000033570527],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00064619293,0.0002462352,0.0019610957,0.00002038666,0.000006647589,0.0000022420977,0.0041629723,0.0003231976,0.991742,0.00020150507,0.000498514,0.00018897033],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002277713,0.00088731747,0.0666788,0.000054618853,0.0000243663,0.0000072140438,0.016510133,0.00036203655,0.9075005,0.0045144707,0.00082231173,0.00036051506],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001607877,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000026878017,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.08424153,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00022382759,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007720027,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.26746017},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4288049677","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.128.075701","title":"Simple Method of Including Density Variation in Quantitative Continuum Phase-Change Models","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Nuclear Laboratories","funders":"Atomic Energy of Canada Limited","keywords":"Hyperelastic material; Statistical physics; Formalism (music); Eulerian path; Materials science; Lattice (music); Thermodynamics; Physics; Theoretical physics; Finite element method","score_opus":0.14599766711844916,"score_gpt":0.4048514892590211,"score_spread":0.25885382214057195,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4288049677","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9472122,0.0008266005,0.04905579,0.0020472899,0.00008182177,0.0005941821,0.00003971443,0.000030128507,0.00011223863],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9912381,0.000101150785,0.002071955,0.0062984694,0.000035796882,0.00022936497,0.000013896856,0.000009510629,0.0000017568094],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9984792,0.00053303683,0.00030189927,0.00024050837,0.0002828535,0.0001625442],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992572,0.0002456372,0.00023743745,0.00018389817,0.000038700575,0.00003709842],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00087409164,0.000095798896,0.0003621882,0.000047689824,0.00007993712,0.0000089170135,0.00018265907,0.0000043087166,0.00011650495],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000822825,0.000092837705,0.00007652142,0.0003529163,0.00003116398,0.00021884238,0.0001375662,0.00010565506,0.000011545029],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000023542667,0.00020939554,0.00002285194,0.00025217482,0.000004971095,0.0000013977262,0.002858297,0.00042661894,0.9860471,0.009384845,0.00029526532,0.0004735531],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.010666119,0.0017695405,0.015336292,0.0025583718,0.00077068445,0.000024105919,0.003022876,0.56012285,0.20147693,0.18715721,0.013717729,0.003377289],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00011657867,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000039022,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.78457016,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000085235304,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000012636666,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.37858117},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4293151685","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4184165","title":"Magnetohydrodynamic Natural Convection of In-Ga-Sn Alloy in a Horizontal Concentric Annulus with Tree-Shaped Internal Fins","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Annulus (botany); Magnetohydrodynamic drive; Concentric; Natural convection; Mechanics; Materials science; Geology; Convection; Geometry; Physics; Magnetohydrodynamics; Mathematics; Composite material; Magnetic field","score_opus":0.004108719484303655,"score_gpt":0.2055469283504313,"score_spread":0.20143820886612765,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4293151685","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99754745,0.0009089877,0.00034644475,0.00026425192,0.0003323667,0.00019404883,0.000007672486,0.000020083393,0.0003786861],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992408,0.00011828443,0.00002284148,0.000057584355,0.000057438996,0.000027382133,0.000007910863,0.000017811582,0.00044992362],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9974869,0.00022797514,0.00045401033,0.00025488157,0.00041443683,0.0011618098],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99943334,0.00003681765,0.00029457355,0.00012710408,0.000051163614,0.00005702928],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0010406091,0.00015104744,0.00024575597,0.00027198603,0.000118564,0.00003406698,0.00036607336,0.000031771575,0.0002645342],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000025364165,0.0001359224,0.000059425816,0.00059924606,0.00007498204,0.00022628631,0.000073463794,0.0012758884,0.0000073590004],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0030265637,0.0007593254,0.040201157,0.000031931326,0.00006708644,0.00009108335,0.0031694318,0.001655679,0.91962653,0.025444157,0.000028955175,0.005898112],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.08613271,0.039492153,0.3498722,0.0005459631,0.00037479668,0.020350173,0.12521324,0.20380999,0.043277185,0.1210866,0.00401652,0.005828471],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00035968592,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0033930263,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.87634933,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001938509,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0010122696,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5543171},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4293205431","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4047634","title":"An Interface-Driven Adaptive Variational Procedure for Fully Eulerian Fluid-Structure Interaction Via Phase-Field Modeling","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia Hospital","funders":"","keywords":"Eulerian path; Fluid–structure interaction; Interface (matter); Phase (matter); Mechanics; Computer science; Field (mathematics); Classical mechanics; Statistical physics; Physics; Mathematics; Finite element method; Thermodynamics; Theoretical physics; Lagrangian; Bubble","score_opus":0.01646759462211012,"score_gpt":0.2887099860884878,"score_spread":0.2722423914663777,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4293205431","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.44828835,0.00013097902,0.55007064,0.0005491203,0.00051731174,0.00027601837,0.00004609931,0.000049641752,0.00007181825],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977611,0.000017151342,0.0011799693,0.00025760086,0.00051111984,0.00008548277,0.000044520726,0.00003159833,0.00011145751],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9977863,0.00014947816,0.00037383754,0.0003332375,0.00034234577,0.0010148034],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99925834,0.000042212054,0.00025358383,0.00016305783,0.00018135316,0.000101449674],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00074556173,0.00017172867,0.00016939623,0.00013082278,0.00076024176,0.0001257594,0.0004325741,0.000056703666,0.001092071],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000045900397,0.00016833286,0.00008399286,0.00015454365,0.000016104193,0.000533093,0.00005284671,0.0009606228,0.0000079021665],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0013598658,0.0002178893,0.000010692067,0.000008466482,0.00006101426,6.130573e-7,0.0013907017,0.09375161,0.86086094,0.038845435,0.000096007534,0.0033967623],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0023848843,0.0037390918,0.000008431592,0.000013185817,0.00006288549,0.00061243644,0.011996172,0.7691438,0.017009633,0.1937884,0.0008315363,0.00040955114],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000020059775,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000086819346,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8438513,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0010624633,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0011620459,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99982107},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4293238779","doi":"10.1103/physrevmaterials.6.043805","title":"Introducing density variation and pressure in thermodynamically self-consistent continuum phase-change models including phase-field","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Nuclear Laboratories","funders":"Atomic Energy of Canada Limited","keywords":"Materials science; Thermodynamics; Hyperelastic material; Lattice (music); Phase (matter); Phase field models; Dilation (metric space); Statistical physics; Physics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.04497577412020315,"score_gpt":0.32488851669549046,"score_spread":0.2799127425752873,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4293238779","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9945958,0.002229417,0.0005136542,0.0009949349,0.0002781952,0.0010571246,0.000094102455,0.000101321195,0.0001354126],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9969101,0.00068493997,0.00023639141,0.0013088615,0.00022941786,0.00056517945,0.000033390166,0.000020469593,0.000011275508],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9978409,0.0005862488,0.0004976047,0.00048698322,0.00031255337,0.00027573362],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99910617,0.00015713005,0.00027935425,0.0003222717,0.000054903496,0.00008016326],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0012109987,0.00019009072,0.00058921776,0.000047705915,0.00018864969,0.000087161716,0.00021984417,0.000026052678,0.00054438086],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00014333095,0.00017378772,0.000052623236,0.00017248458,0.000027043321,0.00030659532,0.00034646672,0.00011707062,0.000014330818],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007713135,0.0005636096,0.0000061867077,0.00063492043,0.000013041168,0.000002455962,0.0015227637,0.00001170929,0.99044365,0.005561649,0.00010168227,0.0010612069],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.015522174,0.0026419994,0.003559892,0.0033698105,0.0015841497,0.00009456518,0.00059155596,0.04836377,0.7789877,0.13324082,0.008692209,0.003351366],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008163349,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003360931,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.21145596,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007302973,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000024797353,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7086857},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4298429023","doi":"","title":"Dynamics of dendrite growth in a binary alloy with magnetic field effect","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Isothermal process; Magnetic field; Binary number; Alloy; Materials science; Copper; Phase (matter); Binary alloy; Field (mathematics); Nonlinear system; Condensed matter physics; Dendrite (mathematics); Statistical physics; Thermodynamics; Metallurgy; Physics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.00889292500731716,"score_gpt":0.19438768435835688,"score_spread":0.1854947593510397,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4298429023","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.07611298,0.000993319,0.0042700223,0.0018690121,0.0001395339,0.0007766144,0.00008003022,0.00016296582,0.91559553],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8260413,0.00040512328,0.0047553456,0.000092853516,0.000013189782,0.00005879444,0.00017407259,0.00008486115,0.16837446],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9972201,0.0010121975,0.00053925015,0.00056860445,0.00037305846,0.0002868125],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9964598,0.0010213089,0.00047352974,0.0011397627,0.0007759826,0.00012961305],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0020765183,0.00033652692,0.00046775746,0.00026952947,0.00009754186,0.00007496607,0.00086377445,0.0002510523,0.0013724756],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00027584698,0.00031300835,0.000113987466,0.00015839394,0.000299009,0.00012193711,0.00027746853,0.00032727135,0.00009818042],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00016949225,0.00033752772,0.0017986435,0.0005125373,0.000034864875,0.00002554997,0.003905396,0.0000036207107,0.02464753,0.95989823,0.0002661394,0.008400452],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.010886404,0.00020356018,0.013640024,0.026843345,0.0007942891,0.00022145145,0.0004891817,0.0071975444,0.75231594,0.15618859,0.024674857,0.006544779],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005429602,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0015086781,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8037096,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009582651,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00012216614,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999322},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4300670548","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.1002.1699","title":"Spacing Characterization in Al-Cu Alloys Directionally Solidified Under\\n Transient Growth Conditions","year":2010,"lang":"","type":"preprint","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Dendrite (mathematics); Directional solidification; Transient (computer programming); Materials science; Phase (matter); Growth rate; Field (mathematics); Mechanics; Metallurgy; Microstructure; Geometry; Mathematics; Chemistry; Physics; Computer science","score_opus":0.05676990068344775,"score_gpt":0.2028992662377023,"score_spread":0.14612936555425454,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4300670548","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9201446,0.000012134339,0.06933807,0.0009357824,0.0024900595,0.0011337711,0.00055364927,0.00024854796,0.0051433668],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99515307,0.0006613607,0.00009906489,0.0006746773,0.0002084083,0.000018575804,0.0009215909,0.00008207421,0.0021811659],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9948833,0.0005658817,0.0009792751,0.0022834637,0.00032753995,0.0009605491],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99671626,0.00022021655,0.00086587085,0.0011082826,0.00056179817,0.0005275853],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00083942496,0.0008125699,0.0008357439,0.00091540563,0.0007033018,0.0003335931,0.0010892196,0.0007900016,0.0022553236],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00010036934,0.0010592741,0.0003742244,0.0014354286,0.0005977424,0.0009596672,0.00043701645,0.0013573521,0.0005298544],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002644921,0.00086898095,0.002341939,0.00020529228,0.000094562005,0.00008585985,0.0016558791,0.031620417,0.82023114,0.14254206,0.000047147434,0.000042238975],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.011580664,0.0005427558,0.57015854,0.0017473799,0.001171411,0.00010373018,0.006992038,0.2076223,0.06989109,0.11537435,0.006814867,0.0080008935],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004946918,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006477532,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.75034004,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00086317793,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006091336,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99918574},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4304809028","doi":"10.35848/1347-4065/ac99c2","title":"Control of growth interface shape during InGaSb growth by vertical gradient freezing under microgravity, and optimization using machine learning","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Japanese Journal of Applied Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Crystal growth; Homogeneity (statistics); Materials science; Bayesian optimization; Growth rate; Interface (matter); Crucible (geodemography); Temperature gradient; Crystal (programming language); Rotation (mathematics); Computer science; Biological system; Mechanics; Composite material; Chemistry; Mathematics; Crystallography; Artificial intelligence; Geometry; Physics","score_opus":0.011820051210994187,"score_gpt":0.226162091939893,"score_spread":0.2143420407288988,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4304809028","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.97665596,0.00007045329,0.022981543,0.000051596613,0.00005886975,0.00011370303,0.0000067790716,0.000016502816,0.00004460666],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985467,0.000006736071,0.001303391,0.00006422419,0.00004888526,0.0000051315055,0.0000028379,0.000020399735,0.0000016690764],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987122,0.00010076476,0.0004548469,0.0001675894,0.0003616411,0.00020294901],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99923337,0.00008631523,0.00036198983,0.00008356478,0.000132254,0.00010252202],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004288844,0.00013344959,0.00028275844,0.000068859146,0.00029867087,0.000052717434,0.00019759768,0.000022862347,0.00006937783],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000023185205,0.0001260306,0.000055481054,0.00024360794,0.00009840203,0.00018226437,0.00013860926,0.00026443644,6.837212e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00026921043,0.00013017264,0.0007958451,0.000030774816,0.000020397172,9.844722e-7,0.0015682125,0.15109417,0.84504133,0.0010267884,0.0000013198244,0.000020778398],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0032678202,0.00027840937,0.0005680709,0.000029881825,0.000104851904,0.00013056949,0.004055044,0.18135932,0.8078625,0.0020382267,0.000005345563,0.00029995368],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000022720124,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.9291356e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.037178837,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00010096952,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000023355851,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5139379},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4308576172","doi":"10.3390/met12111906","title":"Influence of Hot Top Height on Macrosegregation and Material Yield in a Large-Size Cast Steel Ingot Using Modeling and Experimental Validation","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metals","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Cégep de Sorel-Tracy; École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Ingot; Liquidus; Materials science; Metallurgy; Shrinkage; Yield (engineering); Continuous casting; Flow (mathematics); Alloy; Mechanics; Composite material","score_opus":0.037638728831929445,"score_gpt":0.2844196028459519,"score_spread":0.24678087401402246,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4308576172","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9993389,0.000077341196,0.00017828945,0.000020152529,0.00007661586,0.00019501198,0.0000478073,0.0000136619565,0.000052192398],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99922645,0.0000018048474,0.00059072266,0.00009147515,0.000018536659,0.0000363095,0.000005214621,0.00000830684,0.000021208241],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99910194,0.00010257273,0.0002647234,0.0002129814,0.00018930943,0.00012847727],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996957,0.000036347472,0.000110117224,0.000110297915,0.000020620786,0.000026917016],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00043993964,0.000084270745,0.00014860788,0.000072414085,0.00015250877,0.00006448349,0.00006746827,0.000022716196,0.00017997382],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000041215502,0.00008548231,0.000012416899,0.000111037734,0.00003479986,0.00021885586,0.000093171635,0.000046506255,0.0000011894726],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00010566796,0.00005290173,0.00024962178,0.0000143453,0.000001935569,7.749346e-7,0.0017775362,0.029061237,0.9682709,0.00044456715,8.4590795e-7,0.000019645822],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00045159052,0.00007651002,0.00076268445,0.000020058253,0.0000066830053,0.00000787443,0.0013121141,0.02278853,0.9743274,0.0001129945,0.00002452093,0.000109056826],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000110023066,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003404437,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.006272707,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000519378,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000018100212,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.34858674},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4311424327","doi":"10.1016/j.jcp.2022.111829","title":"A hybrid level-set / embedded boundary method applied to solidification-melt problems","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Computational Physics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Boundary (topology); Cartesian coordinate system; Representation (politics); Level set method; Interface (matter); Set (abstract data type); Computer science; Instability; Level set (data structures); Boundary value problem; Topology (electrical circuits); Applied mathematics; Mathematical optimization; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Geometry; Mechanics; Physics; Parallel