{"meta":{"query_hash":"5962398413bd","filters":{"venue":"American Journal of Physics"},"cohort_total":183,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":183,"exported":183,"export_cap":100000,"truncated":false,"label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"permalink":"https://metacan.xera.ac/q/5962398413bd","api":"https://metacan.xera.ac/api/v1/cohort?venue=American+Journal+of+Physics"},"results":[{"id":"W1591383165","doi":"10.1119/1.4923026","title":"The Kronig-Penney model extended to arbitrary potentials via numerical matrix mechanics","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors; Simple (philosophy); Matrix (chemical analysis); Point (geometry); Point particle; Unit (ring theory)","score_opus":0.014021529319185226,"score_gpt":0.27412986317889754,"score_spread":0.2601083338597123,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1591383165","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.044532027,0.00009913115,0.9530432,0.0007616891,0.0005503013,0.00019345155,0.000041865096,0.00002085818,0.0007574516],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9902298,0.000012221895,0.007811701,0.000340873,0.0012728816,0.00000990552,0.000006623827,0.00007253599,0.00024349472],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9976352,0.00015856256,0.0006804135,0.00026202668,0.0006947108,0.0005691293],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9974377,0.00012435122,0.0008273502,0.00048146606,0.0004975482,0.0006315574],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006110319,0.0003296334,0.00062788074,0.00005214601,0.00019854002,0.00011921027,0.0007515185,0.000028832916,0.00001836799],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000017045,0.00024713387,0.00042406216,0.0005240672,0.00008284314,0.00030196423,0.00015414106,0.00050496793,0.00008964589],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00043660955,0.0007705369,0.000056854402,0.000007747615,0.00060538476,0.000026145737,0.00096863526,0.018272059,0.0076907235,0.6195915,0.00842885,0.343145],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000757335,0.0011344077,0.000012529837,0.00003598671,0.00014714593,0.000022948778,0.0013377889,0.165318,0.0059015704,0.8225521,0.002279934,0.0005002536],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000465184,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.893919e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9456977,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007850699,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005119274,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999981},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1831367804","doi":"10.1119/1.4913786","title":"Enhancing student learning of two-level quantum systems with interactive simulations","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Innovative Teaching Methods","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":69,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Thompson Rivers University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Visualization; Class (philosophy); Physics education; Mathematics education; Computer science; Quantum mechanics; Psychology; Artificial intelligence","score_opus":0.07897813377604329,"score_gpt":0.4370530375304597,"score_spread":0.3580749037544164,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1831367804","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.6511438,0.000010724237,0.34755355,0.00004810005,0.00019172167,0.00005119143,0.000001307283,0.000006910093,0.0009927255],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9825484,0.0000014249486,0.01695664,0.000017161623,0.00040678383,6.7148625e-7,3.8951026e-7,0.000012197298,0.00005632847],"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","domain_scores_codex":[0.9975954,0.0011975246,0.00034836226,0.0000784013,0.0006203095,0.00016000058],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9965809,0.0006453378,0.0013900051,0.000076041135,0.0012190014,0.00008869251],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002053646,0.000084512096,0.00033584685,0.00008060616,0.00013970118,0.00003726868,0.00020024032,0.000011307933,0.0000024407507],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005504431,0.00006820331,0.000047935082,0.00061435276,0.00035693316,0.0003338879,0.000025774872,0.00039576707,0.0000013059671],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00025162546,0.0004842731,0.12075125,0.000017876448,0.00062499114,0.000019732484,0.47626555,0.23822914,0.015711624,0.11280328,0.00004238865,0.03479828],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0021897007,0.004894481,0.01109471,0.0009045894,0.00023903335,0.000024715984,0.9596862,0.0064954306,0.006935983,0.0055281655,0.0013917435,0.0006152375],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0014578651,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005127614,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.48342067,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00023261171,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004568323,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.27812505},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1886806389","doi":"10.1119/1.4927486","title":"Chasing the ghost particle: The long and winding road toward the detection of solar neutrinos","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Neutrino Physics Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Research Council Canada; Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi","keywords":"Physics; Neutrino; Solar neutrino; Nuclear physics; Solar neutrino problem; Particle physics; Neutrino oscillation","score_opus":0.03392173903160266,"score_gpt":0.298463951693821,"score_spread":0.26454221266221833,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1886806389","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98803914,0.00011457144,0.010053735,0.0012880893,0.00010558711,0.00014098053,0.000003217928,0.0000034119753,0.0002512564],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99906784,0.0000113059705,0.000015416563,0.000047931062,0.0008286967,0.0000039595884,2.922686e-7,0.000016502072,0.000008060893],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986925,0.00024591034,0.00028454638,0.00009999638,0.0004305193,0.00024650575],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99855405,0.00027538152,0.00055767974,0.0002599392,0.00025728144,0.00009566617],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006630523,0.00012107456,0.0002291295,0.000020531876,0.00019924178,0.000096869975,0.00038605207,0.000008777705,0.000002473718],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000065050363,0.000060315404,0.00012836611,0.0004516239,0.0005397863,0.00023245769,0.00011953986,0.0004788943,0.0000031598333],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000099312965,0.000122563,0.031546332,0.00000685049,0.00025311977,0.0000023913358,0.0072679594,0.0010628349,0.019654121,0.00513434,0.000027677886,0.9348225],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0018159682,0.0014571183,0.063439414,0.00012189374,0.00035102438,0.000060297883,0.05032705,0.0036158555,0.86907125,0.008627242,0.00070195005,0.0004109236],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00028958032,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000020245097,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9344116,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000028713479,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00011780477,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.24595909},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1899574286","doi":"10.1119/1.3574890","title":"<i>The Many Worlds of Hugh Everett III: Multiple Universes, Mutual Assured Destruction, and the Meltdown of a Nuclear Family</i>","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Perimeter Institute","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Theoretical physics; Art history; History","score_opus":0.011182720375081426,"score_gpt":0.20903294685803536,"score_spread":0.19785022648295394,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1899574286","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99708587,0.000037701306,0.0010122271,0.0001378231,0.00019264652,0.00007642837,0.00000904089,0.0000026270613,0.0014456192],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99893284,0.000027708813,0.0007243621,0.000033318705,0.000236808,5.611674e-7,4.2039161e-7,0.000008764123,0.000035204295],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","domain_scores_codex":[0.99909425,0.00010719722,0.000333951,0.00008515343,0.00022545239,0.00015398032],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985782,0.00015697084,0.00086573965,0.00017273678,0.00016068283,0.0000656582],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00031576207,0.000102014,0.00030785566,0.00002594978,0.00013481034,0.000019817264,0.00029558718,0.000011222936,0.000013886778],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000011977516,0.0000599809,0.00015714884,0.00029822608,0.0013063113,0.00020052234,0.00004200267,0.00016050936,0.000001390716],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0074435337,0.0007135262,0.15469414,0.00002237982,0.0018455797,0.000009356671,0.033771712,0.0005433506,0.037359424,0.3907398,0.007997069,0.36486015],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.039506234,0.0075790863,0.22229019,0.0006917802,0.002546462,0.0000902232,0.4881705,0.00601419,0.061562944,0.11351629,0.055754546,0.0022775475],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0011263874,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000061950045,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.45439878,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008117173,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00010047154,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.48131585},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1920224509","doi":"10.1119/1.4923249","title":"Asymmetric wave functions from tiny perturbations","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Asymmetry; Intuition; Physics; Classical mechanics; Quantum; Wave function; Statistical physics; Theoretical physics; Computer science; Quantum mechanics; Cognitive science; Psychology","score_opus":0.024721882305099724,"score_gpt":0.2508887968883566,"score_spread":0.22616691458325686,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1920224509","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.29519543,0.00006410634,0.69805163,0.00062835903,0.00032891898,0.0000689429,0.000114278184,0.000013404461,0.005534949],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.995527,0.0000031116106,0.002936782,0.00008318989,0.001278657,0.0000053883955,0.000028505896,0.00001576333,0.000121561025],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992486,0.000034507673,0.0002631612,0.00010212069,0.00021530058,0.00013627173],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99875325,0.00010102006,0.0004410296,0.00018615923,0.00032732458,0.00019122746],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00010239658,0.00010162227,0.00021371212,0.000060605307,0.000079722,0.000037849783,0.0001401377,0.000009870632,0.000062761574],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000012932837,0.00008887322,0.00014552318,0.00061063614,0.0000569696,0.00014003573,0.000026455431,0.00019157302,0.00007828758],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000025481851,0.0006823801,0.003456849,9.942044e-7,0.00036971664,0.0000023242399,0.00093176414,0.0003266774,0.0009874428,0.32561117,0.025666418,0.64193875],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013796758,0.00090555364,0.0028760885,0.000034022443,0.0003805038,0.000009458391,0.010531282,0.0090095345,0.0021077397,0.8701836,0.10204923,0.00053330086],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00019584958,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.9879167e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7003316,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003242544,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00016596555,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.36241445},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1920760673","doi":"10.1119/1.4793594","title":"Solving for three-dimensional central potentials using numerical matrix methods","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Yukawa potential; Matrix (chemical analysis); Numerical analysis; Coulomb; Quantum","score_opus":0.020365077787532593,"score_gpt":0.32397469434758586,"score_spread":0.30360961656005325,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1920760673","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.24711755,0.00003724208,0.75212365,0.000088077184,0.0003916642,0.0001734161,0.000020854957,0.000007669667,0.00003989074],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.81701314,7.461296e-7,0.18115257,0.00007388313,0.0016818327,0.0000067824453,0.0000063849025,0.000048459067,0.000016208354],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.998257,0.0001206537,0.00058322493,0.00020916773,0.00029330663,0.0005366922],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978904,0.00025808302,0.0009812763,0.00020376402,0.0004142032,0.00025226327],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00030313167,0.00025487883,0.00063770806,0.00004952487,0.00016290367,0.00009399593,0.0002795012,0.00002509892,0.00016574803],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000011945017,0.00022404049,0.00055680046,0.00026912405,0.000103382146,0.0003957799,0.000066113666,0.0002720185,0.0000145167],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00010082743,0.00059817394,0.0027191339,0.000024166739,0.00081678474,0.000004481543,0.00023723357,0.009693889,0.10734008,0.06409915,0.0012813659,0.8130847],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0015661193,0.0010432076,0.0012430769,0.00015612286,0.00047093173,0.000033595436,0.00054487254,0.5208982,0.032653783,0.4396569,0.0008360091,0.00089713],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00019056375,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.8361673e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8121876,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000048990776,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00022020261,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9136106},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1963628372","doi":"10.1119/1.2885199","title":"Developing and researching PhET simulations for teaching quantum mechanics","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Science Education and Pedagogy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":177,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Intuition; Physics education; Focus (optics); Quantum; Science education; Key (lock)","score_opus":0.16345999366695269,"score_gpt":0.4682869943050476,"score_spread":0.3048270006380949,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1963628372","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.6959773,0.000021180525,0.29940027,0.004069884,0.00023490799,0.00006111897,0.000002147594,0.000006921833,0.00022629081],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98418766,0.000068728725,0.014884682,0.00025677553,0.00055784866,7.510619e-7,4.4526e-7,0.000004983926,0.00003814785],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991214,0.00019973784,0.00015724995,0.00007101226,0.00027513687,0.00017540812],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99873066,0.0006902872,0.00022381818,0.000048846112,0.00019896509,0.00010743741],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0010638083,0.000043387958,0.000117771466,0.00005790212,0.0011395514,0.000037129812,0.0001528562,0.000010827999,0.000005314653],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00083317707,0.000040227238,0.000039505994,0.00022453122,0.00031203622,0.0002929614,0.000014260341,0.00017691428,8.122818e-7],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000017757298,0.0000484877,0.0021727635,0.0000038996636,0.000019876557,0.0000015929736,0.13467059,0.00061892887,0.0006386822,0.71627545,0.00052354764,0.14500841],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00090487575,0.00090950844,0.0039336253,0.0001401301,0.00004649577,0.00006255304,0.4011208,0.020161912,0.0005203636,0.4415437,0.13004725,0.00060880993],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00029683395,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004924335,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.28821036,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000062812855,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007845915,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.87646234},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1964146516","doi":"10.1119/1.3671074","title":"Understanding Pound-Drever-Hall locking using voltage controlled radio-frequency oscillators: An undergraduate experiment","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Modular design; Voltage; Electronics; Thermal; Laser; Resonance (particle physics); Automatic frequency control; Control system","score_opus":0.04631877679277375,"score_gpt":0.2967995245282549,"score_spread":0.2504807477354812,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1964146516","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.67917657,0.00048165163,0.3008861,0.00008783477,0.0006425904,0.00024101768,0.00001310989,0.00002565418,0.018445509],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99641424,0.000008903569,0.0014244711,0.00006432227,0.0020170575,0.0000045242314,0.0000035143332,0.000047704492,0.000015244432],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99807936,0.000154448,0.00056466373,0.00018893898,0.00043238504,0.00058023114],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99835485,0.00014207822,0.00083025376,0.00022306244,0.000115942465,0.0003337886],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00029408254,0.00033629214,0.00083232945,0.00006243451,0.0003004976,0.000078511504,0.00024389596,0.00001937231,0.000041682706],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000060866555,0.00027520978,0.00038617136,0.0002758719,0.0004971027,0.0007567433,0.00008208774,0.00028313266,0.000006995038],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00013128306,0.00064604625,0.010474011,0.000005409555,0.00068012276,0.0000032321745,0.0024462047,0.000282127,0.04250177,0.9416929,0.000034400393,0.0011025111],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0037168318,0.00083629903,0.00007931507,0.00012827762,0.00032529247,0.000015543192,0.023508402,0.00065829855,0.019204987,0.95079577,0.000041334206,0.00068967085],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001652417,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.1154693e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.3172377,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003345728,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008000285,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99997},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1964529141","doi":"10.1119/1.3273196","title":"Spinning tubes: An authentic research experience in a three-hour laboratory","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","field":"Engineering","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Trinity Western University; Western University","funders":"Grand Valley State University","keywords":"Agency (philosophy); Set (abstract data type); Physics; Class (philosophy); Symbol (formal); Phenomenon; Spinning; Mathematics education; Tube (container); Psychology; Mechanical engineering; Sociology; Computer science; Engineering; Artificial intelligence; Social science","score_opus":0.022600767922177436,"score_gpt":0.3302077112070232,"score_spread":0.3076069432848458,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1964529141","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9953575,0.000092106384,0.003868006,0.000011613818,0.00040628546,0.000044912435,9.269018e-7,0.00005697694,0.00016164141],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9919574,0.000009540501,0.0075553744,0.000011057914,0.00040153266,0.0000061015703,3.6229775e-7,0.000056423232,0.0000021713927],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987845,0.00005306115,0.0003014167,0.00011898865,0.0003861237,0.00035590393],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993378,0.00008345768,0.000057096393,0.00024343695,0.00012586518,0.0001523488],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005031491,0.00013564063,0.0002452924,0.00018776517,0.000046892266,0.000049068953,0.00037121272,0.00003247579,0.000017120024],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000072231815,0.00014012594,0.000046728404,0.0008036125,0.00022945998,0.00043837383,0.00003539352,0.00131798,0.0000116860665],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000013963272,0.00009180558,0.01634769,0.000019344909,0.00002627423,0.00006716679,0.013119043,0.057412844,0.888153,0.000617278,0.000021938778,0.024109636],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0021491768,0.0032578988,0.07931734,0.0009860962,0.000036853482,0.00022553813,0.045607068,0.31633556,0.54267657,0.0018704813,0.00549888,0.0020385422],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003507841,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000125765155,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.34547645,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009574508,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000051102157,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.57260406},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1965175508","doi":"10.1119/1.2173274","title":"Investigating vortex streets behind real and virtual bluff bodies","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Fluid Dynamics and Vibration Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Physics; Bluff; Vortex; Cylinder; Mechanics; Flow (mathematics); Fluid dynamics; Flow visualization; Geophysical fluid dynamics; Aerospace engineering; Classical mechanics; Mechanical engineering; Engineering","score_opus":0.00410862847398255,"score_gpt":0.1984904869973836,"score_spread":0.19438185852340104,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1965175508","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98671126,0.000059779755,0.012379932,0.000057789774,0.00005214192,0.000012796298,0.000004740618,0.000018456316,0.00070310594],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9965699,0.00009569585,0.002975248,0.000037940827,0.00027643348,3.0854557e-7,0.000003215965,0.000015377746,0.000025927842],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994087,0.000017420267,0.00025984272,0.000058208738,0.00014799864,0.000107785214],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996179,0.00003929699,0.00015105022,0.00006641834,0.00005943749,0.00006589286],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007365085,0.00009352551,0.0002113428,0.00005081327,0.000041753367,0.00004296413,0.00006331526,0.000017991322,0.0000037229286],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008177025,0.00008752955,0.00006297858,0.00010174477,0.00012546433,0.00015573682,0.000012300957,0.00017033405,0.0000013486915],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000014488512,0.00010943902,0.065105915,0.000036519497,0.00059269345,0.000029519028,0.0029317846,0.5643608,0.084807836,0.022916317,0.0023596333,0.25673503],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000700325,0.00066131866,0.0860714,0.00008990704,0.00026176835,0.0000371323,0.0021868586,0.8963031,0.005353508,0.0073874593,0.00036274383,0.0005844468],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001258611,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006858229,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.33194232,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002229779,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000018393443,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.35693514},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1965908732","doi":"10.1119/1.3013812","title":"The two-body problem of ultra-cold atoms in a harmonic trap","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":27,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; St. Francis Xavier University; Dalhousie University","funders":"","keywords":"Harmonic oscillator; Harmonic; Range (aeronautics); Spectrum (functional analysis); Energy (signal processing); Energy spectrum; Harmonic spectrum; Harmonic potential","score_opus":0.0069947520416834144,"score_gpt":0.24475593969204887,"score_spread":0.23776118765036544,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1965908732","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.996098,0.00010891846,0.0010780981,0.0005230023,0.000059817496,0.00014091957,0.000008499784,0.00000518241,0.0019775836],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991253,0.00002008272,0.00033925922,0.00006965867,0.00039192586,0.0000032177288,0.0000011793198,0.0000147606,0.000034591096],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986313,0.00007341251,0.0005654875,0.00013402615,0.00029492882,0.00030085485],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984974,0.0001812339,0.0008521093,0.000218659,0.00016471265,0.000085857246],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002463869,0.00018070746,0.00044609245,0.00004544931,0.000080258884,0.00005087145,0.00037768568,0.000010967259,0.000009859601],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000024099477,0.0001281665,0.00028546285,0.0005306537,0.00019636705,0.00017471402,0.0000146094535,0.000330471,0.0000032811965],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000088297806,0.00076649635,0.014077661,0.000006683528,0.0002030576,0.000006790118,0.0008150598,0.0003652072,0.10680708,0.17483152,0.00017709004,0.70185506],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0055462904,0.004810883,0.028504763,0.0005474956,0.00030489214,0.000014489314,0.004572216,0.0012191735,0.57910204,0.36726084,0.0069591105,0.0011578061],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000105206076,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003271219,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.70069724,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000031482596,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00018384845,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.52264786},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1970423963","doi":"10.1119/1.2710480","title":"When action is not least","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":139,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Icon; Citation; Download; Information retrieval; Action (physics); World Wide Web; Filter (signal processing); Physics; Computer science","score_opus":0.020220270303215,"score_gpt":0.2900296874282336,"score_spread":0.2698094171250186,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1970423963","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.4649618,0.0000045789084,0.53337836,0.00049801945,0.000109329674,0.000033096356,0.000010371346,0.000004921536,0.0009995286],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968394,0.0000027166532,0.0017444309,0.00025175393,0.0010806847,8.879365e-7,0.0000020088207,0.000012787092,0.00006532179],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993472,0.000011021267,0.00023793685,0.000078797515,0.00017129531,0.0001537557],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991483,0.0000369061,0.0004598331,0.00012797357,0.00013356408,0.00009344029],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00013528927,0.000083168095,0.00016556449,0.00003050572,0.00006566445,0.000021418917,0.00013704576,0.000008085939,0.00010496753],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000012057387,0.00007509156,0.00013426575,0.00016169406,0.000049328573,0.00011726874,0.000015594413,0.00017260686,0.00003591353],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003161683,0.00016946005,0.0010852012,0.0000016793662,0.000087162916,9.80111e-7,0.0004980346,0.000010957194,0.015772277,0.17915046,0.0020514727,0.80114067],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0011964295,0.0009529492,0.0058247023,0.000065042914,0.00021822374,0.00002183656,0.008537436,0.0010755338,0.23109047,0.6365976,0.11376574,0.0006540857],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000059004124,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.1689803e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8004866,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000019043222,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000044450004,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.30621448},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1971762695","doi":"10.1119/1.3596431","title":"Measuring soap bubble thickness with color matching","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation","field":"Engineering","cited_by":45,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"","keywords":"Soap bubble; Soap film; Bubble; Measure (data warehouse); Physics; SOAP; Interference (communication); Optics; Matching (statistics); Computer science; Mechanics; Mathematics; Data mining; Statistics; Telecommunications","score_opus":0.024365505304452143,"score_gpt":0.2128031868489555,"score_spread":0.18843768154450335,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1971762695","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.44655636,0.00002582738,0.550464,0.000009094886,0.000076505574,0.000032588887,0.0000011291826,0.000055001154,0.002779483],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9814475,0.000007838566,0.01829933,0.00006869691,0.00013000364,0.0000021719395,0.0000010382237,0.000031388718,0.000011991422],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99933267,0.000012936612,0.00026148616,0.00006116989,0.00017819788,0.00015356542],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993416,0.000014096712,0.00021831211,0.000111936184,0.00028324875,0.000030795105],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00021819098,0.000117058655,0.00022209215,0.00006664589,0.00003761696,0.00001211128,0.00016419636,0.000017921015,0.000010467619],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000042280176,0.0000949656,0.000037153444,0.00049095746,0.00013014009,0.00023077242,0.0000150311425,0.0002656632,0.0000047885032],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00024399525,0.00018747555,0.0020892872,0.000121284706,0.0006054084,0.00009413924,0.015631657,0.0015779723,0.5785905,0.041757565,0.0015404065,0.35756028],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005015148,0.0008408835,0.0014428621,0.00025518614,0.00007108474,0.00029528353,0.003518904,0.00032713969,0.98422885,0.0068760705,0.0012000807,0.00044212234],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000016046548,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.8765047e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5348912,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000722109,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000043321903,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.38725847},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1975525080","doi":"10.1119/1.2929671","title":"Electric fields in steady-state superconductivity according to London theory","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Physics of Superconductivity and Magnetism","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Royal Military College of Canada; Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Electric field; Superconductivity; Condensed matter physics; Magnetic field; Supercurrent; Electron; Charge (physics); Field (mathematics); Electric charge; Electric potential; Quantum electrodynamics; Quantum mechanics; Voltage","score_opus":0.014633195641301654,"score_gpt":0.2427858316730107,"score_spread":0.22815263603170904,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1975525080","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.95938283,0.000043276683,0.03913102,0.00017707105,0.0001571226,0.000096952266,0.000006944561,0.0000087755225,0.0009959954],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986295,0.000024828403,0.00061229273,0.00014255721,0.00048604058,0.0000051822813,0.0000014172244,0.000024807583,0.00007337116],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986459,0.0001680208,0.0003465875,0.0002028962,0.0002528747,0.0003837028],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99905735,0.00020673184,0.00022065167,0.00022054614,0.00012778856,0.00016695568],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00028984796,0.00020680112,0.0005206735,0.0001539909,0.00009772993,0.000023891012,0.00030693336,0.000018438857,0.00003681571],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000016278314,0.0002003411,0.00019990481,0.0007503529,0.00013836907,0.0016161668,0.000064909065,0.0005610089,0.000021569209],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00024023272,0.0010254652,0.039312217,0.000012508442,0.00019696938,0.00006813761,0.0067105135,0.0022677663,0.1028939,0.026941087,0.00026702113,0.8200642],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00469469,0.0049838563,0.042231407,0.00036117388,0.00020157179,0.00019000465,0.020428598,0.00027827374,0.20216471,0.72052467,0.0014243228,0.002516708],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00045548638,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000047142416,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8175475,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000050013565,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00018261067,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.81696737},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1976503996","doi":"10.1119/1.1309519","title":"The physics of sliding cylinders and curling rocks","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Winter Sports Injuries and Performance","field":"Medicine","cited_by":68,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Vancouver Island University","funders":"","keywords":"Curling; Physics; Deflection (physics); Mechanics; Kinetic energy; Friction coefficient; Classical mechanics; Mechanical engineering; Composite material; Engineering","score_opus":0.012209513693322462,"score_gpt":0.27358822442005654,"score_spread":0.2613787107267341,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1976503996","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98676777,0.00029135763,0.011470212,0.0005827311,0.00014448799,0.00003578654,7.6827513e-7,0.0000035821517,0.0007033312],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972818,0.0011083891,0.0006506457,0.00017892048,0.00070832216,2.6234542e-7,3.4452353e-7,0.000010912651,0.000060422935],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993257,0.0000112631515,0.00027720086,0.000055672102,0.00019661504,0.0001335718],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990854,0.00006840952,0.0005092913,0.00011921028,0.00014835692,0.00006931471],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00015923342,0.00007846813,0.00027062013,0.000016582268,0.00007944722,0.000011883423,0.00007878186,0.000010240312,0.0000031605834],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000015325779,0.000050054587,0.00009739547,0.00016668218,0.00019197086,0.000103926184,0.000021289748,0.0002098407,4.911887e-7],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00042425568,0.00008499709,0.10311589,0.00002871891,0.00020089372,0.000026108562,0.0025061897,0.00033135244,0.0014106783,0.0007687621,0.0003412392,0.8907609],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01848897,0.03825926,0.2944937,0.0076197735,0.004003451,0.0076457155,0.12005748,0.037171263,0.15480988,0.02877513,0.2856474,0.0030279579],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000020200436,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.09523e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.887733,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000016468495,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005810258,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.20411667},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1978536634","doi":"10.1119/1.4731619","title":"Erratum: “2012 AAPT award citations at the Winter Meeting, Ontario, California” [Am. J. Phys. 80, 465–467 (2012)]","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"erratum","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Physics; Physics education; Engineering physics; Library science; Mathematics education; Quantum mechanics; Psychology; Computer science","score_opus":0.22208958370558715,"score_gpt":0.4624262457321566,"score_spread":0.24033666202656948,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1978536634","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.12968832,0.0654133,0.047806323,0.042223286,0.26588163,0.003394995,0.0043415166,0.00021854701,0.44103208],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1271014,0.002641115,0.002088779,0.0022417002,0.018479656,0.000034526613,0.00015450288,0.00028188198,0.84697646],"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.981043,0.0009900415,0.0023883826,0.00085006916,0.0131398775,0.0015886192],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9791746,0.0047250963,0.005673851,0.0017882269,0.007459148,0.0011790345],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","bibliometrics","scholarly_communication","open_science","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["bibliometrics","insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.016353216,0.00069931796,0.0016877945,0.014626727,0.00082483725,0.002140862,0.006212203,0.00028541472,0.002247748],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0073037175,0.0004068281,0.0014335904,0.06359044,0.0016187849,0.001531801,0.0015942247,0.0037219226,0.0017948603],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004841639,0.0002321425,0.0061168256,0.000007580116,0.00024462538,0.000015666248,0.00094341725,0.00006372937,0.00007579502,0.000057753226,0.9184824,0.073711604],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00032759778,0.00058225164,0.011239837,0.00009533263,0.00018079007,0.00007998855,0.0010899557,0.00009601966,0.000047162495,0.0038098232,0.98192394,0.00052729197],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00217,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0033170197,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.40594435,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0013253307,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002388134,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99983835},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1982003438","doi":"10.1119/1.1629090","title":"The chemical potential of an ideal intrinsic semiconductor","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Surface and Thin Film Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Northern British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Physics; Fermi–Dirac statistics; Thermal conduction; Semiconductor; Ideal (ethics); Condensed matter physics; Intrinsic semiconductor; Electron; Quasi Fermi level; Function (biology); Fermi level; Conduction band; Band gap; Quantum mechanics; Law","score_opus":0.005611858160892628,"score_gpt":0.22869230256356554,"score_spread":0.2230804444026729,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1982003438","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99772346,0.000033847995,0.0015616186,0.00014414654,0.00019414388,0.000033695625,0.000008436977,0.0000037256464,0.0002969444],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99784786,0.0000048063134,0.00115325,0.000036973706,0.000931664,6.731494e-7,0.000002839099,0.0000141838655,0.000007764374],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991525,0.000037352936,0.00032104857,0.00008377104,0.00022458778,0.00018074241],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989741,0.00004227582,0.00055569154,0.00017918492,0.00014942298,0.0000993394],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00013613628,0.0001078256,0.000256444,0.000016954602,0.000063383464,0.00002569026,0.0002951296,0.000009829883,0.00001778151],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004080656,0.00007482047,0.00016421895,0.00017209658,0.00029409336,0.00018449231,0.00003513838,0.0002390739,0.0000052107976],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00027952436,0.0007633474,0.002780633,0.000006684645,0.0006496029,0.000009860266,0.0020365247,0.0037992026,0.303683,0.06229766,0.00016992266,0.623524],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0039062533,0.0021734503,0.0029449314,0.0000913691,0.00029908013,0.00003463621,0.0136886565,0.00011974059,0.6652879,0.30939564,0.0014116673,0.00064666936],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00011448592,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.9634862e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.62287736,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000024632016,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00015732451,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.305109},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1982151940","doi":"10.1119/1.1848514","title":"Game theory and physics","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":503,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Prisoner's dilemma; Evolutionary game theory; Universality (dynamical systems); Physics; Dilemma; Behavioral ecology; Game theory; Directed percolation; Evolutionary theory; Renormalization group; Statistical physics; Phase transition; Mathematical economics; Epistemology; Critical exponent; Evolutionary biology; Quantum