computing; Segmentation","score_opus":0.04783907600871084,"score_gpt":0.3059436083770093,"score_spread":0.25810453236829844,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4311424327","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.21718442,0.000041642423,0.7798895,0.00092803146,0.00047315005,0.0002976534,0.00014033022,0.00003191493,0.0010133166],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9332325,9.34722e-7,0.064992055,0.0011548109,0.00037983933,0.000047533507,0.00005048987,0.0000236096,0.00011826644],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9978193,0.00017335027,0.000639446,0.00021471066,0.0009511087,0.00020207935],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99845445,0.00019999749,0.0006183537,0.00017435709,0.00039616224,0.00015666404],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00094388955,0.00014507244,0.00027050424,0.00012118187,0.00039499518,0.0001196141,0.00046342274,0.000014002746,0.00028025152],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003496093,0.00014271919,0.000110377616,0.00033497406,0.000041195704,0.00015296023,0.00013315864,0.0002106597,0.00007823364],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00012742402,0.0002681267,0.000009177784,0.000022238744,0.00003511643,0.0000035482778,0.0023559548,0.85392034,0.11038161,0.01909761,0.009264355,0.0045144754],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0020423504,0.0007210353,0.0023935316,0.000033022952,0.00009119442,0.00036135834,0.0020696966,0.019629914,0.04891986,0.8707081,0.05222245,0.00080748566],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000018612466,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.2363816e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8516105,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00016161262,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00043252847,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.581992},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4313472678","doi":"10.3390/ma16010383","title":"A Phase-Field Model for In-Space Manufacturing of Binary Alloys","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems; Nova Scotia Department of Energy; Nuclear Safety and Security Commission; University of Alabama; Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research; Advanced Research Projects Agency; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Materials science; Microstructure; Supercooling; Phase (matter); Binary number; Ternary operation; Alloy; Field (mathematics); Mechanics; Phase space; Thermodynamics; Composite material; Physics; Mathematics; Computer science","score_opus":0.037797540823783914,"score_gpt":0.2923727319831514,"score_spread":0.2545751911593675,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4313472678","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9973058,0.000022596123,0.0010439226,0.00028421142,0.00032115474,0.00035973804,0.0001995579,0.000036993748,0.00042603587],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979095,0.0000028225945,0.0010285119,0.00020451762,0.000032783446,0.00034488965,0.000017864499,0.000015188749,0.00044392853],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99908566,0.00006655488,0.00030765223,0.0001974839,0.00014694069,0.0001957137],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995581,0.00005977173,0.00013306733,0.00020328086,0.00001517201,0.000030614083],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00050674524,0.000085889435,0.00020295024,0.00008120829,0.00008671286,0.000025807733,0.00022911919,0.00002413679,0.0017184482],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000023089508,0.000087146094,0.000030443574,0.000051757233,0.000018096829,0.00007630911,0.00013480142,0.000028810991,0.0000098480195],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00026075568,0.00018178165,0.000003621069,0.0000655769,0.000001987891,0.0000010455175,0.00069814926,0.0014671797,0.9942437,0.0025889582,0.00042905746,0.000058214406],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0010682524,0.0002119602,0.000028720377,0.000007041673,0.0000046589976,0.0000014224339,0.00028591856,0.001129753,0.9937057,0.002445627,0.0010097792,0.00010117623],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003059699,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000013792245,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0017086002,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004477583,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000030474195,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99919415},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4317886262","doi":"10.1017/jfm.2023.8","title":"Thermodynamically consistent phase-field modelling of activated solute transport in binary solvent fluids","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Hubei Provincial Department of Education","keywords":"Thermodynamics; Binary number; Diffusion; Phase (matter); Statistical physics; Dissipation; Field (mathematics); Materials science; Physics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.0473021611677389,"score_gpt":0.2773401711825264,"score_spread":0.23003801001478752,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4317886262","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9180967,0.00010973453,0.08078425,0.00032523388,0.00039432492,0.00012746124,0.000012587752,0.000029123825,0.000120536395],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984152,0.00031038275,0.001065698,0.00009536332,0.000044443914,0.000004360121,0.0000042637803,0.000019349367,0.000040949628],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9981733,0.00007166358,0.00089944014,0.00015451624,0.00044040038,0.0002606756],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99904895,0.00009763664,0.00034384962,0.00019396187,0.00020386325,0.000111769084],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0010177341,0.00013147281,0.00036518663,0.00027074406,0.0000423074,0.000012848543,0.00030267108,0.00009490099,0.00012701155],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004199174,0.00011372048,0.00015822216,0.00042050725,0.000019715715,0.00016715868,0.000031387215,0.0001809228,0.00001393795],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000354801,0.00026478962,0.0000052225055,0.000043173088,0.000019256859,0.000040198785,0.0005001575,0.01739043,0.9789417,0.0020959657,0.000073011244,0.00027134444],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0017567595,0.00071985065,0.00003627732,0.0001868143,0.000041339255,0.000025074713,0.00065180677,0.32913205,0.66309786,0.0040499778,0.00014036101,0.00016178918],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007809837,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000016718756,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.31584376,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000072636394,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00016141374,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.46373868},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4318992438","doi":"10.1016/j.commatsci.2023.112048","title":"Representative grain boundaries during anisotropic grain growth","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computational Materials Science","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Anisotropy; Grain size; Grain growth; Grain boundary; Materials science; Phenomenological model; Phase field models; Statistical physics; Condensed matter physics; Phase (matter); Microstructure; Physics; Optics; Metallurgy","score_opus":0.023939360892630736,"score_gpt":0.29030299500343254,"score_spread":0.26636363411080183,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4318992438","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.994474,0.000011901679,0.0011618534,0.0008087012,0.0018852042,0.00024740817,0.00009584754,0.0005196022,0.00079546927],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99654925,0.000004150727,0.002384763,0.00016768568,0.00015032195,0.00006677501,0.0000470176,0.000017682594,0.0006123661],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99739087,0.00013391879,0.00042257804,0.0006570151,0.0008557,0.0005399327],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989473,0.000092027876,0.00018454916,0.00026294577,0.00035059368,0.00016256222],"candidate_categories":["sts","scholarly_communication","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0010401147,0.00017895075,0.00021298286,0.0003177133,0.0014161564,0.001200747,0.0006740442,0.000034503777,0.0007136248],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00045025526,0.00016928316,0.00003543349,0.0014353988,0.0017792023,0.00076734053,0.0003384335,0.000050788363,0.0016105926],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000024610034,0.000020375925,0.00020508305,0.00003151923,0.000002330498,0.000009486491,0.0012181298,0.0003634143,0.9165716,0.080525406,0.0010139024,0.0000141024075],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005753832,0.000054322707,0.13934603,0.000029887138,0.000006299347,0.000028273982,0.0011043337,0.00055302575,0.73123276,0.12634064,0.00035882025,0.00037022072],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000050140232,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000016546405,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.18533888,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00011758182,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003501247,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998839},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4322492314","doi":"10.1103/physrevmaterials.7.023405","title":"Consistent representation of vapor phases in phase field crystal dynamics","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; Compute Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Nucleation; Formalism (music); Vapor phase; Chemical physics; Thermodynamics; Statistical physics; Condensed matter physics; Physics","score_opus":0.05283096526931255,"score_gpt":0.39097854116159786,"score_spread":0.3381475758922853,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4322492314","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99725324,0.00038513113,0.000060333306,0.0005821412,0.00022258487,0.0004678015,0.00014430501,0.00007113808,0.0008133408],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99801993,0.001275677,0.000040487124,0.000272389,0.00007523116,0.0001229065,0.00011500569,0.000011091661,0.000067249515],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986133,0.00016245274,0.000560159,0.00024576456,0.00022536165,0.00019297833],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99912816,0.00023020376,0.00023758611,0.0002892133,0.0000603629,0.00005447554],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003753742,0.000115677016,0.00051066297,0.00005704932,0.00002590177,0.000027607995,0.0001629303,0.000020585027,0.0008900706],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00045428288,0.00009851476,0.000074195996,0.00042339522,0.00005486076,0.00012104661,0.00006604945,0.00003130275,0.00018252568],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004082485,0.00023328299,0.000018825702,0.00079172757,0.0000037195034,0.000004190168,0.000087051514,0.0000032405635,0.9925863,0.004192783,0.0007860367,0.0012519736],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00073644856,0.00014510064,0.00024095057,0.0007738152,0.00003709235,0.0000022864897,0.00009821488,0.00020725557,0.9920654,0.0050171223,0.00051262754,0.00016365874],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000044815853,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000034206255,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0010883148,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000029787738,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000026892905,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.97456485},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4323655022","doi":"10.1016/j.apnum.2023.02.015","title":"Weak convergence of the backward Euler method for stochastic Cahn–Hilliard equation with additive noise","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Numerical Mathematics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"China Scholarship Council; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Mathematics; Allen–Cahn equation; Cahn–Hilliard equation; Stochastic differential equation; Partial differential equation; Applied mathematics; Convergence (economics); Backward Euler method; Mathematical analysis; Rate of convergence; Stochastic partial differential equation; Weak convergence; Nonlinear system; Operator (biology); Noise (video); Euler equations","score_opus":0.033321309489511106,"score_gpt":0.2796246186381857,"score_spread":0.2463033091486746,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4323655022","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.02238873,0.000004066788,0.97453153,0.0002709889,0.00015817094,0.00091377355,0.00009631357,0.000113193884,0.0015232118],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9194335,0.0000020966172,0.079529114,0.000116908974,0.000052307212,0.0005284931,0.000018233359,0.000035320434,0.0002840797],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986855,0.000041167237,0.00036946623,0.0002603711,0.00038200262,0.00026153293],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980711,0.0010461431,0.0003058064,0.0003743858,0.00012893471,0.00007367469],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004216969,0.00015673402,0.0002904156,0.000041347557,0.000120919205,0.000023290006,0.0003194627,0.00005431422,0.00023836573],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00024229716,0.00009990661,0.000065502376,0.000560891,0.0001361199,0.00004610193,0.00007977989,0.00007129381,0.00028529583],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00022449423,0.00037497224,0.000017343598,0.00055554905,0.00007604439,4.3538577e-7,0.0070742513,0.008769526,0.5057722,0.4710584,0.0038175157,0.002259331],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0031633773,0.00049263163,0.0017504651,0.00028946035,0.00045418192,0.000013483625,0.012732918,0.29755387,0.42729768,0.25082237,0.0040541105,0.0013754609],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004159,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.6154227e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8970447,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000034344906,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000053217107,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.40740734},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4360762418","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-323-85669-0.00094-5","title":"Phase-field modeling of contact line dynamics","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Elsevier eBooks","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Dynamics (music); Field (mathematics); Physics; Mathematics; Acoustics","score_opus":0.040360410930341095,"score_gpt":0.28432254351799036,"score_spread":0.24396213258764926,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4360762418","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.0014783912,0.00016694484,0.0005937927,0.00006568289,0.00057953625,0.00036992106,0.00019439936,0.0001706832,0.9963806],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1061208,0.00006556988,0.00018352718,0.00020926695,0.00022635623,0.000026528025,0.00007153468,0.000101086414,0.89299536],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9982694,0.000020098967,0.00068476604,0.00040758666,0.00036610573,0.00025206333],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99870795,0.00010325678,0.00034683678,0.00056569214,0.00016556744,0.00011067224],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00031493246,0.00030186618,0.00054748746,0.00014723769,0.00007036706,0.00003796103,0.00038873465,0.00026377608,0.00050606095],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003968732,0.0002903234,0.00018503853,0.00001807428,0.000055472705,0.00003964759,0.00012590627,0.00025684622,0.00040777432],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00013839443,0.00006998795,4.276679e-7,0.00040394263,0.000079733414,0.000019374225,0.00049396674,0.000109251865,0.047630586,0.17948987,0.00009019491,0.7714743],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007289084,0.0029911385,0.000001257825,0.004069956,0.0008847289,0.00003479734,0.00047549608,0.1316078,0.034355983,0.31563905,0.49863815,0.00401256],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000018045597,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000014519495,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7674617,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007355827,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00010415191,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999549},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4366503941","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-27447-3_1","title":"The Formation of Downward Freckles in Nb-Containing Superalloy Remelt Ingots","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"˜The œminerals, metals & materials series","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Ingot; Eutectic system; Materials science; Shrinkage; Buoyancy; Superalloy; Metallurgy; Instability; Alloy; Mechanics; Composite material; Physics","score_opus":0.036753194024910646,"score_gpt":0.246207854802856,"score_spread":0.20945466077794536,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4366503941","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8979649,0.0027951654,0.00007139721,0.0024710943,0.0066017117,0.0034233495,0.0012989081,0.0007641086,0.084609374],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.76531374,0.0017146658,0.00023200379,0.00027779024,0.0006572804,0.00040838376,0.00031425827,0.00020516271,0.23087673],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9958039,0.00037626558,0.0019320031,0.0005489494,0.0007218838,0.000617002],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971152,0.00033166024,0.0011539126,0.0010397362,0.00027439313,0.00008511688],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0031428202,0.0006310075,0.0011403079,0.0002422451,0.0004363143,0.0005463909,0.0010432493,0.00031995476,0.0007744387],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00016475489,0.00040274055,0.0001976517,0.00014850742,0.0005451575,0.0007115964,0.00038975946,0.00022943072,0.0004549058],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00027063227,0.000014136698,0.000002383382,0.00022446348,0.00003723046,0.000006555738,0.0013263195,0.000029596906,0.8952345,0.101359785,0.001298903,0.00019545798],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013420321,0.00042234562,0.00033896833,0.001014016,0.00030003034,0.00007112703,0.00301074,0.000029385832,0.5653586,0.12638411,0.30002084,0.0017078208],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002666476,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009123107,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.32987598,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00010268261,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00011509803,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99984246},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4366780423","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124200","title":"Kinetic characterization of phosphorus removal from the surface of metallurgical grade (MG) silicon droplets during electromagnetic levitation","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Materials science; Phosphorus; Levitation; Silicon; Evaporation; Phase (matter); Mass transfer; Atmospheric temperature range; Diffusion; Kinetic energy; Partial pressure; Metallurgy; Thermodynamics; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Chemistry; Magnet","score_opus":0.014384064101282758,"score_gpt":0.24132255197426428,"score_spread":0.22693848787298151,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4366780423","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99652064,0.00031829058,0.0014063424,0.001256364,0.00032510675,0.00008835794,0.000036960108,0.000010039945,0.000037889393],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990518,0.00063175295,0.000110064386,0.00003997129,0.000086961096,0.0000017638657,0.00002089899,0.000008959806,0.000047794805],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987623,0.00008444858,0.0004901651,0.000108874236,0.00044863895,0.00010556504],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994072,0.00012495875,0.000093019335,0.00007584215,0.00025610716,0.00004288735],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002615512,0.00008608169,0.00018677163,0.00007205577,0.00003338944,0.000032781896,0.00021834021,0.000037294332,0.00014202096],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000031142834,0.0000623867,0.00007232323,0.00015110486,0.00007890629,0.00016140571,0.000013138587,0.000080707374,0.000004302396],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00020363818,0.00004673515,0.00038621074,0.000013545513,0.0000389245,0.0000101251635,0.0007095636,0.00017829126,0.9976018,0.00064208976,0.0000042896577,0.00016476879],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013842477,0.00016380147,0.16623957,0.000090062436,0.00006147496,0.0000581435,0.00022163491,0.0010610209,0.82952493,0.0007241811,0.00037920653,0.0000917305],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002926793,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000018907484,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1680769,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000020443527,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003183928,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2544056},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4367309512","doi":"10.1007/s11663-023-02794-5","title":"Modeling and Characterization of Surface Deformation and Current Distribution of Molten Droplets Under Electromagnetic Levitation","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Levitation; Magnetic levitation; Transverse plane; Deformation (meteorology); Current (fluid); Materials science; Mechanics; Surface tension; Work (physics); Characterization (materials science); Acoustic levitation; Electromagnetic field; Composite material; Physics; Mechanical engineering; Thermodynamics; Nanotechnology; Structural