mechanics; Biology; Mathematics","score_opus":0.008550113967858427,"score_gpt":0.2843846431115371,"score_spread":0.2758345291436787,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1982151940","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9370086,0.00027464383,0.051085882,0.0013410076,0.000121736804,0.000051310017,0.000002182558,0.000017755601,0.01009687],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9961802,0.00020308114,0.0010425313,0.00042658587,0.0018380971,4.784333e-7,4.1378055e-7,0.000005541879,0.00030310702],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991195,0.00037570798,0.00013528531,0.000056320732,0.00019462212,0.00011854209],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99934274,0.00018164811,0.00020761212,0.0000563102,0.00013295018,0.00007876761],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00074202556,0.000055404802,0.00012765072,0.000010527506,0.00014916167,0.000025805497,0.00010583778,0.000012492131,0.000022428088],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000050508803,0.00004962638,0.000049335937,0.00017907859,0.0006086258,0.00042131005,0.000011383766,0.00011837863,0.000013443466],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000039535214,0.00004059543,0.0002969904,6.981313e-7,0.000014630359,7.404674e-7,0.00705646,0.00023376173,0.00018222575,0.4964456,0.0000674599,0.49562132],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008258384,0.001096094,0.00392477,0.00008666371,0.00013961013,0.000033629436,0.031063424,0.0003833992,0.0020247682,0.87959975,0.08033441,0.0004876459],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000016048454,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008419458,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.49513367,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004159822,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00011853988,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.22425072},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1982728755","doi":"10.1119/1.4900756","title":"What is superresolution microscopy?","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Near-Field Optical Microscopy","field":"Engineering","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Superresolution; Diffraction; Resolution (logic); Limit (mathematics); Optics; Microscopy; Image resolution; Scaling; sort; Computer science; Nonlinear system; Physics; Image (mathematics); Mathematics; Artificial intelligence; Quantum mechanics; Mathematical analysis; Information retrieval","score_opus":0.004682875415313655,"score_gpt":0.23374351947760597,"score_spread":0.22906064406229232,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1982728755","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8968555,0.00037570603,0.100370586,0.00038442033,0.0012584225,0.00003814032,0.0000018504736,0.000042323707,0.0006731019],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9908898,0.00031417725,0.0077564786,0.00048957684,0.000500577,5.3125643e-7,4.7850375e-7,0.00002680222,0.00002160691],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993279,0.000025203442,0.00022898262,0.00007049099,0.00014546831,0.00020194588],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995162,0.00007233596,0.000083652514,0.00015384436,0.0000729538,0.000101035635],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00010092056,0.00011053832,0.00024150168,0.000029867664,0.000026701793,0.00007241276,0.00016736165,0.000023572024,0.000028904076],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000126360055,0.00010384518,0.0001034266,0.0001652118,0.00011810036,0.00039976867,0.000015980802,0.00024405455,0.00005806564],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004135963,0.000083408064,0.00074149534,0.000043085078,0.00014247012,0.0000068029562,0.0016649314,0.0041620834,0.5367784,0.0013900121,0.0086674765,0.44627848],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00096699933,0.001427559,0.0012777399,0.00035178405,0.000121597215,0.00008834951,0.0013535604,0.018317409,0.9170987,0.0050600665,0.05324184,0.0006944047],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000055914056,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.0527245e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4455841,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004291796,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000014840095,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.42346835},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1983380032","doi":"10.1119/1.3533710","title":"A simple transmission-based approach for determining the thickness of transparent films","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Nanofabrication and Lithography Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Refractive index; Optics; Interference (communication); Transmission (telecommunications); Substrate (aquarium); Dispersion (optics); Wavelength; Simple (philosophy); Fresnel equations; Materials science; Physics; Optoelectronics; Computer science; Telecommunications","score_opus":0.03226994112040536,"score_gpt":0.2521367321337696,"score_spread":0.2198667910133642,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1983380032","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.025751004,0.000041835894,0.9736215,0.000008861273,0.000021347856,0.00010667886,0.000009824094,0.000029911096,0.00040907846],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9026521,0.000014710982,0.097236976,0.00003829673,0.000026256674,0.000011598568,0.0000023683795,0.000016991102,7.0819823e-7],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994277,0.00002658599,0.00027028436,0.00005029062,0.0001211325,0.000104021055],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994595,0.00008095737,0.00018430405,0.000116431016,0.00011270726,0.000046073023],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00014581213,0.00008746955,0.00021549317,0.00004643414,0.0000288046,0.000004864292,0.00021149476,0.000015708643,0.0000065624204],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004241695,0.000058683185,0.00020044549,0.00023219355,0.00010748439,0.0000531072,0.0000018218324,0.00010039494,5.2824028e-8],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00016430621,0.0004594066,0.005306605,0.00022571771,0.00021708503,8.372412e-7,0.006994498,0.014256251,0.013098444,0.0011756391,0.0006260972,0.9574751],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0034434798,0.004191891,0.029290352,0.0003444658,0.0007406346,0.000020132427,0.0047714002,0.28676125,0.6526831,0.0045754733,0.012007984,0.0011698777],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000053582094,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.8233215e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9563052,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000006259222,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000025298625,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.23930308},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1983694377","doi":"10.1119/1.1575766","title":"The Roget Illusion, the anorthoscope and the persistence of vision","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Architecture and Art History Studies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Illusion; Persistence (discontinuity); Physics; Computer vision; Motion (physics); Object (grammar); Artificial intelligence; Process (computing); Computer science; Optics; Psychology; Cognitive psychology","score_opus":0.010831056848644348,"score_gpt":0.20308722775088453,"score_spread":0.19225617090224018,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1983694377","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9418666,0.010265193,0.0004463949,0.0102994405,0.0007552516,0.00021543934,0.000007445029,0.000007947956,0.036136292],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985551,0.0004190762,0.00004648171,0.00040963537,0.00020239339,8.469571e-7,5.757907e-8,0.0000049991263,0.0003614023],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993627,0.00015723736,0.00017899176,0.00004600867,0.00016772143,0.00008734768],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99898124,0.00038054865,0.00036221754,0.00012049091,0.00013651879,0.00001899988],"candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003368802,0.00006935277,0.0001671302,0.000009392033,0.0010201983,0.000030165384,0.00016039479,0.0000032360233,0.0000111256495],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000047946374,0.00002455356,0.00010517472,0.000038195674,0.003424845,0.000056543708,0.00003327461,0.00012958016,0.0000010896002],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002452585,0.00007190354,0.00064450846,0.000010347579,0.00030029507,0.0000029354878,0.3641241,0.00008072043,0.00012480788,0.4433739,0.005958733,0.18506251],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00036899975,0.0005558108,0.0005637306,0.00003676065,0.00009983136,0.000017824263,0.069834664,0.000016580703,0.0000754353,0.009808005,0.9185385,0.00008384535],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002230212,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006251461,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9125798,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000006153899,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000027261427,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99928725},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1985688663","doi":"10.1119/1.3533715","title":"Quantum mechanics of a free particle from properties of the Dirac delta function","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Free particle; Dirac delta function; Eigenfunction; Function (biology); Position (finance); Dirac (video compression format); Momentum (technical analysis); Canonical coordinates; Particle in a box; Quantum statistical mechanics","score_opus":0.026337444143921057,"score_gpt":0.21329442762112732,"score_spread":0.18695698347720627,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1985688663","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8757276,0.00004208228,0.12391796,0.0000584938,0.00009929853,0.000061623614,0.000042481865,0.000002588723,0.000047857375],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994502,0.000004636737,0.00036735728,0.000023016219,0.0001349388,0.0000039617703,9.5282223e-7,0.000012141698,0.000002816744],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99921894,0.000046322253,0.00036186766,0.00007649441,0.00019024262,0.0001061366],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984931,0.000023196011,0.0008978255,0.0003316935,0.00021094494,0.000043293167],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00010469846,0.00008654819,0.00024000094,0.0000119970555,0.00004703864,0.000005663384,0.0003372408,0.000009881214,0.000035657667],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000072255093,0.000056784298,0.00017773412,0.00022330675,0.000089659385,0.00009709159,0.00006773106,0.00012111051,0.0000014850974],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00010385587,0.0005680869,0.0029606349,0.000006934232,0.0002573253,1.3272084e-7,0.0015890504,0.000038648104,0.1890388,0.77729845,0.00011130927,0.028026773],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003357147,0.00040176505,0.0014349587,0.00007100974,0.00018314215,4.4888682e-7,0.0027170181,0.0038402895,0.3885682,0.60221124,0.00013568882,0.0001005174],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00055987097,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000031645661,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1995294,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007062941,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007274742,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.23155965},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1987831807","doi":"10.1119/1.1645285","title":"Enhancing conceptual change using argumentative essays","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Science Education and Pedagogy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Conceptual change; Viewpoints; Argumentative; Argumentation theory; Physics; Affect (linguistics); Process (computing); Epistemology; Work (physics); Management science; Mathematics education; Computer science; Sociology; Psychology; Quantum mechanics; Programming language","score_opus":0.13181212369726164,"score_gpt":0.42837433426765475,"score_spread":0.2965622105703931,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1987831807","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.97710186,0.000043284526,0.019198148,0.0014197993,0.00068577874,0.000052571926,0.0000012329368,0.0000067985743,0.0014905062],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.993272,0.000038167866,0.004282283,0.0008012763,0.001578923,8.4331646e-7,1.9413474e-7,0.00000461627,0.00002168104],"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","domain_scores_codex":[0.99903834,0.00016365635,0.00017412758,0.000072233706,0.000358317,0.0001933355],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990594,0.00011534181,0.00043767452,0.000049914077,0.00019934855,0.00013831834],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00054812233,0.000057031215,0.00015811661,0.00004088242,0.00028701848,0.00003652903,0.00018127392,0.000011579094,0.00007123128],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00011424527,0.000052745705,0.000066949455,0.00046737457,0.001000746,0.0004776262,0.000010360275,0.00013524968,0.000011639326],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000015334701,0.0001485432,0.0031760365,0.0000015287407,0.000033048633,0.0000074874883,0.79208446,0.0002866486,0.005639244,0.108165115,0.000049432445,0.090393126],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00043942058,0.00040491723,0.0012263049,0.000071165625,0.000037076778,0.000011392247,0.96569216,0.000008705282,0.009392579,0.019469807,0.003036949,0.00020950774],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0022117007,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00015012051,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.17360772,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00019627402,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00073230825,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.36872905},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1988391159","doi":"10.1119/1.4895008","title":"Preparing students for class: How to get 80% of students reading the textbook before class","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Online and Blended Learning","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":80,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Class (philosophy); Reading (process); Mathematics education; Science class; Physics; Science education; Computer science; Psychology; Artificial intelligence; Linguistics","score_opus":0.013619568597098012,"score_gpt":0.35203884666143437,"score_spread":0.33841927806433636,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1988391159","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9898128,0.000009898029,0.0063640056,0.0021040153,0.00020307268,0.00021541155,0.0000029093699,0.000010318307,0.0012775814],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99493265,0.000012437886,0.0030681854,0.00025141108,0.0012430542,0.0000044743692,5.722771e-7,0.000016625241,0.00047057687],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9981604,0.00024822427,0.00028820685,0.00012577343,0.00089048536,0.0002868703],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99832934,0.00030676255,0.00077659,0.00016028775,0.00029485574,0.00013214782],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001556972,0.00010544106,0.0003365539,0.000050412913,0.0002724643,0.00011858734,0.000875181,0.000023951907,0.0000026821378],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00035227864,0.00007590603,0.00016705309,0.00028605736,0.00023235333,0.00022336372,0.00010326773,0.00021933192,0.0000026713226],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00011397101,0.0003139409,0.19666351,0.000024659,0.0003455394,0.0000015556006,0.033474166,0.0010189204,0.0008600922,0.0076425164,0.002782276,0.75675887],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0020217095,0.0064309016,0.037418865,0.00065434654,0.00044847242,0.000006903822,0.13554744,0.0005827005,0.0013988259,0.007912223,0.8069428,0.00063477986],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000058451293,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00009880815,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.80416054,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008702266,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00016475016,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3095358},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1988432057","doi":"10.1119/1.2973044","title":"A periodic structure for electronic signals and demonstration of electronic lasing","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Photonic and Optical Devices","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université de Moncton","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Lasing threshold; Physics; Interference (communication); Laser; Optics; Dispersion (optics); Phase (matter); Type (biology); Scattering; Electronic band structure; Optoelectronics; Condensed matter physics; Quantum mechanics; Telecommunications","score_opus":0.004922180146759809,"score_gpt":0.20834805926290229,"score_spread":0.2034258791161425,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1988432057","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9679905,0.0008210898,0.031011164,0.000018190029,0.000022087283,0.0000495071,0.0000045491574,0.000008429558,0.00007447393],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99844354,0.00036432332,0.0010658691,0.00002183147,0.000087920715,8.130279e-7,0.0000010522481,0.00001293227,0.0000017347751],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994286,0.000012173856,0.00019914449,0.000051295483,0.000101205886,0.00020762737],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996352,0.0000647099,0.00014146468,0.000047507012,0.00006672239,0.000044400233],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000054887005,0.00008307294,0.00023981233,0.000028614964,0.000036764948,0.000007264501,0.00006431464,0.000017837441,0.0000033634144],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007696839,0.00007317232,0.00006644278,0.00012381512,0.0001294359,0.00012217331,0.0000038802086,0.00016630071,1.5223661e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00027326675,0.000113674316,0.0034430001,0.0002440758,0.00084980053,0.000009769716,0.003160317,0.058180757,0.6696647,0.027773215,0.00010002076,0.23618743],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003539611,0.009729805,0.013620261,0.0003367001,0.00066669006,0.0012507954,0.002027284,0.2750115,0.6413913,0.047693424,0.0034872121,0.0012454456],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002668889,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000031059715,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.23494197,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004531866,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001208351,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.29838806},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1990269518","doi":"10.1119/1.2978182","title":"Peer instruction: From Harvard to the two-year college","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Innovative Teaching Methods","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":360,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"John Abbott College","funders":"","keywords":"Peer instruction; Attrition; Mathematics education; Physics education; Physics; Psychology; Medical education; Peer feedback; Medicine","score_opus":0.04034578295881481,"score_gpt":0.35246818586439776,"score_spread":0.31212240290558296,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1990269518","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.96087897,0.0000034450613,0.013317722,0.0074322606,0.0008601528,0.00007180259,0.00001727515,0.000014832415,0.017403558],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9302567,0.0000066293073,0.06589143,0.0008799783,0.002450337,0.0000010717217,4.4933793e-7,0.00001041133,0.0005029816],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9981339,0.0006503134,0.000220459,0.00008611518,0.0007351437,0.00017409997],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984989,0.00024475384,0.0003635245,0.00014025738,0.00066126743,0.00009125932],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0012786589,0.000076597,0.00021085658,0.000038670958,0.00053282746,0.00002446096,0.00038505104,0.000013590916,0.000080287544],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00049093453,0.000055892968,0.00008896014,0.00089546025,0.0006192675,0.00019525053,0.000032757514,0.00034081485,0.0000640818],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002595498,0.00021319074,0.045447614,0.0000015210073,0.0003537464,0.00007395064,0.21133044,0.0005994732,0.0024353517,0.37075618,0.101192385,0.2673366],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00079018524,0.00047804142,0.036461093,0.0000291687,0.000045391265,0.00003856619,0.090631865,0.00001147704,0.00155068,0.016739288,0.8529235,0.00030070677],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001449001,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000056882316,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.75173116,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00012262087,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00029619972,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4098132},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1993230642","doi":"10.1119/1.3559500","title":"Classical applications of the Klein–Gordon equation","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Vibration and Dynamic Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":39,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université de Moncton; Royal Military College of Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Klein–Gordon equation; Classical mechanics; Quantum; Rope; Correspondence principle (sociology); Mathematical physics; Classical electromagnetism; Classical physics; Theoretical physics; Quantum mechanics; Nonlinear system; Computer science","score_opus":0.012997080690811165,"score_gpt":0.2081330288804998,"score_spread":0.19513594818968866,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1993230642","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.039940026,0.000014588161,0.95758843,0.0000610868,0.000046850004,0.00003011134,0.0000018357042,0.000009716898,0.0023073608],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968898,0.000015778396,0.0029477424,0.000029027611,0.0000872427,0.0000016469876,6.315417e-7,0.0000073097813,0.000020816637],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9995628,0.000020666492,0.00020445579,0.000029986018,0.00012913648,0.00005294769],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999553,0.000020167845,0.00020221822,0.00011727747,0.00007718567,0.000030129702],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000053990392,0.00004636824,0.0001246867,0.000027070926,0.000020188969,0.0000037004336,0.00012986333,0.000010172939,0.000019676718],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000060117754,0.000032892603,0.00011142406,0.0003385413,0.00009186831,0.00007456041,0.000008466129,0.00009414582,0.0000045761594],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000025611123,0.0002817245,0.010783146,0.000030441948,0.00049444544,0.0000010258275,0.003671449,0.12423544,0.009273463,0.050480805,0.0009194394,0.799803],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00082047697,0.000583214,0.03597725,0.00008626288,0.00072243594,0.000024689414,0.004298788,0.876748,0.043718815,0.031418625,0.0050612916,0.0005401117],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007003321,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000024454278,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9569498,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000019759706,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000020922564,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.13413215},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1993267849","doi":"10.1119/1.1501117","title":"Does the Euler Disk slip during its motion?","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Mechanics and Biomechanics Studies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":35,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Slipping; Motion (physics); Physics; Slip (aerodynamics); Mechanics; Classical mechanics; Dynamical friction; Mechanical engineering; Astrophysics; Engineering; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.009163550999048586,"score_gpt":0.18898640926246832,"score_spread":0.17982285826341973,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1993267849","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.96977776,0.0008072331,0.025521228,0.0011489298,0.0017966091,0.00009536642,0.000015151403,0.000069342896,0.0007683956],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981045,0.0009809347,0.00021049974,0.00003627569,0.0005740205,0.0000014966446,1.477339e-7,0.000018868785,0.000073221],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993667,0.000018482131,0.00019806958,0.00005912624,0.00019094767,0.00016665076],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995862,0.000039711205,0.00013046847,0.00011758157,0.00007610609,0.00004993564],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000773546,0.000105985215,0.00018572834,0.000026364398,0.000089723595,0.000024885725,0.00017864296,0.000010946232,0.000041017473],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000012496663,0.00005178386,0.00010419579,0.00023189142,0.000031057563,0.00008976781,0.000030544903,0.00017453596,0.000021413025],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002996219,0.00034061412,0.00042375267,0.00015553007,0.0015413127,0.000068197456,0.006339287,0.010801378,0.16880283,0.018759014,0.004497484,0.7882406],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00380169,0.0023418935,0.0061714114,0.00065880024,0.00095550827,0.00042863272,0.012867135,0.4313937,0.46831703,0.0393222,0.030496914,0.0032450699],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001331372,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.940399e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.78499556,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000029110457,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000022208712,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.21116845},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1993820125","doi":"10.1119/1.4905171","title":"Compressed-format compared to regular-format in a first-year university physics course","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Innovations in Educational Methods","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Course (navigation); Physics; Term (time); Mathematics education; Engineering physics; Psychology; Quantum mechanics; Astronomy","score_opus":0.0525742617735534,"score_gpt":0.36707109410958955,"score_spread":0.31449683233603615,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1993820125","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.88744324,0.000023321656,0.09263884,0.006020245,0.00140235,0.0002770677,0.000021485515,0.00003454677,0.012138887],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.94174373,0.000012326877,0.057158336,0.00023917023,0.00073189166,7.383733e-7,0.000002562272,0.000009719084,0.00010152164],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","domain_scores_codex":[0.9985345,0.00029072288,0.00027869325,0.00008827456,0.0005624467,0.00024537492],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99810976,0.00018125414,0.00046572543,0.00016552585,0.000870303,0.00020741495],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0010286425,0.00009664095,0.00028154143,0.00009401334,0.00018868256,0.000037527097,0.00047910181,0.000023926981,0.000007927286],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00015169365,0.0001042298,0.000066899505,0.001678703,0.00043379038,0.00059936335,0.000050817238,0.00023382483,0.00002456197],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006721666,0.0018909164,0.085141085,0.00002787044,0.00021238632,0.000033854547,0.22593135,0.04816535,0.00010039043,0.44065928,0.08085236,0.11631299],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0025525272,0.00071174814,0.02092194,0.00027594328,0.00010751311,0.000017816525,0.51056945,0.0017587232,0.00044242202,0.048266288,0.41354084,0.0008347702],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00048605926,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00011078368,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.392393,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00050421804,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008574575,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4250368},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1994530157","doi":"10.1119/1.1412722","title":"Determination of melting temperature and heat of fusion of a solid using a computer-interfaced temperature probe","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Nebraska-Lincoln","keywords":"Fusion; Melting point; Melting temperature; Enthalpy of fusion; Simple (philosophy); Physics; Thermodynamics; Point (geometry); Materials science; Composite material","score_opus":0.008759229988560456,"score_gpt":0.2536988347666032,"score_spread":0.24493960477804275,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1994530157","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99360853,0.00012846282,0.005873461,0.000025603134,0.0000486837,0.0000713755,0.000023105107,0.0000018596292,0.0002189121],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99344873,0.000009605275,0.0063212435,0.000009448398,0.00019462939,5.88523e-7,0.0000011658506,0.000011245798,0.0000033601063],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991613,0.000053915464,0.00040050212,0.000095348,0.00017629891,0.00011264275],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99898475,0.00006135775,0.00057820446,0.00008686407,0.00024493504,0.000043888685],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000655382,0.00013372095,0.0005104201,0.000036838217,0.000042191954,0.000007597808,0.00009035505,0.00001592641,0.000008955153],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000029306473,0.00010464917,0.0001358796,0.00018798995,0.00035324757,0.00012200449,0.00007164506,0.0001542179,1.212195e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000047031725,0.00035766335,0.0015763904,0.000055961027,0.00012289544,7.593889e-7,0.0038515835,0.00019543647,0.96572256,0.007564326,0.000008250728,0.020497134],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00074536767,0.0014046342,0.00020481434,0.00064442196,0.000105179155,0.000007117455,0.002816629,0.007787334,0.96973103,0.01637511,0.0000024550159,0.00017591336],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000027184054,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.0828715e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02032122,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000011476599,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000013517797,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.42674693},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1995395314","doi":"10.1119/1.3553231","title":"Duality of force laws and conformal transformations","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Mathematics and Applications","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of New Brunswick","funders":"","keywords":"Covariant transformation; Conformal map; Duality (order theory); Gaussian curvature; Generalization; Curvature; Ellipse; Differential geometry; Transformation (genetics)","score_opus":0.06654934727217188,"score_gpt":0.31249063083381085,"score_spread":0.24594128356163897,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1995395314","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.7827342,0.000013951801,0.20590748,0.00008769454,0.000019288773,0.00010640249,0.000017202385,0.000007770159,0.011105998],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9483225,0.000022268532,0.051553093,0.000027667253,0.00002910308,0.0000019505103,4.3359856e-7,0.000006854891,0.00003617948],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993231,0.000017888025,0.00041475228,0.00003351189,0.00013089913,0.000079810074],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989421,0.000115836556,0.0006179673,0.0001195064,0.00014704418,0.000057539717],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00022007976,0.000063833686,0.00024832963,0.00002395054,0.000034908884,0.0000055221462,0.000101321886,0.000010945555,0.00001770744],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000023846018,0.000050784303,0.000076662895,0.0001104566,0.00017153549,0.00013400636,0.0000114404365,0.000081935,0.0000010153079],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000025610534,0.0004899897,0.00024029594,0.00015710924,0.00012839209,7.4838636e-7,0.01820391,0.0000024523774,0.0010902087,0.94425917,0.0007158675,0.034686264],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00077851897,0.0006481818,0.0008001447,0.000104368366,0.00023155918,0.00007633085,0.005974553,0.00056595815,0.02178189,0.9681296,0.000696338,0.00021255724],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001018961,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000013211429,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.16558824,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000005288228,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000031144882,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.20709237},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1996728036","doi":"10.1119/1.3091265","title":"Asymptotic approximations to Clebsch-Gordan coefficients from a tight-binding model","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Chemical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Redeemer University; McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Clebsch–Gordan coefficients; Angular momentum; Simple (philosophy); Statistical physics; Mathematical physics; Theoretical physics; Total angular momentum quantum number; Momentum (technical analysis); Classical mechanics; Applied mathematics; Quantum mechanics; Epistemology; Mathematics","score_opus":0.010235061317735472,"score_gpt":0.26417154111687763,"score_spread":0.25393647979914213,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1996728036","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.5178248,0.000006000869,0.48042423,0.00018796528,0.000043655364,0.000059137434,0.00003352727,0.000010418438,0.0014102443],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.967289,0.0000010762062,0.031866424,0.00020837036,0.00055924203,0.0000027339229,0.00001095538,0.000020154504,0.00004206417],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99882644,0.000022069038,0.0003659024,0.00018375946,0.0003096356,0.00029220857],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998856,0.0000865292,0.000468054,0.00020724915,0.00019316761,0.00018900965],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000047818277,0.0001972468,0.0004325723,0.00004655885,0.00012558277,0.00003483475,0.0002868127,0.000010057216,0.000008898884],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000010262184,0.00018069033,0.00018667222,0.00042134567,0.00009480544,0.0002282291,0.000051634273,0.00025528233,0.000029738905],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000116903684,0.00152111,0.002591913,0.000005039628,0.000525819,0.0000039818015,0.0043993727,0.3537302,0.120505564,0.038279776,0.001812347,0.47650796],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0018031809,0.0011439471,0.0010679673,0.00025226513,0.00036853197,0.0000020879409,0.0037493974,0.026184715,0.08243445,0.88133067,0.00049556233,0.001167225],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000011539563,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.0924897e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8430509,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000065958506,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005486986,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7368338},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1996885708","doi":"10.1119/1.1648329","title":"Realization of an optical profiler: Introduction to scanning probe microscopy","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Optics; Focus (optics); Sample (material); Microscope; Realization (probability); Lens (geology); Instrumentation (computer programming); Physics; Scanning probe microscopy; Laser scanning; Remote sensing; Laser; Computer science; Geology","score_opus":0.0054401448050504005,"score_gpt":0.2914972765268709,"score_spread":0.2860571317218205,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1996885708","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.45634213,0.0000021711703,0.54310495,0.00027650595,0.00003115429,0.00010579433,0.000008225861,0.0000082372035,0.00012083319],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8601454,0.0000011512691,0.13886927,0.00003811563,0.0008927334,0.000008357371,0.000016353448,0.000016578568,0.0000120344575],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992706,0.0000166967,0.00032104182,0.00012480127,0.0001310368,0.00013580914],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99904674,0.0000064155706,0.00042688518,0.00017893402,0.0002465038,0.00009451045],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00010825879,0.00009641295,0.00022160553,0.000050098035,0.000055107022,0.000022579594,0.00015318787,0.000011513442,0.0000126499],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000034579505,0.00008983719,0.000075104195,0.00039014846,0.00012210189,0.0001819567,0.00002207108,0.00012220016,0.000002892486],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005731943,0.0004421918,0.0010707958,0.000009024784,0.00004275976,3.480906e-7,0.000804252,0.006322248,0.75138986,0.15248558,0.00045085556,0.08692475],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002555701,0.0011632448,0.00044663163,0.00006251657,0.00003983375,0.000005582989,0.00069839484,0.000044874367,0.97924674,0.016735213,0.0011618187,0.00013959626],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001213861,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.6062962e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4042357,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000042990385,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000100839585,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.36634544},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1998197600","doi":"10.1119/1.2772289","title":"On some applications of Galilean electrodynamics of moving bodies","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Galilean; Electromagnetism; Physics; Classical electromagnetism; Classical mechanics; Galilean invariance; Electric current; Magnetic field; Gauge (firearms); Gauge theory; Theoretical physics; Quantum electrodynamics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.0030113427761975257,"score_gpt":0.2407380272713361,"score_spread":0.2377266844951386,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1998197600","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8179498,0.000030583215,0.17984517,0.00006373429,0.000038808706,0.00006637315,0.000017685767,0.000004853947,0.0019830335],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986013,0.000011661443,0.0010002835,0.000039521976,0.00029208613,0.000001403858,0.000005019964,0.000018575553,0.000030126052],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988372,0.000027010827,0.00052270753,0.000099984616,0.00027036108,0.00024277785],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981714,0.00022718022,0.0011070915,0.00018477254,0.0002267747,0.00008277965],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00020707019,0.00013210757,0.00042290168,0.000081481245,0.000041790117,0.0000065528443,0.00022768893,0.000015493064,0.000010431167],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008077408,0.00011659178,0.00023702704,0.00029882463,0.00026175356,0.00010139566,0.000019608644,0.00026989332,0.0000023955147],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009936414,0.0005008417,0.0027406584,0.000014638849,0.00018482216,7.2048255e-7,0.00020345185,0.0007535627,0.020963723,0.7721577,0.00004803974,0.20233244],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001495255,0.005560786,0.0073792464,0.00020133842,0.00039540304,0.000008334936,0.003606934,0.0057896916,0.116865985,0.8572593,0.0007231746,0.00071455236],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000039796298,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000025115419,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.2016179,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004256534,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00011792518,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.47544748},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1998635660","doi":"10.1119/1.4885376","title":"Analytic time-dependent solutions of the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Redeemer University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Harmonic oscillator; Wave packet; Free particle; Hermite polynomials; Schrödinger equation; Quantum mechanics; Gaussian; Mathematical analysis; Constant (computer programming); Mathematical physics; Classical mechanics; Mathematics; Quantum","score_opus":0.015434872014452296,"score_gpt":0.22782931730369615,"score_spread":0.21239444528924387,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1998635660","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.97439754,0.000018171953,0.023564609,0.00040354385,0.00017319723,0.00007999451,0.0000144731175,0.0000056056147,0.0013428763],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99879336,5.627613e-7,0.0004162881,0.000056216388,0.00061206357,0.0000012534341,0.0000025405502,0.00001419467,0.00010350452],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988185,0.000102234044,0.00036980852,0.000109331835,0.00041800473,0.0001821195],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983512,0.0001720648,0.0008759746,0.00023692254,0.00029791144,0.00006588885],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00027365383,0.00012244018,0.00032139482,0.000038212733,0.00012526939,0.000025947555,0.0002561919,0.0000111663385,0.00008745797],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000012747658,0.000089827015,0.0002912671,0.00031022422,0.0001865372,0.00013842926,0.00008292331,0.00019726447,0.000020935246],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008877347,0.001896702,0.029057212,0.0000248615,0.0014303377,8.804274e-7,0.0007947171,0.030971343,0.24119273,0.23266199,0.0012760072,0.46060443],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005330045,0.0033902586,0.030942956,0.001156068,0.0023938068,0.000017034032,0.0015748222,0.16507365,0.33488315,0.45036495,0.0028866148,0.0019866356],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000071437404,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.910834e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4586178,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000029199504,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001306473,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.36630395},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2000183848","doi":"10.1119/1.2717222","title":"Quantum mechanical versus semiclassical tunneling and decay times","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Molecular Junctions and Nanostructures","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Northern British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"WKB approximation; Semiclassical physics; Quantum tunnelling; Physics; Quantum; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.006778997835549911,"score_gpt":0.22733770020689667,"score_spread":0.22055870237134675,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2000183848","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8168432,0.00021644444,0.18211108,0.000031948595,0.00047771313,0.00001777547,0.0000011701179,0.000022487067,0.0002781452],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.996265,0.00006901017,0.0032829759,0.000024376293,0.00033780865,1.3558079e-7,4.4776507e-7,0.000017276765,0.000002953333],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99944776,0.0000127618905,0.00019273166,0.000058637015,0.00013792631,0.00015015969],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99959946,0.00009949645,0.00007525973,0.000071775816,0.000045458244,0.00010856481],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000120235105,0.000088745655,0.00017827474,0.000043491757,0.000031402386,0.000015216109,0.000068291265,0.000022680038,0.000007831699],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000014977353,0.00007585756,0.00006975637,0.00015892947,0.00007042043,0.000061357125,0.000013534843,0.00021133438,0.000002058347],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00039253593,0.000055426975,0.0002074375,0.000019868927,0.00040398518,0.000114574905,0.00034277077,0.00490947,0.27524838,0.030138766,0.0014608909,0.6867059],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0067670117,0.0055296156,0.005721643,0.00027882523,0.00076669245,0.0011819158,0.00424979,0.06949248,0.85927814,0.020146655,0.024701158,0.0018860777],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003250874,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000012835924,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6848198,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000025788182,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000014090152,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.30933815},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2000705665","doi":"10.1119/1.1643370","title":"Jacobi’s 1842 solution of the inverse-square problem","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Robotic Mechanisms and Dynamics","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Royal Military College of Canada; Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre","funders":"","keywords":"Square (algebra); Memoir; Simple (philosophy); Inverse; Inverse problem; Inverse-square law; Physics; Applied mathematics; Calculus (dental); Algebra over a field; Pure mathematics; Mathematics; Classical mechanics; Epistemology; Mathematical analysis; Art history; History; Philosophy; Geometry","score_opus":0.00599340246109742,"score_gpt":0.18604892560391056,"score_spread":0.18005552314281315,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2000705665","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.18157773,0.00003456479,0.81691957,0.00018895276,0.00037504864,0.00007742043,0.0000041730264,0.000020482617,0.00080204115],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.94225943,0.000030664756,0.057518516,0.00004462484,0.00011946428,5.952828e-7,3.8697527e-7,0.000016857646,0.000009432006],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994123,0.000014650896,0.00023194693,0.00004129605,0.00018114329,0.00011864526],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99951285,0.000012998015,0.00022479151,0.00012594268,0.000078142926,0.000045251058],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007646021,0.00007983225,0.00018260881,0.000021938129,0.000027635342,0.000007072439,0.00016051375,0.000016139811,0.000003302149],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000064509063,0.000057473353,0.000120101126,0.00022978398,0.000081148595,0.00009203062,0.000017760221,0.00016247421,0.000002669868],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000048180455,0.000030190462,0.00008647921,0.000021512476,0.000041718078,0.0000016031985,0.00048080814,0.9713467,0.008173675,0.006365945,0.00017411607,0.013272469],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0075095408,0.0054084016,0.008869218,0.0026688748,0.00094079954,0.00053932803,0.008527148,0.42490345,0.09473025,0.44169578,0.0019713175,0.0022358953],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000025635809,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009330298,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.76068175,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007538689,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000056644527,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.23436953},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2002757165","doi":"10.1119/1.2815365","title":"Oersted Medal Lecture 2007: Interactive simulations for teaching physics: What works, what doesn’t, and why","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","field":"Engineering","cited_by":106,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Kavli Foundation","keywords":"Medal; Physics; Variety (cybernetics); Interactive Learning; Physics education; Process (computing); Engineering physics; Mathematics education; Multimedia; Computer science; Quantum mechanics; Psychology","score_opus":0.006840405979062382,"score_gpt":0.24377301490888112,"score_spread":0.23693260892981874,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2002757165","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.496514,0.0031513502,0.49902102,0.00011230717,0.00095322414,0.00013399938,0.0000032316227,0.00007904885,0.000031813197],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98172975,0.0009576343,0.016119555,0.00016669705,0.000942723,0.000004075832,0.0000066607313,0.00006893636,0.0000039788406],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991614,0.000039063743,0.00026461092,0.00012268838,0.00017728911,0.00023492056],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99914056,0.00036185543,0.00018676429,0.00012340213,0.000080623126,0.00010680909],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000075138436,0.00020919387,0.00035234515,0.000060930008,0.00012097209,0.0002100595,0.00012830565,0.000031820433,0.0000061413934],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003758369,0.00020253623,0.00012556642,0.00016129817,0.00013465872,0.0033695945,0.000024392259,0.0005885556,0.0000014930916],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002680263,0.000035097597,0.00010112324,0.000015513942,0.00021813736,0.000006609848,0.0064889695,0.8160208,0.009126782,0.000028666474,0.00017103797,0.1677605],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0032882672,0.0016985086,0.0005900876,0.004574282,0.00031652136,0.00038398083,0.0543848,0.8806815,0.041368958,0.0015645695,0.009471179,0.0016773532],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000051859547,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.3030703e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.48521575,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001426351,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000019187975,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.82591873},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2002759302","doi":"10.1119/1.1555891","title":"The Dirac equation with a confining potential","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Spectral Theory in Mathematical Physics","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Redeemer University; McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Dirac equation; Dirac (video compression format); Classical mechanics; Two-body Dirac equations; Theoretical physics; Quantum electrodynamics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.0275073888313148,"score_gpt":0.29305195037024784,"score_spread":0.265544561538933,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2002759302","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.4139083,0.000029235907,0.57927245,0.00023314788,0.000143353,0.00012289884,0.0000011400198,0.000023285977,0.0062661567],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.96714014,0.000009171297,0.032486767,0.00006257795,0.00021784283,0.000002362215,1.5952605e-7,0.000030333757,0.000050630966],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99862486,0.00021128214,0.00038465855,0.0000857724,0.00046579653,0.0002276071],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99730814,0.0012506272,0.00087937026,0.00024358144,0.00023957355,0.000078734694],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006838646,0.00014045578,0.00031610578,0.000018998997,0.00015487024,0.000061378254,0.00022887246,0.000014054417,0.000015937783],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00045607312,0.00008060303,0.000129024,0.0002807833,0.00039606376,0.00014485464,0.000012225548,0.00028030816,0.000010674495],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000064472,0.00011250525,0.000034035904,0.00000781483,0.0001261817,0.000009574313,0.00053509657,0.00017163643,0.00085524097,0.9816461,0.00008717597,0.016350139],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00033402306,0.00059065555,0.000027899303,0.000052530395,0.00011060027,0.0000840006,0.0015423957,0.00023936616,0.0044511403,0.9921712,0.00026773114,0.00012843913],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000014404873,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.043579e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.55323184,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004274558,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009266453,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3286896},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2003927569","doi":"10.1119/1.4819168","title":"On the connection between image formation formulas in geometrical optics and beam transformation formulas in wave optics","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université de Moncton","funders":"","keywords":"Paraxial approximation; Physics; Geometrical optics; Optics; Gaussian optics; Diffraction; Physical optics; Fresnel diffraction; Fourier optics; Connection (principal bundle); Fourier transform; Transformation optics; Fresnel number; Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy); Image formation; Transformation (genetics); Image plane; Beam (structure); Geometry; Quantum mechanics; Image (mathematics); Mathematics; Metamaterial","score_opus":0.01069899416550383,"score_gpt":0.2279627155545031,"score_spread":0.21726372138899927,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2003927569","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9518743,0.0000060083266,0.0462944,0.00054026756,0.000050551957,0.00026408126,0.000010187644,0.000004344505,0.00095583126],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99811274,0.0000143273255,0.0015632773,0.00005809354,0.00020515085,0.000010035694,0.000013418138,0.000016481305,0.00000648492],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99873036,0.0000543078,0.0005763863,0.00009212346,0.0002918237,0.000255015],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998857,0.0003438163,0.00045268043,0.00012056742,0.00014683919,0.000079078905],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002897491,0.0001643085,0.0003128528,0.0002069276,0.000064975924,0.00009804708,0.00012082222,0.000027531985,0.00001696077],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000027780474,0.00012256247,0.0000985652,0.00062330806,0.00011643986,0.0010506541,0.000028015114,0.00041581067,0.000011230686],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00017792018,0.0013741264,0.026520329,0.000109942244,0.00032535935,0.000010052612,0.014184092,0.008447186,0.0052167657,0.25944272,0.00029724816,0.6838943],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007992221,0.0076181176,0.09145592,0.00061261613,0.0003335471,0.00005437042,0.043222077,0.18155229,0.07415247,0.59103274,0.00024151363,0.0017321171],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007606282,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000017276535,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6821621,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00010270394,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002966888,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.49979526},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2005767189","doi":"10.1119/1.1630332","title":"Estimating the order of magnitude of derivatives in physics by means of characteristic lengths and times","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf","funders":"","keywords":"Magnitude (astronomy); Physics; Order (exchange); Statistical physics; Astrophysics","score_opus":0.004838316420231014,"score_gpt":0.24646904090924163,"score_spread":0.2416307244890106,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2005767189","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9773079,0.00009641992,0.020884683,0.000085877575,0.000028862398,0.00006840209,0.00003783355,0.0000014412586,0.0014885596],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99591297,0.000009812619,0.003921759,0.000014618497,0.00012181162,0.0000019588456,0.0000025013471,0.000011859453,0.0000027243739],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991402,0.00004851648,0.0004237803,0.00008381344,0.00017653,0.00012716129],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987109,0.00017165566,0.00081206276,0.00010207116,0.00017184192,0.000031519583],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009287063,0.00013327789,0.0004931202,0.00001706002,0.000034614317,0.0000054933325,0.0001456688,0.0000073438455,0.000007631051],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000014484968,0.00009289128,0.00009333811,0.00025184985,0.00094731385,0.00011328465,0.00006436364,0.00014419871,3.244014e-7],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00017382513,0.0021436426,0.024827052,0.0001344989,0.00083976454,0.0000013817099,0.02120125,0.0039269063,0.18775538,0.6544722,0.000020879295,0.104503244],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0014007883,0.0011364646,0.0035725674,0.00044726385,0.00014087003,0.0000014198034,0.010396968,0.0005066681,0.3217501,0.6603841,0.0000060260263,0.0002567072],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00011486041,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.4520747e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.13399473,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000010313104,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000043278927,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.37879965},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2005987134","doi":"10.1119/1.1701845","title":"The inertia tensor of a magic cube","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Winnipeg Foundation","keywords":"Moment of inertia; Physics; Pillar; Inertia; MAGIC (telescope); Cube (algebra); Symmetry (geometry); Tensor (intrinsic definition); Rotational symmetry; Rotary inertia; Classical mechanics; Geometry; Quantum mechanics; Mechanics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.005051858235222504,"score_gpt":0.2563094625777065,"score_spread":0.25125760434248395,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2005987134","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.33148763,0.0000483706,0.66327477,0.0010695056,0.000050736744,0.00008455172,0.000012161285,0.000005057992,0.003967263],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99170214,0.0000075179096,0.007970717,0.000030944888,0.00023455186,0.0000019462805,4.3132349e-7,0.000008157827,0.00004356414],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994844,0.000011520397,0.0002457834,0.000043624616,0.000108872664,0.000105752486],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99912435,0.000116472555,0.00044294307,0.00014255094,0.00012723009,0.000046446814],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006639774,0.00006448594,0.00017927041,0.000007504746,0.000060780156,0.000010020725,0.00016722627,0.0000036244762,0.000011133947],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008005069,0.000038409184,0.00011812689,0.00017672563,0.00029478862,0.00005798877,0.000020210617,0.000105632826,0.0000071080967],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000012504889,0.00011001409,0.00016080552,0.0000021001188,0.00005090515,2.2989873e-7,0.00017446448,0.0009821674,0.0015822536,0.90396124,0.0000373907,0.09292589],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00025910678,0.00016415316,0.00013466536,0.00002450505,0.000033603494,0.0000024223466,0.0017480206,0.000025560845,0.008761808,0.9862564,0.0025247997,0.00006495447],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000011826582,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.895397e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.66021454,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009247403,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004256582,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1566281},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2006825489","doi":"10.1119/1.1333098","title":"Exact temperature profile for the <i>hillingar</i> mirage","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Curvature; Physics; Quadratic equation; Bundle; Temperature gradient; Surface (topology); Optics; Geometry; Mathematical analysis; Mathematics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.009674286745354466,"score_gpt":0.2296097424608742,"score_spread":0.21993545571551973,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2006825489","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8650974,0.002936817,0.12720586,0.0008859094,0.0010426994,0.00041122054,0.00003083345,0.00010883084,0.0022804237],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9959102,0.00042521543,0.002505992,0.00016061949,0.0008684088,0.00000900764,9.746941e-7,0.000029284463,0.00009028277],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99943745,0.000015909493,0.00019880706,0.000053335785,0.00014985721,0.00014461626],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993129,0.0002382983,0.00014565315,0.00011429231,0.00014964286,0.000039225702],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00013253596,0.00010443799,0.00020530105,0.000021081458,0.000087876986,0.000029811164,0.0001520791,0.00001233094,0.0000033988292],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000034828277,0.00006787338,0.00011944714,0.00023845438,0.00008958767,0.000110512854,0.000007764142,0.00019959964,0.0000053084505],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00011127652,0.00011447689,0.0020167215,0.00010368772,0.0016919542,0.000040266503,0.00493721,0.2501028,0.104054555,0.0010295922,0.10075248,0.53504497],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0044661975,0.0032552572,0.010533551,0.0004356808,0.000967756,0.0008999037,0.016206576,0.092441805,0.2749484,0.006431602,0.5877961,0.0016172072],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000014905287,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.8383817e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5334278,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000043552984,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000021720067,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2767796},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2008988247","doi":"10.1119/1.1575765","title":"What happens to energy and momentum when two oppositely-moving wave pulses overlap?","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Royal Military College of Canada; Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Superposition principle; Amplitude; Momentum (technical analysis); Classical mechanics; Quantum electrodynamics; Conservation of energy; Energy–momentum relation; Electromagnetic radiation; Computational physics; Theoretical physics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.008462589754705742,"score_gpt":0.24391788692072205,"score_spread":0.23545529716601632,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2008988247","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8905089,0.0006843731,0.03960373,0.00082155684,0.00074168295,0.00014639295,0.000019726143,0.000017151999,0.06745649],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977461,0.000037614114,0.0012651127,0.00035155227,0.00041860197,0.0000041850913,0.0000017453176,0.000023190347,0.00015188825],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989816,0.000072074086,0.00027276404,0.00017037221,0.00022052419,0.0002826694],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991955,0.00009405411,0.00025433095,0.00013375824,0.00010310021,0.0002192357],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008450955,0.00020113544,0.00040181619,0.00003550162,0.00012832074,0.0001250058,0.000108472785,0.0000073196875,0.00004569922],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000045083416,0.0001683625,0.00014065293,0.00015581677,0.0002597465,0.00041266967,0.0000897628,0.000115928975,0.000005007152],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000029861581,0.00023971987,0.0017572202,0.0000026753855,0.00024303708,0.0000050742356,0.0016685918,0.000037032656,0.0074881907,0.93691456,0.00024005728,0.05137396],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00070155197,0.0008561162,0.00007405606,0.00012889746,0.00009377504,0.000010918482,0.014744204,0.00005866148,0.08214966,0.8970704,0.0037093207,0.00040242646],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000096737545,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.1421035e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.10723721,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003075333,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003189789,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.68656236},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2009644986","doi":"10.1119/1.4816689","title":"Generalization of Torricelli's parabola to problems with a moving source","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Parabola; Physics; Generalization; Shot (pellet); Spherical shell; Classical mechanics; Shell (structure); Mechanics; Mathematical analysis; Optics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.0027698972612457884,"score_gpt":0.1643696711985054,"score_spread":0.1615997739372596,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2009644986","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.6551948,0.000024020084,0.34461597,0.00002222022,0.00004774927,0.000051170824,8.4425375e-7,0.000010280745,0.000032966876],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9895115,0.000032153348,0.010256513,0.000041442305,0.0001103797,0.0000023073449,0.0000010937155,0.000024402098,0.000020222898],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994469,0.000006695196,0.00021651236,0.000051028703,0.00016047999,0.00011837262],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99946785,0.000007608179,0.00019934653,0.00008991123,0.00015917938,0.000076105316],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005148097,0.00008581632,0.00019532326,0.00005257441,0.00001283214,0.000017897648,0.00010135686,0.000011590745,0.000007740467],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000020766988,0.000066756475,0.000040533054,0.00036936623,0.000021825092,0.0001070833,0.00000981707,0.00007000917,0.0000026836626],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000011039334,0.000047287867,0.0018107104,0.00003256126,0.00008562937,0.0000020590523,0.00093822036,0.7792438,0.082538575,0.00032381582,0.00023380194,0.13473246],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00085075066,0.0023618292,0.0074115694,0.00048784594,0.0001669647,0.00009070456,0.0021983297,0.9473893,0.032660194,0.0015048357,0.0039659464,0.0009117009],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006227799,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000030049391,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.33435944,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000029092682,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000017572062,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.272225},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2009681546","doi":"10.1119/1.4898780","title":"The gravity tunnel in a non-uniform Earth","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","field":"Engineering","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Earth (classical element); Aerospace engineering; Classical mechanics; Astrobiology; Mechanics; Theoretical physics; Astronomy; Engineering","score_opus":0.006858603225668844,"score_gpt":0.206404003394347,"score_spread":0.19954540016867817,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2009681546","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.91480714,0.00014903604,0.08332585,0.0001528316,0.0004457461,0.000044109278,0.0000015258321,0.00004485874,0.0010288926],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982687,0.00004086902,0.0014828561,0.00001775107,0.00016164998,7.9239516e-7,2.2092502e-7,0.000013222787,0.00001391156],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99941903,0.000011755778,0.00019297661,0.000038797047,0.00016657794,0.00017083857],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99960643,0.000058779744,0.00006454461,0.000116899486,0.000051691546,0.00010165413],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00017689567,0.00008726139,0.00017575959,0.00002905843,0.000022203803,0.00002540919,0.00017913211,0.000016884962,3.7643548e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000030221905,0.000059166676,0.00006221355,0.00025175363,0.000076934935,0.000079414,0.0000131827355,0.0003286686,0.0000024903281],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000017872282,0.000015109887,0.00014051718,0.000005790724,0.000035427125,0.000012249705,0.0003503759,0.87911314,0.000671314,0.0014038496,0.00038794664,0.11784642],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005784628,0.003970602,0.09366602,0.00041796995,0.00015943572,0.0007011812,0.009023357,0.6112887,0.0074168933,0.18994492,0.075356476,0.002269768],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003125734,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000014245679,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.26782438,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000039869952,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000027946266,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2412747},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2013216788","doi":"10.1119/1.1778393","title":"The physics of bat echolocation: Signal processing techniques","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Bat Biology and Ecology Studies","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Birmingham; York University","keywords":"Human echolocation; Physics; SIGNAL (programming language); Signal processing; Acoustics; Digital signal processing; Computer science; Computer hardware","score_opus":0.015345302626438247,"score_gpt":0.24278344399759344,"score_spread":0.2274381413711552,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2013216788","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9953128,0.00028935855,0.0008785026,0.0031441248,0.000050940478,0.000050624556,0.0000027891033,0.000012799213,0.0002580399],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99843556,0.00016302562,0.00072112476,0.0001997816,0.0004684538,0.0000020837294,9.4273634e-7,6.0085665e-7,0.000008452924],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994356,0.000045264223,0.00021817641,0.000069596426,0.00009682131,0.00013454119],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990896,0.00014771179,0.00050068524,0.000027119371,0.00020847905,0.000026424592],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00020570745,0.00007549249,0.00019362621,0.0000029969374,0.0002499841,0.000010481198,0.0002146837,0.000025615522,0.000003331982],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000014687987,0.000023696159,0.00008697508,0.00025597835,0.0006706634,0.000095170435,0.00003102201,0.00015052488,0.000001768146],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000034349006,0.0000810845,0.0034839187,0.0000017464504,0.000034911154,0.0000011060893,0.0001631252,0.000020636482,0.029101323,0.00085568894,0.00007308335,0.96614903],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00077046757,0.013443373,0.26048157,0.0003001077,0.00025918594,0.00016711303,0.013311313,0.00003845415,0.52832717,0.16686404,0.015225021,0.00081217085],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000019279012,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000017150018,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.96533686,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000018156963,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000025823432,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.24710873},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2016204770","doi":"10.1119/1.1924489","title":"Tipping time of a quantum rod","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Northern British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Physics; Dimensionless quantity; Scale (ratio); Center of mass (relativistic); Length scale; Quantum; Classical mechanics; Mechanics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.00489077079894416,"score_gpt":0.24283766414622765,"score_spread":0.2379468933472835,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2016204770","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.20474699,0.000014650106,0.79430073,0.00008175293,0.00003984556,0.000025014999,0.000026601436,0.0000028913107,0.00076151034],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98046356,0.0000030194192,0.019013006,0.000035302673,0.00043948714,4.5357785e-7,0.0000020238008,0.0000146043585,0.000028566918],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992945,0.000026292113,0.00031089925,0.00006914318,0.00015503823,0.00014410833],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99903226,0.00008448919,0.0005650567,0.00010752829,0.00013670897,0.0000739334],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008091136,0.00009243521,0.00031143677,0.000024155172,0.000026655312,0.0000072005573,0.0001402254,0.000006969881,0.000079697274],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006650952,0.00008062689,0.00012521594,0.00014389181,0.000079671816,0.000102699625,0.000021850781,0.00014420475,0.000014295202],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000030650757,0.00015661554,0.00013676041,0.000002852028,0.00008635249,0.0000011909032,0.00023021884,0.0026911523,0.007835456,0.3472478,0.00003616647,0.64154476],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013322282,0.001722614,0.00044595677,0.00017363169,0.00018374137,0.000012456583,0.0014054936,0.37361124,0.013081963,0.60461557,0.0028549342,0.0005601821],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008508122,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.3984645e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.77571654,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000017581357,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000046835048,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3287869},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2018874498","doi":"10.1119/1.2772277","title":"Einstein’s 1934 two-blackboard derivation of energy-mass equivalence","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Winnipeg","funders":"","keywords":"Einstein; Equivalence (formal languages); Physics; Blackboard (design pattern); Energy–momentum relation; Theoretical physics; Context (archaeology); Epistemology; Mathematical physics; Classical mechanics; Mathematics; Computer science; Philosophy; Pure mathematics; History","score_opus":0.006917595746516572,"score_gpt":0.26493519234105256,"score_spread":0.258017596594536,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2018874498","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.17672418,0.000015420941,0.8216987,0.000021194463,0.00011465355,0.000022717128,0.00001913135,0.00000349353,0.0013804865],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.967727,0.0000075203325,0.031806044,0.00004577536,0.0003684668,5.820992e-7,0.000004737257,0.000019184972,0.000020677739],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99888587,0.000031613265,0.0004718831,0.000106650936,0.00027564168,0.00022837029],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99840754,0.00017027232,0.00088266283,0.00015332276,0.00027233083,0.00011387152],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00019319794,0.00013263575,0.00034212618,0.00004395534,0.00004014505,0.000010107077,0.0001972886,0.000011451657,0.00002697988],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000011065893,0.00012047719,0.00014221144,0.00026818644,0.00014637609,0.00014148431,0.000026076143,0.00015615998,0.0000016587736],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000052298943,0.00007733483,0.0006008763,0.0000036000197,0.000059364607,0.0000030871315,0.00006998914,0.0010036282,0.02203427,0.5877243,0.0000051870256,0.38836607],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0012135903,0.0013604771,0.00087860937,0.00013327395,0.00012522776,0.000005452327,0.0014161074,0.012750084,0.07199085,0.90894425,0.00073215825,0.00044991722],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000050782455,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000013543516,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7910028,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000034626297,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000059737944,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.49129173},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2019507035","doi":"10.1119/1.2976792","title":"A free-electron calculation for quantum size effects in the properties of metallic islands on surfaces","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Surface and Thin Film Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Trent University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Condensed matter physics; Electron; Perpendicular; Quantum; Free electron model; Thermal conduction; Fermi energy; Substrate (aquarium); Plane (geometry); Thin film; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.015122450682640152,"score_gpt":0.23816243269693954,"score_spread":0.2230399820142994,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2019507035","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99840224,0.000089302106,0.0009547334,0.00012323326,0.00005617893,0.00015767074,0.0000072987414,0.0000023136429,0.00020704043],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994937,0.000007195573,0.0002165567,0.000058188518,0.00018297588,0.000008328289,0.0000016878765,0.000012274339,0.000019047355],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.999178,0.000108183565,0.00025615352,0.00007986967,0.00021764965,0.00016015864],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99899584,0.00031855705,0.00042197405,0.00015237727,0.00008729676,0.000023935701],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002085885,0.00011366306,0.00032667513,0.000028247858,0.00005788889,0.0000097908905,0.0002141802,0.000009122393,0.0000024873991],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000022284039,0.00006969847,0.00016196097,0.00022017756,0.00011489738,0.00011260866,0.0000139493195,0.00015046466,8.203489e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0041148127,0.0065050833,0.21468711,0.00037470588,0.0032476697,0.000023403527,0.087707825,0.025495863,0.3835661,0.17955925,0.0030693095,0.091648854],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01136692,0.01922968,0.09569039,0.0007776887,0.0006785173,0.000023932183,0.011764782,0.007004144,0.6465225,0.20417172,0.0013764774,0.0013932541],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000116001516,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000013113909,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.26295638,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000015549964,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006987034,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.28422213},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2019801347","doi":"10.1119/1.3607436","title":"The refractive anamorphic viewer of J.