engineering; Magnet; Engineering","score_opus":0.021730230776642597,"score_gpt":0.24502871594172337,"score_spread":0.22329848516508077,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4367309512","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.83214396,0.00007513367,0.16732913,0.00007901069,0.00007759142,0.00014515212,0.00011032171,0.00003412881,0.000005575114],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99864197,0.00087411207,0.0001554934,0.000004029611,0.000009028418,0.000015214224,0.0002682406,0.000006296817,0.000025636653],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99919355,0.000075618926,0.00034403265,0.00015391746,0.0001216335,0.000111270594],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99970585,0.000022291068,0.000094191695,0.0000650684,0.00006506013,0.000047531506],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00028294342,0.000083472216,0.00018925383,0.00004554206,0.0000880538,0.00004756258,0.00002928505,0.00004305935,0.00009905573],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000069189923,0.00007682871,0.00001729398,0.0001543375,0.000075659445,0.00024293974,0.000008730915,0.00002774104,0.000004406721],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000032396107,0.000030315658,0.0000011450605,0.00016746904,0.0000051050056,6.373881e-8,0.00019564682,0.0020527085,0.9960575,0.001028349,2.7654076e-7,0.00042903432],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002256401,0.0003971642,0.047023557,0.00022030159,0.00037620537,0.000060917926,0.0005654848,0.33201784,0.61003697,0.0060030515,0.00037472104,0.00066738675],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003651713,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000037981279,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.3860205,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008538595,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009747963,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.31329837},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4375934152","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4440823","title":"A Reduced Model for Prediction of Melting and Solidification of Pcm in Spherical Encapsulations","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Melting temperature; Materials science; Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Physics; Composite material","score_opus":0.057577161877650065,"score_gpt":0.2968620831199107,"score_spread":0.23928492124226064,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4375934152","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.84865004,0.00044294997,0.14982256,0.00026375204,0.00017630396,0.00043276453,0.000119873876,0.00003097779,0.000060784532],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99591756,0.001054665,0.002563107,0.0000035547257,0.00008692332,0.00007490714,0.000043580018,0.000024462684,0.00023121237],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99797904,0.000082000755,0.00077897083,0.00027909543,0.00022836271,0.00065255415],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987767,0.0000826932,0.00069144694,0.00020533531,0.00019710345,0.000046738525],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0020024735,0.00013358757,0.00030488241,0.0001707032,0.00007435661,0.00002638431,0.0002198843,0.00015014486,0.000005601581],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00023761201,0.00013473767,0.00008500918,0.00015853549,0.000066069864,0.00009682882,0.00009069255,0.00064029027,0.0000012082724],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00012450098,0.00013077342,0.0005146404,0.0002835571,0.00004493691,9.515512e-8,0.002093247,0.043374255,0.92025304,0.03209606,0.000019124078,0.0010657817],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000867788,0.00015521719,0.0024380488,0.00019238832,0.00007599499,0.000015083819,0.0023191979,0.40573746,0.014280858,0.5737257,0.0000059201093,0.00018631852],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003817657,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000066555076,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9059722,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003731579,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001436808,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.54944426},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4377019048","doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/1281/1/012047","title":"Phase-field modeling of austenitic steels used in turbines","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Hydro-Québec; Natural Resources Canada; McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Microstructure; Austenite; Materials science; Casting; Metallurgy; Phase (matter); Thermal; Austenitic stainless steel; Turbine; Phase field models; Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Mechanical engineering; Engineering; Corrosion; Physics","score_opus":0.04212801964623234,"score_gpt":0.2685265611353967,"score_spread":0.22639854148916436,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4377019048","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99843633,0.00001752486,0.00043893195,0.00015870234,0.00042842983,0.00014287082,0.000015689473,0.00013316987,0.0002283366],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99953395,0.00004002586,0.00027877503,0.000019624385,0.00003625986,0.000033320288,0.0000032313435,0.0000108415525,0.000043947355],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99856603,0.000017562827,0.00037968357,0.00030517584,0.00032809825,0.00040345197],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99943227,0.00004670383,0.00006364464,0.00020631621,0.00016025704,0.000090813395],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000868346,0.00014383032,0.00026760512,0.0003155525,0.00008732498,0.00020799252,0.0003113617,0.00004653995,0.00013704954],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00026289735,0.00013392029,0.000013174678,0.0007479766,0.00016733144,0.0007653113,0.0001282409,0.00004763243,0.000023035223],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000020548958,0.000015804926,0.000014310559,0.00010197637,9.1743635e-7,0.0000028721036,0.0009304561,0.002690376,0.99242085,0.0036468036,0.0000026173054,0.0001524826],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003844776,0.00011228936,0.00027007435,0.00010527212,0.000003644335,0.0000055451396,0.0011786148,0.024833918,0.97252357,0.00038057117,0.000029049166,0.00017294507],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000056015524,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005141205,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02214354,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002472247,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00011325452,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5461111},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4377019115","doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/1281/1/012017","title":"A phase field methodology for simulating the microstructure evolution during laser powder bed fusion in-situ alloying process","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada; McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Nucleation; Materials science; Microstructure; Dendrite (mathematics); Phase (matter); Fusion; Alloy; Process (computing); Grain growth; Thermal; Metallurgy; Finite element method; Composite material; Chemical engineering; Thermodynamics; Geometry; Chemistry; Mathematics","score_opus":0.03873955878487186,"score_gpt":0.3035640411810921,"score_spread":0.26482448239622025,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4377019115","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9974551,0.000018263827,0.0009944268,0.00041832318,0.000561304,0.0003627476,0.000014126604,0.0001421921,0.00003348167],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99873674,0.000011758265,0.0009464068,0.000056598863,0.0000907714,0.00010624252,0.0000056723434,0.000013534465,0.00003228855],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9985553,0.00004208553,0.0003067277,0.00038654622,0.00021806572,0.00049128215],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993164,0.00016313812,0.00009307495,0.00018914315,0.00017049661,0.00006772916],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0013750419,0.0001630383,0.0002164256,0.00017807513,0.00042446688,0.00032700537,0.00031774255,0.000068806796,0.000047764748],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00073860545,0.00012658359,0.000017069045,0.0005681089,0.00017128592,0.00063461956,0.0001410668,0.000073813666,0.0000057462225],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007748668,0.0000071580002,0.000018870807,0.00014440848,0.0000013222855,0.0000014835475,0.0022014529,0.0010037981,0.9952,0.0011727004,0.000002518236,0.00016882268],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005320262,0.00007212569,0.0017438931,0.0000688072,0.0000052139826,0.000012082758,0.0019933821,0.0022251718,0.9922837,0.00084662565,0.000043581014,0.00017336491],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000019753164,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000012255388,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0029162522,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004842191,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000095801166,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5161929},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4379662073","doi":"10.1016/j.commatsci.2023.112300","title":"Atomistically informed phase field study of austenite grain growth","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computational Materials Science","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Solvent drag; Austenite; Grain growth; Grain boundary; Materials science; Phase field models; Phase (matter); Thermodynamics; Anisotropy; Grain size; Metallurgy; Chemistry; Microstructure; Physics","score_opus":0.03487402647261094,"score_gpt":0.3389920081510328,"score_spread":0.30411798167842186,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4379662073","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9962901,0.0000016787798,0.0015088579,0.00017530067,0.00060580985,0.00039515083,0.00004788653,0.0001558823,0.0008193438],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984852,9.483491e-7,0.0011417122,0.0001623643,0.00005485705,0.00005368838,0.000019907653,0.000008559735,0.000072730494],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9979118,0.000071860755,0.0005480649,0.00036423854,0.0007836835,0.00032037008],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998641,0.000356047,0.00020173956,0.00023074978,0.000437655,0.00013282432],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011008498,0.00012655534,0.00021710926,0.00029041606,0.00026521596,0.00018620832,0.0006175632,0.000028760662,0.00056765735],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00082591653,0.000112684946,0.000022410924,0.0012000663,0.00034541823,0.00035994488,0.00022060299,0.000035841895,0.00041270486],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009016072,0.00030044024,0.00015871762,0.000046363217,0.0000032721205,0.000004923454,0.0014432777,0.0006106911,0.9758279,0.02098877,0.00039293227,0.00013255322],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0052751857,0.0019850233,0.045000732,0.000075502794,0.000033679942,0.000019796915,0.0046085273,0.0059372312,0.8870708,0.049144074,0.00017686957,0.0006725932],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000030649935,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000016995666,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.08875711,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004201283,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00028875476,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.62154496},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4381805360","doi":"10.3390/modelling4030018","title":"Modelling of the Solidifying Microstructure of Inconel 718: Quasi-Binary Approximation","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Modelling—International Open Access Journal of Modelling in Engineering Science","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Superalloy; Inconel; Microstructure; Materials science; Supercooling; Mesoscopic physics; Phase (matter); Thermodynamics; Eutectic system; Metastability; Precipitation; Alloy; Metallurgy; Mechanics; Condensed matter physics; Physics","score_opus":0.0885533888179524,"score_gpt":0.3294487444879368,"score_spread":0.24089535566998443,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4381805360","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.5145215,0.00005586964,0.48440218,0.000116117386,0.0006281109,0.00014483211,0.000010025037,0.000011925483,0.000109427936],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.97722995,0.00013761631,0.022460476,0.000021593725,0.00007663836,0.000008117514,0.0000027980764,0.000024938116,0.00003784946],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99673605,0.000038663573,0.0013254959,0.00034665596,0.0012037294,0.0003494026],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99750495,0.00014703194,0.0011092046,0.00036286758,0.00078090496,0.00009505885],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0028326372,0.00020316396,0.00040316075,0.00081004703,0.00014275633,0.0004543039,0.00508668,0.000075460346,0.000020952515],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00010356326,0.00016519436,0.00012489042,0.0015626887,0.00021835035,0.002726918,0.000817458,0.00032458745,0.0000028653776],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000046854315,0.000059457434,0.00023259559,0.00007250322,0.000008462341,0.0000020186535,0.00097165036,0.8582201,0.13767692,0.0026671938,0.0000058114833,0.000036414734],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00039013868,0.000023887436,0.00009201849,0.00042904567,0.000009889211,0.000012937038,0.0001514216,0.929253,0.06501313,0.004454529,0.000017581382,0.0001524569],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000114344664,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.2084207e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.46270847,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00019698085,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00034811604,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.94524014},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4382139299","doi":"10.1080/00219592.2023.2222757","title":"A Numerical Study for the Growth of InGaSb Crystals with a Flatter Interface by Vertical Gradient Freezing under Normal Gravity and Utilizing Bayesian Optimization","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Kyushu University","keywords":"Convection; Mechanics; Natural convection; Materials science; Temperature gradient; Crystal growth; Zero gravity; Computer simulation; Chemistry; Thermodynamics; Physics; Meteorology","score_opus":0.012160705349155742,"score_gpt":0.235915651503941,"score_spread":0.22375494615478525,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4382139299","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8131396,0.000039681854,0.18638107,0.00023263128,0.00004974344,0.00013414503,0.0000035595035,0.000014450236,0.0000050824033],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976569,0.000002523071,0.002263367,0.000017324368,0.000035122393,0.000005957902,9.788564e-7,0.000016122836,0.0000017207866],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99897027,0.000020965548,0.00046109557,0.000116582036,0.00025570436,0.00017537684],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992409,0.0002739707,0.00016231992,0.00010215645,0.00012971311,0.00009098],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004273734,0.00010925088,0.00026622554,0.0000727673,0.000029695177,0.000027161777,0.00017817409,0.000035554556,0.000009542127],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00014717618,0.000074045325,0.00005246525,0.00021602513,0.00006961301,0.00012363987,0.000045032553,0.00012548282,1.8614304e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00015812599,0.00010849374,0.0006736056,0.0000972015,0.0000473253,4.3730088e-7,0.0010775224,0.038784552,0.95885235,0.00010358658,0.00006514047,0.000031637814],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0015101149,0.00063597,0.0012350545,0.00016748747,0.00011876934,0.000033694494,0.0017251335,0.17285667,0.82143116,0.00008548134,0.000013153097,0.00018731273],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006227816,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.9640465e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.18451725,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000030612082,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000019138348,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.30194807},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4385810832","doi":"10.1103/physrevmaterials.7.083402","title":"Two-dimensional phase field crystal simulation of laser-induced recrystallization: A mechanism of grain-boundary phonon scattering and softening","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Phonon; Recrystallization (geology); Grain boundary; Condensed matter physics; Crystallite; Scattering; Softening; Metastability; Phonon scattering; Phase boundary; Thermodynamics; Phase (matter); Optics; Microstructure; Composite material; Metallurgy; Physics","score_opus":0.04053686041303335,"score_gpt":0.34606169145440263,"score_spread":0.3055248310413693,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4385810832","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9983561,0.00019568687,0.00040414315,0.00016649783,0.00020919883,0.00042410963,0.00008156917,0.00007672399,0.00008597519],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991688,0.00013653382,0.0002035759,0.00022424129,0.00011443286,0.00004887657,0.00006604616,0.000020685255,0.000016817385],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99845093,0.00016513861,0.00059350143,0.00029031432,0.00030436818,0.00019572285],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989186,0.00025454318,0.0003823796,0.0002385196,0.00013008542,0.0000758733],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005972184,0.00016327495,0.0005374608,0.00006859866,0.00008089559,0.000037675192,0.00013203938,0.00003071303,0.00040067872],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002520336,0.00014618243,0.0000665916,0.00029441336,0.00006003843,0.00018947167,0.00012887952,0.00003902825,0.00003197437],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000054005744,0.00007757398,0.0000013044544,0.001367747,0.000008187396,0.0000012063426,0.00015304025,0.00017218679,0.9957499,0.001448411,0.000029452907,0.0009370012],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006184144,0.00017054875,0.000023328594,0.0011074337,0.00004870803,0.0000023713233,0.000023600824,0.0024631808,0.9883134,0.0069620833,0.00010402372,0.00016291611],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000014139859,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.9424773e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0074364925,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001527488,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000039999417,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.59611464},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4385837829","doi":"10.1038/s41526-023-00310-2","title":"Electromagnetic levitation containerless processing of metallic materials in microgravity: rapid solidification","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"npj Microgravity","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Los Alamos National Laboratory; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Nuclear Security Administration; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; Nuclear Safety and Security Commission; University of Alberta; European Space Agency; Medical University of South Carolina; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Levitation; Magnetic levitation; Nucleation; Benchmark (surveying); Macro; Work (physics); Materials science; Mechanical engineering; Computer science; Aerospace engineering; Magnet; Physics; Engineering; Thermodynamics; Geology","score_opus":0.07931819841246797,"score_gpt":0.3483394068222839,"score_spread":0.26902120840981597,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4385837829","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.03792146,0.9589249,0.000038316208,0.000030331945,0.0003061378,0.0021584409,0.00031271347,0.00023053211,0.00007718415],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.014124641,0.9826257,0.0008994552,0.00002701641,0.00014048329,0.0007867882,0.0009906671,0.00015753157,0.0002476727],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9950945,0.0008642591,0.0019436725,0.0009583344,0.00042642947,0.0007128035],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99708563,0.00020457723,0.0016297684,0.0007083849,0.00024798707,0.00012364326],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0019109667,0.00063262077,0.0023325316,0.00068285066,0.0001254849,0.00025777885,0.0007610164,0.0004480194,0.00019036268],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00013945786,0.00059059047,0.0003423918,0.0015670663,0.00025611755,0.00021902229,0.0001323433,0.00030600093,0.00029772875],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000016284757,0.00021482153,0.0000021364303,0.017919013,0.000030217632,0.000004203902,0.00025717344,1.2586626e-7,0.6728286,0.00033820976,0.00006233852,0.30832687],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0027755846,0.00082566246,0.0006568588,0.029213538,0.0032652782,0.00024771137,0.0008432382,0.000009564419,0.30777735,0.0051552886,0.6448126,0.0044173393],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00017412481,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005293864,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.64475024,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002585561,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00042706914,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99965453},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4386767610","doi":"10.1007/s11661-023-07190-x","title":"Thermophysical Properties Measurement of Al–22.5 wt pctCu in Reduced Gravity Using the ISS-EML","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Supercooling; Eutectic system; Pyrometer; Materials science; Nutation; Superheating; Drop (telecommunication); Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Metallurgy; Temperature