-F. Niceron: Reconstructing a 17th century optical toy","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Architecture and Art History Studies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Replica; Ray tracing (physics); Perspective (graphical); Physics; Optics; Refraction; Tracing; Computer graphics (images); Visual arts; Computer science; Art","score_opus":0.03189650573097868,"score_gpt":0.2125235419852026,"score_spread":0.1806270362542239,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2019801347","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8722661,0.0016707698,0.0004409218,0.0005845957,0.0015767,0.00012218408,0.00001243227,0.000017029346,0.123309255],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99787986,0.00019283553,0.0008326776,0.00013136759,0.00082616415,0.0000010752625,1.9781046e-7,0.000011826461,0.00012396641],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99917525,0.00006905568,0.00033750007,0.000078238314,0.00017768006,0.00016226833],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99865776,0.00018421531,0.0007320278,0.00013007617,0.0002459172,0.000050008995],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001753062,0.000108367545,0.0003034158,0.000030337189,0.00035189197,0.000014226462,0.0001817542,0.000008081871,0.0000794533],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000415103,0.0000652912,0.00016514804,0.000046368816,0.0015085604,0.0001406301,0.0000415909,0.00026208753,0.000005871482],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00028495016,0.0001502833,0.00075703306,0.000014093835,0.0005499815,0.000015157352,0.17847934,0.000004837821,0.00018866378,0.09393861,0.0015402165,0.7240768],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008577139,0.0045410176,0.0021543228,0.00031971783,0.000547351,0.0001255601,0.22860487,0.00002221223,0.0022481082,0.027587203,0.732336,0.00065592903],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000045866553,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000044125773,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7307958,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002610303,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000052303072,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.55583537},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2020103759","doi":"10.1119/1.3243281","title":"Rapid calculation of individual ion Madelung constants and their convergence to bulk values","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Thermodynamic and Structural Properties of Metals and Alloys","field":"Engineering","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Madelung constant; Physics; Coulomb; Ion; Measure (data warehouse); Convergence (economics); Constant (computer programming); Quantum mechanics; Lattice energy; Chemistry; Crystal structure","score_opus":0.009559981919640597,"score_gpt":0.20861396922016914,"score_spread":0.19905398730052853,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2020103759","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.993713,0.0004306935,0.005579031,0.000057203964,0.00009581837,0.000031001277,0.0000069751295,0.0000079002275,0.000078358986],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990483,0.00017369464,0.0006260882,0.000059314007,0.000083265586,1.0542705e-7,7.287101e-7,0.000005677523,0.000002861064],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.999542,0.000017122908,0.00019622111,0.000044689034,0.00011163836,0.0000883232],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99971455,0.000018048568,0.000108089676,0.00005073171,0.000050666487,0.000057907415],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008064486,0.0000811756,0.00021433945,0.000025411478,0.0000204524,0.0000100597745,0.000088108645,0.000011555753,0.0000052927276],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000059240347,0.000056606706,0.000047429083,0.00008616439,0.00007110684,0.00010136496,0.000008680666,0.00007701384,3.962392e-7],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003586309,0.000009339974,0.00013026712,0.000009026292,0.00007449061,0.0000012068716,0.0016350619,0.016556567,0.12846558,0.00029014502,0.0000474419,0.852745],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003746868,0.010682742,0.2766513,0.0011616716,0.00046135669,0.0003264773,0.013863616,0.20543934,0.45969397,0.024143511,0.001503274,0.0023258617],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000032299217,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.78295e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.85041916,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009587561,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000090510675,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.23083545},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2020202333","doi":"10.1119/1.1424266","title":"A calculation of the time-of-flight distribution of trapped atoms","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":32,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"York University","keywords":"Physics; Isotropy; SIGNAL (programming language); Distribution (mathematics); Coordinate system; Anisotropy; Transformation (genetics); Classical mechanics; Basis (linear algebra); Statistical physics; Simple (philosophy); Cloud computing; Computational physics; Mathematical analysis; Geometry; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.007973436468430135,"score_gpt":0.21599595901452698,"score_spread":0.20802252254609685,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2020202333","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99537575,0.00004580808,0.0039795837,0.000109079694,0.00005576347,0.00006690722,0.000053671723,0.0000017379538,0.00031172132],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996747,0.0000044723197,0.000082215294,0.0000065907752,0.00017939157,7.2165875e-7,0.0000050963,0.000008767777,0.000038089012],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.999038,0.000055640256,0.0004526342,0.0000719176,0.00027273034,0.00010911823],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981136,0.000078047044,0.0013262121,0.00018532677,0.00025925518,0.00003758022],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000836741,0.00010393337,0.00036774328,0.000019479136,0.000034241843,0.000006085716,0.0001953864,0.000011817424,0.000053215947],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000043521704,0.00007370094,0.00033634415,0.00040463902,0.00022620878,0.00009624807,0.000029492106,0.00011286564,0.0000020750165],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00010072483,0.001658855,0.09482972,0.000062326646,0.00091611285,0.000001080196,0.0029820837,0.0018166718,0.18308163,0.05883241,0.0012152222,0.65450317],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0021302446,0.0012687441,0.05180928,0.00053201785,0.0006045161,0.000004677105,0.0010012059,0.016426457,0.8976306,0.025981879,0.0021022283,0.00050816505],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000055919147,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.40703e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.71454895,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000014910618,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000402987,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.30054373},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2023033110","doi":"10.1119/1.1456069","title":"The quantum pendulum: Small and large","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum, superfluid, helium dynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":35,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo; Wilfrid Laurier University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Pendulum; Classical mechanics; Quantum; Double pendulum; Measure (data warehouse); Position (finance); Statistical physics; Chaotic; Gravitation; Inverted pendulum; Quantum mechanics; Computer science; Nonlinear system","score_opus":0.00917555941565575,"score_gpt":0.21442627103655226,"score_spread":0.2052507116208965,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2023033110","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.97888005,0.00036436116,0.018606098,0.0007101325,0.00023326416,0.000059863774,0.000021893318,0.000008627718,0.0011157244],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985107,0.00012749048,0.00043648036,0.000102703365,0.00067001267,0.0000016098329,0.0000013982424,0.000025627549,0.00012393328],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99895674,0.00008472317,0.00032728218,0.000116080446,0.00019810989,0.00031705757],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989529,0.0001932701,0.00038108008,0.0002123959,0.00013042496,0.00012991489],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00021252864,0.0001538291,0.0002786633,0.000024561748,0.00022015149,0.000080853,0.00026843548,0.000011703867,0.00005521516],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009514839,0.000108955326,0.00014568005,0.00019583294,0.0002539793,0.00014779798,0.00006119073,0.0003420212,0.000027036882],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004453586,0.0004917701,0.09313016,0.000010310924,0.0004197268,0.000017773033,0.0023780535,0.000075886135,0.0009749868,0.25721014,0.00329176,0.6419549],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.010677082,0.00813348,0.051595133,0.00050045975,0.001387427,0.0003796148,0.05580694,0.30409813,0.0030612613,0.28477198,0.27541903,0.0041694464],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007251603,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004269536,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.63778543,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001849148,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000031267773,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.44430694},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2024115582","doi":"10.1119/1.1632486","title":"Unified equations for the slope, intercept, and standard errors of the best straight line","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1255,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Line (geometry); Least-squares function approximation; Unification; Standard error; Point (geometry); Set (abstract data type); Non-sampling error; Applied mathematics; Physics; Observational error; Systematic error; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Statistics; Geometry; Computer science","score_opus":0.01791943171775219,"score_gpt":0.2651140590045571,"score_spread":0.2471946272868049,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2024115582","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.44821957,0.00005511076,0.5487652,0.00203536,0.0001872734,0.00017226252,0.00006744073,0.0000022210218,0.000495604],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9947129,0.000040500694,0.005035002,0.00012044006,0.000057614798,0.0000011584575,5.465082e-7,0.000005046234,0.000026777787],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9995405,0.000015440772,0.00016193431,0.000048015587,0.00015601612,0.00007805805],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994143,0.00014508756,0.00028665806,0.000090084846,0.000032650423,0.00003120867],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00013190394,0.000050429273,0.000103898776,0.000006584701,0.00008903651,0.000010813503,0.00015342927,0.000005790837,0.000019302579],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000598922,0.000027675764,0.000048190985,0.0001463484,0.00045263,0.000049654565,0.0000463122,0.00008039082,0.0000013660518],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00011679042,0.00018044245,0.0029193417,0.000013409125,0.00018732467,0.0000020509306,0.0063319784,0.09310974,0.009118529,0.021648189,0.00066854723,0.86570364],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.015037106,0.022501534,0.23004937,0.0014673367,0.0035100915,0.00015067421,0.09901165,0.025360327,0.053736843,0.44932663,0.09753493,0.0023134975],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00010946043,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000494636,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.86339015,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000031363248,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003130648,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1667734},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2024351872","doi":"10.1119/1.1412647","title":"A simple demonstration of Mie scattering using an overhead projector","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Nebraska-Lincoln","keywords":"Overhead projector; Physics; Mie scattering; Simple (philosophy); Optics; Scattering; Projector; Light scattering","score_opus":0.03991104737180704,"score_gpt":0.29493175162808294,"score_spread":0.2550207042562759,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2024351872","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.66934806,0.0000101782025,0.3303721,0.00003714841,0.00006712992,0.000023170884,0.0000013472787,0.0000016128357,0.00013922882],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9907209,0.0000041074395,0.0090102,0.00012695583,0.00012931754,2.4494437e-7,3.195213e-7,0.0000054565676,0.0000024435979],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.999312,0.00005622448,0.00022845929,0.00009204429,0.00018545313,0.00012585231],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99899334,0.000034755547,0.0005489519,0.00014523034,0.00022772387,0.000050020742],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007128779,0.00007540093,0.00018110646,0.000057814443,0.00004144222,0.00003206764,0.00027912302,0.000008383614,0.0000087029575],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009012217,0.00006852665,0.00008949516,0.0002667625,0.00008213382,0.0010813813,0.000029826495,0.000098942655,0.000002388053],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000019643368,0.00033972075,0.003281344,0.000009807733,0.000070281836,0.000012613283,0.0033160248,0.0013446242,0.923499,0.0015684806,0.00011907787,0.06641939],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007555459,0.003981738,0.01702188,0.00019293684,0.000075572214,0.0002789768,0.0027518203,0.29882798,0.6742338,0.0012254199,0.00018235431,0.00047200712],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004807756,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.095696e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.32137287,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003964478,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000039910934,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.27944356},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2025722036","doi":"10.1119/1.2201854","title":"The failure of the Tacoma Bridge: A physical model","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Bridge (graph theory); Physics; Confusion; Deck; Vortex; Instability; Structural engineering; Mechanics; Engineering; Psychology; Psychoanalysis","score_opus":0.00465718268171979,"score_gpt":0.20583121811136193,"score_spread":0.20117403542964213,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2025722036","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99582493,0.000016813223,0.0012983019,0.0016574945,0.00004235128,0.000031897347,0.000003450745,0.0000025244751,0.0011222467],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99919415,0.00000575053,0.0003080609,0.00009533912,0.0002651991,6.9323846e-7,7.262108e-8,0.000006506842,0.00012424629],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99926496,0.00003714717,0.00016460152,0.00006253122,0.00033022458,0.00014055711],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994102,0.00006338502,0.0003395967,0.00014586723,0.000016361315,0.000024583425],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000078394696,0.00007922856,0.00016253308,0.0000035176022,0.00015707771,0.000011458166,0.0003311288,0.0000058888654,0.0000027156382],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008490321,0.000037922862,0.00017457338,0.00021174982,0.00080572616,0.00008382916,0.00011019778,0.00014179428,0.000005957286],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000113451024,0.0012486592,0.11407274,0.000011231727,0.00023897609,0.00001029082,0.00449202,0.2666654,0.11506325,0.009520789,0.11916537,0.36939785],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013458398,0.0011787843,0.7849551,0.000112933645,0.00029525082,0.00006767871,0.0025064184,0.047594804,0.045518596,0.097676665,0.01804136,0.0007066129],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000908922,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000016352617,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.67088234,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002888097,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001549033,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.29687315},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2026547551","doi":"10.1119/1.1579496","title":"Using computer algebra to investigate the motion of an electric charge in magnetic and electric dipole fields","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Computational Physics and Python Applications","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of the Fraser Valley","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Magnetic dipole; Electric field; Dipole; Electric dipole moment; Polarization density; Motion (physics); Magnetic field; Charge (physics); Electric dipole transition; Quantum electrodynamics; Classical mechanics; Quantum mechanics; Magnetization","score_opus":0.014692095538401341,"score_gpt":0.25372891508927087,"score_spread":0.23903681955086953,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2026547551","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.55575067,0.000035692905,0.44392106,0.00019754395,0.000022307402,0.000046883,1.8955494e-7,0.000002449112,0.000023175326],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.96591336,0.000007697169,0.033576064,0.00042371533,0.000071081966,0.0000013953769,1.9284047e-7,0.00000500976,0.0000015070473],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99923736,0.00011448784,0.00023330917,0.00011603459,0.00017160052,0.00012720865],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992966,0.00009927771,0.0002461897,0.00016343886,0.00011492857,0.00007953822],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00020360935,0.000075758435,0.00015919098,0.00009969462,0.000048925802,0.00004174994,0.00026633052,0.000009900683,0.0000010296701],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009750356,0.00006148986,0.000036826994,0.0013206956,0.00003192724,0.00018376047,0.000030352236,0.00013545959,0.0000014164933],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008181234,0.00025319582,0.0013681505,0.000006602184,0.000021845352,0.0000028925167,0.0014802982,0.025442023,0.030968562,0.2782355,0.000056435518,0.66215634],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00040205277,0.0015491785,0.02979349,0.000030805066,0.000024374109,0.00008038146,0.0000369388,0.7553235,0.016370866,0.19598415,0.00015561799,0.00024859203],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000040866176,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000013525579,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7298815,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000020798629,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009385861,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.25074837},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2031559505","doi":"10.1119/1.2978181","title":"A research-based curriculum for teaching the photoelectric effect","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":69,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Photoelectric effect; Peer instruction; Curriculum; Physics education; Computer-Assisted Instruction","score_opus":0.011733437337914564,"score_gpt":0.3194384897857949,"score_spread":0.3077050524478804,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2031559505","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9325051,0.00013949459,0.04737798,0.0005477365,0.00015933464,0.00037651008,0.000012136646,0.000012426341,0.018869324],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981662,0.0000022086474,0.00064709625,0.00007115982,0.0010370493,0.00003131864,0.0000020136602,0.000019376808,0.000023603072],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987256,0.00028525566,0.00021637946,0.00011529369,0.00033309398,0.00032437895],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984944,0.0008316014,0.0002445929,0.00014803451,0.00020362694,0.00007777254],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00056091405,0.00013773398,0.00031859733,0.00003974664,0.00062024506,0.000020162468,0.00028220873,0.0000072440976,0.000008985133],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000024876124,0.000080136386,0.00031494128,0.0003385769,0.001316125,0.000080756785,0.000040621766,0.0005061298,0.000007273548],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002460711,0.0010480328,0.0072947755,0.000015055219,0.00047170708,0.0000057853927,0.0019191094,0.00028442612,0.006342067,0.8949642,0.004807967,0.082600765],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00310426,0.010723268,0.0003462366,0.0001483286,0.00020853183,0.000016674878,0.00693334,0.003119338,0.13033153,0.8406082,0.0038390716,0.0006212433],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009808098,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.4437866e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.123989455,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003529106,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007720484,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.48493177},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2031780023","doi":"10.1119/1.3488987","title":"Thermodynamics of heating a room","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","field":"Engineering","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"Office of Naval Research","keywords":"Thermodynamics; Physics; Ideal gas; Internal energy; Entropy (arrow of time); Heat transfer; Thermodynamic free energy; Mechanics","score_opus":0.003058585564618589,"score_gpt":0.19121301707856478,"score_spread":0.1881544315139462,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2031780023","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.859011,0.000011669542,0.1401542,0.000008413281,0.00017479033,0.000007698791,7.9888656e-7,0.000013069917,0.0006183812],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98330706,0.00001426045,0.016509583,0.000012082295,0.00013994834,2.510638e-7,5.5795624e-7,0.000013308064,0.0000029700605],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9996728,0.000006030457,0.00015148746,0.000024524381,0.00008122244,0.00006397332],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99968797,0.000024254037,0.00013384593,0.00007332257,0.000054398253,0.000026187368],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000056232755,0.000049437316,0.00012811636,0.00002353906,0.000012712997,0.000004926405,0.00008858183,0.000013242919,0.0000045793518],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000060259913,0.000044601984,0.000050847924,0.00014073233,0.000034789606,0.000076353565,0.0000059479594,0.00017076495,1.4985778e-7],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000041325593,0.000014769933,0.00046997974,0.0000045661022,0.0000313367,6.313393e-7,0.00015113567,0.861323,0.025685733,0.0027215418,0.000012088993,0.109581105],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00025699358,0.00024279363,0.0011269044,0.00005161059,0.000039427217,0.00003482291,0.00021221224,0.96679085,0.026821714,0.0040550083,0.00018859238,0.00017909256],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008451279,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000022541078,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.124296054,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000075215585,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001455248,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.18188162},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2033291159","doi":"10.1119/1.2996482","title":"A balsa violin","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Music Technology and Sound Studies","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Curtin University of Technology","keywords":"Violin; Sandpaper; Physics; Scaling; Musical; Acoustics; Visual arts; Art; Geometry; Mathematics","score_opus":0.014714414257812699,"score_gpt":0.23520009669808897,"score_spread":0.22048568244027628,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2033291159","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.49788678,0.00012584834,0.50020695,0.0007578821,0.00019095205,0.000014179426,3.0301965e-7,0.000030976687,0.0007861332],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.97892255,0.0001094156,0.02031461,0.0004607687,0.00015295041,4.4997222e-7,3.1845243e-8,0.0000027334825,0.000036521407],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99944615,0.000031493226,0.0001660284,0.00007632279,0.0001538579,0.00012612388],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993505,0.000059936057,0.00025659715,0.00018540231,0.000107437474,0.000040147686],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000096464355,0.00006422325,0.0002110707,0.00003772019,0.00010853559,0.000007930798,0.00049903843,0.0000132172345,0.0000018897196],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000024822359,0.000050574396,0.00008369776,0.0003362441,0.00032859613,0.00017167025,0.000079792706,0.00017759393,0.0000115377525],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000020975158,0.00023973962,0.010453383,0.000003709614,0.00020732445,0.00033705437,0.009157504,0.000088975954,0.0006669153,0.24381305,0.010641059,0.7243703],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0042099897,0.010549209,0.16282415,0.00023332716,0.0001490458,0.009054883,0.003914116,0.004931636,0.013811556,0.61778784,0.17027551,0.0022587338],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000059920744,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.4082012e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7221116,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000014259012,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006563479,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.20623639},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2033660260","doi":"10.1119/1.1302299","title":"Constants of the motion for nonslipping tippe tops and other tops with round pegs","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Control and Dynamics of Mobile Robots","field":"Engineering","cited_by":45,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"TOPS; Physics; Motion (physics); Work (physics); Constant (computer programming); Plane (geometry); Integrable system; Classical mechanics; Theoretical physics; Mathematical physics; Geometry; Optics; Mathematics; Quantum mechanics; Computer science","score_opus":0.003920914925646577,"score_gpt":0.18489554785412346,"score_spread":0.18097463292847688,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2033660260","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9555846,0.00011621385,0.043437123,0.0000804796,0.00005704545,0.000088122884,0.000011757867,0.0000074183126,0.00061726995],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99855864,0.000030893825,0.0012138649,0.000051420317,0.00010107276,0.0000014461796,1.7167027e-7,0.000013773912,0.000028731429],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.999599,0.000011564664,0.00015158634,0.000044530632,0.000096402015,0.00009691921],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99967164,0.00004737724,0.00011353633,0.00008298193,0.00005239394,0.000032047425],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006323996,0.00007266478,0.00018503543,0.000014447312,0.000028707947,0.000012232689,0.00007633833,0.00001052011,0.000007574655],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004060995,0.000048621565,0.000057180398,0.00009023978,0.00010207048,0.000080557984,0.0000049169557,0.00007795507,2.9776035e-7],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000120141034,0.00004155783,0.0044528213,0.00003068293,0.00016325506,0.0000013351967,0.0005256957,0.11121924,0.0035009647,0.0006930146,0.000035831294,0.8792155],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.019284513,0.008765812,0.11041755,0.0027297535,0.0016067545,0.0010244112,0.0062604477,0.79675096,0.009628687,0.019461436,0.021430258,0.0026394082],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000013895177,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009061871,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.87657607,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000018280156,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000018855995,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.19827299},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2034112806","doi":"10.1119/1.2987771","title":"The American Association of Physics Teachers: Summer 2008 Award Citations—Edmonton, Alberta","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Diverse Educational Innovations Studies","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Association (psychology); Library science; Physics education; Engineering physics; Psychology; Quantum mechanics; Computer science","score_opus":0.030662930197196132,"score_gpt":0.26311767158136756,"score_spread":0.23245474138417144,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2034112806","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9912756,0.000050472274,0.00006059634,0.007798949,0.00017122396,0.000059266098,0.000017726372,0.0000062089325,0.0005599646],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974746,0.00029382316,0.00051632,0.0003251168,0.00072242756,0.00000428492,0.0000100457455,0.0000019132053,0.0006514434],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99869007,0.00012193492,0.00040228502,0.00010700206,0.00047770597,0.00020099105],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9959343,0.0011657196,0.0017694661,0.00006323636,0.001015514,0.000051748284],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00026183572,0.00011943571,0.0003029612,0.000013063951,0.0003841902,0.000024945528,0.00028521285,0.000014005894,0.000009638918],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00032050483,0.000049462204,0.00016794824,0.0012175738,0.0005326271,0.00022652533,0.00003384768,0.00017365783,0.0000145815075],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007985416,0.00076239055,0.5030745,0.0000028894622,0.0007205315,0.0000022715717,0.0048693377,0.00023490627,0.014043443,0.0055409395,0.0956421,0.37502682],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00019295652,0.0008234721,0.9294857,0.00002213559,0.00008751801,0.000009448955,0.012590267,0.000019337234,0.0014671574,0.0019481562,0.053108297,0.0002455959],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0012029151,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00021886408,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.42641112,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00012134206,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007073927,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.29549193},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2039904329","doi":"10.1119/1.3138700","title":"Quadrupolar contact fields: Theory and applications","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles","field":"Engineering","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Perimeter Institute; University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Russian Foundation for Basic Research","keywords":"Quadrupole; Physics; Magnetic monopole; Dipole; Hyperfine structure; Magnetic dipole; Electric field; Quadrupole magnet; Condensed matter physics; Magnetic field; Spin (aerodynamics); Classical mechanics; Quantum electrodynamics; Atomic physics; Quantum mechanics; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.0034959453008773585,"score_gpt":0.2111939340616769,"score_spread":0.20769798876079956,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2039904329","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.6274743,0.00032460983,0.3707203,0.00052259123,0.00002903727,0.000091532755,0.000004370481,0.00004592304,0.00078732736],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99844253,0.00015356432,0.0009706922,0.0002744466,0.0001430562,0.0000023044558,8.727219e-7,0.000005336737,0.0000071896156],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9996845,0.000015002105,0.00014279544,0.00003655768,0.000057288074,0.000063814565],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996947,0.000058119378,0.00007259267,0.00008261448,0.000037425227,0.000054547298],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007570107,0.00005151107,0.00010592222,0.000020781035,0.000023994276,0.000019917687,0.00007203792,0.000008667725,0.000009239964],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006082477,0.00004756377,0.000026741754,0.000117479656,0.000035849273,0.000081159735,0.0000034501065,0.000072071314,0.000004454244],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000010354325,0.000040029146,0.00013336483,0.0000035363923,0.000015763917,5.5911903e-7,0.00019208214,0.0003926355,0.039478805,0.044966646,0.00018163415,0.9145846],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0040175696,0.004306155,0.17150328,0.00022404827,0.00052093505,0.0003632975,0.005395207,0.008835373,0.23110834,0.36564258,0.20599607,0.002087164],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":4.3574707e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.01815836e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9124974,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000071208024,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007610138,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.19395944},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2040088326","doi":"10.1119/1.2437749","title":"A laboratory experiment on internal solitary waves","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Korteweg–de Vries equation; Internal wave; Amplitude; Nonlinear system; Classical mechanics; Simple (philosophy); Phase (matter); Course (navigation); Mechanics; Acoustics; Statistical physics; Optics; Quantum mechanics; Astronomy","score_opus":0.005956067353251745,"score_gpt":0.22383172577675173,"score_spread":0.21787565842349998,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2040088326","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9933097,0.00056954974,0.0031471618,0.00008370734,0.0002743226,0.000020378055,0.0000072525395,0.000009509574,0.0025784124],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99615186,0.000066797926,0.0026058115,0.0005974099,0.0005561019,3.3549707e-8,0.000001386926,0.0000035519329,0.000017038887],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991353,0.000028744551,0.0002434992,0.000088356945,0.0002954024,0.00020868062],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99922377,0.00015387239,0.00029954748,0.00008117543,0.000088022236,0.000153611],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002520243,0.00010405325,0.00019134085,0.000021994534,0.000053380834,0.000019238694,0.00019656378,0.000012454122,0.0001215837],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000019800793,0.00007573785,0.00008325687,0.0003284448,0.00021611543,0.00017837266,0.000005080898,0.00017351874,0.000019265632],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00042685642,0.00016044639,0.2903631,0.000011168543,0.000109881476,0.00016209917,0.0014069248,0.00077032193,0.0003638515,0.00027403567,0.0011394435,0.7048119],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0021498892,0.018235806,0.8482527,0.0004236103,0.00014425891,0.00023913436,0.03909551,0.001119439,0.054192588,0.007875922,0.026900873,0.0013702668],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008592854,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000010700182,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7034416,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000054520006,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007211863,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.30885},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2041284835","doi":"10.1119/1.2907856","title":"An introduction to self-assembled quantum dots","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":33,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Cyrium Technologies (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Quantum dot; Charge (physics); Matter wave; Quantum; Quantum point contact; Charge carrier; Semiconductor; Spectral line; Quantum mechanics; Wavelength; Quantum well","score_opus":0.00872356241932005,"score_gpt":0.25926184007200986,"score_spread":0.2505382776526898,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2041284835","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99393874,0.000014635776,0.005056167,0.0003574287,0.00045779283,0.00005227628,0.0000033743054,0.000018263816,0.00010130729],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9907037,0.0000045043694,0.0028995362,0.00014960777,0.0062115304,0.0000014058654,0.0000030551785,0.000021602398,0.000005083982],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99899155,0.000060031536,0.00031332744,0.00017263483,0.00024564462,0.00021679317],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988327,0.000028020293,0.0004622159,0.00024573164,0.00021956085,0.00021174512],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000091752154,0.00015592137,0.0003456428,0.00006472815,0.0001161447,0.000030455034,0.00023937793,0.000011749255,0.0000593022],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000031608222,0.00012976714,0.0001372449,0.00035545774,0.000037084577,0.00035675996,0.000018182187,0.00019522589,0.000015312724],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00044381357,0.0015037775,0.14098507,0.00001969783,0.0010087927,0.000046145396,0.012509661,0.005487392,0.52231693,0.108922035,0.015495763,0.19126093],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006292117,0.019354893,0.18114497,0.00013873915,0.0009791327,0.0009786595,0.03189443,0.005567975,0.54313415,0.10084718,0.10527607,0.004391693],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000107565276,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.7386886e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.18686925,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000028455835,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009987888,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.52917504},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2041555472","doi":"10.1119/1.4823807","title":"Using split-ring resonators to measure the electromagnetic properties of materials: An experiment for senior physics undergraduates","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Resonator; Measure (data warehouse); Cylinder; Dielectric; Radiative transfer; Quality (philosophy); Resonance (particle physics); Q factor","score_opus":0.029548911686543045,"score_gpt":0.27543798596891067,"score_spread":0.24588907428236761,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2041555472","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.988887,0.00012150762,0.00998043,0.00020294555,0.000105750936,0.00038876236,0.000011453875,0.0000068399345,0.00029526968],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9934007,0.0000021736985,0.0058087916,0.000059362552,0.00063537376,0.000045630237,0.0000015418949,0.000036844223,0.0000095749065],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987198,0.00010467775,0.00041658356,0.00016213335,0.00028528835,0.0003115181],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99882096,0.000065009575,0.00044979758,0.00021030211,0.00034299635,0.00011095917],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00014381715,0.00022596866,0.00047934093,0.000022329543,0.00016888358,0.000066174805,0.00028049087,0.000010475268,0.000012394612],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006867677,0.00014403413,0.00017885752,0.00020104297,0.00037791452,0.0002352598,0.00007783727,0.000108744,0.0000032218709],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009452697,0.00029130265,0.000092113245,0.000015193006,0.0002227479,1.2843148e-7,0.002692392,0.0002471253,0.80357754,0.18273337,0.000027872506,0.010005662],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00027895544,0.0009980696,0.000028976223,0.00009022301,0.0000744152,9.636713e-7,0.007916397,0.00022584751,0.8190313,0.1711634,0.000012262591,0.00017916306],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00029432244,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.8866884e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01545376,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004244371,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000060886512,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5873541},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2042016554","doi":"10.1119/1.1485715","title":"A Newton–Faraday approach to electromagnetic energy and angular momentum storage in an electromechanical system","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Royal Military College of Canada; Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Moment of inertia; Classical mechanics; Angular momentum; Faraday cage; Electromagnetic field; Kinetic energy; Momentum (technical analysis); Mechanical energy; Inertia; Dynamics (music); Field (mathematics); Magnetic field; Mechanics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.005565266403341138,"score_gpt":0.20515911699863437,"score_spread":0.19959385059529322,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2042016554","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9561128,0.00030910718,0.03074343,0.00015053463,0.00006424964,0.00011914252,0.0000069682537,0.000015816984,0.012477934],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99843156,0.0000072285584,0.0010467946,0.00007034292,0.0003650939,0.000012060564,0.0000020968205,0.000023831559,0.000040965362],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987977,0.00011433165,0.00030505547,0.00021263349,0.00022577391,0.0003444622],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99934846,0.00003464423,0.00019041069,0.00015263104,0.000055379576,0.00021850047],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008648913,0.00019764091,0.00047112978,0.00006344314,0.00006577562,0.000038631366,0.00018469556,0.000013062382,0.000011064974],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000014358235,0.00017067294,0.0000963541,0.0003874261,0.00013855498,0.00015022646,0.000057579444,0.00017286833,0.0000023386683],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004201292,0.0009117711,0.00030133614,0.000008325344,0.000102279155,0.0000071084482,0.0011589313,0.00008440011,0.029709538,0.94658786,0.00011152663,0.02097489],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0074678715,0.038589146,0.001098011,0.0004619504,0.0005688655,0.00016791186,0.038269643,0.054864705,0.08628267,0.76686984,0.0017017127,0.003657643],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007284834,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.212887e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.17971802,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006869256,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000135434775,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.69598407},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2042855800","doi":"10.1119/1.1758227","title":"Mechanical energy and momentum of wave pulses in a dispersionless, lossless elastic medium, according to the linear theory","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Geophysics and Sensor Technology","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Royal Military College of Canada; Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Momentum (technical analysis); Energy–momentum relation; Amplitude; Classical mechanics; Mechanics; Pulse (music); Flow (mathematics); Optics","score_opus":0.005585675036535575,"score_gpt":0.1965841366748449,"score_spread":0.19099846163830933,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2042855800","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9475828,0.00006936573,0.051824618,0.00034867588,0.00011116613,0.000027910171,0.0000031348707,0.0000095451105,0.00002280942],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990068,0.00013819175,0.00066070573,0.000051069677,0.00012278628,0.0000013974291,3.6252146e-7,0.00001698699,0.0000016982657],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99935454,0.000025381363,0.00024102032,0.00007401311,0.00014342327,0.00016163288],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995621,0.00010365273,0.00010860878,0.00012062676,0.000048304086,0.000056695982],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00010142308,0.0001029354,0.0002950009,0.000071594404,0.00002135161,0.0000071754225,0.00016136147,0.00002281363,0.0000012025744],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002772897,0.000073550975,0.00005951385,0.00033266327,0.00011779843,0.00005599792,0.00004804577,0.00017675113,6.717014e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00018715856,0.0003244442,0.000572546,0.00006077912,0.0003584517,0.00010622477,0.0031682814,0.26045877,0.18967773,0.19743508,0.0000404748,0.34761006],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0041131736,0.004363955,0.00335846,0.0011107825,0.00037106834,0.00036180043,0.037611693,0.065312564,0.48340538,0.39757425,0.0010385285,0.0013783363],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000032160755,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009333721,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.34623173,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000038126665,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000021948883,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.29993218},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2043222058","doi":"10.1119/1.2723801","title":"Temperature dependence of the capacitance of a ferroelectric material","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Capacitance; Curie temperature; Condensed matter physics; Capacitor; Ferroelectricity; Barium titanate; Relaxation (psychology); Physics; Ceramic; Dielectric; Curie; Permittivity; Thermodynamics; Materials science; Composite material; Ferromagnetism; Voltage; Optoelectronics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.0064553861002701555,"score_gpt":0.227669956370396,"score_spread":0.22121457027012584,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2043222058","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9960504,0.00013015521,0.002694129,0.000050118448,0.00070561323,0.00010533175,0.000023023886,0.0000072121397,0.00023402796],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980358,0.000038016875,0.0013912785,0.00007791317,0.0004010662,8.819812e-7,4.6731603e-7,0.000017263534,0.000037311092],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9978097,0.00018870548,0.00085162866,0.00014642511,0.0006406968,0.00036281315],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9970141,0.00019969174,0.0019566652,0.00030334233,0.00044569228,0.00008049449],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011158813,0.00017492492,0.0006166799,0.000084074214,0.00006698759,0.000021722184,0.0007075998,0.000050311035,0.00008834907],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00016667265,0.00011366743,0.00018160405,0.001114678,0.00038524653,0.0001699843,0.000031056712,0.0002091465,0.0000029832522],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000387769,0.00008422175,0.00045740118,0.000028740462,0.000023719653,0.0000058574,0.00034488173,0.000039769257,0.9879828,0.0009132412,0.00019635996,0.009535244],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00023830352,0.00077172206,0.002402019,0.00006457851,0.000049438422,0.00010638211,0.0001346723,0.0000081324115,0.9949226,0.0011308701,0.000054084638,0.00011724648],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001054219,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000059639174,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.009417998,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006144817,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00028576166,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.46352234},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2047647371","doi":"10.1119/1.3533271","title":"The static electric polarizability of a particle bound by a finite potential well","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Physical and Chemical Molecular Interactions","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Polarizability; Physics; Bound state; Particle (ecology); Quantum electrodynamics; Electric potential; Classical mechanics; Quantum mechanics; Molecule","score_opus":0.00615641574852142,"score_gpt":0.22642490825616066,"score_spread":0.22026849250763925,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2047647371","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98740804,0.00007722459,0.011296895,0.00008752639,0.00003303206,0.000018788258,0.000012200716,0.0000063236644,0.0010599947],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993425,0.000023639166,0.00040855154,0.000057427696,0.00007380759,0.0000016563708,0.0000013718978,0.000011473848,0.00007958087],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991623,0.00003153428,0.00033123652,0.00008766627,0.000198971,0.00018826158],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988575,0.00020234188,0.0005111461,0.00018210108,0.00015199734,0.00009492752],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000037253907,0.00009441107,0.00020268372,0.0000057153334,0.00006808604,0.000012115911,0.00021577367,0.000013700972,0.0000859712],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000067492154,0.00006596066,0.00018416246,0.00020246641,0.00028552156,0.00009513002,0.000025924783,0.00028054402,0.000005752806],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00018705007,0.0004723717,0.00023173117,0.000010268693,0.00011471832,0.0000034088243,0.00020854131,0.000033331795,0.97016776,0.00033732317,0.00019747159,0.028036054],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00020326942,0.00023935673,0.00005974971,0.000014106933,0.000070770526,0.000007869829,0.00023484898,0.00061099714,0.98198646,0.01584148,0.000646766,0.00008430254],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000041973493,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.513139e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02795175,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000028083763,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004391151,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.26897976},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2047940445","doi":"10.1119/1.3533428","title":"An elementary exposition of the Efimov effect","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"St. Francis Xavier University; McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Counterintuitive; Boson; Bound state; Quantum mechanics; Quantum; Theoretical physics; Elementary particle; Classical mechanics","score_opus":0.007205532096502704,"score_gpt":0.22651408863233166,"score_spread":0.21930855653582895,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2047940445","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9972259,0.000010646574,0.0014932379,0.000020300417,0.00013780135,0.00007543016,0.000013020739,0.0000033363215,0.0010203514],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990025,0.0000010931733,0.00047738187,0.000050146744,0.0004447309,0.0000021058343,0.0000026810128,0.000013843431,0.000005482108],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991736,0.00010992359,0.00028276636,0.0000884064,0.00020786093,0.00013746567],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988643,0.00004970953,0.00067192107,0.00024000103,0.00011169596,0.00006236663],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00013615994,0.00012257767,0.00027177067,0.000021018506,0.000062213345,0.000012851465,0.00030532546,0.0000073633632,0.00008321642],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000010386259,0.00008100936,0.00024649143,0.00020620292,0.00015628243,0.00020208747,0.00003644348,0.0001521839,0.0000025766408],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00012810595,0.0007004067,0.23768918,0.000012813191,0.0003844861,0.0000022840911,0.0017941996,0.000058183952,0.12927286,0.017150212,0.00016013898,0.6126471],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008166778,0.0028458377,0.04137695,0.00010225873,0.00025076664,0.0000035331022,0.0013516914,0.00014462543,0.9303146,0.022399789,0.00014516388,0.00024811982],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00022227729,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000011229951,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8010417,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000014269099,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000050321472,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.33034658},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2051474589","doi":"10.1119/1.2165246","title":"A theorem about the angular momentum and magnetic energy of stationary, axial field distributions","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Royal Military College of Canada; Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Angular momentum; Angular momentum coupling; Total angular momentum quantum number; Axial symmetry; Classical mechanics; Angular momentum of light; Angular momentum operator; Quantum electrodynamics; Momentum (technical analysis); Position (finance); Orbital angular momentum of light; Charge (physics); Electromagnetic field; Magnetic field; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.0021603619365846544,"score_gpt":0.19942099924060558,"score_spread":0.19726063730402094,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2051474589","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.7782075,0.00009997846,0.2205698,0.000333207,0.000057084068,0.000027075777,0.00007103119,0.0000018983126,0.0006324527],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99906224,0.000011360057,0.00055438146,0.000022658149,0.00027359105,9.943309e-7,0.000016147194,0.0000062398985,0.00005239686],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99949855,0.000041252202,0.00018037557,0.000053553485,0.00012688227,0.000099395846],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99939674,0.00012080568,0.0002702188,0.00008983536,0.00009145436,0.00003096174],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005921812,0.00007322007,0.00014672417,0.00001695539,0.00006335709,0.000018854596,0.00009434051,0.0000073671517,0.000017342683],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000034916552,0.00005249443,0.000088397435,0.00012729802,0.000177368,0.00004780481,0.00002006114,0.00008869541,3.0299546e-7],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007253951,0.00027911642,0.041916575,0.000004508554,0.00013638205,0.0000024020326,0.0004799828,0.0011704031,0.0020516834,0.74833,0.0014445623,0.20411186],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0032824203,0.0046023373,0.10190064,0.00012707616,0.0006294182,0.000052025407,0.012525484,0.021224923,0.019812297,0.8231426,0.011798969,0.00090183597],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00036537563,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000047925396,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.22085477,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007221499,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000044989985,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.21406606},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2052658459","doi":"10.1119/1.1410952","title":"Investigating vortical dipolar flows using particle image velocimetry: An experiment for the advanced undergraduate laboratory","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Nebraska-Lincoln","keywords":"Particle image velocimetry; Physics; Vorticity; Velocimetry; Vortex; Particle tracking velocimetry; Turbulence; Measure (data warehouse); Dipole; Mechanics; Flow (mathematics); Optics; Particle (ecology); Classical mechanics; Computer science; Geology","score_opus":0.015144488330758415,"score_gpt":0.24848559392847655,"score_spread":0.23334110559771815,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2052658459","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9154355,0.0007095397,0.08332714,0.00016164503,0.00022494422,0.00008899508,0.000009697797,0.000029964269,0.000012571294],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9544014,0.0000737131,0.045146786,0.000096911004,0.00023189474,0.0000033242563,7.7134894e-7,0.000043222062,0.000002034289],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990978,0.000040092746,0.00031067224,0.000093898576,0.00020030694,0.00025717868],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993113,0.00011957027,0.00013647706,0.0001835144,0.00010340279,0.00014572457],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00015547354,0.00014133501,0.00022778667,0.000020043808,0.00011172131,0.000055973956,0.00017226196,0.000015287993,0.0000053189324],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000041969844,0.00011036381,0.00009463332,0.0002793036,0.0001373867,0.00030353217,0.00001759622,0.0001824242,0.0000025502036],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000110055735,0.000115306786,0.00026590962,0.000018822146,0.0001934337,0.000005827864,0.0012024919,0.55012536,0.3678139,0.0015222213,0.00011604222,0.07860967],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003216636,0.00021355422,0.00008566061,0.000024230198,0.000056823494,0.000004466105,0.00029146826,0.9793245,0.018842177,0.00043593018,0.0002568839,0.0001426415],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000061694245,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000010286998,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.42919913,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007901536,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002042639,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.45005056},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2054030194","doi":"10.1119/1.4812583","title":"Response times to conceptual questions","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Science Education and Pedagogy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":44,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; John Abbott College","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Response time; Confidence interval; Physics; Mathematics education; Psychology; Statistics; Computer science; Mathematics","score_opus":0.0394850176366156,"score_gpt":0.3918959294493746,"score_spread":0.352410911812759,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2054030194","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.96248615,0.000012663259,0.0022082203,0.030248743,0.00044853718,0.000062784355,0.0000010081868,0.000010262513,0.0045216256],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9935933,0.0000085286365,0.0022261536,0.0020115871,0.0005518762,0.0000024532567,9.160818e-8,0.0000034087332,0.0016026151],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989344,0.00042155228,0.00014252363,0.000058961843,0.00028596673,0.00015662341],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998756,0.00038905558,0.00017422126,0.000075776385,0.00034975974,0.00025518605],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007101198,0.00004221562,0.00010724696,0.000050064205,0.00020915557,0.000058864956,0.00023730341,0.0000098377495,0.00072904845],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006523273,0.00003676595,0.000048149017,0.0004997189,0.0007306829,0.000282102,0.000010485534,0.000100201745,0.00035219904],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001060335,0.00020886851,0.005973388,5.210211e-7,0.000028028748,0.000002788739,0.30388144,0.00021927203,0.0046796394,0.12124764,0.11993694,0.44371542],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00017950266,0.0009659677,0.03541577,0.000026081136,0.000014973677,0.0000075887847,0.42957053,0.000014027469,0.00053416786,0.0096381465,0.5234034,0.0002298336],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0012674421,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000028194903,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4434856,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000058789385,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007121541,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7982569},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2055068408","doi":"10.1119/1.3593296","title":"Putting computation on a par with experiments and theory in the undergraduate physics curriculum","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","field":"Engineering","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Curriculum; Computation; Physics education; Mathematics education; Physics; Engineering physics; Computational science; Computer science; Mathematics; Pedagogy; Algorithm; Sociology","score_opus":0.009692280959862598,"score_gpt":0.22315420940587224,"score_spread":0.21346192844600964,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2055068408","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.91596496,0.000077470184,0.08293758,0.000013846604,0.000076639444,0.000059318343,3.6570455e-7,0.000027171303,0.0008426662],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9875137,0.00001469435,0.012299046,0.00003849721,0.000100794656,0.0000034840339,5.196029e-7,0.000028503015,7.4567566e-7],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99938524,0.00006609222,0.00016280368,0.000071409166,0.00017047116,0.00014397882],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996661,0.00007495992,0.00012365828,0.000077493016,0.00002256903,0.000035243324],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00014615853,0.00012755353,0.00016785678,0.000033025324,0.000032627322,0.000019177685,0.000108688786,0.00000974776,6.662429e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000055699543,0.00008956116,0.00003070239,0.00021400294,0.00009027014,0.00014000582,0.000010594304,0.00025692754,0.0000016864075],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00010174039,0.0004936558,0.017106585,0.000055348468,0.00032352892,0.0001040582,0.04705785,0.64540875,0.010155428,0.014784376,0.00007984701,0.26432884],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008836642,0.015427674,0.08452973,0.0033620945,0.00041797158,0.000875128,0.09929855,0.46324688,0.23878263,0.08128613,0.0004025928,0.003533964],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000091153115,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.2217726e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.26079488,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004066213,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000069523894,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3652198},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2055842660","doi":"10.1119/1.3553018","title":"Five ways to the nonresonant dynamic Stark effect","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":93,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences","funders":"","keywords":"Stark effect; Physics; Atomic physics; Birefringence; Laser; Electric field; Optics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.00946516281022844,"score_gpt":0.25636508695273824,"score_spread":0.2468999241425098,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2055842660","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.77314776,0.0000060490547,0.22298333,0.00062088494,0.00017199204,0.00014299188,0.000046571593,0.0000066765447,0.0028737618],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973663,0.000001109623,0.002007785,0.00020996138,0.00031107463,0.000015250982,0.0000026540288,0.000013156037,0.000072720904],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994246,0.00003536297,0.00019303987,0.000085603235,0.000116904375,0.00014450068],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992457,0.00008821213,0.00027419056,0.00021019674,0.000097406715,0.00008431237],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00010158948,0.00010065317,0.00017777183,0.000023223165,0.00010347847,0.000025125724,0.0002643341,0.0000045612123,0.00016472969],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000022705913,0.000060577753,0.00015114484,0.00020896815,0.000082450344,0.000098179255,0.000036200516,0.00017921564,0.00014846408],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00016680906,0.00075192127,0.007951337,0.0000059524123,0.0005584432,0.000006073387,0.006555449,0.0006830924,0.004653899,0.02113997,0.015175345,0.9423517],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005741154,0.020368142,0.20837411,0.00090935983,0.002450225,0.0001869187,0.037703853,0.0068635847,0.17164516,0.13861685,0.4030957,0.0040449426],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00039118956,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000056583153,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.93830675,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002191866,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003351998,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2470289},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2056560356","doi":"10.1119/1.2190687","title":"Jack O’Lanterns and integrating spheres: Halloween physics","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Photometry (optics); Lantern; SPHERES; Optics; Astronomy","score_opus":0.0042931991732261575,"score_gpt":0.23177734137823178,"score_spread":0.22748414220500562,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2056560356","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8588094,0.00015072821,0.06394907,0.00011151007,0.00014484202,0.000078748475,0.000027274491,0.00001587833,0.07671254],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99616385,0.0000048039115,0.0020141355,0.000048296286,0.0016707693,0.0000020373493,0.0000048955353,0.000022116863,0.00006911229],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990831,0.00004308033,0.0003163579,0.0001378929,0.00019356511,0.00022600597],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991909,0.000102019396,0.0004127109,0.00011051707,0.000108205,0.00007559429],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000056076704,0.00019581271,0.00040585684,0.000012849451,0.00009969105,0.000050446928,0.00014817789,0.000009265752,0.000028398226],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000023125895,0.00015274477,0.0001739972,0.0001535464,0.00046673635,0.0001827532,0.000078654295,0.00022263505,0.000008679259],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000031850763,0.00031502274,0.042414725,0.000006903363,0.00020024703,0.0000041223775,0.00061146094,0.00006134771,0.0056083216,0.8713192,0.00038463762,0.079042196],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005800453,0.00048175093,0.0007818043,0.00010270666,0.00008318658,0.000003569561,0.006992127,0.00018869422,0.017010462,0.9732001,0.0002735422,0.00030203146],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00043979468,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002672631,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.13735443,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000018539335,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000025131512,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6228751},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2057323969","doi":"10.1119/1.1564609","title":"Comment on “The variational principle and simple properties of the ground-state wave function,” by J. Mur-Petit, A. Polls, and F. Mazzanti [Am. J. Phys. <b>70</b> (8), 808–810 (2002)]","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Optical and Acousto-Optic Technologies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Simple (philosophy); Wave function; Ground state; Function (biology); Variational principle; Mathematical physics; State (computer science); Variational method; Quantum mechanics; Algorithm; Philosophy; Epistemology","score_opus":0.010983977505081196,"score_gpt":0.20032935608512065,"score_spread":0.18934537858003944,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2057323969","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98793095,0.00010533715,0.0063803243,0.004777839,0.00009651901,0.0001553819,0.00005124821,0.000009769715,0.00049261545],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99884516,0.000024260782,0.00038862912,0.00050994696,0.00007883293,0.000004729001,0.000001211933,0.000012683336,0.00013455395],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991056,0.000077148594,0.00028303702,0.00012396433,0.00022220754,0.00018807164],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991065,0.00010940761,0.0004358373,0.00017937407,0.00011808679,0.000050749073],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001654972,0.00015484549,0.00025704002,0.000020473066,0.00017387702,0.0000464668,0.00013966863,0.000014911073,0.000038847098],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000024520512,0.00008413384,0.00008389562,0.00017476181,0.00058940804,0.000109815715,0.00006840776,0.00025773156,0.0000017006749],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00033588288,0.0019352413,0.02273649,0.000070429676,0.0011650723,0.0000021646142,0.0014137955,0.0007225909,0.034353297,0.80480725,0.02042663,0.11203117],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006492971,0.007373915,0.054118898,0.0007428113,0.0010499804,0.000069628644,0.02245421,0.0037772926,0.25848556,0.34625596,0.2969801,0.002198654],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000056776957,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.6189036e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.45855126,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000017903589,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000591736,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.34308782},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2058543120","doi":"10.1119/1.19495","title":"Suspension of a disk on a surface of water","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Vancouver Island University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Buoyancy; Suspension (topology); Surface tension; Mechanics; Surface (topology); Classical mechanics; Thermodynamics; Geometry","score_opus":0.004604268703387637,"score_gpt":0.2329941540388548,"score_spread":0.22838988533546714,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2058543120","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9775227,0.000014937979,0.00027277097,0.000072472474,0.000031547945,0.0000334556,0.000011059144,0.000001688322,0.022039369],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994837,0.0000071103827,0.000272481,0.00002081498,0.00014289413,3.3594668e-7,0.0000018900919,0.000010583256,0.00006017902],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99926096,0.000041586856,0.00029069502,0.00007380269,0.00019641212,0.0001365334],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994552,0.000052515617,0.00023327237,0.000116690826,0.00009319019,0.000049122926],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000061411956,0.000107577594,0.0003888022,0.000011996301,0.000028888431,0.000003684775,0.00011552397,0.0000057610214,0.00019545054],"category_scores_gemma":[8.3584143e-7,0.00006768297,0.00019973627,0.00010109218,0.00033365295,0.000061862236,0.000025854184,0.00010545574,0.000014555924],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.001074647,0.0029337222,0.00900393,0.00002663405,0.00084791356,0.0000046671794,0.0057072164,0.0028468452,0.26415852,0.5479959,0.00027584416,0.16512418],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004960179,0.0014709634,0.00023958737,0.00008504433,0.000053213556,6.349978e-7,0.0015844938,0.000039350063,0.7359945,0.25982702,0.000083976745,0.00012518872],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006493784,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.0464885e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.47183603,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007874276,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000012801805,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.27600315},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2059294850","doi":"10.1119/1.2957885","title":"The angular momentum of photons in a circularly polarized beam","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Angular momentum; Photon; Total angular momentum quantum number; Angular momentum of light; Angular momentum coupling; Orbital angular momentum of light; Angular momentum operator; Quantum electrodynamics; Beam (structure); Plane wave; Classical mechanics; Quantum mechanics; Optics","score_opus":0.006428187870589367,"score_gpt":0.21650713000238825,"score_spread":0.21007894213179887,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2059294850","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99045116,0.00013096539,0.008602256,0.00013298016,0.00011952712,0.00008711663,0.000012989525,0.0000030558726,0.00045993808],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990094,0.000023210281,0.00064374483,0.000025391651,0.00020981123,0.0000028581292,0.000002106362,0.000018656425,0.000064862565],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99879307,0.000065154374,0.00046617,0.00009234255,0.000339424,0.00024385053],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987474,0.000102548795,0.00068308285,0.00023160741,0.0001559265,0.00007945436],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00019471654,0.00013345068,0.00036649551,0.000054098116,0.00009289998,0.000017486202,0.00031262694,0.000011685971,0.000016206433],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000010047577,0.00010022307,0.00025122502,0.00043452054,0.00044049422,0.00015227355,0.0000505291,0.0002778777,0.0000040561335],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002854085,0.0025597683,0.32173344,0.000024676585,0.0013269589,0.00012336507,0.008774971,0.00051990186,0.59844893,0.029039871,0.0003969095,0.036765788],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.02011127,0.011284505,0.1300152,0.00084836973,0.0011020567,0.00045863542,0.059781384,0.0034168109,0.5659553,0.18745305,0.01576794,0.0038055067],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00019403805,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.4254617e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.19171825,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000041181844,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00015285648,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4086978},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2060095090","doi":"10.1119/1.3177062","title":"Construction and calibration of an impact hammer","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Hammer; Physics; Admittance; Calibration; Acoustics; Noise (video); Inertance; Point (geometry); Piezoelectricity; Structural engineering; Electrical impedance; Computer science; Engineering; Geometry","score_opus":0.011733898290927313,"score_gpt":0.301671966084793,"score_spread":0.2899380677938657,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2060095090","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9892596,0.00003676467,0.01052047,0.000021104215,0.000088244095,0.00002287123,0.0000018061304,0.000028389572,0.000020776635],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.97368824,0.00004566387,0.026021333,0.000011191789,0.00022645213,1.224654e-7,4.8760677e-7,0.0000063369366,1.775874e-7],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99961936,0.000016404396,0.00017587123,0.000031300846,0.00008525232,0.00007179359],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99966073,0.000015000678,0.00015199253,0.000060109895,0.000050638286,0.0000615266],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000046117562,0.000058624002,0.00015438261,0.00003740775,0.000012447201,0.0000070233064,0.000042359883,0.000013185726,0.0000012472233],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000046402683,0.000049559894,0.000029573828,0.00011131741,0.000061788465,0.00024871988,0.0000020741395,0.00009655808,3.9529365e-8],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001739752,0.000005511758,0.0014277641,0.000006710085,0.000011948049,9.762991e-7,0.0002035176,0.0014309615,0.012780073,0.00018589136,0.000029366342,0.9838999],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007768351,0.008161386,0.47480318,0.00022992305,0.000093235365,0.00061957585,0.0008390045,0.03320117,0.4440663,0.036605954,0.00009675765,0.00050671125],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002200527,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.5599659e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9833932,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003406019,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001647558,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.20209938},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2061749450","doi":"10.1119/1.3699066","title":"Comment on “Exactly solvable models to illustrate supersymmetry and test approximation methods in quantum mechanics,” Am. J. Phys. 79, 755–761 (2011)","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"WKB approximation; Physics; Quantization (signal processing); Exponential function; Quantum mechanics; Mathematical physics; Quantum; Mathematical analysis; Mathematics","score_opus":0.030777994186929895,"score_gpt":0.30099715949424266,"score_spread":0.27021916530731277,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2061749450","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.30012414,0.000087678935,0.69667155,0.0012440323,0.0004684788,0.00037469974,0.000071076036,0.000018909344,0.00093944144],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9826483,0.000022566428,0.015621856,0.0009403112,0.0006715156,0.000013698926,0.000010085125,0.000059112783,0.000012569479],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99796987,0.00022888326,0.0006033243,0.00026308204,0.00032458434,0.0006102624],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980976,0.00040057482,0.00062878727,0.00032188682,0.00017026142,0.00038089522],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009865115,0.00035314338,0.00069858134,0.00014809321,0.00010847192,0.0000730134,0.00027672,0.0000384535,0.000029460787],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000137156085,0.00032669422,0.00018954981,0.00041900016,0.00006206751,0.000669291,0.000091649854,0.0005119292,0.000027484857],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00014617432,0.0021243047,0.0013559049,0.000036206926,0.00022480746,0.000002888336,0.0028544776,0.0029653555,0.016562497,0.7735862,0.001638893,0.19850229],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0029233454,0.0047385953,0.0007308561,0.0004365515,0.0003070992,0.000016907079,0.01229636,0.23738348,0.06768525,0.6685896,0.0030547122,0.0018372673],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00019324066,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.7786896e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.68252414,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000099171004,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000090154776,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999185},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2063148927","doi":"10.1119/1.3042207","title":"The harmonic oscillator in quantum mechanics: A third way","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":40,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Harmonic oscillator; Hilbert space; SIC-POVM; Quantum harmonic oscillator; Matrix representation; Representation (politics); Focus (optics); Particle in a box; Angular momentum; Matrix (chemical analysis)","score_opus":0.00872132275879844,"score_gpt":0.24289841647503213,"score_spread":0.2341770937162337,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2063148927","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9409903,0.00029050856,0.054238997,0.0017243917,0.0007447224,0.00023356563,0.000021771742,0.000022204598,0.0017334879],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985921,0.000060490256,0.00022378586,0.0002386694,0.0008271348,0.000002580145,0.000001645035,0.000024326915,0.00002928871],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.998303,0.00011665694,0.00056997826,0.00018131059,0.00038068774,0.0004483429],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983884,0.00016205607,0.00079689315,0.0003292872,0.00017515385,0.00014819021],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004742006,0.00023553576,0.00047352604,0.00005168298,0.00016040826,0.00009073464,0.0005144767,0.000020881576,0.000012456894],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009763427,0.00016870674,0.00032070972,0.0005390117,0.00007708483,0.00022930455,0.000037682432,0.0005293953,0.000027673937],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000087894274,0.00027095052,0.00028915968,0.0000021190767,0.00009554346,0.000011256358,0.00044193608,0.00016469967,0.003992192,0.65547824,0.0010075127,0.33815846],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00095129706,0.0014395402,0.00083959807,0.000097696684,0.000062851774,0.000010267204,0.0019096,0.011221531,0.005717554,0.97311574,0.0042109904,0.0004233574],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003328968,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000015445147,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.33773512,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000056721616,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00018971563,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6879661},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2063475873","doi":"10.1119/1.3488986","title":"When action is not least for orbits in general relativity","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum chaos and dynamical systems","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Physics; Classical mechanics; Spacetime; Action (physics); Focus (optics); Saddle point; Theory of relativity; Kinetic energy; Newtonian fluid; General relativity; Schwarzschild radius; Event (particle physics); Geometry; Gravitation; Quantum mechanics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.017431421410010764,"score_gpt":0.28379617099726945,"score_spread":0.2663647495872587,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2063475873","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9536564,0.0000019509844,0.04520389,0.0003835182,0.0003298589,0.00007521963,0.000025217772,0.000003160017,0.0003207838],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.996097,5.607027e-7,0.002125195,0.00007166769,0.0015575923,0.0000040846467,0.000003149774,0.00001415799,0.00012657019],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99926597,0.000032904067,0.000283163,0.00010354962,0.00014288595,0.00017154438],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99917567,0.00007379307,0.0004599096,0.00010685992,0.000100406,0.00008335466],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001607782,0.00010232712,0.00028907513,0.00003078717,0.00004273879,0.00002529666,0.00011158399,0.000018657762,0.000037138925],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000058459823,0.00008538193,0.00017021775,0.000112552785,0.00007358958,0.00019815293,0.000014191134,0.00033616138,0.000006107644],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002600737,0.0005780197,0.14209299,0.000020394727,0.00017169127,0.0000025999204,0.0016284308,0.0005267653,0.08700189,0.0849931,0.0016456118,0.68107843],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.011979774,0.0049813185,0.20427333,0.00041514667,0.00040221232,0.00006143066,0.0048970273,0.16595155,0.08136398,0.4597253,0.063160405,0.0027885488],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00039542053,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000016966347,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6782899,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000019220228,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000055564342,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3481774},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2063649802","doi":"10.1119/1.3078416","title":"Aspirating cantilevers and reverse sprinklers","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Vibration and Dynamic Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies","keywords":"Cantilever; Rotation (mathematics); Physics; Flutter; Mechanics; Inverse; Focus (optics); Dynamics (music); Inverse dynamics; Classical mechanics; Aerospace engineering; Acoustics; Computer science; Engineering; Optics; Mathematics; Geometry; Aerodynamics; Artificial intelligence","score_opus":0.0046267099698609334,"score_gpt":0.1991428273552949,"score_spread":0.19451611738543398,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2063649802","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.82485735,0.00005938456,0.17297189,0.00024796595,0.00009726141,0.00002011452,0.0000013860489,0.00003139915,0.0017132236],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99574167,0.000053150354,0.0038315216,0.00024495207,0.0001096361,6.107468e-8,3.492292e-7,0.000005893557,0.000012744262],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99962026,0.000010551879,0.00015358962,0.00003828227,0.00009691485,0.000080376485],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997299,0.000012436612,0.00010387496,0.00005400914,0.000034827422,0.00006500922],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000054596156,0.00006206483,0.00015595197,0.00003779503,0.00002322085,0.000016395612,0.00004914664,0.000008447646,0.0000074395184],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007853651,0.000057871905,0.00005556467,0.00017875373,0.000040447467,0.00013953546,0.0000033188237,0.00010424603,0.0000020714133],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009252475,0.000020333813,0.0024983054,0.000006834541,0.0001368831,0.000020860984,0.0008701008,0.25353438,0.005883009,0.0010262792,0.0011668568,0.7348269],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013121815,0.0012397143,0.02176046,0.00014051456,0.00038153384,0.00013485961,0.0074337577,0.9551267,0.004644473,0.0027453522,0.0042460146,0.00083446223],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007626867,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000013165926,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.73399246,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000022969016,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000014381522,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.23599479},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2064127059","doi":"10.1119/1.3427412","title":"Magnetic multipolar contact fields: The anapole and related moments","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Russian Foundation for Basic Research","keywords":"Multipole expansion; Physics; Dipole; Spherical multipole moments; Hyperfine structure; Magnetic moment; Magnetic dipole; Fast multipole method; Force between magnets; Field (mathematics); Moment (physics); Magnetism; Quantum electrodynamics; Quadrupole; Magnetic field; Condensed matter physics; Classical mechanics; Quantum mechanics; Magnetic energy; Magnetization","score_opus":0.0024683262760777608,"score_gpt":0.2077099307368614,"score_spread":0.20524160446078363,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2064127059","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99685186,0.000027940876,0.0015232972,0.00041518497,0.0002613096,0.00005464497,0.000008268956,0.000003670283,0.00085383636],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991547,0.0000070930655,0.00047431773,0.0000697517,0.00019156351,0.0000010526826,0.0000016160293,0.000010586548,0.000089345034],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.999462,0.00003529935,0.00017484922,0.00007084031,0.00011935954,0.0001376581],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99935365,0.000105426014,0.0002601712,0.00013760346,0.00006383102,0.000079305064],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00010383096,0.00009510559,0.00017759192,0.000019047238,0.000084921296,0.000046645255,0.00014754961,0.000015304338,0.000055190376],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007817483,0.00006456003,0.00008995219,0.00011464066,0.00013677966,0.00011003244,0.0000264382,0.00048650958,0.0000058521314],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000077050674,0.00031722485,0.41476792,0.000005532527,0.0004519587,0.00001274036,0.0038111992,0.00025167724,0.015097542,0.024129042,0.00069107604,0.54038703],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.013065602,0.008789025,0.6450918,0.0002464602,0.0015675296,0.0003998287,0.03824747,0.08325113,0.014204514,0.16113496,0.031180752,0.0028209637],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00014070503,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000068522227,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.53756607,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004589162,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003399172,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.26326817},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2065419660","doi":"10.1119/1.4739056","title":"Why do stars twinkle, and do they twinkle on Mars?","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Mars Exploration Program; Stars; Astronomy; Astrophysics; Theoretical