measurement; Physics; Mechanical engineering; Alloy","score_opus":0.07948907091396028,"score_gpt":0.2704662507607446,"score_spread":0.1909771798467843,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4386767610","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9954609,0.00007231708,0.003159623,0.0005946882,0.00023716228,0.0003096435,0.000023686584,0.00006513428,0.00007680742],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99952996,0.000060857503,0.000113683374,0.00004975334,0.000032418993,0.00008444141,0.0000021879493,0.00001261316,0.00011408426],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9985746,0.00023091369,0.0003898211,0.00025178542,0.00032511735,0.00022777579],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995817,0.000027128892,0.000080158134,0.00018953624,0.00006420064,0.000057270194],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00086470036,0.00012864321,0.00029137882,0.000059793467,0.00016704701,0.000091104586,0.00014446022,0.000046771725,0.00064975105],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000017489649,0.00008285815,0.000059633727,0.0002976005,0.00022289652,0.000120944555,0.000018912246,0.00006462022,0.000028431064],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007484888,0.00010825971,6.146712e-7,0.00004560632,0.000012342179,0.000002000308,0.0003525068,0.0002631253,0.9985665,0.00036949944,0.000007654632,0.00019704587],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00055081176,0.00005701945,0.0025486196,0.0000681483,0.000060721828,0.0000153383,0.00058717397,0.0010939905,0.9927901,0.0010573951,0.0009701918,0.0002005071],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00030989325,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000020556003,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0057764137,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000026038564,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000034384153,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.71143186},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4387353246","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2023.113768","title":"A comprehensive review of modeling water solidification for droplet freezing applications","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Polytechnique Montréal; Group for Research in Decision Analysis","funders":"Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Context (archaeology); Stefan problem; Scale (ratio); Nucleation; Macroscopic scale; Macro; Process (computing); Computer science; Thermodynamics; Mathematics; Physics; Geology","score_opus":0.08621535314760569,"score_gpt":0.33573708310787076,"score_spread":0.24952172996026506,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4387353246","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[4.2097543e-7,0.96055275,0.035450246,0.00004589419,0.00006679329,0.0033088834,0.000052406154,0.00009309005,0.00042952696],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0000016157045,0.98257214,0.00059886486,0.00018928775,0.00019181652,0.009290744,0.00080398074,0.00010099834,0.0062505743],"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9959095,0.00034117128,0.0019610152,0.0008028709,0.0002303774,0.0007550506],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99734086,0.00020432459,0.0007939408,0.0009348549,0.00056458975,0.00016145172],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0016351615,0.00052728096,0.0029010377,0.00026565604,0.00036983963,0.00008730268,0.0005142022,0.00022257525,0.00006557413],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00012903256,0.000367337,0.00054959726,0.00063806074,0.00008035222,0.00018399955,0.00025945317,0.00010799502,0.00004653249],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003692026,0.000044542092,1.8169613e-8,0.81947005,0.00004701561,0.0000013078826,0.000048982496,0.000107942775,0.0003849031,0.007300746,0.002475047,0.17011575],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000106717365,0.000028119417,1.7271505e-9,0.03792748,0.000574808,0.000008166538,0.00015697071,0.00025052717,0.00011345919,0.00185412,0.9585859,0.0003937003],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00025955058,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000053960566,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9561109,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00013928991,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002513268,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99987787},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4387789323","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-38141-6_65","title":"Influence of Hot Top Geometry on the Solidification Time and Macrosegregation in Large-Size Cast Ingot Using Finite Element Modeling","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Cégep de Sorel-Tracy; École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"","keywords":"Ingot; Materials science; Metallurgy; Finite element method; Casting; Continuous casting; Alloy; Structural engineering; Engineering","score_opus":0.04302029122247981,"score_gpt":0.26549952058367765,"score_spread":0.22247922936119785,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4387789323","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9852611,0.00004296234,0.0011964311,0.00014751527,0.00007101052,0.0005663987,0.00011997717,0.00006902992,0.012525591],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9717846,0.00005838695,0.00023352994,0.0002663198,0.000045782166,0.00002078839,0.00003102776,0.000042111813,0.02751749],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9982812,0.000042968186,0.0006241312,0.0004177874,0.00038896519,0.00024498036],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987468,0.0003029312,0.00035051338,0.0004116269,0.0001443643,0.00004374481],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008759717,0.00023268572,0.00028253274,0.00022896244,0.0001523642,0.000096538875,0.00022620868,0.00015408857,0.00039216864],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00018626249,0.00018561316,0.000042840027,0.00014472673,0.000092751514,0.00012600372,0.00010365668,0.00018437117,0.00015311631],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00015256707,0.000095225296,0.00014896844,0.0002870895,0.000038046495,0.0000051894203,0.0031081063,0.2679837,0.50165236,0.2259927,0.0000498525,0.00048616948],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0015936198,0.00022342315,0.0017980589,0.0018062133,0.00012178693,0.0000096342765,0.0010046049,0.9107952,0.05253873,0.026830597,0.0016162797,0.0016618621],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009114798,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000025877678,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6428115,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00010422195,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000071601644,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.75690854},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4387938926","doi":"10.1007/978-981-99-5235-9_7","title":"Property Measurements of Molten Oxides at High Temperature Using Containerless Methods","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"˜The œMaterials Research Society series","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Institut National d'Optique","funders":"","keywords":"Levitation; Surface tension; Materials science; Melting temperature; Viscosity; Thermodynamics; Metallurgy; Mechanical engineering; Composite material; Physics","score_opus":0.23798278178712126,"score_gpt":0.3959144806275085,"score_spread":0.15793169884038724,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4387938926","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.803696,0.004443011,0.00013907457,0.0057442486,0.011661934,0.01791099,0.0072530354,0.0022417405,0.14691],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1337162,0.0008642598,0.0073399865,0.00023401124,0.001120492,0.00042648448,0.0003207625,0.00043902505,0.8555388],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9942291,0.0011207893,0.0009996324,0.00082591927,0.0019763643,0.0008482128],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99627984,0.00037658386,0.00053378387,0.0011597835,0.0014743991,0.0001756325],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.008406459,0.0005461627,0.0010216897,0.0001118301,0.0010766969,0.00045554608,0.001233854,0.0005894639,0.0017435513],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00017128575,0.0003228615,0.00029382127,0.00021965597,0.0017358623,0.00029069826,0.0012183777,0.00045737877,0.00021102205],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00018817431,0.00002180008,0.00000415449,0.00065121014,0.00016545603,0.0000028580255,0.0014133262,0.000019260018,0.988524,0.004347769,0.004612805,0.000049172624],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00043254174,0.0001530186,0.000049034505,0.00043647378,0.000080726306,0.000013109488,0.0011950331,0.000009346158,0.97071975,0.009869412,0.016491275,0.00055025605],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004464591,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006843805,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7086288,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00051261974,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00043081155,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99992234},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4388804389","doi":"","title":"Microsegregation Model Dedicated to Rapid Solidification – Application to Multicomponent Alloys of Industrial Interest","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Safran Electronics (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Metallurgy; Process engineering; Engineering","score_opus":0.06260230408698213,"score_gpt":0.2676252663796689,"score_spread":0.20502296229268674,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4388804389","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.48992145,0.000055942968,0.49530673,0.010913187,0.00033548474,0.0016923868,0.00026470324,0.00043251534,0.0010776033],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.95764756,0.00006309185,0.038697354,0.0001841219,0.000060311053,0.000723219,0.0011649914,0.00009248915,0.0013668525],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99413115,0.0021751695,0.001278758,0.0012863856,0.00065363606,0.00047487594],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99296725,0.0006616978,0.0009853571,0.0025286977,0.0024079694,0.00044905723],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005291305,0.0004403911,0.0005596229,0.00055327674,0.000265475,0.00030095174,0.0018621519,0.0004324976,0.00009106091],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0018054392,0.000491985,0.00018397722,0.00080871297,0.00018447154,0.0001458941,0.0015533894,0.00047071677,0.00049768575],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007139349,0.0005381146,0.00016571835,0.00012511454,0.000032337215,3.981145e-7,0.007823946,0.005211582,0.95621485,0.013517618,0.0015874867,0.014711429],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007831601,0.0000022754296,0.0012887986,0.0012352737,0.00006512005,0.0000016258299,0.00027344466,0.093753174,0.89602906,0.0032310234,0.002663138,0.0006739164],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008601501,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00050195376,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.46772614,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003065496,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003597861,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997532},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4389540763","doi":"10.17118/11143/21145","title":"Phase field modeling on elastomers considering the nonlinear materialviscosity based on staggered algorithm","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Nonlinear system; Elastomer; Viscosity; Field (mathematics); Algorithm; Computer science; Phase (matter); Materials science; Mathematics; Composite material; Physics","score_opus":0.04221205957302247,"score_gpt":0.30387726824882144,"score_spread":0.26166520867579895,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4389540763","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9626633,0.0000025062388,0.029125169,0.002502921,0.0007134181,0.0002960215,0.000067229914,0.00048496906,0.0041444437],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.993954,0.000004715935,0.0020249467,0.0034457308,0.00012909806,0.000038394854,0.00002818677,0.000020084866,0.00035483384],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99877846,0.000080152786,0.00023566424,0.0003032363,0.00030229441,0.00030020621],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991967,0.0002282058,0.000055353357,0.00039448397,0.0000410878,0.000084152205],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00043498073,0.00014451475,0.00014032665,0.00009272081,0.00026463388,0.0001415519,0.0002232963,0.000046762598,0.0011371116],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000078660014,0.00009900992,0.00005056269,0.0002282774,0.000040430197,0.00006867935,0.00005067132,0.00009417455,0.0009809572],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00070104055,0.0007953622,0.000008923065,0.00006046253,0.000021105761,0.000032778124,0.0011174969,0.1381368,0.8393705,0.0018149758,0.005712021,0.012228523],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008916944,0.00022083665,0.0000034282461,0.00001922393,0.000005287714,6.274539e-7,0.00051838375,0.8009829,0.19596584,0.000154319,0.0011006537,0.00013680893],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000044747667,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000023453758,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6628461,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003322939,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003888088,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99979687},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4389916948","doi":"10.1088/1402-4896/ad16b4","title":"Analysis of the self-consistency of nucleation in the diffuse interface limit of binary alloy phase field models","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physica Scripta","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Nucleation; Discretization; Limit (mathematics); Statistical physics; Binary number; Phase (matter); Scale (ratio); Consistency (knowledge bases); Materials science; Field (mathematics); Noise (video); Thermodynamics; Physics; Computer science; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Quantum mechanics; Geometry","score_opus":0.041092638815400935,"score_gpt":0.2896352583532368,"score_spread":0.24854261953783585,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4389916948","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99775356,0.000025090349,0.00006158319,0.0008626359,0.000101127545,0.00016004275,0.000025228332,0.000021403992,0.0009893061],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99974364,0.000014076241,0.000037412672,0.000098006865,0.00000967735,0.000012752073,0.0000044110634,0.000005532835,0.000074489246],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99908376,0.0001048167,0.00031914518,0.00014702529,0.0002395381,0.000105716616],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99908996,0.00009509045,0.00022116154,0.0005092815,0.00006923603,0.000015258293],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00025560852,0.0000727335,0.00021931052,0.00012115148,0.000033454275,0.000010481132,0.00046431596,0.000023073188,0.000049259022],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004805886,0.00004597754,0.0001282374,0.0013711166,0.000077396966,0.00012496537,0.000087776825,0.00005120595,0.000006652351],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000036597117,0.0006630155,0.00023687782,0.00004205335,0.000058091584,1.7156079e-7,0.008408888,0.0011478183,0.98398834,0.004505912,0.00076387037,0.00014834733],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0017645044,0.00044199612,0.038240414,0.000115281495,0.00093674083,3.9068385e-7,0.011217223,0.30554283,0.6355323,0.005555058,0.00036875127,0.00028448243],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00013238627,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000016187027,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.34845603,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000010907965,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000022890701,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.18749097},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4391275476","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2024.119712","title":"Two dimensional phase field crystal study of thermo-density coupling: Thermal expansion, recalescence, and plasticity","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Materialia","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies; Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada","keywords":"Recalescence; Materials science; Vacancy defect; Isochoric process; Nucleation; Condensed matter physics; Thermodynamics; Latent heat; Phase (matter); Alloy; Composite material; Physics","score_opus":0.023800772714988278,"score_gpt":0.29389852189420845,"score_spread":0.2700977491792202,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4391275476","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99759525,0.000035706285,0.000038750695,0.000091520924,0.0016725762,0.00028932688,0.00004145552,0.000116814226,0.00011862624],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99947417,0.0000023305454,0.000076900185,0.00006194442,0.00016605115,0.000018697414,0.0000071534614,0.000018470093,0.00017427989],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987004,0.00007036707,0.00035827496,0.00038615227,0.00027725456,0.00020759138],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994354,0.00009416618,0.000086298256,0.00022275784,0.00006771309,0.0000936166],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002961272,0.00016717802,0.00024035778,0.0000605224,0.00011707222,0.000158642,0.00016746629,0.000055358774,0.0011848933],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000051763618,0.00013279615,0.000028274315,0.00010925415,0.000095535484,0.00020189513,0.00014740342,0.00007580692,0.000031286814],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003113272,0.00039373751,0.00026371927,0.000064514534,0.000013783025,0.000015985452,0.0012827027,0.000008272253,0.99669677,0.00035624867,0.00052023976,0.00007272259],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002407343,0.00095541385,0.008084888,0.00014255792,0.00008588994,0.000021830143,0.0011870828,0.0018927142,0.98413974,0.00043399227,0.00026831156,0.00038021535],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00015177438,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009288333,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.012556986,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000017080985,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000043269527,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99972814},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4391579858","doi":"10.1088/1361-651x/ad269e","title":"OpenPFC: an open-source framework for high performance 3D phase field crystal simulations","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; EUROfusion","keywords":"Materials science; Phase (matter); Field (mathematics); Crystal (programming language); Engineering physics; Computer science; Physics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.03876654763891258,"score_gpt":0.3113004176994268,"score_spread":0.2725338700605142,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4391579858","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.5864047,0.00003999372,0.41303262,0.000036374073,0.00021740438,0.00018628828,0.0000144611895,0.000059642378,0.000008513864],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9779549,0.000017888528,0.021786407,0.00005293469,0.00010249621,0.000037740723,0.000009576959,0.000017470387,0.000020577358],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988854,0.000014688788,0.00027986162,0.0003962954,0.00017147248,0.0002522974],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994185,0.00023557605,0.00003365932,0.00015295034,0.00007060303,0.00008870773],"candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009150142,0.00012327328,0.0001538862,0.00017437294,0.00027905597,0.0012154359,0.00021156295,0.000059054437,0.000059947997],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009162435,0.00011721875,0.0000056435483,0.00027487922,0.00005911298,0.0013438608,0.00008385411,0.00005966777,0.0000024681913],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002259653,0.000013342853,0.000005841551,0.00007510625,5.6306226e-7,2.0513095e-7,0.0006036834,0.70927656,0.28544948,0.0038618646,5.014054e-7,0.00069029303],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00026429666,0.000105153675,0.00003235297,0.00012312667,0.0000051825514,0.000001164818,0.000054657936,0.95554584,0.041776046,0.0017467092,0.00018706033,0.00015840102],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003495967,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.355964e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.3915502,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000033046563,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000042422846,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998214},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4391892493","doi":"10.1063/4.0000226","title":"Phase field crystal models with applications to laser deposition: A review","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Structural Dynamics","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada","keywords":"Deposition (geology); Phase (matter); Field (mathematics); Materials science; Crystal (programming language); Laser; Computer science; Optics; Geology; Chemistry; Physics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.03474171796928818,"score_gpt":0.35331101727331127,"score_spread":0.3185692993040231,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4391892493","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.000011356534,0.9782356,0.01607416,0.00024548033,0.00021359463,0.0022076948,0.00092179386,0.00020796983,0.0018823504],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00024300712,0.99255437,0.0033563443,0.0006722797,0.00020915354,0.0013215368,0.00084400416,0.000074149284,0.000725157],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9980275,0.000070420705,0.0006043845,0.0006632682,0.00031344118,0.00032098018],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987478,0.000052333053,0.00021010386,0.00066833483,0.000103593986,0.00021780243],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00010304347,0.00045861854,0.000949759,0.00011715971,0.00014365099,0.00018355835,0.0005217198,0.00014546172,0.00026598744],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000010479436,0.00030661898,0.0002303335,0.00066727377,0.000051644773,0.0001626941,0.00013730876,0.00029158648,0.00035181674],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000015560712,0.000037449186,2.1897053e-8,0.06643943,0.00006977585,0.000017146445,0.000056948193,0.000021416445,0.00001536817,0.025627814,0.0020340579,0.90566504],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003456316,0.0003872117,4.852219e-8,0.040725496,0.0026237697,0.00046959435,0.00004271214,0.0019325074,0.00001011651,0.0045331693,0.9476126,0.0013171782],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009924869,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000025934056,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9455785,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00022578095,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00018358215,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999386},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4393934702","doi":"10.1007/s41745-024-00422-y","title":"A Review of Interface-Driven Adaptivity for Phase-Field Modeling of Fluid–Structure Interaction","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Journal of the Indian Institute of Science","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Interface (matter); Phase (matter); Computer science; Field (mathematics); Materials science; Physics; Mathematics; Parallel computing","score_opus":0.08396886193872105,"score_gpt":0.3972537287370046,"score_spread":0.31328486679828355,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4393934702","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.0038804885,0.98910373,0.002132282,0.000171009,0.0037468562,0.00067061436,0.0001538669,0.000005160902,0.00013601207],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.10183894,0.8963423,0.0015835832,0.00006221812,0.00013503147,0.000007150151,0.000001123305,0.00001311839,0.000016577604],"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","domain_scores_codex":[0.9973026,0.000075366625,0.001597658,0.00023735258,0.0006037306,0.0001832813],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.996057,0.00008906919,0.0027101815,0.000429028,0.0006271583,0.00008757218],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0015258017,0.00021187338,0.0012031298,0.0004013376,0.00009716966,0.00004320959,0.0017388049,0.000097828255,0.000038158974],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00089477206,0.00012340979,0.00056912575,0.0009228361,0.0006643378,0.0006651896,0.00021775662,0.0003490989,0.000001922465],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":"systematic_review","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00015122787,0.0004254142,0.0000010079701,0.45712924,0.0002747605,0.000007137919,0.0029110159,0.0021309205,0.1681045,0.0031182866,0.0029466609,0.36279982],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005040376,0.00071971345,3.1611543e-7,0.5873072,0.0016336247,0.00045582754,0.00039884928,0.0015046619,0.033102017,0.0009888507,0.37297332,0.00041158154],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000011737236,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000041418543,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.37002668,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00017150024,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0015717869,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5032505},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4394594358","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4788327","title":"Length-Scale Selection Under Confinement in a Stainless Steel Under Chill-Casting Solidification Condition","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Hydro-Québec; Government of Canada; McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Metallurgy; Scale (ratio); Casting; Selection (genetic algorithm); Continuous casting; Liquid steel; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Physics","score_opus":0.01921412186337647,"score_gpt":0.28108314094982223,"score_spread":0.2618690190864458,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4394594358","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.94795895,0.0024196778,0.04185263,0.0026324512,0.0013562011,0.00081934384,0.000035999783,0.00021558299,0.002709171],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.996261,0.0011918488,0.00013194454,0.00017428491,0.00064793095,0.00014415689,0.000093475996,0.000075201824,0.001280177],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99518543,0.00035712172,0.0009853252,0.0007862597,0.0006285345,0.002057345],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998601,0.00006906796,0.0006256214,0.00032420244,0.00024672836,0.00013337075],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0029599406,0.0004337778,0.00043586682,0.000497001,0.00030602998,0.00048842345,0.00044385792,0.00032964718,0.00032933772],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003591506,0.00042854232,0.00016608801,0.00037668255,0.00009281524,0.00017240645,0.00035397607,0.0039043985,0.00018887044],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00019538835,0.00054362055,0.00020463299,0.0004384321,0.00028066637,0.0000054796337,0.0022963104,0.034091692,0.3857649,0.56916857,0.00024335926,0.006766927],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001144744,0.00021317568,0.0017441923,0.00041101335,0.00016440927,0.000260496,0.013879422,0.0048400913,0.009860409,0.966391,0.0003114415,0.000779549],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001574416,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001416757,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.39722246,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0044127484,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003578751,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99981666},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4399731221","doi":"10.1080/00219592.2024.2364780","title":"The Effects of Zone Volume and Gravity on Thermo-Solutal Marangoni Convection Instability in a Half-Zone Model of Float-Zone Growth of SiGe","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Marangoni effect; Convection; Marangoni number; Instability; Geology; Volume (thermodynamics); Mechanics; Materials science; Thermodynamics; Physics","score_opus":0.006270412789226171,"score_gpt":0.20297624582962245,"score_spread":0.1967058330403963,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4399731221","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9951643,0.0004139976,0.004020381,0.00008626812,0.00015249578,0.00011410059,0.000009196338,0.000009200003,0.00003009372],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994873,0.000035616176,0.00041665623,0.0000033363467,0.00003242566,0.0000028289235,6.578257e-7,0.000011854449,0.000009317413],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987571,0.000035578334,0.00065538404,0.00012140408,0.0002920466,0.00013848276],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990737,0.00032858076,0.00025925032,0.0001456874,0.00012715378,0.00006562849],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006194661,0.00011548945,0.00039143604,0.0001113852,0.00001071375,0.00001084437,0.00016705325,0.00007309419,0.000007332293],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00026546657,0.00008650517,0.00010059449,0.00020499753,0.00016158764,0.00011087518,0.000039341387,0.00017597999,2.734459e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00018164348,0.00013398683,0.00013640495,0.0010325998,0.000022898874,5.7854515e-7,0.00068269466,0.0011395782,0.99547654,0.0007679782,0.000005580714,0.00041952432],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00050949835,0.0002266512,0.0018556578,0.00036831904,0.000028018303,0.000008788874,0.000049232593,0.04098052,0.955576,0.0003156634,0.000005923636,0.000075738106],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000037530648,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.1444684e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.03990054,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000058673904,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004840948,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.35275787},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4400047289","doi":"10.1139/tcsme-2023-0167","title":"Numerical simulation and experimental study of aluminum heat exchanger based on Comsol Multiphysics","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":true,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Multiphysics; Heat exchanger; Mechanical engineering; Mechanics; Materials science; Computer science; Finite element method; Engineering; Physics; Structural engineering","score_opus":0.022386821051815164,"score_gpt":0.2591340267238929,"score_spread":0.23674720567207774,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4400047289","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.67938894,0.000083597646,0.3185694,0.000285496,0.0005491871,0.00090229174,0.00012905101,0.000074871125,0.000017195545],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99891275,3.3111348e-7,0.0009219045,0.000048381728,0.000021996208,0.00006236025,0.0000017539546,0.000016849122,0.000013652301],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99942213,0.000011734828,0.00015471612,0.00014590539,0.00013572734,0.00012977618],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99958825,0.00012870782,0.000015376627,0.00014912445,0.000024992334,0.000093552946],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001103788,0.000084753505,0.00011814648,0.000031009502,0.00010355306,0.000019647932,0.00009650012,0.00004723322,0.000041381423],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008092446,0.00007253765,0.000143899,0.00015459867,0.000024182315,0.000052026448,0.0000029819867,0.00007656859,6.6781956e-7],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000013809749,0.00015677782,0.0000011350236,0.00010829783,0.000029287814,1.165902e-7,0.0016340556,0.80222577,0.19511442,0.00054611306,0.000014580937,0.00015562915],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002969388,0.00018490455,0.00001385861,0.0000312789,0.00002979524,2.540363e-7,0.0005439047,0.9009794,0.097701564,0.000016722759,0.00013043002,0.000070960814],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0014110119,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00026359264,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.31952384,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001248179,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000050743176,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.29579997},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4400623480","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.055","title":"Influence of hot top geometry on columnar-to-equiaxed transition in a 12 MT steel ingot","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Cégep de Sorel-Tracy; École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Ingot; Equiaxed crystals; Materials science; Shrinkage; Porosity; Metallurgy; Temperature gradient; Thermal; Mold; Composite material; Microstructure; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.035085855402091616,"score_gpt":0.33692177409170665,"score_spread":0.301835918689615,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4400623480","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9968353,0.00025677925,0.000052588217,0.0023910324,0.00012211959,0.00020417571,0.000027732323,0.000026018311,0.00008428729],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994494,0.0001374964,0.00023370508,0.00004856454,0.000056831726,0.000019632993,7.938427e-7,0.000010468136,0.000043129272],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99832255,0.00017482918,0.00055502355,0.00019410231,0.00044200232,0.00031147976],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991573,0.00020362793,0.00010092359,0.00017095674,0.00027424193,0.00009291768],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0026895471,0.00008800426,0.00030106714,0.0017780979,0.000048745205,0.00011338717,0.00032944747,0.00015234535,0.0001442554],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00041194377,0.00007296178,0.00001880977,0.00096403726,0.000252391,0.00017412074,0.00007247521,0.0002812382,0.000031953412],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00039864666,0.0000903108,0.00008847698,0.0001604333,0.0000070316937,0.000052766918,0.0004387765,0.00004359048,0.9928289,0.005261284,0.00012893169,0.0005008599],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00042287743,0.0015772708,0.0027299165,0.0004306072,0.0000036164581,0.000081596096,0.0006343005,0.0000073306483,0.9863838,0.0064662076,0.0011830855,0.00007942264],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000262493,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000078389885,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0064451224,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008202677,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00012461843,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.29752952},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4402454708","doi":"10.1007/s11669-024-01146-3","title":"Atomistically Informed Phase Field Modeling of Solid-Solid Phase Transformations","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Bundesministerium für Digitalisierung und Wirtschaftsstandort","keywords":"Phase (matter); Materials science; Field (mathematics); Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Physics; Mathematics; Organic chemistry","score_opus":0.028512850725342535,"score_gpt":0.3666919356211133,"score_spread":0.33817908489577075,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4402454708","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.872124,0.00042017797,0.12555124,0.00042749976,0.0003907565,0.00014015657,0.00007322117,0.00003060576,0.0008423368],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986694,0.00023479846,0.00068501994,0.000120017474,0.00020734651,0.0000039721454,0.000010266087,0.000012893697,0.000056324614],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99823844,0.000043158718,0.0010112833,0.00014273988,0.00035185897,0.00021253973],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990127,0.00020902307,0.0002205233,0.00014290892,0.00016813565,0.00024669303],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00043809865,0.00014936084,0.00033700958,0.00022831664,0.00009495997,0.000119217926,0.00017584546,0.0000797674,0.0005819724],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00018631836,0.0001146878,0.00013734952,0.00018789462,0.0000648816,0.0007542663,0.000038638675,0.00016041179,0.000010388378],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007551411,0.00069938914,8.32068e-7,0.0001972639,0.000019052522,0.00001727911,0.0017253126,0.00004655837,0.9859664,0.0019122536,0.00046076794,0.00819977],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.011046552,0.002048451,0.0000014357935,0.00048496432,0.0001627055,0.00015965592,0.00061411894,0.8087212,0.16936141,0.004260931,0.0029128843,0.00022572286],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000032630733,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.8255573e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.816605,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000030626354,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00022511765,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.63721895},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4402514806","doi":"10.1103/physrevmaterials.8.093402","title":"Generalizing the structural phase field crystal approach for modeling solid-liquid-vapor phase transformations in pure materials","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Materials","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Materials science; Phase (matter); Vapor phase; Field (mathematics); Chemical physics; Chemical engineering; Thermodynamics; Crystallography; Organic chemistry","score_opus":0.05616314950344787,"score_gpt":0.3891527318371539,"score_spread":0.332989582333706,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4402514806","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9706578,0.004036586,0.019953571,0.0014026273,0.00064629625,0.0021585422,0.0008225025,0.00016200711,0.00016004992],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9952007,0.000867759,0.0005942039,0.00085056736,0.00076852145,0.0013216531,0.00033547045,0.000044038217,0.00001706496],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99754626,0.00026237138,0.0009529293,0.00047672787,0.00028508122,0.00047663445],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991487,0.00014732116,0.00014123732,0.00038984074,0.00007310024,0.000099782585],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0010561266,0.00031653137,0.0006951211,0.00006539317,0.00020871537,0.00047219085,0.00043425732,0.000059388993,0.00072890514],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001318766,0.00020629218,0.00016773038,0.00025167386,0.000058401456,0.00044763644,0.000059637092,0.00009888571,0.000047477122],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00013251623,0.0001097091,1.7734866e-8,0.0029573776,0.000013869308,0.0000012881286,0.0006916623,0.00019328005,0.98092663,0.013977024,0.00029317223,0.00070347823],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0011164332,0.00021919054,2.6943323e-7,0.0009374291,0.00014673568,0.000014157081,0.00012562914,0.022722319,0.96559316,0.007370866,0.0013512039,0.00040261028],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000024119758,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000011858023,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.024542905,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000570236,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007384447,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8412351},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4402840435","doi":"10.1021/acs.cgd.4c00579","title":"Experimental and Theoretical Studies on the Solidification of Cyclohexane on Silicon (Si) Substrate","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crystal Growth & Design","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Silicon; Substrate (aquarium); Cyclohexane; Materials science; Metallurgy; Crystallography; Chemical engineering; Nanotechnology; Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Physics; Organic chemistry; Engineering; Geology","score_opus":0.05384775386348852,"score_gpt":0.29742361892205327,"score_spread":0.24357586505856474,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4402840435","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99260926,0.0014782951,0.0011659359,0.000971487,0.0003288182,0.0004766298,0.000016718917,0.00013539918,0.002817461],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99925077,0.000052450607,0.00010087743,0.0002444899,0.00009659902,0.000114502924,0.0000032285002,0.000027141234,0.000109969435],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9983023,0.00029829625,0.00037443376,0.00043901659,0.00033887144,0.00024707508],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99856293,0.00088130496,0.000090300535,0.0003045055,0.00007512854,0.00008581922],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00086536835,0.00022004677,0.00022712833,0.00008985095,0.00016895817,0.00013924533,0.00022616351,0.00006517128,0.00022239558],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00016811036,0.00014049378,0.000059335736,0.00020494897,0.0008016702,0.0001229844,0.000049653077,0.00013398351,0.00007489839],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000090468515,0.00006337199,0.0000032726314,0.000041519434,0.000014127646,0.00000322343,0.0015535102,0.0000148988265,0.58625513,0.41164428,0.00026990438,0.000046290425],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00017922583,0.00049585773,0.00019637692,0.0001162015,0.000023845441,0.000008469153,0.0029527077,0.0007257933,0.9673482,0.027687725,0.00008893316,0.00017662771],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000021288988,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.1127468e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.38395655,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005663407,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000042224543,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.57291704},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4404733016","doi":"10.1016/j.camwa.2024.11.014","title":"An energy stable bound-preserving finite volume scheme for the Allen-Cahn equation based on operator splitting method","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computers & Mathematics with Applications","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Key Defense Laboratory of Computational Physics; St. Thomas University; Shantou University","keywords":"Mathematics; Operator splitting; Allen–Cahn equation; Finite volume method; Operator (biology); Scheme (mathematics); Energy (signal processing); Volume (thermodynamics); Applied mathematics; Upper and lower bounds; Mathematical