physics","score_opus":0.012608998877482439,"score_gpt":0.26121593628161605,"score_spread":0.24860693740413362,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2065419660","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9946793,0.00005567367,0.00077354006,0.00044706237,0.00037969367,0.000052242074,0.000010634352,0.000005074375,0.0035967994],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99663556,0.000012212387,0.0006265748,0.00050822797,0.0021731064,0.0000011808069,0.000001179955,0.000014581835,0.000027369551],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989738,0.00006688999,0.00022153517,0.0001140569,0.0002923565,0.000331358],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990655,0.00008212083,0.0003831706,0.00016237504,0.00006220102,0.00024463615],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00027507,0.00014909971,0.00028463715,0.000046112706,0.00008529876,0.00009341614,0.00019030631,0.000012676783,0.000060979623],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000063275616,0.00011217844,0.00012327565,0.00018952877,0.00017577759,0.00047895612,0.000036682613,0.00022709872,0.000026154066],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00025227334,0.00065292954,0.4247322,0.000006108349,0.00025374582,0.000005307489,0.0066041136,0.0003947755,0.004154578,0.03066307,0.013490234,0.51879066],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.011236869,0.015282715,0.2197395,0.0010773699,0.001111712,0.00011754289,0.09666027,0.0002830973,0.053660434,0.2199703,0.3759193,0.004940875],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00017196478,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.409976e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5138498,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000017233593,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000043561533,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4574504},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2066292574","doi":"10.1119/1.19533","title":"Bound states of a finite periodic potential","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":27,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Bound state; Scattering; Transfer-matrix method (optics); Phase (matter); Upper and lower bounds; Matrix (chemical analysis); Quantum mechanics; Statistical physics; Mathematical analysis; Mathematics","score_opus":0.003832406180543297,"score_gpt":0.2089323451910583,"score_spread":0.20509993901051501,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2066292574","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99017406,0.00006606848,0.008427821,0.00006697444,0.00004170173,0.000028144459,0.000027978187,0.000003619776,0.0011636593],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991738,0.00003697447,0.0002707901,0.00004293383,0.00033759107,7.4032016e-7,0.000010000987,0.000014622048,0.000112529684],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99913675,0.000032771506,0.00034553124,0.00008117604,0.0001921455,0.0002116071],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993202,0.000029824414,0.00036555648,0.00011099969,0.000087623805,0.00008576723],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008008534,0.00011549809,0.00033496038,0.000030712024,0.000051173167,0.000019086066,0.00015612923,0.000007518253,0.001029874],"category_scores_gemma":[4.7057114e-7,0.0001002248,0.00020906002,0.00019890557,0.00023733846,0.00014137455,0.0000042611805,0.00017954987,0.000015115107],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00036380143,0.0006650111,0.014851994,0.000016536875,0.00052382203,0.000011849298,0.003182901,0.010254258,0.0045322827,0.0042069466,0.0003771907,0.9610134],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.017929502,0.03045236,0.108751014,0.0008334871,0.0031648802,0.00011794452,0.028788066,0.01093576,0.10474287,0.59830207,0.09097681,0.0050052456],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00011408964,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.885866e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.95600814,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009709379,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00010844876,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998833},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2067299055","doi":"10.1119/1.1410951","title":"A course in computer-based data acquisition","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Nebraska-Lincoln","keywords":"Course (navigation); Physics; Data acquisition; Software; Heat flow; Computer hardware; Chip; Electrical engineering; Thermal; Computer science; Astronomy; Engineering; Programming language","score_opus":0.014753619708239362,"score_gpt":0.24033958880450745,"score_spread":0.2255859690962681,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2067299055","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.6181979,0.00043983906,0.38061193,0.000065246306,0.0003581128,0.00004131322,0.000008085652,0.00007573958,0.00020181792],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9726157,0.000019026504,0.026992856,0.000046455014,0.00029381865,5.2796327e-7,0.000004493427,0.0000257409,0.000001334285],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99943036,0.000020107853,0.00019899703,0.00006916521,0.00014454263,0.00013685014],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995795,0.00004587043,0.00008310696,0.00021957113,0.000019933888,0.000052017404],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000083589395,0.00009110923,0.0001827586,0.000048507383,0.000010498822,0.000015570742,0.00025785132,0.000011991563,0.000020143529],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003464975,0.00009753528,0.00003312123,0.0002354259,0.000044061515,0.00020249638,0.000023052577,0.00021422426,0.000013169249],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003115448,0.00007327233,0.00083474506,0.000008847471,0.000024185736,0.000028578586,0.00020826326,0.9000518,0.003206305,0.00001791505,0.0005379299,0.09500508],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003121699,0.00018123146,0.00118116,0.000081182196,0.000009832484,0.000018653665,0.00006048118,0.99609435,0.0014575877,0.000010616235,0.00047454415,0.00011821835],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000037441803,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.325604e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.35441783,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000065068634,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000064795004,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.39773732},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2067349457","doi":"10.1119/1.1930867","title":"A simple method for simulating scanning tunneling images","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Killam Trusts; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","keywords":"Scanning tunneling microscope; Physics; Pauli exclusion principle; Observable; Electron; Scanning tunneling spectroscopy; Quantum tunnelling; Scattering; Spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy; Atomic physics; Quantum mechanics; Condensed matter physics","score_opus":0.01147475043411588,"score_gpt":0.29861120106042377,"score_spread":0.2871364506263079,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2067349457","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.24815303,0.000042139945,0.7512221,0.00012324048,0.000031665517,0.000054678356,0.000012350855,0.000008128087,0.0003526872],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.91748506,0.0000014427203,0.08067027,0.00010716155,0.0016742356,0.0000030180202,0.0000060243187,0.000027304455,0.000025469808],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99900264,0.000034642057,0.00038518128,0.000119442804,0.00014241862,0.00031566748],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99888545,0.00020927696,0.00054813473,0.000099430545,0.00015914821,0.00009855559],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00029909966,0.000140538,0.0003585946,0.000040008883,0.00011720959,0.00003265788,0.00015141245,0.000008578108,0.00003982715],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000552313,0.00012769907,0.0002516125,0.00017828224,0.000048516824,0.00024712007,0.0000092665305,0.00020022984,0.0000026307684],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006300434,0.00011376287,0.0061547556,0.000008912287,0.00019828786,6.799947e-7,0.0011058504,0.09539164,0.010802496,0.0046795653,0.00026045876,0.8812206],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009329502,0.0054439236,0.004214953,0.0004111058,0.0014741751,0.000026989483,0.024550186,0.4190391,0.2368345,0.2410644,0.054658312,0.002952855],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000050347226,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.902213e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.87826777,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000026435479,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007772865,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.52074164},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2070830358","doi":"10.1119/1.4850396","title":"The Schwarzschild metric: It's the coordinates, stupid!","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":36,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Deriving the Schwarzschild solution; Schwarzschild radius; Schwarzschild metric; Physics; Kerr metric; Schwarzschild geodesics; General relativity; Classical mechanics; Einstein; Theoretical physics; Coordinate time; Spacetime; Mathematical physics; Gravitation; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.007603318698261744,"score_gpt":0.31112451576787375,"score_spread":0.303521197069612,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2070830358","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.7953544,0.0012517588,0.07612341,0.07584681,0.0017962389,0.00088055653,0.00030214633,0.000020298785,0.048424352],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973745,0.000014980572,0.00030593417,0.0002576664,0.001036757,0.0000027175245,0.0000054398597,0.000012735302,0.0009893196],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987541,0.00021003695,0.0002624726,0.000083547944,0.0004460169,0.00024386935],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997957,0.0010002672,0.0004137251,0.00021155181,0.00032600222,0.00009148225],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006968573,0.00010511614,0.00019682053,0.000034053955,0.00038826512,0.000113071736,0.000536525,0.00000674687,0.000018416787],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005691333,0.000052144187,0.00018537478,0.00056204904,0.00037824005,0.00011402622,0.000060388793,0.00038525322,0.000023632241],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005564117,0.00015300896,0.0045186365,0.000002061881,0.00037255482,0.0000012158548,0.00029407808,0.00064763246,0.00043457004,0.2247469,0.01671993,0.7520538],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0012176697,0.0015373358,0.020778289,0.000055421497,0.0001428346,0.00001484936,0.0063596466,0.0020333494,0.0022461175,0.47338784,0.49179798,0.00042866115],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000048753376,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.834999e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7516251,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001673624,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008680104,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.29862607},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2071278452","doi":"10.1119/1.1336836","title":"Regular coordinate systems for Schwarzschild and other spherical spacetimes","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Relativity and Gravitational Theory","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":236,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Schwarzschild radius; Deriving the Schwarzschild solution; Kerr metric; Schwarzschild geodesics; Schwarzschild metric; General relativity; Context (archaeology); Classical mechanics; Spacetime; Coordinate time; Event horizon; Spherical coordinate system; Coordinate system; Horizon; Mathematical physics; Theoretical physics; Geometry; Gravitation; Mathematics; Quantum mechanics; Astronomy","score_opus":0.009767444327944092,"score_gpt":0.256238313039856,"score_spread":0.2464708687119119,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2071278452","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.6387959,0.00036267051,0.35741216,0.0005549922,0.00016290677,0.00016457416,0.00003514595,0.000008001433,0.0025036687],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957459,0.000008287728,0.0030843734,0.000068956666,0.00068391796,0.0000036713027,0.0000019761026,0.000017523422,0.0003854248],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99938977,0.000068978006,0.00019275927,0.000088001594,0.00012387772,0.00013660223],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99916375,0.00019629998,0.00036888683,0.000078562945,0.00011109019,0.000081409664],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00018644558,0.00010137372,0.00027273223,0.000020867534,0.00007301759,0.000038251408,0.00008021164,0.000011654614,0.000014871336],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007841003,0.000084388004,0.00011562629,0.0001378186,0.0001903513,0.00013761134,0.000012359266,0.00012380218,0.000003911068],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00034441391,0.00030051728,0.055452354,0.000017991155,0.0006086094,0.000005454391,0.00066793995,0.0037825026,0.00096707436,0.80394727,0.0019895837,0.1319163],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004005645,0.002856456,0.0072530303,0.00037808242,0.00040355002,0.00012965297,0.00946884,0.00427938,0.0016077576,0.760471,0.20818879,0.0009578155],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004029166,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.4469065e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.35694999,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009459134,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000032959208,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3441243},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2071362176","doi":"10.1119/1.1645280","title":"Teaching a single physics module through Problem Based Learning in a lecture-based curriculum","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Problem and Project Based Learning","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":38,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Dublin City University; McMaster University","keywords":"Curriculum; Mathematics education; Problem-based learning; Physics; Physics education; Teaching method; Engineering physics; Pedagogy; Psychology","score_opus":0.014567125766606527,"score_gpt":0.2889313776744633,"score_spread":0.2743642519078568,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2071362176","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.41999474,0.00014372141,0.5706211,0.0034274366,0.0001654679,0.00028700836,0.0000018485903,0.000106928856,0.005251753],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.94579816,0.000007891786,0.05285991,0.0006631104,0.00061576546,0.0000058359556,0.0000025068186,0.00003240874,0.000014440745],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99743867,0.0007398529,0.0004268138,0.00022168038,0.00063447544,0.00053848047],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99846464,0.00020553381,0.0008793573,0.00012850881,0.0001939077,0.00012802164],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001148963,0.00020907106,0.0004466563,0.00009205059,0.00047747316,0.000107224856,0.00034510376,0.00005249765,0.000010754936],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00023409669,0.0001969125,0.00022769859,0.0010561184,0.00035658613,0.00056079536,0.0000223891,0.0012125139,0.0000068418803],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006621605,0.0009446243,0.009532222,0.000036623973,0.0000390487,0.00004111269,0.025600612,0.69311917,0.0027999077,0.008243427,0.00002778662,0.25954923],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.03454288,0.029401314,0.0031021659,0.010387706,0.000942358,0.00007792425,0.08498547,0.044666905,0.060647745,0.5432898,0.1795187,0.008437076],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0071980064,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00023060193,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6484523,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004537239,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0012341548,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99941313},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2071713119","doi":"10.1119/1.1290250","title":"A new solution for inflation","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Northern British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Inflation (cosmology); Simplicity; Cosmology; Theoretical physics; Cosmological model; Classical mechanics; Astrophysics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.008912196194687845,"score_gpt":0.27019467414314685,"score_spread":0.261282477948459,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2071713119","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.14539124,0.000009095904,0.8538305,0.00037934232,0.000101331316,0.000032831133,0.0000026120802,0.0000027568985,0.00025027173],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9830184,5.5431593e-7,0.01583095,0.000054180244,0.0008793508,0.0000012574633,0.0000051722873,0.000004880553,0.00020524545],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9996735,0.000018802153,0.0001382865,0.00003845403,0.000053525113,0.00007745124],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994308,0.00007646614,0.00029392526,0.00004448429,0.000114883245,0.000039439787],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007447301,0.000046687674,0.00011039324,0.000021412738,0.000049341816,0.000009547716,0.000051264917,0.0000057535576,0.000026553842],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005823937,0.000042760425,0.00008599801,0.000116873875,0.00004583036,0.00013335349,0.0000046174564,0.000056802917,0.0000045430006],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009207392,0.000026409225,0.030116843,6.8230344e-7,0.000051623898,2.5201626e-7,0.0004353904,0.00011558389,0.0005158275,0.17475866,0.0011748655,0.7927118],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005339401,0.00039130473,0.009061791,0.000009140274,0.00004633207,0.0000041661556,0.0004317031,0.00008422143,0.0010602841,0.9799566,0.0083411215,0.00007937085],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000028302924,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.5010344e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8379996,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000083703635,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006593104,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.17437196},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2072912900","doi":"10.1119/1.2952446","title":"Roughness effects on contact angle measurements","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Surface Modification and Superhydrophobicity","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":170,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Memorial University of Newfoundland","keywords":"Contact angle; Wetting; Surface roughness; Surface finish; Surface (topology); Condensation; Wetting transition; Solid surface; Mechanics; Physics; Optics; Rough surface; Capillary condensation; Materials science; Composite material; Geometry; Thermodynamics; Chemical physics; Chemistry; Adsorption","score_opus":0.040562913374590885,"score_gpt":0.2659003380379187,"score_spread":0.2253374246633278,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2072912900","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9966092,0.00002770835,0.002370046,0.000107816755,0.00037334577,0.00005367324,0.0000021745304,0.000014435617,0.00044161218],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985252,0.000012007923,0.0007531363,0.00046169627,0.00020729384,0.0000014141866,4.6843095e-7,0.000011822866,0.000026936556],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988637,0.00016074718,0.0002274823,0.000112641785,0.00047363018,0.00016179057],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99911,0.00011178176,0.0003138685,0.00017535835,0.00018292447,0.00010611257],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00023120316,0.00010638702,0.0002868103,0.000029851484,0.00010431229,0.00001766857,0.00021083915,0.000013366142,0.000038939983],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000055710727,0.00008424074,0.00009693872,0.00018177502,0.00011680226,0.00016449887,0.000012800818,0.00011040677,0.00012449478],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00011778019,0.00021624091,0.006138021,0.000005271904,0.00001962238,0.00003152277,0.0007991882,0.00036958032,0.9810979,0.000095897354,0.0005326432,0.010576334],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005886195,0.00091132656,0.01791245,0.000036833968,0.00001578701,0.00004151721,0.00011942022,0.000034381625,0.97968066,0.00010942353,0.00041523614,0.00013434],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000036764075,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.7353345e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.011774429,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000071242874,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008164139,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.34352377},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2073927251","doi":"10.1119/1.1604774","title":"Determining a force law from a scattering experiment","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo; Wilfrid Laurier University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Magnet; Scattering; Table (database); Optics; Classical mechanics; Computational physics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.007546792602964291,"score_gpt":0.25339883268634467,"score_spread":0.24585204008338038,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2073927251","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9360645,0.00006590334,0.039047457,0.00012622689,0.00015883497,0.000051743198,0.000012520723,0.000011077938,0.024461731],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9950753,0.0000015521633,0.0038354178,0.00018767145,0.0008654973,0.0000049725136,0.0000024090905,0.000020499949,0.0000066809334],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99917454,0.00002113018,0.0002758958,0.00012658784,0.00018982436,0.00021201557],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99934024,0.000049567596,0.00031730885,0.00013149565,0.00005621623,0.00010519806],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000038801572,0.00016101965,0.00034121398,0.000013935229,0.0001080441,0.000035852336,0.00017660359,0.000006619757,0.000028844473],"category_scores_gemma":[9.965894e-7,0.00013551791,0.0001982695,0.0001008388,0.00040733296,0.00018266404,0.0000849078,0.00014602394,0.000015915804],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004078306,0.0003242741,0.0010090257,0.0000020865634,0.00030978862,0.000008157358,0.0041204267,0.00041673754,0.08024228,0.8865264,0.000009661323,0.026990365],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00069767097,0.0004145748,0.0000531273,0.000088025125,0.000040921906,0.0000019604126,0.0045113494,0.0000142706685,0.2787347,0.71519196,0.000059904905,0.0001915561],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00029864992,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.157607e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.19849242,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000045085984,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000029275447,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.552626},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2078593256","doi":"10.1119/1.1379734","title":"The great Copernican cliché","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Historical Astronomy and Related Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":36,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Copernican principle; Copernicus; Demotion; Physics; Astronomy; Astrobiology; Natural philosophy; Philosophy; Epistemology; Law","score_opus":0.006508337194192198,"score_gpt":0.2289907049271054,"score_spread":0.22248236773291322,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2078593256","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.87006545,0.0013980791,0.05566263,0.004233205,0.0014147165,0.00017742571,0.000012757035,0.000029993249,0.06700574],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974497,0.00010275164,0.0002711985,0.000045602683,0.0011193255,0.0000016857322,5.966378e-7,0.000010097396,0.0009990446],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99922717,0.000055181867,0.00027229195,0.00007464507,0.00015918269,0.0002115579],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99912834,0.00013547674,0.0003888249,0.00013233312,0.00012263606,0.00009239788],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00011441837,0.000107897,0.0002424341,0.00001346822,0.00030309873,0.000024783869,0.00022734681,0.000007898789,0.000040873154],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000044590693,0.00006226523,0.00019506346,0.0002392253,0.0003300908,0.00008030726,0.000031288848,0.0002923581,0.0000355819],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000051645675,0.000088355446,0.03771331,4.932319e-7,0.00033134807,0.0000048779707,0.0003885115,0.00017634302,0.00004230473,0.0075118756,0.004365437,0.9493255],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00058830366,0.0007169494,0.0034938327,0.00002967311,0.00013835658,0.0000151292015,0.003117609,0.000054474698,0.00024205123,0.0047795763,0.98658633,0.00023769266],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000061058476,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000011196202,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9822209,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003576623,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000054610562,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2539102},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2079281756","doi":"10.1119/1.3602073","title":"The puzzling reliability of the Force Concept Inventory","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Science Education and Pedagogy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":80,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Concordia University; Vanier College; John Abbott College","funders":"","keywords":"Reliability (semiconductor); Internal consistency; Consistency (knowledge bases); Test (biology); Physics; Statistics; Psychology; Reliability engineering; Econometrics; Psychometrics; Mathematics; Computer science; Thermodynamics; Artificial intelligence; Engineering","score_opus":0.06388540973370929,"score_gpt":0.3546067386217578,"score_spread":0.29072132888804847,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2079281756","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9859213,0.00005462919,0.00049627136,0.0024006409,0.001144556,0.000057077825,6.7305535e-7,0.0000033132812,0.0099214995],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989863,0.000033057768,0.00015999904,0.00020771906,0.00031379398,4.9454144e-7,2.346646e-8,0.0000022149704,0.0002963758],"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989629,0.00034389872,0.00019579688,0.000048039674,0.00032481237,0.00012457771],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998703,0.0002505124,0.0005711085,0.00015180079,0.00026006348,0.00006353307],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0012281385,0.000035488447,0.00009297202,0.0000085485835,0.00038681613,0.000014048372,0.0005353354,0.000009468662,0.000032798715],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00047447582,0.000019166378,0.000102573824,0.00033358377,0.0022447235,0.0001351476,0.000020721385,0.00014629767,0.0000017336238],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000041374828,0.00019267027,0.13276017,0.0000030522308,0.00003198637,3.92731e-7,0.50576675,0.00010258685,0.00034122655,0.13813145,0.003054895,0.21957345],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000318541,0.0004851849,0.09473364,0.000063700514,0.00006608215,0.0000045680636,0.6871097,0.00008411415,0.0067371773,0.13033472,0.07981579,0.00024679283],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00090435945,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000087184526,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.21932666,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000040264447,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00059586985,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.82707775},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2079478138","doi":"10.1119/1.3238469","title":"Minimum uncertainty wave packet in relativistic quantum mechanics","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Wave packet; Wave function collapse; Relativistic quantum mechanics; Harmonic oscillator; Quantum mechanics; Dirac equation; Quantum harmonic oscillator; Schrödinger equation; Wave function; Classical mechanics; Momentum (technical analysis); Uncertainty principle; Quantum electrodynamics; Quantum; Quantum dynamics; Quantum operation","score_opus":0.011081570596645387,"score_gpt":0.24719949053291634,"score_spread":0.23611791993627096,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2079478138","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9295609,0.000011584974,0.06719427,0.0002088192,0.0009413507,0.0001356895,0.000049767437,0.000012910363,0.0018846993],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978566,0.000005265669,0.0008886506,0.00009987642,0.0010357074,0.0000040236664,0.00001055755,0.000047791178,0.000051484014],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9982552,0.00010520093,0.0006208408,0.00023049023,0.00036273396,0.00042556372],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99803674,0.00024266703,0.0009281745,0.00035093888,0.00023606935,0.00020538978],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00042492477,0.00028067562,0.00062000053,0.000091666036,0.00007307712,0.00004818218,0.0003172795,0.00003871841,0.00009243306],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002608433,0.00025423712,0.00029256966,0.0005507876,0.00012638942,0.00024270847,0.000061138264,0.0010720551,0.00002927549],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008486892,0.00048774193,0.0008539455,0.000008558006,0.00012813683,0.000033363565,0.00066354463,0.0002779565,0.009835564,0.8970734,0.00041334974,0.09013955],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009366631,0.00066139287,0.00029860332,0.00007541508,0.00007614137,0.000016559547,0.0011461311,0.032205235,0.002496434,0.9607853,0.00086646364,0.00043564112],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000060107937,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000062843596,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.08970391,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000037998358,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002623586,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999991},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2080228027","doi":"10.1119/1.1571839","title":"A representation of the Schrödinger and Klein–Gordon equations obtained using simple hyperbolic numbers","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Klein–Gordon equation; Physics; Simple (philosophy); Representation (politics); Mathematical physics; Dimension (graph theory); Function (biology); Wave function; Hyperbolic function; Schrödinger equation; Hyperbolic partial differential equation; Mathematical analysis; Wave equation; Space (punctuation); Derivative (finance); Hyperbolic space; Schrödinger's cat; Pure mathematics; Quantum mechanics; Partial differential equation; Mathematics; Nonlinear system; Law","score_opus":0.02077362223864615,"score_gpt":0.2849145552879536,"score_spread":0.26414093304930747,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2080228027","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.93783826,0.000018603236,0.0611548,0.000042632186,0.000104754414,0.000075780306,0.00000968679,0.0000025029176,0.0007529649],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983988,0.000004411688,0.0013181416,0.000039775598,0.00020201073,0.0000012192243,0.0000015670583,0.000018743334,0.000015323092],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99906766,0.00013395597,0.000320591,0.000106217114,0.00021668675,0.000154899],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986557,0.0001298582,0.00077280175,0.00019098204,0.0001848477,0.00006580755],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00015456598,0.0001159741,0.00029554946,0.00003053489,0.00011268159,0.000025713996,0.00012309868,0.000011293346,0.000025377243],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000026367265,0.00009151992,0.0001784478,0.0005317078,0.00013553412,0.00018294161,0.000027508531,0.00015744712,9.640031e-7],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000046786645,0.0004653724,0.04247279,0.00002169603,0.0005180032,0.0000020085913,0.0022662736,0.0037922969,0.08660715,0.74549663,0.00014434545,0.11816665],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0030763394,0.000859295,0.004784321,0.0002973196,0.0009268089,0.000037056216,0.01541776,0.03404048,0.17923275,0.7588584,0.0014913464,0.0009781152],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00011153657,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.333763e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.117188536,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000020047883,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00013758548,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3732074},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2080591076","doi":"10.1119/1.1445403","title":"Faster, cheaper, safer optical tweezers for the undergraduate laboratory","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Simon Fraser University","keywords":"SAFER; Optical tweezers; Physics; Trap (plumbing); Set (abstract data type); Tweezers; Optics; Nanotechnology; Computer science","score_opus":0.011107021927565124,"score_gpt":0.23450477713122858,"score_spread":0.22339775520366345,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2080591076","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.62826836,0.0009288099,0.34439197,0.014537816,0.0018703421,0.00066467904,0.00017203258,0.000041437757,0.009124571],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9952576,0.000020498854,0.0028868704,0.0002669594,0.0012152657,0.000006208009,0.0000016802613,0.000029791057,0.00031512682],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990688,0.00003247828,0.0002912974,0.00010552812,0.00024467462,0.00025725368],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989417,0.000202145,0.00034271792,0.0002006987,0.0002029279,0.00010978264],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00012863964,0.00015186667,0.00026452777,0.000022494653,0.000108839195,0.000054380052,0.00026948936,0.000011829075,0.000069159716],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009837472,0.00010474819,0.00023624065,0.00022627646,0.00030462534,0.00015668184,0.000036553753,0.00023917669,0.000024692234],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00010180565,0.0011099377,0.005716249,0.000023363373,0.0011325475,0.000009538169,0.0016595894,0.0017975596,0.0058053066,0.12097028,0.01761778,0.84405607],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.014435932,0.011971845,0.005557438,0.00043272844,0.0036234416,0.00007921659,0.03865653,0.041276265,0.051746633,0.16572341,0.6621311,0.0043654726],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000064736537,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.7149691e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.83969057,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000032768512,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000038936225,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.42715073},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2081640245","doi":"10.1119/1.3421390","title":"REPLY TO “COMMENT ON ‘ECONOPHYSICS AND ECONOMICS: SISTER DISCIPLINES?’ BY CHRISTOPHE SCHINCKUS”","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Econophysics; Physics; Sister; Mathematical economics; Neoclassical economics; Economics; Sociology; Anthropology","score_opus":0.010348306110702036,"score_gpt":0.2117308976873747,"score_spread":0.20138259157667265,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2081640245","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.977582,0.00012146236,0.0034147357,0.015339632,0.0005442426,0.00011067573,0.0001381533,0.000009378389,0.0027397452],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99028873,0.000052351672,0.0019105873,0.0066971737,0.0006824088,0.000004491431,0.000004807733,0.000034273642,0.0003251839],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99861217,0.0000143578045,0.0008041313,0.00030085686,0.00004344408,0.00022503901],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980801,0.00006817746,0.0011596382,0.00041190372,0.00005835499,0.00022187878],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00031467268,0.00019734398,0.0007434703,0.00011565541,0.0001110517,0.0001256201,0.0002790022,0.000024019299,0.000099832636],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002765506,0.0001954079,0.00023254877,0.00018098635,0.00012833353,0.00022022365,0.000090938134,0.00028812984,0.0000988479],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00044869454,0.0011836573,0.03748677,0.000061676,0.0015373778,0.000013964643,0.0045647356,0.0014701386,0.0015973725,0.60237515,0.09872503,0.25053546],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006451628,0.0012411902,0.0033438108,0.00002565516,0.00003834359,0.000015863934,0.000490561,0.0008661849,0.00035331762,0.043785915,0.94866616,0.0005278146],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005339853,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000015623882,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.84994113,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006078702,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000019054634,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7968503},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2081907632","doi":"10.1119/1.2785190","title":"The effect of multiple internal representations on context-rich instruction","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","field":"Psychology","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; John Abbott College","funders":"","keywords":"Construct (python library); Independence (probability theory); Modalities; Measure (data warehouse); Cognition; Control (management); Concept learning; Section (typography)","score_opus":0.014974380894935668,"score_gpt":0.3630545454805089,"score_spread":0.3480801645855732,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2081907632","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9894337,0.0000510967,0.007604425,0.00008400738,0.00042388047,0.000045289045,0.000001517467,0.0000054244583,0.0023506496],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999389,0.000006971208,0.000041526146,0.000070953596,0.00033698534,0.0000015989501,5.5858163e-7,0.000009075828,0.00014335515],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991867,0.00017183703,0.00026646676,0.00007515667,0.00017744445,0.00012242605],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977258,0.0012836431,0.0006604229,0.00008726805,0.00020323506,0.000039647373],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003819095,0.0000734838,0.00017405301,0.000042824784,0.000080387006,0.00001101947,0.00013612404,0.000013305224,0.000015258719],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00023135074,0.00004578643,0.000092507966,0.0002449797,0.00026901928,0.000054729742,0.00001225938,0.00026581576,0.00001648218],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0012952152,0.0000622022,0.09400811,0.0000037109953,0.0001440626,0.000007069417,0.0013328963,0.000028596694,0.0006718691,0.00095450925,0.00014386576,0.9013479],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006145051,0.029698573,0.7467144,0.00028616877,0.0002560398,0.00030984686,0.033920567,0.000043556673,0.17357959,0.0018783513,0.006814398,0.0003534607],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000081389466,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009426033,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9009944,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000015245357,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000013578809,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.18671164},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2084893878","doi":"10.1119/1.4870185","title":"Dielectric resonating microspheres for biosensing: An optical approach to a biological problem","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Photonic and Optical Devices","field":"Engineering","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Centre hospitalier de l'Université Laval; Université Laval; Institut National d'Optique","funders":"","keywords":"Nanotechnology; Microsphere; Microfluidics; Biosensor; Biomolecule; Dielectric; Computer science; Physics; Materials science; Engineering; Optoelectronics","score_opus":0.015217894523253471,"score_gpt":0.23725728924013595,"score_spread":0.22203939471688247,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2084893878","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.66227996,0.00006067776,0.3328419,0.00005410257,0.000057572768,0.00011989277,0.0000023989235,0.000047016474,0.0045364597],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.79161066,0.000007636438,0.2079292,0.0001428127,0.0002825572,0.000003344447,0.0000013390417,0.00001963139,0.0000028409768],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991344,0.000033596174,0.00028629997,0.00012545833,0.00012496447,0.0002952504],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99930215,0.0001989642,0.00009462302,0.00010363249,0.00010351566,0.00019714485],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002469428,0.00013262946,0.00033648615,0.000031407984,0.00004585467,0.000041247837,0.00019036586,0.00003227136,8.521387e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008015404,0.0001010276,0.000102030055,0.00029571092,0.00009291968,0.000091046,0.000018017106,0.00019387294,0.000002647119],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00013385905,0.0003019793,0.00018861746,0.00006245517,0.00013124073,0.0000025515703,0.00070447224,0.019399146,0.115625724,0.03971523,0.00025980253,0.82347494],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0015972803,0.010209559,0.0029951911,0.00017821368,0.00016134902,0.00016164205,0.0015030464,0.8577541,0.09642586,0.014016423,0.013705284,0.0012920359],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000033323986,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.205216e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.83835495,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003632753,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000019278163,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4119786},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2085998428","doi":"10.1119/1.1707016","title":"A model coaxial photonic crystal for studying band structures, dispersion, field localization, and superluminal effects","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Photonic Crystals and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université de Moncton","funders":"","keywords":"Superluminal motion; Physics; Dispersion relation; Photonic crystal; Dispersion (optics); Wave packet; Field (mathematics); Coaxial; Quantum tunnelling; Optics; Quantum electrodynamics; Computational physics; Condensed matter physics; Quantum mechanics; Telecommunications","score_opus":0.00806418396721478,"score_gpt":0.25096958792452195,"score_spread":0.24290540395730717,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2085998428","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.57411027,0.000030517296,0.42556223,0.00007433967,0.000029659303,0.00013188942,0.000019923513,0.0000032761104,0.000037903952],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9962095,0.00000881509,0.0033562325,0.000110699824,0.00026972248,0.00001416312,0.0000091411985,0.000016236629,0.000005461657],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993097,0.000013369327,0.0002295039,0.00013503157,0.00013879713,0.0001735628],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993104,0.00010349294,0.00024561526,0.00010953615,0.00012570742,0.000105264815],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006660592,0.00012979859,0.0002612698,0.000025951811,0.00017333192,0.00004295224,0.00011577195,0.000013991596,0.000007050276],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000066119596,0.00011237531,0.00011472259,0.00012551977,0.00011455147,0.00013063487,0.000022052322,0.00012735337,2.3331185e-7],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009190764,0.0020176154,0.021252122,0.0002457073,0.0013107836,0.0000110770325,0.012999364,0.1928526,0.26041144,0.2445494,0.002166787,0.26126403],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.015151189,0.0059159887,0.0020087888,0.0005097495,0.0011339614,0.0000794815,0.011762112,0.07570748,0.25152865,0.6314161,0.0030569204,0.0017296001],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000080339734,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000026818082,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.42220598,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002860944,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00014593804,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.45825323},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2088839836","doi":"10.1119/1.1351146","title":"A simple interference scanner","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Photonic and Optical Devices","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"John Abbott College","funders":"","keywords":"Potentiometer; Interference (communication); Physics; Linearity; Optics; Scanner; Diffraction; Simple (philosophy); Reproducibility; Resolution (logic); Position (finance); Telecommunications; Computer science; Statistics; Artificial intelligence; Voltage; Mathematics","score_opus":0.009021763207565916,"score_gpt":0.23271057778733567,"score_spread":0.22368881457976975,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2088839836","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9515482,0.000119592034,0.03832974,0.000044347555,0.00013834084,0.000016075917,0.0000016873788,0.000027316133,0.009774684],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99892384,0.00012935631,0.00062843313,0.00010460478,0.00018549536,4.1007965e-7,3.0617412e-7,0.000011119041,0.000016460604],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99956805,0.00000890114,0.00015505654,0.000038124566,0.0000953498,0.00013453017],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996917,0.00003540723,0.0000653951,0.00007494984,0.00004916732,0.00008337145],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000043164455,0.00006928328,0.00016978814,0.00002069499,0.000012820914,0.0000145742415,0.00014059758,0.000008441184,0.000036683756],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007731155,0.000056298664,0.00006319763,0.0001843859,0.000072715506,0.00012729346,0.000011456075,0.0001443169,0.00002174318],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007331398,0.00012498398,0.005177947,0.000028333532,0.00028037198,0.00012345857,0.0010510817,0.028648468,0.01116423,0.005034392,0.0025138566,0.94577956],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004048058,0.0069629247,0.055944294,0.0008843095,0.00057894265,0.0015523449,0.008531428,0.49986184,0.08042204,0.07129605,0.2665805,0.0033372669],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009467395,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000020558505,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9424423,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000025788313,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000015379454,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2295793},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2088931248","doi":"10.1119/1.4773564","title":"Elucidating Fermi's golden rule via bound-to-bound transitions in a confined hydrogen atom","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Atomic and Molecular Physics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Trent University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Photoionization; Hydrogen atom; Wave function; Principal quantum number; Fermi's golden rule; Bound state; Ionization; Scaling; Atomic physics; Atom (system on chip); RADIUS; Quantum mechanics; Quantum; Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope; Ion; Quantum dissipation","score_opus":0.005913148868807375,"score_gpt":0.23284081364923942,"score_spread":0.22692766478043205,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2088931248","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.82773066,0.000010103352,0.17050773,0.00037619247,0.00005083936,0.00015763327,0.000011696837,0.000008147771,0.0011469935],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971035,8.961447e-7,0.0019446253,0.00032178505,0.0005062007,0.000016410138,0.000013822948,0.0000378368,0.00005489683],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986777,0.00008274961,0.0004680585,0.00018077886,0.00023969245,0.00035104458],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989333,0.000041586623,0.00042145816,0.00021549508,0.00017360241,0.00021455491],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00010864886,0.00021002493,0.00046622832,0.00007095453,0.000095034215,0.00007596296,0.00026622883,0.000018457557,0.00012371874],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000026180737,0.00020533244,0.00024006692,0.00046106413,0.00014653159,0.0002896143,0.00003848336,0.00030461274,0.000103362],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000073842646,0.0009696665,0.014629058,0.000018016397,0.0007608027,0.00003229767,0.008002144,0.0035416007,0.25881335,0.022136679,0.0009960845,0.69002646],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.011764729,0.003255708,0.029008139,0.0009488503,0.0011471338,0.00014822975,0.034155518,0.016715886,0.39133462,0.49784878,0.008687668,0.0049847383],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006756694,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000038108396,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6850417,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000059260838,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001902779,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8373214},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2090202654","doi":"10.1119/1.1344164","title":"The physics of golf: The optimum loft of a driver","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics","field":"Engineering","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Vancouver Island University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Ball (mathematics); Aerospace engineering; Aeronautics; Simulation; Engineering; Geometry; Mathematics","score_opus":0.00466311099938996,"score_gpt":0.1967179697551248,"score_spread":0.19205485875573483,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2090202654","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9449279,0.00020418795,0.054007214,0.00014114735,0.00031702372,0.000057735662,0.000008211725,0.000010109721,0.00032650668],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99813783,0.00077949563,0.00079072785,0.000024758587,0.00022946952,5.354347e-7,5.9164466e-7,0.000019886584,0.000016726293],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992144,0.000016008042,0.00032338846,0.000046565292,0.0002486632,0.0001509873],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990732,0.00008880069,0.0004168362,0.00021874302,0.00016442184,0.00003797638],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001637389,0.000103187034,0.00025053936,0.000017279575,0.000038896866,0.000011230964,0.0003203751,0.000015035926,0.000003688941],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000064647056,0.000058557926,0.00017760175,0.0003941684,0.00021682068,0.00006701897,0.000027109147,0.0001775378,0.0000011080414],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00012204945,0.00022565635,0.0025571156,0.00003582787,0.000755927,0.00002283273,0.0018018823,0.13273466,0.04120558,0.017329922,0.00091833575,0.8022902],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0027657233,0.0033366699,0.015502155,0.0005476171,0.0009917914,0.00036132737,0.011452304,0.8069885,0.06047233,0.061652288,0.034419708,0.0015095897],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000013787077,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002041897,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8007806,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000025033263,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000032710057,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.23879229},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2090931787","doi":"10.1119/1.1603268","title":"How hot is radiation?","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Thermal Radiation and Cooling Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics; Radiation; Thermodynamic equilibrium; Effective temperature; Radiant intensity; Intensity (physics); Autocatalytic reaction; Energy (signal processing)","score_opus":0.006554683359719044,"score_gpt":0.20310066699567028,"score_spread":0.19654598363595124,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2090931787","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8520383,0.0010414025,0.1426471,0.00097408,0.0006008621,0.000052700598,0.000006423428,0.00026103025,0.0023780477],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99739516,0.00021746746,0.0021358978,0.00011904533,0.000085956526,5.2206445e-7,1.5333335e-7,0.0000124166245,0.00003335626],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9996682,0.000012032004,0.00009786621,0.00003233612,0.00009730268,0.00009227811],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99971306,0.00002143172,0.000101991,0.00008962264,0.00003938924,0.000034503722],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004315666,0.00006226646,0.00012315004,0.00003766019,0.000017232122,0.00002728062,0.000101308404,0.000013486211,0.000010465544],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000027081498,0.00005706971,0.000058842365,0.00020363308,0.000048757127,0.00011945212,0.0000027337283,0.00012294795,0.0000069853513],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008995021,0.000035764537,0.0009266228,0.00000834187,0.00016200815,0.000007792863,0.0008601385,0.0216446,0.004018474,0.01682732,0.010850391,0.9446496],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0018101058,0.0012410213,0.0072152168,0.00007249232,0.00015792735,0.000177494,0.0070576044,0.013281591,0.43659383,0.033453412,0.4977482,0.0011911253],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":5.276223e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.66672e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.94345844,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003087243,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001667104,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.23272352},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2091451703","doi":"10.1119/1.1380380","title":"The physics of golf: The convex face of a driver","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics","field":"Engineering","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Vancouver Island University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Ball (mathematics); Regular polygon; Curvature; Aerospace engineering; Aeronautics; Classical mechanics; Geometry; Engineering; Mathematics","score_opus":0.0049607759641196935,"score_gpt":0.19728174693555717,"score_spread":0.19232097097143747,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2091451703","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.947423,0.00019123967,0.051677495,0.000144672,0.00026098313,0.0000562644,0.000008695189,0.000008625478,0.00022903288],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987166,0.00074135565,0.00031117784,0.000027852695,0.00016617085,5.029411e-7,5.4823136e-7,0.000017332815,0.000018468263],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992607,0.000016619391,0.00030261016,0.000043870914,0.00023756373,0.0001385996],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99911004,0.00009180671,0.0004133302,0.00019865148,0.00015062254,0.000035530742],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001488652,0.00009740469,0.0002532124,0.000014095594,0.00003588085,0.000009878121,0.00029623215,0.000014423626,0.000003330548],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006445487,0.0000553072,0.00015569892,0.00035370165,0.00022967093,0.000059300088,0.000023595741,0.00017080079,0.0000011733558],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00012838471,0.00021773028,0.0035446973,0.0000443214,0.0008957613,0.000020878144,0.0033511645,0.06925207,0.06414149,0.024120273,0.0010183622,0.8332649],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0031759806,0.0032846294,0.022486014,0.0005502285,0.0010086395,0.00034505682,0.02438161,0.72462,0.11057264,0.05693491,0.05099653,0.0016437935],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000014340118,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000020116802,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.83162105,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000022429476,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000031163665,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.22553621},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2094237702","doi":"10.1119/1.4820241","title":"Integrated testlets and the immediate feedback assessment technique","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Student Assessment and Feedback","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Trent University","funders":"","keywords":"Context (archaeology); Multiple choice; Set (abstract data type); Test (biology); Reliability (semiconductor); Standard deviation; Computer science; Mathematics education; Statistics; Physics; Psychology; Mathematics; Programming language; Significant difference","score_opus":0.012545079734105244,"score_gpt":0.314171238454659,"score_spread":0.30162615872055376,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2094237702","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9450119,0.0001604601,0.009137763,0.016801752,0.0005085437,0.0009350246,0.0000028879638,0.000041658248,0.027399993],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99365556,0.00031981483,0.0050318474,0.00036098147,0.00043252282,0.00001900647,5.264812e-7,0.000009536945,0.00017017961],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99872625,0.00030010263,0.00025602189,0.00008356306,0.0004260115,0.00020802718],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986572,0.00036508855,0.00047918642,0.00009646557,0.00029506252,0.00010695828],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00080924487,0.000102816906,0.00027996505,0.00003386408,0.00021134871,0.00015059186,0.00031584117,0.000021623586,0.00007936086],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006388561,0.00006124085,0.00009318788,0.00039110373,0.0013367608,0.00030295274,0.000045615136,0.00029320858,0.0000138037985],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001581648,0.0004539207,0.09990366,0.0000118376,0.0005164511,0.000015272097,0.031372804,0.000013567338,0.010370199,0.09438385,0.015501977,0.7472983],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009601241,0.0027141802,0.48825344,0.0004086049,0.00061770086,0.000059073707,0.28761277,0.00051741145,0.0018796376,0.14606947,0.0606811,0.0015853754],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0012074291,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000015342444,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.74571294,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006954724,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00020214166,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.49253508},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2108437754","doi":"10.1119/1.1645286","title":"A novel electrospray-based ion mobility spectrometer","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Electronics; Spectrometer; Ion-mobility spectrometry; Physics; Mass spectrometry; Ion; Electrospray; High voltage; Voltage; Electrical engineering; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Nanotechnology; Materials science; Chemistry; Optics; Chromatography; Engineering","score_opus":0.009098798136484579,"score_gpt":0.2560955758704154,"score_spread":0.24699677773393086,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2108437754","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.76322806,0.000019057412,0.23268527,0.00068933214,0.000019625819,0.00004584423,0.000015600575,0.00005675813,0.0032404838],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9426111,0.000011585809,0.05684858,0.00015648444,0.00032581555,0.0000071891327,0.000003950811,0.000020724146,0.000014588654],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990094,0.000007067141,0.0003218158,0.0001552955,0.00027099825,0.00023544443],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990148,0.000044972163,0.00038237483,0.00031386886,0.00013454194,0.00010945889],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00011451832,0.00014267808,0.00029322415,0.000050224946,0.00005422783,0.000026081301,0.00027600405,0.000027543445,0.00026246405],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000019309404,0.0001279153,0.00022702324,0.00047570362,0.00015408678,0.000085138185,0.000018241491,0.000357234,0.000005344714],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004107826,0.00072116614,0.00033965905,0.0000128316005,0.000040601615,0.0000033250953,0.000031356358,0.00018377004,0.97732335,0.011925319,0.00004196333,0.0093355635],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006162856,0.00055520295,0.00039155158,0.000034292887,0.000045859535,0.000051799154,0.000054207634,0.000059019054,0.9765642,0.020075046,0.0013670387,0.00018544245],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000052184692,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000015326966,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.17938305,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00025144362,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00015782472,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5216234},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2110060477","doi":"10.1119/1.19457","title":"Curve fits in the presence of random and systematic error","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Autocovariance; Random error; Systematic error; Residual; Physics; Statistics; Statistical error; Function (biology); Statistical physics; Error analysis; Curve fitting; Applied mathematics; Algorithm; Mathematics; Fourier transform; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.008660299186847398,"score_gpt":0.24018012269001682,"score_spread":0.2315198235031694,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2110060477","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.89159805,0.00055245584,0.10699316,0.00033147525,0.00009394097,0.000091349844,4.1098247e-7,0.000004606289,0.00033455095],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99441546,0.000027732018,0.005468307,0.000029232644,0.000035995658,9.4091496e-7,2.2643128e-8,0.000001717933,0.000020612215],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992836,0.00018080472,0.00024096735,0.000055882174,0.00016860508,0.00007011347],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99926114,0.00019899383,0.0003441486,0.00011205021,0.000065178225,0.0000184876],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00041269272,0.000047032987,0.00021699353,0.000028668044,0.000027709491,0.000040089297,0.00030416463,0.000005902999,0.0000011294152],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003494298,0.000027900163,0.00003669087,0.0003028181,0.00014794506,0.00030607486,0.000010740965,0.00009831956,8.002381e-7],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006335205,0.00012574479,0.0015566781,0.0010313637,0.00004375322,0.00002568217,0.016023492,0.0011709526,0.00038448971,0.00111688,0.00008029449,0.97837734],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.019561926,0.008052744,0.03477848,0.044963278,0.00067138206,0.024304554,0.033634983,0.6918787,0.02258096,0.11687682,0.00031054355,0.0023856543],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000012795666,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.465909e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.97599167,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000046652312,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000048081227,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.11377356},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2111874453","doi":"10.1119/1.2787016","title":"Graphical representation of the diffraction grating equation","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Optical Coatings and Gratings","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Diffraction; Grating; Diffraction grating; Representation (politics); Graph; Acousto-optics; Optics; Computer science; Theoretical computer science","score_opus":0.019669802586173773,"score_gpt":0.29524454268162814,"score_spread":0.27557474009545435,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2111874453","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9338852,0.000003982418,0.06553362,0.00019126525,0.00017907837,0.00003321421,9.68631e-7,0.0000037541079,0.00016892781],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99367684,0.0000019151232,0.0060139284,0.0000752167,0.00022030692,2.6997523e-7,2.923331e-7,0.0000050461517,0.0000061988117],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989979,0.00006983701,0.00039369223,0.000066015404,0.00036804588,0.000104510305],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982246,0.0002713215,0.0011193542,0.00009690246,0.00025045616,0.000037370857],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005904212,0.000053259733,0.00015238764,0.00002401593,0.000074000076,0.000021206555,0.0001229226,0.000013217362,0.000007835032],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00033687745,0.000034058252,0.00010097979,0.00041809978,0.00019692758,0.00021007887,0.000022002532,0.0001326835,0.0000013628477],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000033148448,0.000046675785,0.008532315,0.0000036145436,0.0000045351576,6.0801915e-7,0.00047243896,0.00018662738,0.9428126,0.0046768743,0.000018705667,0.043211807],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00024632976,0.00053867477,0.08994623,0.00006873795,0.00004515759,0.00001717597,0.0019461226,0.0006904558,0.8941973,0.012177966,0.000030607847,0.00009526017],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005805058,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000043002506,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.08141392,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001957613,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000025682077,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.13888553},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2124081986","doi":"10.1119/1.3614039","title":"Kramers–Kronig, Bode, and the meaning of zero","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"History and Theory of Mathematics","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":96,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Relation (database); Causality (physics); Zero (linguistics); Meaning (existential); Object (grammar); The Imaginary; Flow (mathematics)","score_opus":0.03729050212548234,"score_gpt":0.2633724680801838,"score_spread":0.22608196595470142,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2124081986","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.90956193,0.0001735378,0.07021208,0.00007563807,0.0001487939,0.00011483774,0.0000033619876,0.000013238094,0.019696577],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9688183,0.000032729215,0.03086636,0.000058465932,0.000068489026,7.282753e-7,5.7641362e-8,0.000018134057,0.00013671852],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990451,0.00016200524,0.00040576834,0.000058390964,0.00021231154,0.00011643259],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979376,0.0005972326,0.001091647,0.00019825331,0.00011851389,0.000056738456],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008324758,0.000104580744,0.00046179158,0.000031126798,0.000065426655,0.0000058669275,0.00022582192,0.0000151953345,0.000027745442],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00020288142,0.000066637724,0.00014690716,0.000105231324,0.0009788744,0.00009896614,0.000033409287,0.0001944197,0.0000025154511],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00020587714,0.00016781187,0.00006234865,0.00006603926,0.00020682752,0.000008103846,0.03554526,0.0000036988863,0.00030435866,0.9393811,0.00033343837,0.02371513],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006940566,0.00032944506,0.000014245801,0.000099810095,0.00017486977,0.00007650737,0.0035776969,0.000050890227,0.0027477515,0.99171096,0.00042861377,0.00009512294],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008059256,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.8712317e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.059256382,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000014799924,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000390465,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.36067033},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2126510004","doi":"10.1119/1.3008007","title":"A simple function for the description of near-exponential decays: The stretched or compressed hyperbola","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Directorate for Biological Sciences","keywords":"Hyperbola; Extrapolation; Exponential function; Physics; Exponential decay; Interpolation (computer graphics); Simple (philosophy); Representation (politics); Exponential integral; Double exponential function; Function (biology); Mathematical analysis; Mathematics; Classical mechanics; Nuclear physics; Geometry; Integral equation","score_opus":0.01810200801508693,"score_gpt":0.2676918650309447,"score_spread":0.24958985701585779,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2126510004","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.20062043,0.000016904753,0.79895043,0.0001326699,0.00009709961,0.00011335828,0.00003975424,0.0000024806056,0.000026850581],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957924,0.0000052479245,0.003741365,0.00008931373,0.00034181416,0.000003692382,0.000007072792,0.000010595166,0.000008532158],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99930096,0.000044413086,0.00028022277,0.00007345861,0.0001601044,0.00014086161],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99876016,0.00032965638,0.00052643154,0.0001468554,0.00019632129,0.000040552728],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00012156013,0.0000997463,0.00022906643,0.000009197108,0.00014233253,0.000034800025,0.00018696657,0.000009497393,0.000021139354],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000013667196,0.000052569234,0.00015192686,0.0001604347,0.00011993026,0.00009381912,0.000012499546,0.00014500323,4.8156244e-7],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009785292,0.00024323876,0.00012769179,0.000004226656,0.00021207357,4.9484333e-7,0.00038179412,0.008999243,0.017372265,0.14223719,0.00011112444,0.8293321],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0018470057,0.0040262546,0.0042658,0.00004238361,0.00053410954,0.0000039741185,0.00455377,0.36891708,0.0032553026,0.6103403,0.0019524231,0.0002615973],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000027945944,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000013064002,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8290705,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000013395686,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006182275,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.21437111},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2129649360","doi":"10.1119/1.4827829","title":"Onsager symmetry relations and ideal gas effusion: A detailed example","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Lethbridge","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Ideal gas; Symmetry (geometry); Statistical physics; Statistical mechanics; Onsager reciprocal relations; Ideal (ethics); Kinetic theory; Classical mechanics; Theoretical physics; Thermodynamics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.0056583804510689836,"score_gpt":0.2313822717020096,"score_spread":0.2257238912509406,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2129649360","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.33016652,0.00001051765,0.66855854,0.00006921588,0.00005535679,0.000027789816,0.000009362249,0.0000037783832,0.0010988916],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.979543,0.0000045870192,0.020025093,0.0000613367,0.00030846134,0.0000013700638,0.0000034401937,0.000016758566,0.000035996974],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.999277,0.00006509906,0.00024878333,0.00010686969,0.0001447541,0.00015748627],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990066,0.00029289324,0.0003443623,0.00012245335,0.00010047071,0.00013321784],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00013786597,0.000110189925,0.00027309603,0.00002909573,0.00009615142,0.000023533996,0.00009107472,0.0000109791345,0.00005421705],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000018771038,0.00009345324,0.00007885061,0.00015806705,0.00010249706,0.00009331166,0.00003432623,0.00021547975,0.000007771934],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000015932996,0.000052876214,0.002187656,0.0000018423394,0.00004673038,0.0000012329881,0.00010776761,0.00012438894,0.00070647674,0.59801024,0.000026448715,0.39871842],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00072746497,0.0006381448,0.0036210502,0.000046125602,0.0001068727,0.000010030136,0.00051777984,0.028091615,0.00024278974,0.9639751,0.0017700192,0.0002530303],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000038164246,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000010562313,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.64937645,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000014069143,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002973096,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.38109127},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2136475937","doi":"10.1119/1.2757623","title":"Foucault pendulum through basic geometry","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Liquid Crystal Research Advancements","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":45,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Pendulum; Geometric phase; Theoretical physics; Classical mechanics; Geometry; Calculus (dental); Quantum mechanics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.022255783211733573,"score_gpt":0.33101827386213195,"score_spread":0.3087624906503984,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2136475937","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.92063427,0.00007197118,0.07694944,0.00012935343,0.000373106,0.00006045416,0.000007507178,0.000013080763,0.0017607918],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9818318,0.000039150327,0.016993755,0.00033109807,0.0006669075,8.254764e-7,8.761029e-7,0.000021898195,0.00011369058],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.997857,0.00007057011,0.00044387067,0.00015653612,0.0009445957,0.0005274624],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99837327,0.000208234,0.000617713,0.0002432972,0.0003483236,0.00020915418],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009407531,0.00013337901,0.00031310486,0.000066527035,0.000081140955,0.000050849758,0.000488775,0.00001538555,0.0002603736],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00020961513,0.00011012865,0.00011622503,0.0005692855,0.00038700824,0.00077146647,0.00010827017,0.00025222969,0.00012734787],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00029801478,0.0002781311,0.0014024301,0.000017045444,0.00004313579,0.0001509047,0.00059161126,0.00012923079,0.9027527,0.0019851218,0.0011226812,0.091229],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0010503888,0.0028905817,0.0032734177,0.000089602545,0.000035480945,0.00012837871,0.0021955809,0.000016462167,0.95699406,0.012745592,0.020216841,0.00036362206],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000067388464,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003878624,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.09086537,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00016929317,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00014321564,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.44909158},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2149084375","doi":"10.1119/1.1646132","title":"Teaching neutrino oscillations","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Neutrino Physics Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":39,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Neutrino oscillation; Neutrino; Phenomenon; Theoretical physics; Measurements of neutrino speed; Classical mechanics; Particle physics; Quantum mechanics; Solar neutrino","score_opus":0.013826587708198902,"score_gpt":0.3041320975295959,"score_spread":0.290305509821397,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2149084375","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9115436,0.00001094352,0.060451552,0.000680833,0.00013886628,0.00008476587,0.000012270384,0.000014011794,0.027063131],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99690557,0.0000016535641,0.0015044849,0.00005491225,0.0014402793,0.000001811632,0.0000021879475,0.000023305101,0.0000658099],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9988926,0.000065425236,0.00029208796,0.00011718344,0.00036441578,0.00026830254],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989523,0.00008657905,0.00040750016,0.00020557069,0.00019215899,0.00015583668],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00016385666,0.00012966222,0.0002788515,0.00007490054,0.0001410744,0.000049921877,0.0002971269,0.000007811455,0.000024411256],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000013738278,0.00011790885,0.00021662659,0.00034470862,0.00016128397,0.0003210755,0.000057372406,0.0005521557,0.000042338612],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000022771404,0.00040602288,0.009812055,0.000004132625,0.00016228373,0.0000072995954,0.00081224344,0.008375506,0.009396397,0.66684425,0.00008303613,0.30407402],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008814003,0.004045941,0.022861645,0.0003890789,0.00039623657,0.00009200378,0.009078058,0.00023635384,0.36108455,0.5722572,0.018657284,0.0020876336],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000374384,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.335359e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.35168815,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006568864,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00023022624,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.48081833},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2152134101","doi":"10.1119/1.1619142","title":"Neutrino physics: An update","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Neutrino Physics Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":39,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Neutrino; Neutrino oscillation; Particle physics; Nuclear physics; Solar neutrino problem; Physics beyond the Standard Model; Solar neutrino; Measurements of neutrino speed; Astroparticle physics","score_opus":0.015931492388855058,"score_gpt":0.3004113374246212,"score_spread":0.2844798450357662,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2152134101","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.91487163,0.000033325625,0.05840093,0.000110412264,0.00031013638,0.00017153918,0.00003064132,0.000025562305,0.026045837],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966831,0.000008905502,0.0014804043,0.0001105537,0.0015833532,0.0000047016656,0.000007294473,0.00005575353,0.00006592827],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99799025,0.00027227562,0.0004381714,0.0002439723,0.0005478171,0.00050753076],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99785846,0.000097887416,0.00067034253,0.00047478822,0.00055216585,0.00034636026],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002849336,0.00026070757,0.0005319284,0.0000640705,0.00012134832,0.00009964355,0.0005143717,0.000015082046,0.00013763744],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000022295203,0.00024077625,0.00027401192,0.00087596127,0.00028853895,0.000730874,0.000049456394,0.0005806035,0.00010567762],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000051137762,0.0008911337,0.014882553,0.000006499629,0.000252716,0.000013109609,0.00035339923,0.0014455587,0.007044704,0.6151445,0.0003020806,0.35961264],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0038183767,0.0030306797,0.002726087,0.00009063527,0.00027812322,0.000043976193,0.0036109742,0.0003522381,0.76596713,0.19482793,0.023680503,0.0015733745],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000064885426,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.3091356e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7589224,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000466592,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00033188643,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.98185706},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2274920892","doi":"10.1119/1.4964353","title":"Calculation of 2D electronic band structure using matrix mechanics","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Graphene research and applications","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Electronic band structure; Gaussian; Matrix (chemical analysis); Hexagonal crystal system; Matrix method; Band gap; Energy (signal processing); Electronic structure","score_opus":0.010181059026756707,"score_gpt":0.2958406592690609,"score_spread":0.2856596002423042,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2274920892","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.78862435,0.000053354906,0.21115051,0.000094092764,0.000023172635,0.00003343012,0.000014474386,0.000002834672,0.000003779561],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967939,0.000042833326,0.0030252847,0.000007684182,0.0001169302,3.9361407e-7,3.6987075e-7,0.000007995793,0.000004565926],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991972,0.0000532842,0.000213579,0.00007326031,0.0002721658,0.00019053034],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99908316,0.000054413293,0.00045322478,0.00012571296,0.00021628517,0.00006722645],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001549687,0.00006127169,0.00017115157,0.00004139163,0.000041494244,0.000011398459,0.00016616151,0.000012562803,0.000040763032],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000021959753,0.00003901962,0.00006942341,0.00025563012,0.0001003109,0.00014897402,0.000015342255,0.0000675538,0.0000026479668],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002105186,0.000017122937,0.00011584336,0.0000032413434,0.000011261785,3.5831937e-7,0.000038563725,0.0002294053,0.97430223,0.013813951,0.00001983133,0.01142716],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00022742948,0.00028703132,0.0002265226,0.00003510988,0.000026286854,0.000018648303,0.00006235287,0.00026822873,0.93160015,0.06707979,0.00010034693,0.00006808984],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000020694388,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000021518913,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.2081696,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000055371187,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00018132868,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.15911739},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2279887862","doi":"10.1119/1.4940212","title":"A Michelson-type radio interferometer for university education","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Interferometry; Astronomical