analysis; Statistics","score_opus":0.035253424511226164,"score_gpt":0.3002373853256267,"score_spread":0.26498396081440057,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4404733016","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.0010068782,0.00012941741,0.9956073,0.0011652776,0.00010235341,0.0009306073,0.000045465833,0.00031021307,0.00070245797],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.23030062,0.0000072221205,0.76523817,0.00073217106,0.00025871405,0.002865394,0.00008842514,0.000067800895,0.00044148095],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99849075,0.00006867369,0.0003733861,0.00047473056,0.00030067933,0.00029176121],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99715495,0.0015054046,0.00013723958,0.00091377215,0.00017631656,0.0001123312],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00086458336,0.00020152869,0.00019020036,0.00009736582,0.0005593087,0.0007675103,0.00065133895,0.000054634165,0.00011276547],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000045270408,0.00014374494,0.000058902096,0.00033036972,0.00006799259,0.00023483712,0.000061665625,0.00009532799,0.000071031536],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000051870695,0.0007149713,0.000018028277,0.0010167387,0.00009496144,0.0000012593151,0.0040705795,0.14465089,0.09320523,0.7372268,0.0036150531,0.015333638],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00019519655,0.000077595025,0.000008368482,0.00010035112,0.00004058709,0.0000017349994,0.0003520208,0.9587011,0.003851535,0.008377872,0.028105209,0.00018844302],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000015584832,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005098086,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8140502,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000079028745,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00014044358,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.74011195},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4406424844","doi":"10.1016/0967-0653(95)96539-h","title":"10.1016/0967-0653(95)96539-h","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Time to knit","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":true,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Convection; Geology; Meteorology; Geography","score_opus":0.009598134427384244,"score_gpt":0.18737380857869487,"score_spread":0.17777567415131063,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4406424844","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.0050317287,0.000059057096,0.0000024052456,0.0002778708,0.0000039094416,0.00017111236,0.000021293843,0.00022374534,0.9942089],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.002451906,2.6184586e-7,0.00015638635,0.00012674509,0.00014218985,0.000037023343,0.000012278584,0.000020316842,0.9970529],"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989568,0.00005030599,0.00020365941,0.00028130243,0.00021340814,0.0002945027],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993369,0.000031722444,0.000034465633,0.00036610835,0.000042311058,0.00018847325],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00018829243,0.00012655526,0.00014199954,0.0000378144,0.00010629783,0.00008836557,0.00032065663,0.00004569537,0.999333],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000026939015,0.00011880997,0.000040669467,0.0002020673,0.000045989676,0.00013016867,0.000038781247,0.000054673757,0.9991851],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00015132896,0.00015420583,1.188527e-7,0.000016241669,0.000007974565,0.000004790757,0.00016311204,0.00009956398,0.04117264,0.00004001227,0.54835916,0.40983084],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00016293001,0.00006894608,0.000019015424,0.000006940308,0.000006421429,0.0000040913023,0.000003871165,0.000054908214,0.0038561975,0.00004397184,0.99560505,0.00016763975],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000013358598,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.174877e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4472459,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003397819,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000024642253,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.48449302},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4407051404","doi":"10.1088/1361-648x/adb11d","title":"Sharp interface limit of a two-time scale phase field model of a binary mixture","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Journal of Physics Condensed Matter","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Russian Science Foundation; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt","keywords":"Binary number; Interface (matter); Limit (mathematics); Scale (ratio); Field (mathematics); Phase (matter); Statistical physics; Materials science; Physics; Thermodynamics; Condensed matter physics; Chemistry; Mathematics; Quantum mechanics; Mathematical analysis; Surface tension","score_opus":0.03540423751265574,"score_gpt":0.3431385659950671,"score_spread":0.30773432848241133,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4407051404","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.008169279,0.97129524,0.013897879,0.00043917852,0.00081799086,0.00085859187,0.0006139759,0.000025868756,0.003882007],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.08117107,0.8872512,0.009830613,0.0029890183,0.0014637741,0.00007643191,0.00008247405,0.0003036401,0.016831806],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99773186,0.00015878669,0.0013074708,0.00023030285,0.00036959184,0.00020197529],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99674207,0.00028966545,0.0020488931,0.00044501148,0.00038383485,0.000090539215],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000316283,0.0003154107,0.0017555344,0.00019399705,0.000026768284,0.00003751159,0.0006862627,0.00016080457,0.0013622537],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000033726807,0.00024753963,0.00065481965,0.00025446108,0.00009457815,0.00018529563,0.0001559408,0.00039276484,0.00010891948],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003193516,0.0015883602,0.0000023029056,0.03669357,0.0004472234,0.000013960438,0.0011849782,0.00034207274,0.83026344,0.00030288345,0.057928957,0.07091288],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.013735801,0.0032698426,0.0000023823886,0.15687655,0.01049697,0.0003054068,0.00040436868,0.0036126792,0.68610257,0.017998835,0.10370978,0.0034848298],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000019207423,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.390841e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1441609,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000050281025,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00041218862,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999977},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4410463730","doi":"10.1038/s44334-025-00033-0","title":"Data-driven phase-field modeling for additively manufactured Inconel 617: Transformative insights for small modular reactors","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"npj Advanced Manufacturing","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Resources Canada","keywords":"Transformative learning; Inconel; Modular design; Field (mathematics); Phase (matter); Materials science; Nuclear engineering; Computer science; Metallurgy; Engineering; Chemistry; Mathematics; Psychology; Alloy; Operating system; Pure mathematics","score_opus":0.054248071627620846,"score_gpt":0.3222555258822245,"score_spread":0.26800745425460365,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4410463730","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.44000363,0.000103418366,0.5560266,0.00017897894,0.00048225553,0.0013822499,0.00089588057,0.00018636275,0.00074066175],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.970828,0.000046853587,0.026723329,0.0006242483,0.00013965626,0.0006292421,0.0007356766,0.00004490132,0.00022807549],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9977454,0.000044138455,0.0006262149,0.0008308729,0.00019648553,0.0005568684],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99832386,0.00045389656,0.00021159866,0.00074145687,0.00013567279,0.00013353235],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00023251778,0.00037373233,0.00046442068,0.0002140956,0.00043197602,0.00011455803,0.00082925014,0.00015668839,0.000056070658],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00016091893,0.000348122,0.00013265871,0.00009492057,0.00005996069,0.0009355017,0.00013852879,0.00018658853,0.000009936229],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00270784,0.00040271497,9.4207223e-7,0.0009144931,0.00017248961,0.0000032647579,0.004725805,0.07459761,0.8505466,0.0050071133,0.00065495726,0.06026614],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0035843027,0.0001541622,0.000013832948,0.00014505432,0.00006988738,8.604651e-7,0.0014681348,0.06917841,0.88556427,0.01218709,0.027216772,0.00041723653],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000014561595,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000042712185,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5308244,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00014628303,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009596693,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99989706},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4413032463","doi":"10.1039/d5sm00593k","title":"Phase-field model for quantitative analysis of droplet wetting","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Soft Matter","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Wetting; Field (mathematics); Phase (matter); Materials science; Chemistry; Physics; Thermodynamics; Mathematics; Organic chemistry","score_opus":0.0324463823704968,"score_gpt":0.3495049387814569,"score_spread":0.3170585564109601,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4413032463","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.4716108,0.000024681183,0.5240992,0.0011578585,0.00006519939,0.00012334438,0.000058485377,0.00002349813,0.0028369501],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99030817,5.8291124e-7,0.005164004,0.0025514548,0.000007605934,0.00004570282,0.000013346978,0.0000052332093,0.0019038793],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993718,0.000019938083,0.00022952513,0.00017145206,0.000079533595,0.00012772265],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99941087,0.0002146308,0.000091487156,0.00017926846,0.00008357443,0.000020170331],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00018683253,0.000064733584,0.00018608807,0.00016580649,0.00005413445,0.00002469955,0.00013309524,0.000029268183,0.00057053874],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006732598,0.000058657326,0.0000931907,0.00033184202,0.000031400712,0.0000664461,0.00002828052,0.000025955142,0.000041062514],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009319733,0.00016268008,0.0011718768,0.00009867199,0.00015181562,1.0647822e-7,0.0016000884,0.0012078302,0.9665197,0.018315244,0.010308696,0.00037009976],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0012915487,0.00010960692,0.00061610487,0.00003766569,0.0006979056,1.0193315e-7,0.0009378139,0.7265423,0.25638,0.012143791,0.0010208056,0.00022237525],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000010176883,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000053740346,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.72533447,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000011962642,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000023816638,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6246999},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4414305344","doi":"10.1016/j.mtadv.2025.100622","title":"Evolution of hierarchical microstructures in Cu–Fe immiscible alloy driven by liquid-state mixing","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials Today Advances","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University of Waterloo","funders":"International Zinc Association; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; McMaster University","keywords":"Microstructure; Alloy; Phase (matter); Morphology (biology); Homogeneous; Mixing (physics); Dilution","score_opus":0.005953199753780173,"score_gpt":0.2551719651746684,"score_spread":0.24921876542088822,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4414305344","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99565935,0.0019017641,0.00036088782,0.0002380624,0.0008176056,0.00025724174,0.00015742121,0.00006437213,0.0005432998],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99825495,0.0002384673,0.0009104061,0.00009905825,0.000041701882,0.00004838839,0.000027279613,0.000013099102,0.00036666336],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99827784,0.00018202681,0.000621344,0.00039194158,0.0001907627,0.0003360939],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99933153,0.00007577334,0.00021258552,0.0002664162,0.00006179396,0.000051886556],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00038507118,0.00016940781,0.00036500947,0.00015874596,0.0000940946,0.00007264204,0.0003433811,0.00007185016,0.00034081613],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000930053,0.0001612391,0.000036884965,0.00027668173,0.00020706204,0.00030348194,0.000116025025,0.00006572672,0.000022693088],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00028917397,0.000048735914,0.00056702585,0.00014574321,0.0000039638944,0.000001158756,0.00026390477,0.00018644154,0.99617,0.0019300124,0.00025986639,0.00013400415],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00042517448,0.00006020399,0.0030864677,0.000110058085,0.000005847969,0.0000011656688,0.00015873818,0.000013236756,0.98424107,0.008144315,0.0035942777,0.00015944778],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00015956922,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004342791,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.011928903,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009744182,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007487274,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.657514},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4414826215","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121581","title":"Interface morphology and dislocation-mediated processes during rapid solidification of thin films","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Materialia","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada; Academy of Finland; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Microstructure; Morphology (biology); Kinetic energy; Directional solidification; Phase (matter); Formalism (music); Capillary action; Thin film; Kinetics","score_opus":0.012388640842985852,"score_gpt":0.2567096121869384,"score_spread":0.24432097134395253,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4414826215","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99724853,0.00014991307,0.00020238501,0.0006658976,0.00082820246,0.00021785138,0.000049665352,0.00008794471,0.0005496333],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99846625,0.00009404967,0.00027714568,0.0000650164,0.000025532212,0.000056795187,0.000036091453,0.000010362841,0.00096877845],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990262,0.00007346982,0.0003619601,0.00027529718,0.00009581934,0.00016728268],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993245,0.000043515527,0.00018710371,0.0002755027,0.0001295904,0.000039804236],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00019374523,0.00011940144,0.00019322784,0.00009597294,0.000088059074,0.00007724231,0.00022308649,0.00007166153,0.0007233418],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00023625273,0.00010950167,0.000013279208,0.00022419193,0.00014205044,0.00021143288,0.00009309435,0.000035999838,0.00004066649],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000080671336,0.000048185666,0.0002286936,0.00038333813,0.000007146999,2.7080446e-7,0.00074625056,0.000002129889,0.99696785,0.0006903484,0.00082209683,0.000023027136],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00038761256,0.000024781739,0.011540557,0.000060501246,0.0000146632365,0.000003029975,0.00051725697,0.00003211093,0.98604697,0.00043664337,0.00082875305,0.00010713676],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005228447,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000036746778,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.011311864,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000019863046,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000063171705,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7920085},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4415399335","doi":"10.1103/xmj5-dbgp","title":"Mass diffusion and bending in dynamic wetting by phase-field and sharp-interface models","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. E","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre","funders":"European Research Council; European Commission","keywords":"Curvature; Boundary value problem; Slip (aerodynamics); Wetting; Singularity; Robustness (evolution); Classification of discontinuities; Contact angle; Conservation of mass","score_opus":0.011996711459371676,"score_gpt":0.3535816290657925,"score_spread":0.3415849176064208,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4415399335","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9736017,0.013354959,0.008043824,0.0015943762,0.000048890117,0.00026322546,0.00000928805,0.000032628795,0.0030511015],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99547124,0.0036000905,0.00012323454,0.00063482416,0.000011203069,0.000028949205,0.0000032779346,0.000006005575,0.000121187266],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992243,0.000053918775,0.00019583787,0.00027388675,0.000093611634,0.00015844285],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996161,0.00013079705,0.000055598517,0.00013210176,0.000013499442,0.000051923653],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00018048829,0.00010270293,0.00023561067,0.000028632729,0.000057102243,0.00004539721,0.00010383155,0.00001868233,0.000028019344],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007828209,0.00008702708,0.000023030281,0.00013782507,0.000030792482,0.00015100696,0.000092170914,0.00008902747,0.000008466231],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009355215,0.00007509675,0.0000523204,0.00047045833,0.0000017318658,3.4940453e-7,0.000118977914,0.0000029484827,0.97785246,0.00724236,0.0002834397,0.013890501],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0037267534,0.0003451329,0.0005286854,0.010874833,0.00015746806,0.0000044732938,0.0005577034,0.4685749,0.28447098,0.22094515,0.008682676,0.0011312517],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000010473206,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000014742828,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6933815,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000258894,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007616303,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3548861},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4416240105","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2511.10508","title":"Parallel and GPU accelerated code for phase-field and reaction-diffusion simulations","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"preprint","venue":"ArXiv.org","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"CUDA; Scalability; Code (set theory); General-purpose computing on graphics processing units; Code generation; Symbolic computation; Symbolic execution; Scheme (mathematics)","score_opus":0.10396617194939425,"score_gpt":0.3577279389386748,"score_spread":0.25376176698928055,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4416240105","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98138255,0.0004721488,0.010758572,0.0022897632,0.0011212371,0.0019894396,0.0007076496,0.00013736052,0.001141271],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99260366,0.0012666866,0.001017359,0.0008598748,0.00025221947,0.00030358578,0.00025796727,0.00003323739,0.0034054199],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9968127,0.00015555669,0.0009502848,0.0013307794,0.00024447925,0.00050622644],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99711835,0.00090524583,0.0005262196,0.0007543869,0.00040859566,0.00028720062],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00043171656,0.0005249277,0.0006443758,0.00022867018,0.000917927,0.00033697826,0.0003653094,0.0005136292,0.00038431483],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00052532996,0.00054535683,0.00010911748,0.0002968854,0.00020604327,0.00033830537,0.00055863854,0.00040725688,0.00003053317],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00097402645,0.00072817807,0.023279106,0.0008281762,0.000115548864,0.0000020957727,0.0020063566,0.0003839401,0.9647361,0.0023344853,0.0008285533,0.0037834542],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.041804247,0.0029904796,0.3164054,0.0029701095,0.0023904005,0.00004569259,0.0056658923,0.18861924,0.18084747,0.030451793,0.22081743,0.0069918586],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00011205779,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000070350834,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.78388864,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000895025,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002409587,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996998},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4417041787","doi":"10.3390/pr13123939","title":"Estimation of Thermophysical Properties as Functions of Temperature in Rapid Radial Solidification of Metallic Alloys","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Processes","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Natural Resources Canada; McMaster University","keywords":"Alloy; Thermal conductivity; Thermal diffusivity; Casting; Inverse; Machining; Tin; Reliability (semiconductor); Material properties; Thermal","score_opus":0.018527737655338168,"score_gpt":0.2542182563080752,"score_spread":0.23569051865273705,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4417041787","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99665016,0.0010434352,0.000280165,0.00018461421,0.0000647962,0.00022253845,0.000009858477,0.000020910322,0.0015235279],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999404,0.00007803172,0.00019390255,0.000021034703,0.000013185243,0.00006818579,0.000009671438,0.000005157923,0.00020683529],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99921024,0.000048355745,0.00035656776,0.00014785703,0.00015400803,0.000082990715],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993549,0.000056650708,0.00018143936,0.000159525,0.00023163632,0.00001585595],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00015163328,0.00007717886,0.00020332426,0.00011954441,0.000029506187,0.000012113092,0.00015033758,0.000045712866,0.00006121808],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00031325006,0.000061466475,0.00002900856,0.0005570367,0.00013494494,0.00017113914,0.000019829584,0.00004335007,0.000006754051],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000084423315,0.0002308871,0.00008049494,0.0013029595,0.0000091646425,3.6516376e-8,0.0010275147,0.00045709495,0.99208134,0.0036268637,0.000019967567,0.0010792447],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00021898901,0.000058313126,0.0012194759,0.00011905348,0.000022462355,2.9036684e-7,0.00051316904,0.0003000888,0.9951182,0.0022952755,0.00008027977,0.000054427284],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000035392437,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000050853614,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.003036827,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000014143788,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00023636833,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.25065303},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4417302223","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.12847","title":"The Stefan problem with mushy region as a scaling limit of stochastic PDE with turbulent transport","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"ArXiv.org","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; European Regional Development Fund; Région Normandie; European Commission","keywords":"Stefan problem; Turbulence; Scaling; Limit (mathematics); Flow (mathematics); Work (physics); Partial differential equation","score_opus":0.03109692170830133,"score_gpt":0.2474546944553478,"score_spread":0.21635777274704646,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4417302223","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9865969,0.0002329719,0.008474038,0.0011300975,0.00016085921,0.0010955966,0.00001712765,0.00012747293,0.00216498],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974014,0.0000390906,0.00052272354,0.00016488522,0.000070202375,0.0002936339,0.000022846656,0.000031575975,0.0014536431],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9979003,0.000092186216,0.0005209277,0.0006611659,0.00046228248,0.00036314715],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981114,0.00011713167,0.00049040065,0.00091296266,0.00025579444,0.0001123047],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00037814525,0.00033481768,0.00041120563,0.0000874441,0.00022316616,0.000060690603,0.0006723635,0.00014081992,0.000032357293],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000023311075,0.0002040645,0.000088135705,0.00023935146,0.00030635306,0.00007383057,0.00012890957,0.00036287904,0.000025032352],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.021770027,0.005094235,0.29198655,0.01904903,0.0030470733,0.0005863589,0.10915902,0.289172,0.19346479,0.05684757,0.0015069625,0.008316407],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.02200926,0.008174682,0.5113748,0.04637438,0.006531673,0.0007450163,0.04029096,0.0055071837,0.29532027,0.0328286,0.01772063,0.013122583],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001638072,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006835857,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.2836648,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008181535,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00045091062,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8321509},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W6885593991","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0038431.t001","title":"Incidence of Beijing and Non-Beijing strains of &lt;i&gt;M. tuberculosis&lt;/i&gt; in Alberta, 1991–2007.","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"dataset","venue":"Figshare","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Census; Beijing; Incidence (geometry); Population; Confidence interval","score_opus":0.026524158986787304,"score_gpt":0.26677331615613614,"score_spread":0.24024915716934883,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W6885593991","genre_codex":"dataset","genre_gemma":"dataset","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"dataset","genre_consensus":"dataset","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.008841245,0.00074479694,3.13934e-7,0.000026908618,0.00013935976,0.0004481115,0.98869514,0.000018191347,0.0010859069],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.06695509,0.0000390513,0.00006565898,0.00007942364,0.00012395378,0.00013957135,0.93243885,0.000030840583,0.00012755605],"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9972742,0.000120415716,0.0008848116,0.0006287868,0.00064291456,0.00044885956],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976474,0.00031466462,0.00074031565,0.000792963,0.00028688402,0.00021778066],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00037154282,0.0003915405,0.00073811517,0.00030903186,0.000064911044,0.00007020868,0.00083692133,0.00035508227,0.032277774],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0015517554,0.00039692293,0.00008798638,0.00038908317,0.00007578625,0.00030305155,0.00046517857,0.00025238737,0.0005637049],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000014436147,0.00007809217,0.000018485258,0.0013713632,0.000013011261,0.000008623167,0.00028624255,0.000026915615,0.021448549,0.000011871417,0.976657,0.00006542436],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00077744055,0.00015481604,0.0035210678,0.007378441,0.00006388744,0.0000163865,0.00012645507,0.00013897452,0.002471798,0.00007534139,0.9844555,0.00081986317],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00028700675,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002117699,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.058113847,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00011259808,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00027288575,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99984825},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W6948675604","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.10845327","title":"Machine Learning for Multi-Scale Phase Field Simulations","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Field (mathematics); Phase (matter); Binary number; Presentation (obstetrics); Computational learning theory","score_opus":0.06953347644254937,"score_gpt":0.319116140485079,"score_spread":0.24958266404252966,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W6948675604","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.10411148,0.00090136856,0.8270962,0.0032820937,0.00080782606,0.001872953,0.0015085092,0.005574756,0.054844763],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99351776,0.000022307528,0.0015733968,0.00014263585,0.00015173471,1.7509213e-7,0.0011333951,0.00059289305,0.0028657161],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988734,0.00013840443,0.00020818929,0.0003449604,0.0001794038,0.00025562188],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99931693,0.000075125645,0.00004412917,0.0002196324,0.0002260283,0.00011812586],"candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00042377203,0.00010105495,0.000096205156,0.00014285334,0.0015308867,0.0008808026,0.00041528363,0.000043416137,0.017925913],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00048085247,0.00010111654,0.000049158552,0.0003211394,0.00006070548,0.0002377021,0.00025388936,0.00015656691,0.0041765976],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00014941105,0.00040743605,0.000004041743,0.0002626383,0.000031096646,0.000006442365,0.003906412,0.0012490385,0.8322007,0.012037272,0.04586196,0.10388356],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00058581366,0.00022121271,0.000012606924,0.00002152074,0.000012129153,0.000012926805,0.0001706832,0.094345696,0.01048413,0.00020281103,0.89380527,0.0001252233],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000070487154,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.6947137e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.88940626,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006315583,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000036768033,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999769},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W6961382607","doi":"10.14288/1.0159828","title":"Quarter Century Club member Clarrisa Green, Nursing","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"other","venue":"cIRcle (University of British Columbia)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Club; Quarter (Canadian coin); Work (physics)","score_opus":0.011414524712320928,"score_gpt":0.20436239171662018,"score_spread":0.19294786700429925,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W6961382607","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.08930148,0.0012111237,0.0009404863,0.000094464434,0.0011095281,0.00051873346,0.00059807807,0.00045852366,0.90576756],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.50396734,0.00032275583,0.001142055,0.00018631616,0.0004038529,9.995393e-7,0.00011181027,0.0002685683,0.4935963],"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9983863,0.00007754467,0.00017537942,0.00056567905,0.00040672327,0.0003883619],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988958,0.000021808097,0.00031964562,0.0004715089,0.00009665225,0.00019457513],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00020497193,0.00009261673,0.00039399727,0.00014430222,0.00015373567,0.00010532399,0.00051443605,0.00037060282,0.013384795],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000068757413,0.00033135916,0.00015014628,0.00027211884,0.0004629449,0.0001439438,0.00007478509,0.00018414228,0.00065980334],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000016022983,0.00026471482,0.0003366415,0.00025347123,0.00004393217,0.00013500791,0.0006081069,3.9764393e-7,0.003032144,0.00001776761,0.8094941,0.18579774],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0026365977,0.00015141092,0.32374993,0.0024582944,0.00025709745,0.00014391354,0.009497609,0.00003067838,0.000015410891,0.00064855994,0.65883505,0.0015754467],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.055944815,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.07870055,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.41466588,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000118110765,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007241158,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999139},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W6967912857","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.10855160","title":"Machine Learning for Multi-Scale Phase Field Simulations","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Field (mathematics); Phase (matter); Binary number; Presentation (obstetrics); Computational learning theory","score_opus":0.06953347644254937,"score_gpt":0.319116140485079,"score_spread":0.24958266404252966,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W6967912857","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.10411148,0.00090136856,0.8270962,0.0032820937,0.00080782606,0.001872953,0.0015085092,0.005574756,0.054844763],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99351776,0.000022307528,0.0015733968,0.00014263585,0.00015173471,1.7509213e-7,0.0011333951,0.00059289305,0.0028657161],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988734,0.00013840443,0.00020818929,0.0003449604,0.0001794038,0.00025562188],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99931693,0.000075125645,0.00004412917,0.0002196324,0.0002260283,0.00011812586],"candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00042377203,0.00010105495,0.000096205156,0.00014285334,0.0015308867,0.0008808026,0.00041528363,0.000043416137,0.017925913],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00048085247,0.00010111654,0.000049158552,0.0003211394,0.00006070548,0.0002377021,0.00025388936,0.00015656691,0.0041765976],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00014941105,0.00040743605,0.000004041743,0.0002626383,0.000031096646,0.000006442365,0.003906412,0.0012490385,0.8322007,0.012037272,0.04586196,0.10388356],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00058581366,0.00022121271,0.000012606924,0.00002152074,0.000012129153,0.000012926805,0.0001706832,0.094345696,0.01048413,0.00020281103,0.89380527,0.0001252233],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000070487154,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.6947137e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.88940626,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006315583,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000036768033,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999769},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W6977528535","doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.28200922.v1","title":"Additional file 3 of Visible and invisible cultural patterns influencing women’s use of maternal health services among Igala women in Nigeria: a focused ethnographic study","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Figshare","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"","keywords":"Ethnography; Participant observation; Qualitative research; Maternal health; Health services; Work (physics)","score_opus":0.02212149412953354,"score_gpt":0.2620952366044543,"score_spread":0.23997374247492073,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W6977528535","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.53414094,0.000009777733,5.358565e-8,0.0000049945443,0.000008995585,0.00018749997,0.4655968,0.000017247283,0.000033691496],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9528331,0.000001451985,0.000051866675,0.00014882743,0.000011676464,0.0015715559,0.04524983,0.000009102499,0.0001225534],"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9985674,0.000117040094,0.00046900124,0.00027278138,0.00023502097,0.0003387514],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989375,0.00029506435,0.0003213455,0.00020748074,0.00013079033,0.000107804306],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00012611256,0.00013794721,0.00031029878,0.00025832077,0.00007262581,0.00009664298,0.00021495522,0.000051662635,0.7037597],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00017802828,0.00012663366,0.00002716499,0.0004628294,0.000023706649,0.0004553427,0.00016813984,0.00008988822,0.000027533928],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00029592792,0.0012017969,0.27956346,0.009002568,0.00014342071,0.000014816651,0.12337016,0.000124786,0.0098187225,0.000013945275,0.5751926,0.0012578199],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00053723686,0.00016519494,0.9776934,0.003935623,0.000001449308,5.810977e-7,0.013556149,0.000054580203,0.00076832453,0.00006309079,0.0030922163,0.00013219495],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00023252446,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004923677,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.70373213,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00011955262,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00012421301,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.51639706},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W6993057145","doi":"","title":"Numerical simulation of transient liquid phase bonding with variable diffusion coefficient in planar, cylindrical and spherical systems","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"dissertation","venue":"Mspace (University of Manitoba)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Isothermal process; Homogenization (climate); Discretization; Kinetics; Computer simulation; Planar; Penetration (warfare)","score_opus":0.013882734226270281,"score_gpt":0.22782850921495684,"score_spread":0.21394577498868655,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W6993057145","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.97558004,0.00010392976,0.022266798,0.000038962105,0.00021916427,0.00047497064,0.000032839536,0.000025383015,0.0012579256],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990489,0.000014389607,0.00047097463,0.0000045769852,0.0000140738475,9.463614e-7,0.00012559292,0.000016711814,0.0003038393],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986611,0.000105508836,0.00022257467,0.00037646823,0.00042871205,0.00020562616],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991134,0.00011347577,0.00036108118,0.00020316232,0.000118254226,0.00009066624],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001868614,0.0001828787,0.00047921558,0.00017093802,0.00008693435,0.000020120628,0.00018821629,0.00018738327,0.000023317669],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000015163722,0.0001928002,0.000042266583,0.0003367452,0.000075068485,0.00012217302,0.00002061254,0.00015044425,0.000008742662],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.016945893,0.0032463276,0.0046683233,0.0039270297,0.00009382484,0.000070779126,0.012549219,0.23292117,0.7197091,0.005343969,0.00021038238,0.0003139783],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.016136948,0.0063599474,0.04581638,0.0030558275,0.0005655151,0.00002035125,0.20728172,0.7061045,0.008096672,0.00003864747,0.0046632853,0.0018601934],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007430231,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0010947739,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.71161246,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00012405666,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008749235,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.78621644},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7001666919","doi":"","title":"Lattice Input on the Inclusive τ Decay V us Puzzle","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"other","venue":"Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Science and Technology Facilities Council; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Unitarity; Lattice (music); Reliability (semiconductor); Medical prescription; Mode (computer interface)","score_opus":0.015724440356367067,"score_gpt":0.2503738153842751,"score_spread":0.23464937502790806,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W7001666919","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.05323792,0.000865971,0.0003133433,0.012462137,0.003438658,0.0015515487,0.00017671546,0.0014037756,0.9265499],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4819796,0.00058006484,0.006752012,0.0030074154,0.0011328792,0.0010985202,0.00011075408,0.0007546576,0.5045841],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9977135,0.000056868223,0.0005585706,0.0006824282,0.000507521,0.00048110826],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971869,0.000073286275,0.0007737089,0.0017121332,0.00016000423,0.00009397968],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003628213,0.00045535114,0.0005705502,0.00086523267,0.00024819994,0.000083478655,0.002249,0.0008631102,0.005274119],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00035641412,0.00032697865,0.00011915343,0.000870627,0.001347035,0.00017814398,0.0006056063,0.00053959567,0.0041734586],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000016082198,0.00018636372,0.000031236585,0.00010081833,0.00006991984,0.000012249324,0.00007287128,0.00001074148,0.035877496,0.5520661,0.41047695,0.0010791612],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00035069164,0.00008287964,0.00001698132,0.00023973758,0.000040145405,0.000009252287,0.00012172113,0.000014923524,0.061762363,0.0037690774,0.933236,0.0003562292],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00019448678,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00013207957,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.54829705,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000108627704,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001633977,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999182},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7002217282","doi":"","title":"A Mixture Approach for Semisolid Metal Mold Filing Simulation","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"NPARC","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":true,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Mold; Casting; Metal; Metal coating; Welding","score_opus":0.021124332628911394,"score_gpt":0.2580597043320926,"score_spread":0.23693537170318119,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W7002217282","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.61183834,0.00009305384,0.31536692,0.00017336769,0.00021544976,0.00068342494,0.000084190484,0.00024519765,0.07130004],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9695469,4.2134275e-7,0.02875713,0.00009841279,0.00024299999,0.00007444508,0.00007973535,0.000013212878,0.0011867515],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992607,0.000024120707,0.00017133827,0.000217153,0.00014064174,0.00018602876],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999628,0.000062857755,0.00006682984,0.00016046429,0.000045168745,0.00003670045],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00018045769,0.00008657982,0.00010926422,0.000031781077,0.00010539741,0.000049920178,0.00011317577,0.0000526251,0.00026460132],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000032530304,0.000077880555,0.00005282438,0.000092209746,0.000026731293,0.000100495716,0.00001246725,0.000037735506,0.000020910496],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000019887157,0.00005286149,0.000018931021,0.000029315981,0.00000211963,1.4574708e-7,0.00009266108,0.01715199,0.97631216,0.005270189,0.0007955497,0.00025418677],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001048538,0.00006560043,0.00040071466,0.000010849482,0.000046804118,0.000004180695,0.00022354744,0.37050375,0.5738494,0.035786074,0.017648753,0.00041180267],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000044450203,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.8562623e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.40246275,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000022322873,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000013604292,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.31758767},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7011868499","doi":"","title":"Modeling elastic and plastic deformations in non-equilbrium processing using phase field crystals","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"eScholarship@McGill (McGill)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Division of Materials Research; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Field (mathematics); Phase (matter); Deformation (meteorology); Work (physics); Elasticity (physics)","score_opus":0.02852673447572702,"score_gpt":0.2720199281775329,"score_spread":0.2434931937018059,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W7011868499","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99494106,0.00007792288,0.002128723,0.000028734714,0.00022832945,0.00033019108,0.00009520337,0.00013226048,0.0020375894],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99694407,0.0000118665275,0.0026817112,0.00022074292,0.000027957354,0.000043022756,0.00001027877,0.000043090804,0.00001728337],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99774486,0.00007878389,0.00069978624,0.0005322833,0.0003633776,0.0005808944],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990042,0.0001361535,0.00017616151,0.0002846921,0.00014524066,0.0002535794],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00055598747,0.0003001079,0.00032214986,0.0002973971,0.00078224693,0.00018234663,0.0002773589,0.00015525513,0.000079573365],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00056125567,0.00030734827,0.00005575027,0.0004945393,0.00006986272,0.0016033644,0.00015878827,0.00035305158,0.00006347261],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007190556,0.00021192896,0.000014044454,0.00016354573,0.000005866851,0.000015540598,0.000059937367,0.08268724,0.9079206,0.005705177,8.49681e-8,0.0031441182],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.012304751,0.00067959673,0.00020873277,0.0018224329,0.00019926876,0.0003196587,0.0022626028,0.4184789,0.4820369,0.078867316,0.00037055288,0.0024492885],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00016394001,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008096324,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4258837,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004008307,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006311456,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99993783},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7019622815","doi":"","title":"Improvements to the binary phase field crystal theory with applications in the kinetics of precipitation","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"dissertation","venue":"eScholarship@McGill (McGill)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Canada Research Chairs; Compute Canada","keywords":"Kinetics; Phase (matter); Binary number; Precipitation; Crystal (programming language); Field (mathematics)","score_opus":0.015332496534391817,"score_gpt":0.27384555832800944,"score_spread":0.2585130617936176,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W7019622815","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9751306,0.000066215805,0.000035187404,0.000066424625,0.00031599373,0.0022337367,0.0006460699,0.00005528,0.02145047],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957091,0.000016470563,0.0006137733,0.0005337645,0.000059116137,0.0012303143,0.00047720555,0.00006125762,0.0012989544],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9971508,0.00043730764,0.0007082474,0.0006121491,0.00071306,0.00037843324],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975013,0.00047336015,0.0005549646,0.0009800582,0.0003841613,0.00010616748],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011973161,0.0003759471,0.00032312414,0.00021419882,0.00048908277,0.00008705876,0.0011721003,0.00021868311,0.00029318748],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00031016037,0.00023763916,0.000095718526,0.0007601239,0.00008990377,0.00026063286,0.000079940684,0.0004153773,0.00010173562],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007320805,0.0007793437,0.000008054361,0.0001877388,0.00003598759,0.0000019154031,0.00048622396,0.000024761535,0.91290295,0.06573752,0.000025158288,0.019078244],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0016308624,0.0022849606,0.0016897909,0.000292003,0.00021662224,0.000005074125,0.010661915,0.0000126397435,0.9140783,0.027054943,0.04132014,0.0007527551],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006698611,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005041186,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.041294985,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00013409118,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003812819,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.96906435},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7043639840","doi":"","title":"Study of crystal formation under solid-state aging conditions by high resolution electron microscopy","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"dissertation","venue":"eScholarship@McGill (McGill)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; McGill University","keywords":"High resolution; Transmission electron microscopy; Electron microscope; Crystal (programming language); Microscopy; Crystal structure","score_opus":0.015813904898942292,"score_gpt":0.2884391627272137,"score_spread":0.2726252578282714,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W7043639840","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9852941,0.0001599137,0.000010076109,0.000018926838,0.00097486674,0.0014201854,0.0030593884,0.00028360047,0.00877891],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9888243,0.00008813768,0.00012914448,0.0001306211,0.000024850187,0.00034491825,0.00418417,0.000097694196,0.0061761467],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99520296,0.00060020655,0.0015326982,0.0010012973,0.00089176034,0.00077106553],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9969549,0.00017364365,0.0012417833,0.00078534544,0.0006430061,0.00020131184],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008363932,0.0006613278,0.00076903624,0.000588853,0.0013588781,0.00016930756,0.00069354987,0.0003961705,0.00026574216],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001767905,0.0007458008,0.00019014267,0.0007681593,0.00006889262,0.0011793115,0.0001151422,0.0007611599,0.0001194067],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00019884047,0.0006943621,0.0000046529462,0.00033292559,0.000082914165,0.000003244363,0.000096828044,0.00029028286,0.98584676,0.011904219,0.0000714173,0.00047357584],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001697235,0.00043005875,0.0008832853,0.0003472878,0.0002612371,0.000006162541,0.003522734,0.000030217236,0.9728936,0.017495662,0.0016400318,0.00079251145],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004770492,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0011359556,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01295316,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009453265,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000114815935,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99994123},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7043693137","doi":"","title":"Towards a parallel multiphysics model for phase change in enclosed geometries","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"NPARC","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":true,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Finite element method; Multiphysics; Phase change; Phase (matter); Work (physics); Complex geometry; Shape change","score_opus":0.09522196316267278,"score_gpt":0.3465765943163944,"score_spread":0.25135463115372164,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W7043693137","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.91254425,0.000022612163,0.08142591,0.0007244289,0.00018093987,0.0006437435,0.000101191945,0.000085547086,0.004271396],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9797403,0.0000068134445,0.018688211,0.0006699353,0.00024478754,0.0003868377,0.000012206596,0.000013556688,0.00023730453],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991391,0.000016317295,0.0001821063,0.00023479952,0.00015455017,0.00027317987],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99949116,0.000034378845,0.00006127436,0.00021274283,0.00013040582,0.0000700444],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00023576374,0.00010060606,0.00014697073,0.000088700835,0.000079586214,0.00004050278,0.0002009051,0.00004328545,0.0002931561],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009680864,0.00009172864,0.000036475292,0.00022872453,0.00011342142,0.00019210552,0.000042294534,0.00003522535,0.00008538241],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00019713849,0.00029640572,0.000035077046,0.000032033455,0.0000027604347,4.916203e-7,0.00625676,0.000022545519,0.9665407,0.01471381,0.0006369361,0.011265329],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006464127,0.00050968566,0.0005871213,0.000031607855,0.000015518452,9.709753e-7,0.0004620879,0.575933,0.29693782,0.11414052,0.004423066,0.0004944973],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000018570741,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000017661896,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6696029,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000038844966,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000044875127,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3740585},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7096498917","doi":"","title":"Molecular Medicine, United","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Data collection; Public health; Agency (philosophy); Government (linguistics)","score_opus":0.021988659669271614,"score_gpt":0.28138088067529077,"score_spread":0.25939222100601916,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W7096498917","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.6872264,0.00002765312,0.037181653,0.0006119423,0.00012724749,0.00004830257,4.0087008e-7,0.00012089271,0.2746555],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99568397,0.000001132165,0.0006980145,0.0023036252,0.000046715617,0.0000016227497,0.000004056178,0.000005130936,0.0012557496],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994631,0.000013572221,0.00013132035,0.000105135914,0.00014236645,0.00014454802],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996623,0.000032913467,0.000025157793,0.00015219887,0.000046305617,0.0000811469],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00037238142,0.000047743433,0.000053169377,0.000082189006,0.000033698947,0.000008671999,0.00011230437,0.000020917334,0.0031953128],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000041101932,0.000035060697,0.000010167336,0.00025942267,0.000065704524,0.000035072673,0.000015138709,0.00002428575,0.00042368073],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004098071,0.000008405269,0.000045891902,0.0000019967988,6.488158e-7,0.000004292322,0.00011025091,0.000003091556,0.8884754,0.11045763,0.0006715357,0.00021672166],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00039756115,0.0000538674,0.0033695225,0.0000070682204,0.0000059538997,0.000008797388,0.0010683191,0.000068000154,0.9169511,0.004209309,0.07371376,0.00014674835],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000029360832,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000026788844,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.30845752,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000012019047,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000059102094,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9977159},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7101006706","doi":"","title":"The Centre for InterculturalLearning of the CanadianForeign Service Institute is thelargest organizer of cross-cul-","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Government (linguistics); Personalization; Service (business); Training (meteorology); Process (computing); Set (abstract data type); Core (optical fiber)","score_opus":0.03991388041906654,"score_gpt":0.28093603905735115,"score_spread":0.2410221586382846,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W7101006706","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9776027,0.000046131823,0.000119760756,0.0059452695,0.00039213148,0.00033779972,0.000043995024,0.0000207723,0.0154913915],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9937273,0.0000027410556,0.00017023053,0.00076538726,0.00003050772,0.0000072859466,0.0000030210942,0.0000073578913,0.0052861166],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992936,0.000030917505,0.00023430916,0.000113247006,0.00016239309,0.00016550954],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988864,0.000048518184,0.00015556166,0.00028304124,0.00055390404,0.00007256122],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00031595206,0.00007355552,0.000097706434,0.000010698767,0.00016786545,0.000065258806,0.00049223605,0.00003330935,0.00023358158],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00021108214,0.00003447495,0.000039779632,0.0001738084,0.000167752,0.0001614133,0.00008533186,0.000041087693,0.000032388307],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00018935694,0.00009669915,0.014080388,0.00021349115,0.00007173146,3.8191075e-7,0.049615238,0.0005937303,0.6226793,0.27955103,0.032162633,0.00074601406],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001469283,0.00006262495,0.009576593,0.000065237604,0.00003624185,0.000006304244,0.026969248,0.0007302609,0.5751892,0.005214546,0.3804009,0.0002795934],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001309283,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0024281163,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.34823826,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000039178376,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00014017067,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.25575545},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7109024403","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-443-30104-9.00008-5","title":"Microstructure evolution","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Elsevier eBooks","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Microstructure; Property (philosophy); Neutron; Service life; Physical property; Neutron flux","score_opus":0.009859655755114615,"score_gpt":0.22660387194663148,"score_spread":0.21674421619151688,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W7109024403","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.00009828663,0.0011484998,0.000037212478,0.000068733716,0.0009496843,0.00037194698,0.00012720108,0.00015453313,0.9970439],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.004871187,0.000016497597,0.00030963923,0.00046530928,0.00030180073,0.000025616151,0.00003691303,0.00003887654,0.99393415],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99860543,0.000023015853,0.00037562987,0.00048861286,0.00025847618,0.00024886182],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989442,0.000029014893,0.00021703487,0.0005972568,0.0001208417,0.00009164247],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00014161832,0.00032381772,0.0003468981,0.00013028661,0.00015130769,0.00008078661,0.00037625857,0.0003244391,0.0017778091],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000015182068,0.00030317483,0.00014758058,0.000013979687,0.0001544357,0.000036429654,0.00013285622,0.00026729744,0.000885091],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000030920648,0.000007014872,0.000002326618,0.00024115038,0.000035852187,0.000008260654,0.00022325653,8.995246e-7,0.08935879,0.2739653,0.0038852424,0.63224095],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001408999,0.00001530511,0.000017067965,0.00017625531,0.000051538296,0.000006415487,0.00000820663,0.000001536027,0.0017457644,0.06196375,0.93557656,0.00029669228],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":3.8442434e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000034837212,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.93169135,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00018915771,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00019072149,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99994206},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7116732804","doi":"10.1007/s11663-025-03923-y","title":"Correction: A Two-Sublattice-Modified Quasichemical Model in the Distinguishable-Quadruplet Approximation for Multiconfiguration Short-Range Ordering in Metallurgical Melts","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Polytechnique Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Work (physics); Process (computing); Solid solution; Mathematical model","score_opus":0.035109565760011285,"score_gpt":0.30143968211509536,"score_spread":0.2663301163550841,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W7116732804","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.44636783,0.000050806382,0.5508244,0.0004618268,0.00040156348,0.00078525546,0.000028004868,0.000060046823,0.0010202691],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9959865,0.000027698143,0.0022368943,0.00015567205,0.000053311443,0.0010715175,0.000056943652,0.000014202041,0.00039722846],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9979844,0.00022973206,0.00075565215,0.00048427327,0.00021465882,0.00033125535],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992015,0.00035754446,0.000083078696,0.00022278268,0.00007325229,0.000061843515],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011991279,0.00022128722,0.00042334414,0.00014757297,0.00023724235,0.0003225022,0.00021119123,0.00013268321,0.00019048534],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00012493132,0.00017815792,0.00008433383,0.0003737488,0.00012520382,0.00029388463,0.000014598411,0.00014180655,0.000004977862],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0014332392,0.0015259887,0.000008499454,0.00053967035,0.0000589589,0.000012406124,0.0030736323,0.11703635,0.8294766,0.044547316,0.00006115385,0.002226176],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0028341296,0.000056768145,0.00082201365,0.00010691685,0.00014429528,0.00002946592,0.00077507534,0.96356386,0.0268002,0.0034891025,0.0009825808,0.00039557792],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00018486858,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00032290927,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8465275,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006169921,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000042321044,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.72650695},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W877032822","doi":"","title":"Effect of pulse magnetic field on solidification structure and properties of pure copper","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","topic":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"CAE (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Copper; Pulse (music); Field (mathematics); Materials science; Magnetic field; Condensed matter physics; Metallurgy; Physics; Mathematics; Optics; Pure mathematics","score_opus":0.10910971921449746,"score_gpt":0.46542556830668236,"score_spread":0.3563158490921849,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W877032822","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99163556,0.005892308,0.000052736596,0.00007920406,0.00023814442,0.000516516,0.000025849164,0.000014947801,0.0015447192],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99893475,0.0007031823,0.00005056919,0.00011205326,0.000060988863,0.00001302076,0.0000031807072,0.000020531283,0.00010173814],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9980218,0.00023352963,0.00072031916,0.00029123737,0.00049924373,0.00023389822],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982635,0.00030581068,0.0006765175,0.00039125505,0.0002297357,0.00013320278],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0013911771,0.00020585972,0.0005272376,0.00034719685,0.00010310155,0.00022166906,0.000990888,0.000106721665,0.0035329591],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00036516855,0.00015114482,0.00006945624,0.00037941866,0.0001759606,0.0006084705,0.0002183904,0.00016880207,0.0000045040983],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00069480983,0.00007890195,0.0249561,0.00035828963,0.000016033826,0.0000015531475,0.00033629203,0.000021923513,0.96294177,0.00012301575,0.0008343181,0.009636979],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003903546,0.00015183627,0.09490147,0.00026029302,0.00003828642,0.0000048690326,0.00008113678,0.000012675042,0.9032978,0.00058029447,0.00013462585,0.00014638198],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000118417905,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000011108836,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.06994537,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000028178252,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000042094693,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99737793},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}