interferometer; Intensity interferometer; Michelson interferometer; Radio telescope; Obstacle; Point (geometry)","score_opus":0.007843868657256954,"score_gpt":0.22707813126018234,"score_spread":0.2192342626029254,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2279887862","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.69534695,0.0000072776156,0.30361274,0.00060740043,0.00016345523,0.000049326984,0.0000099989265,0.000005164275,0.00019769365],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98549974,0.0000024044239,0.013752789,0.00002352793,0.00037596765,7.8509447e-7,0.0000020554605,0.000008351687,0.00033437836],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99962354,0.000017986386,0.00013135452,0.00007517988,0.000042715194,0.000109219734],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992723,0.00006299474,0.00030908253,0.00011171372,0.00019952643,0.00004439249],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005126085,0.000069000904,0.0001638006,0.000057600948,0.000037437832,0.0000074526292,0.00016653481,0.0000092751,0.000030144956],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004317344,0.000051775434,0.00010674924,0.00018202892,0.00010753811,0.00018454366,0.000013830452,0.000057476445,0.0000051550555],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000048202925,0.00011606148,0.025132375,0.0000011836736,0.000108253385,1.1472797e-7,0.00006117377,0.0000040644404,0.0035344514,0.028200787,0.0014865311,0.9413068],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006789058,0.0076973164,0.040864706,0.0004069074,0.0006517562,0.000025080953,0.010455951,0.00016994502,0.068680726,0.0999719,0.7629741,0.0013125775],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000019002466,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.8141577e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9399942,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000046696696,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00017659363,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.21113409},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2292368874","doi":"10.1119/1.4935896","title":"On motion in a resisting medium: A historical perspective","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Historical Astronomy and Related Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Galileo (satellite navigation); Perspective (graphical); Motion (physics); Physics; Context (archaeology); Epistemology; Ballistics; Theoretical physics; Classical mechanics; Philosophy; History; Artificial intelligence; Geodesy; Computer science","score_opus":0.007461470396001543,"score_gpt":0.23062586058422965,"score_spread":0.22316439018822812,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2292368874","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.734196,0.0002627774,0.23534334,0.008586296,0.0010968092,0.00016107962,0.000010383042,0.000025348576,0.02031799],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986128,0.000005161141,0.000504681,0.000018246858,0.0006361018,0.0000020753719,1.4376418e-7,0.000009096156,0.00021169054],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99918485,0.00007235569,0.0002741228,0.00011877089,0.00017769806,0.00017218752],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999128,0.00021581276,0.00037105192,0.00007852094,0.00013369971,0.000072926065],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00011937078,0.00010746543,0.00029834584,0.000069418595,0.00006531821,0.0000045152974,0.000101762955,0.000012437486,0.000023062183],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003376965,0.00006669739,0.00013829701,0.0002514132,0.00009901014,0.00009426987,0.000016817721,0.00023535546,0.0000140217135],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003542173,0.0010155727,0.05684736,0.0000035589087,0.00032587064,0.00002467435,0.004059024,0.0002830499,0.0012097799,0.11020741,0.0031586646,0.82251084],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.019019356,0.016897734,0.11261559,0.0031754337,0.00078884175,0.000035930847,0.034581177,0.00021415157,0.009790658,0.7483631,0.050969277,0.003548776],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00016610578,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000013535373,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.81896204,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008044961,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000061575534,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.27198404},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2340527579","doi":"10.1119/1.4942904","title":"Einstein's lecture in Pittsburgh, PA, December 1934: A note on further visual documentation","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Relativity and Gravitational Theory","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Winnipeg","funders":"","keywords":"Einstein; Blackboard (design pattern); Documentation; Physics; Equivalence (formal languages); Computer graphics (images); Mathematics education; Visual arts; Theoretical physics; Mathematical physics; Psychology; Computer science; Programming language; Art; Discrete mathematics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.0052498930284326836,"score_gpt":0.2790166728715068,"score_spread":0.27376677984307407,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2340527579","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8804599,0.0000126759705,0.11745889,0.0007315858,0.00011218783,0.000061844265,0.000005535476,0.000003562283,0.0011538235],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99885434,0.0000043257264,0.00037731056,0.0001758245,0.00047915356,0.0000028434442,0.0000020102696,0.000015586169,0.00008859864],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99911803,0.0001296606,0.00024780142,0.000110293906,0.00023714642,0.00015706282],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99904597,0.00032122148,0.00040617786,0.00008450181,0.00007891812,0.00006323414],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00015561529,0.00012659933,0.00022701439,0.00006537289,0.0000333173,0.000021467828,0.000093116745,0.000015551637,0.00010766997],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009742045,0.000084356434,0.00013606285,0.0002107602,0.00011859831,0.0003079307,0.000011846922,0.00017925639,0.000037147045],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00027074123,0.00032688712,0.018324051,0.0000021634107,0.000108744134,0.000006780482,0.0014618888,0.0011089531,0.008836601,0.06311304,0.00014263474,0.9062975],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0032353767,0.0018916058,0.03268359,0.00035085613,0.00007061833,0.000006290427,0.0011773963,0.0000682475,0.015577119,0.94092715,0.0035244606,0.00048731666],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000034234185,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000019363142,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9058102,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000049553055,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006908988,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.34399557},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2342126261","doi":"10.1119/1.4985063","title":"Two and three particles interacting in a one-dimensional trap","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Eigenvalues and eigenvectors; Trap (plumbing); Excited state; Quantum mechanics; Dimension (graph theory); Quantum; Theoretical physics; Classical mechanics","score_opus":0.026224241983023647,"score_gpt":0.290605469117661,"score_spread":0.26438122713463735,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2342126261","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99852,0.000023847622,0.00049224996,0.00035684873,0.00009113851,0.000041251937,0.000003823351,0.0000026596358,0.0004681754],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99826,0.000001758364,0.0011562255,0.00003611101,0.0005255975,0.000001534671,5.769646e-7,0.000012315978,0.000005866017],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992409,0.00002664899,0.0002699917,0.000119993936,0.00016047829,0.00018199578],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988207,0.00013986407,0.00068424473,0.00018912462,0.00008222157,0.00008380209],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00014928455,0.00011713946,0.00030729698,0.000029404506,0.0001495455,0.00013685299,0.00019760417,0.0000062552895,0.000018229332],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000010770658,0.00010419542,0.00009901391,0.000060806018,0.00019725833,0.00038385653,0.00008608281,0.00022760272,0.000003080697],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000047200723,0.00020309292,0.30197465,0.0000032961611,0.00010923045,0.000008730683,0.0003722938,0.00013153983,0.011616446,0.0146652935,0.000014631491,0.67085356],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0071654357,0.0013899528,0.5304462,0.0011095615,0.00028724913,0.00003085176,0.004188379,0.016255468,0.0679191,0.3694151,0.0005172166,0.0012754954],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00047525077,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000040297575,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6695781,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000013690277,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000056423516,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4248966},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2500792778","doi":"10.1119/1.4955150","title":"Effective variations of peer instruction: The effects of peer discussions, committing to an answer, and reaching a consensus","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","field":"Psychology","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Dawson College; Concordia University; John Abbott College","funders":"","keywords":"Polling; Peer instruction; Commit; Silence; Peer group; Peer feedback; Mathematics education; Distraction; Set (abstract data type); Peer review; Psychology; Social psychology; Computer science; Physics; Cognitive psychology; Political science","score_opus":0.016003376342158895,"score_gpt":0.353678442445814,"score_spread":0.3376750661036551,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2500792778","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9013163,0.00001932756,0.09568762,0.0020850846,0.00045076417,0.00011475325,0.0000060109405,0.0000075553726,0.0003125685],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98438114,0.0000011224803,0.015074871,0.00009912281,0.00030223015,0.000003705737,4.7948595e-7,0.00001619123,0.00012115864],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9965227,0.002580066,0.0003547449,0.00012192932,0.00028282838,0.00013772275],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9953052,0.0029113349,0.0009012903,0.00022317843,0.0005959399,0.00006309907],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0026519855,0.0001112138,0.0003565141,0.000093115166,0.00014352133,0.000009402494,0.00014285809,0.000026487589,0.000005715938],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0021900148,0.00005768547,0.000075122734,0.00035621514,0.0003786968,0.00006714239,0.000033605826,0.00040383017,8.5379907e-7],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00019222965,0.00014681704,0.024308449,0.000015528776,0.00025797106,0.0000037308723,0.04098809,0.00002272876,0.03755348,0.012553845,0.00035205198,0.88360506],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0030717256,0.00696876,0.9505493,0.0008386966,0.0003312132,0.00023083802,0.022253146,0.00005605477,0.0071044317,0.0051980224,0.003040779,0.0003570189],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001763349,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000014696461,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.92624086,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000028686196,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003269397,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.26218104},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2588130233","doi":"10.1119/1.4973374","title":"New angles on the reverse sprinkler: Reconciling theory and experiment","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Rotation (mathematics); Classical mechanics; Mechanics; Fictitious force; Asymmetry; Vortex; Mechanism (biology); Inertial frame of reference; Flow (mathematics); Moment (physics); Work (physics); Geometry; Quantum mechanics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.015594087507318341,"score_gpt":0.24805106585039038,"score_spread":0.23245697834307205,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2588130233","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.993524,0.00005881145,0.0005255998,0.0017317346,0.00009863173,0.000029028797,5.809616e-7,0.000002460442,0.004029131],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997931,0.00009848108,0.0009927541,0.00046708007,0.00026503816,4.0847908e-7,2.0877874e-8,0.000005034541,0.00024020746],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99954116,0.000045361285,0.000096495125,0.00007328956,0.00014859217,0.00009512186],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999386,0.000098165205,0.00027663523,0.00017627719,0.0000055452756,0.00005739269],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00026321964,0.00006902324,0.00012283717,0.000004252821,0.0002789001,0.000037323025,0.000213466,0.0000054973793,0.00008794205],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000052332354,0.000040028535,0.000051172774,0.000022223852,0.00040677615,0.00012182645,0.00010816264,0.00009863971,0.000022303993],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000077903715,0.000046727713,0.016720848,0.0000011308048,0.000059922244,0.000012447185,0.003397399,0.000077154575,0.0069350745,0.004895549,0.0075869584,0.96018887],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002867487,0.00540902,0.5300841,0.00065048155,0.00026862317,0.000118768345,0.04128496,0.00013881702,0.15473756,0.12325253,0.13968316,0.0015045241],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006844002,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002541401,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9586844,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000027641518,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008945725,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.21451022},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2588149166","doi":"10.1119/1.4972176","title":"Normal modes of a defected linear system of beaded springs","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Mechanical and Optical Resonators","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Alzahra University","keywords":"Physics; Spring (device); Amplitude; Normal mode; Constant (computer programming); Stiffness; Mode (computer interface); Classical mechanics; Space (punctuation); Spring system; Chain (unit); Mechanics; Vibration; Quantum mechanics; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.01064956021957132,"score_gpt":0.25219287920079986,"score_spread":0.24154331898122855,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2588149166","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.97169787,0.000009906633,0.02640086,0.000034140256,0.000050119936,0.0000379072,0.000015095494,0.0000030011772,0.0017510749],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9959536,0.0000015749902,0.0037413223,0.000005404994,0.00027280604,7.0118114e-7,6.0365636e-7,0.000010788562,0.000013151752],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99906504,0.000032607735,0.00041236513,0.00007895851,0.00025755234,0.00015346882],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979242,0.00008310392,0.0013224292,0.00028067248,0.00026481945,0.00012477294],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00013514153,0.00010209602,0.00048528577,0.000023981129,0.00005956001,0.000012889189,0.00045374472,0.000014635163,0.000016491149],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004148535,0.00007844534,0.00026939056,0.00007973145,0.00023396827,0.00012403284,0.00010126385,0.00017432457,0.0000030971191],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005334324,0.00089127535,0.054177497,0.0002180193,0.0009246836,0.000011911068,0.00047104174,0.00059506355,0.111387916,0.49873635,0.000059255057,0.33199355],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0026437284,0.002607213,0.019609386,0.0009534475,0.0004987213,0.000007949828,0.0029007017,0.014562362,0.9421517,0.013222423,0.00029353838,0.0005487979],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001673153,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.4786956e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8307638,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000010587695,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000067424255,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3198908},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2588494826","doi":"10.1119/1.4976829","title":"The Coulomb potential in quantum mechanics revisited","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Coulomb; Eigenvalues and eigenvectors; Cutoff; Physics; Coulomb's constant; Limit (mathematics); Quantum mechanics; Coulomb wave function; Electric potential; Classical mechanics; Boundary value problem; Coulomb barrier; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Electron","score_opus":0.009288900507301644,"score_gpt":0.2642646528309073,"score_spread":0.25497575232360564,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2588494826","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8826265,0.00017358128,0.112248026,0.0013728864,0.0014506635,0.00025925328,0.00005038812,0.000014192563,0.0018045527],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985061,0.00007183979,0.0001572483,0.000060660477,0.0011343849,0.0000027060198,0.0000026082582,0.000031882322,0.00003254433],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9985236,0.00010011885,0.0004951799,0.0001619658,0.00035807124,0.0003611008],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973486,0.00009675021,0.0015746083,0.00062136364,0.00023800432,0.00012064644],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005071022,0.00020033118,0.00044471322,0.00003346221,0.0004941657,0.00025536347,0.0008977985,0.000019918753,0.000016805008],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000020254865,0.00014779669,0.00029390914,0.00015175277,0.00016753834,0.00032855163,0.000118531636,0.0004735358,0.000020014293],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00012874439,0.00024986386,0.0019317284,0.0000063912703,0.00020654866,0.00003252112,0.00020310133,0.00023918397,0.0028771495,0.690042,0.00096588355,0.30311683],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0017975012,0.0008914013,0.0035327675,0.00022213627,0.00015613386,0.000014896308,0.0016838413,0.037230406,0.0032360395,0.9455684,0.0050512175,0.0006152712],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00010934892,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000027199426,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.30250156,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003278715,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00015017219,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6026974},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2588752640","doi":"10.1119/1.4974744","title":"Collaborative exams: Cheating? Or learning?","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Innovative Teaching Methods","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":46,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"John Abbott College","funders":"","keywords":"Cheating; Grading (engineering); Collaborative learning; Argument (complex analysis); Accountability; Mathematics education; Computer science; Psychology; Social psychology; Political science; Medicine","score_opus":0.038754303320601674,"score_gpt":0.4277858535603909,"score_spread":0.3890315502397892,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2588752640","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.91844946,0.000026048414,0.022714144,0.0018350334,0.000618851,0.00010937413,0.0000025264515,0.000030622992,0.056213927],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.96851224,0.000027966515,0.028924957,0.00015246247,0.001328241,0.0000011404999,1.759734e-7,0.000014491862,0.0010383142],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99797595,0.000993992,0.000256956,0.00009969708,0.00043990675,0.00023350061],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99670607,0.00044120636,0.0018671827,0.00018300407,0.00070715236,0.000095370524],"candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002557359,0.00009910635,0.0003309624,0.00003998106,0.0013931011,0.00018777524,0.00057613,0.000023920917,0.00005770448],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004166875,0.00007767356,0.00007046161,0.00037594078,0.0014520057,0.00048545882,0.00004845593,0.00051458826,0.0000099045155],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00012589686,0.00008814135,0.034138687,0.0000035233295,0.0001064303,0.000027893379,0.068971224,0.00003639227,0.0014742102,0.025743058,0.00081029907,0.86847425],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0034055684,0.008753266,0.13969766,0.0006549641,0.00028911929,0.00004454968,0.338704,0.00017922535,0.018597225,0.06753204,0.42027053,0.0018718665],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004413103,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000049065755,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.86660236,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00012872774,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006960867,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99990696},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2606348439","doi":"10.1119/1.4978035","title":"Transforming physics educator identities: TAs help TAs become teaching professionals","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Teacher Education and Leadership Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Identity (music); Context (archaeology); Professional development; Perspective (graphical); Pedagogy; Intervention (counseling); Community of practice; Identification (biology); Physics education; Physics; Mathematics education; Engineering ethics; Psychology; Engineering; Computer science","score_opus":0.09374696722528912,"score_gpt":0.43803607549378665,"score_spread":0.3442891082684975,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2606348439","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.92034554,0.00035189677,0.0031256783,0.06461582,0.0031130859,0.00023546045,0.0000106458865,0.00004032452,0.008161526],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99311435,0.000087159635,0.000913005,0.0005851487,0.004063625,0.000005636548,9.446932e-7,0.00001893146,0.0012111715],"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","domain_scores_codex":[0.99831873,0.00029636538,0.0003330103,0.00013260044,0.0005779356,0.00034134535],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99811697,0.00018295819,0.0010645355,0.00022654528,0.00022213963,0.00018686421],"candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0010115197,0.0001457316,0.0003721141,0.0000431411,0.0016852068,0.00023236749,0.00066266244,0.000028754226,0.00005076609],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003153063,0.00012957935,0.0002211332,0.00010477061,0.0009547858,0.0010394001,0.00003306861,0.0005352016,0.000019930914],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000019524276,0.000533352,0.02227377,0.000026971737,0.00021882463,0.0000037549614,0.63039464,0.000005282476,0.00018059387,0.02733729,0.0064042863,0.3126017],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00034472192,0.00015884754,0.006749127,0.00024027267,0.00010257457,0.000004699684,0.9444937,0.000002024859,0.00036532208,0.010438166,0.036778092,0.00032242408],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00067041785,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000062053296,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.31409907,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00014745344,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007442679,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996145},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2618417109","doi":"10.1119/1.4994804","title":"Three new roads to the Planck scale","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum Electrodynamics and Casimir Effect","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Bishop's University","funders":"","keywords":"Virtual black hole; Planck; Planck energy; Planck length; Planck time; Hawking; Planck scale; Planck mass; Spacetime","score_opus":0.0067898301708961,"score_gpt":0.2574715753327394,"score_spread":0.2506817451618433,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2618417109","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8780631,0.000019709943,0.11600187,0.002777935,0.00031638946,0.00008793277,0.0000091734055,0.0000042396046,0.0027196875],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99646175,0.0000012752738,0.0006217514,0.0001543802,0.0026571362,0.000001702044,0.0000010794804,0.000017166689,0.00008377378],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992623,0.000022493055,0.00018079359,0.000100503166,0.00020511245,0.00022882191],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99873334,0.00004648658,0.000544743,0.0004471189,0.00007438762,0.00015394516],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00016809192,0.00012330216,0.00025461675,0.000016861048,0.0002732721,0.00014686014,0.00066151604,0.000007722908,0.000029413099],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006341337,0.00008070755,0.00018944868,0.00007988766,0.00010208423,0.00013232346,0.000064830725,0.00023851999,0.000038569695],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006257799,0.00006642632,0.05035115,0.0000013801304,0.00014184251,0.0000042610013,0.00031242298,0.0004216637,0.00087607384,0.0146264825,0.010132316,0.9230034],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0036503219,0.0075311316,0.5194781,0.00031529696,0.00061236945,0.000093931056,0.0017193832,0.0075828265,0.010520055,0.38664424,0.060156338,0.0016960223],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00049235555,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000047729558,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9213074,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000017341159,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00012294871,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3291158},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2626396846","doi":"10.1119/1.4985062","title":"Resource Letter OSE-1: Observing Solar Eclipses","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Williams College; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences; National Geographic Society; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Solar eclipse; Eclipse; Listing (finance); Physics; Resource (disambiguation); Solar Resource; Meteorology; Path (computing); Astronomy; Solar energy; Business; Computer science; Engineering; Electrical engineering","score_opus":0.018817984759608518,"score_gpt":0.23332831524758943,"score_spread":0.2145103304879809,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2626396846","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99015224,0.00011330255,0.0011159121,0.0014384434,0.00024228741,0.000024147883,0.000007518373,0.000008685584,0.0068974537],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99410963,0.000059423845,0.00317876,0.001456958,0.0010759551,5.6211533e-8,0.0000020430746,0.0000053273097,0.00011184111],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991299,0.000051802614,0.00022707871,0.000101644786,0.00025623885,0.00023331433],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99865186,0.00008329774,0.00079172745,0.00030374824,0.00005342292,0.00011593965],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002107352,0.00010687464,0.00026208124,0.0000058834585,0.00034383545,0.00014814446,0.0005512338,0.000015720472,0.00028343964],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000042986827,0.000081336024,0.00012305556,0.00006405604,0.00027120675,0.00046297826,0.000022611071,0.00020631253,0.00008914591],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000041140833,0.000015885127,0.36845097,0.0000048844,0.000048336344,0.0000585936,0.00028974723,0.0006576434,0.00008254961,0.000022234644,0.0030930636,0.62723494],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00055130763,0.0011008704,0.8564496,0.00010439227,0.00011312168,0.00010857421,0.0018363601,0.0017482043,0.000693169,0.0022542449,0.13459681,0.00044331476],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004976167,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000044015174,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.62679166,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000035047794,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004021769,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3316787},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2738825649","doi":"10.1119/1.4991371","title":"Concepts first: A course with improved educational outcomes and parity for underrepresented minority groups","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Science Education and Pedagogy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of California, Davis","keywords":"Underrepresented Minority; Mathematics education; Graduation (instrument); Class (philosophy); Course (navigation); Physics; Quarter (Canadian coin); Physics education; Psychology; Medical education; Medicine; Mathematics; Computer science; Astronomy","score_opus":0.05198721206427521,"score_gpt":0.4348561891274913,"score_spread":0.3828689770632161,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2738825649","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.96021587,0.000029074656,0.0014052596,0.035810098,0.00056344556,0.00014734856,0.000007742069,0.0000047304884,0.0018164421],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99747425,0.000023932338,0.0012705579,0.00024499584,0.0006861174,0.000005233891,8.13161e-7,0.0000035485464,0.00029054657],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992785,0.00006549039,0.0001395009,0.000111069996,0.0002363552,0.00016910295],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99823576,0.0004405787,0.00065194734,0.00016067542,0.0003379533,0.0001731113],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00046371293,0.00006889674,0.00018902415,0.000016965607,0.0010255311,0.0001571768,0.00031288998,0.000015833137,0.000023250188],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004456241,0.0000534783,0.0000581467,0.000070620146,0.001661715,0.00040063323,0.000014436576,0.00010613103,8.834362e-7],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005929451,0.00025179386,0.9321584,0.0000053863646,0.00006336363,4.7573667e-7,0.013547469,0.0000038721764,0.0000316365,0.01845528,0.0017674464,0.03365559],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00064506417,0.0003485394,0.95818216,0.000014581915,0.000054130076,0.0000049602645,0.02888491,0.00006888881,0.000029321669,0.007488207,0.0041438276,0.00013540834],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0023518421,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0015168209,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.037258398,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000040304843,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008848051,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.78876597},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2769522387","doi":"10.1119/1.5008267","title":"Computerized tomography platform using beta rays","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Thompson Rivers University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Tomography; Radiation; Scanner; BETA (programming language); Optics; Geiger counter; Absorption (acoustics); Nuclear medicine; Medical physics; Computer science; Medicine","score_opus":0.017398819967916847,"score_gpt":0.2576114634676431,"score_spread":0.24021264349972624,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2769522387","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.62823135,0.00006907217,0.37074628,0.00002473258,0.00037324894,0.000023821643,0.0000028716731,0.000028449213,0.0005001525],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.95931643,0.000041957297,0.04006303,0.000045117045,0.0005050095,2.6362054e-7,4.911757e-7,0.000025725922,0.0000019586291],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993609,0.000007127076,0.00022277008,0.00006257967,0.00014883597,0.00019776847],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992216,0.000026396589,0.00035530777,0.000242917,0.000065337175,0.00008843269],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000072111536,0.00012650386,0.00030841556,0.0000483882,0.00016658589,0.000078220364,0.00032971174,0.000012027201,0.0000035733544],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004835029,0.000119023396,0.00015443693,0.00009362795,0.00018199856,0.00062339765,0.00003456919,0.0002209391,0.0000023270288],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000049105718,0.00005143767,0.005181707,0.000032102926,0.00033663498,0.00006348128,0.00071769225,0.075240605,0.042496406,0.00062193174,0.00012218869,0.8750867],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.011388299,0.002335034,0.06990022,0.0020567717,0.00113578,0.0013682477,0.0057802703,0.6675914,0.17372881,0.036957618,0.022978919,0.004778651],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000089487885,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.3353638e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.87030804,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000031142936,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001489637,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.48536333},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2782380483","doi":"10.1119/1.5019166","title":"Double well potentials with a quantum moat barrier or a quantum wall barrier give rise to similar entangled wave functions","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Superposition principle; Simple (philosophy); Wave function; Quantum; Quantum superposition; Ground state; Property (philosophy); Plane (geometry); Particle in a box","score_opus":0.014184843143085905,"score_gpt":0.2505146823058516,"score_spread":0.2363298391627657,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2782380483","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.85597414,0.000022713552,0.14029272,0.0004922651,0.0007162645,0.0004533244,0.0001749953,0.000036408786,0.0018371554],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9941165,0.0000074331297,0.0017664994,0.00053899304,0.002537521,0.000023903689,0.000014623612,0.00011679159,0.00087776064],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9972596,0.00014512568,0.0007257251,0.0004662316,0.0006699109,0.00073339953],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99668306,0.00012429385,0.0009969587,0.0005923979,0.00090248324,0.00070081523],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00031140787,0.0005205784,0.000926865,0.0001489431,0.00035935635,0.00015322457,0.00044276475,0.000044434884,0.0010878454],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009427331,0.0003876684,0.00045793565,0.0009295456,0.00035713424,0.00047799345,0.00011205342,0.00048443372,0.0003182135],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.039522264,0.009805726,0.009030078,0.0001988968,0.014360939,0.0009891178,0.03214506,0.0027324283,0.21682873,0.35119596,0.11907811,0.2041127],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.03084963,0.06867064,0.0013022356,0.0020361682,0.0057223886,0.00043361145,0.050229363,0.04755272,0.3210911,0.20861217,0.25453278,0.008967217],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002019942,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000013903335,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.19514547,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009129022,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005428059,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99985754},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2799129168","doi":"10.1119/1.5054590","title":"Self-torque and angular momentum balance for a spinning charged sphere","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph; Perimeter Institute","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Angular momentum; Total angular momentum quantum number; Angular momentum of light; Angular momentum coupling; Torque; Classical mechanics; Spinning; Orbital angular momentum of light; Angular velocity; Quantum electrodynamics; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.0042212449981222895,"score_gpt":0.24651147917899585,"score_spread":0.24229023418087356,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2799129168","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9245101,0.00023842634,0.061517473,0.0002807739,0.00027304314,0.00020410719,0.000029595374,0.00001889194,0.012927569],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9919371,0.000006540196,0.0060023144,0.00007961229,0.001921458,0.0000069715456,0.0000018064321,0.000017570896,0.00002665061],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993427,0.000021433965,0.00019447356,0.00011863572,0.00011785551,0.00020494455],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993273,0.000048661837,0.00028876442,0.00009064466,0.00015747712,0.00008714967],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000796124,0.00013329441,0.0003047048,0.000012094181,0.00013153849,0.00002555361,0.00010463196,0.0000072771786,0.00001989379],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000028341385,0.00010961967,0.00011491223,0.000111813206,0.00039083595,0.00012253916,0.00004650585,0.00009362799,0.000004428388],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00013167341,0.000418721,0.011300656,0.000027817216,0.00066644937,0.0000015473536,0.003315984,0.0000031764412,0.019156255,0.92134523,0.0006795847,0.04295288],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0018677631,0.0034162547,0.0007067724,0.00013401911,0.0001760599,0.0000046172977,0.0060782586,0.00080601475,0.091752745,0.8901893,0.004356954,0.0005112782],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000011468593,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.865495e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.07259649,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000016834556,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000026476207,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.44701603},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2803659526","doi":"10.1119/1.5034350","title":"The metallic sphere in a uniform ac magnetic field: A simple and precise experiment for exploring eddy currents and non-destructive testing","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Winnipeg","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Eddy current; Physics; Magnetic field; RADIUS; Measure (data warehouse); Permeability (electromagnetism); Electromagnetic field; Field (mathematics); Electrical resistivity and conductivity; Eddy-current testing; Electromagnetic induction; Computational physics; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Mechanics; Computer science","score_opus":0.029840861614569628,"score_gpt":0.27903703392726986,"score_spread":0.24919617231270025,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2803659526","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9891571,0.00022725316,0.01012409,0.000013224437,0.00009156162,0.00018748512,0.0000021412911,0.000033070366,0.00016412132],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.82785755,0.000062270825,0.17184575,0.000008389819,0.00016821541,0.0000320772,1.8367557e-7,0.000025097792,4.4296354e-7],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99925756,0.000021626003,0.00026721935,0.0001130041,0.00011432296,0.00022624977],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99899447,0.0005164033,0.00016709171,0.00012249565,0.0001285665,0.000070972164],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00016991611,0.00015179042,0.00024694714,0.0000428313,0.0000872414,0.000048723487,0.00014388903,0.000015459824,0.0000012718797],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00015329606,0.00012200769,0.000033995497,0.0002324596,0.00021671936,0.00025204103,0.00005663349,0.00017982924,2.1205595e-7],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00011025789,0.000048850245,0.014068789,0.00007371243,0.00009785348,0.0000067756564,0.0040009352,0.00006420436,0.039419852,0.0013543331,0.00007529162,0.94067913],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004051321,0.020584673,0.041858662,0.0018649485,0.00032274617,0.000381967,0.016304519,0.023665722,0.16638179,0.7221181,0.0006129754,0.0018525785],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000041582916,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009322549,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.93882656,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006377825,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000027454362,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4975329},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2883167137","doi":"10.1119/1.5037705","title":"Non-radiative mid-range wireless power transfer: An experiment for senior physics undergraduates","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","field":"Engineering","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Electromagnetic coil; Resonator; Incandescent light bulb; Impedance matching; SIGNAL (programming language); Electrical impedance; Generator (circuit theory); Input impedance; Power (physics)","score_opus":0.011976498304449986,"score_gpt":0.2504085724416375,"score_spread":0.2384320741371875,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2883167137","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.58958995,0.000057362573,0.40903658,0.00006340997,0.00076139625,0.00021225236,0.00004003053,0.000057471796,0.00018158433],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99623597,0.000034922305,0.002029406,0.00006126687,0.001460713,0.00002658371,0.0000058768455,0.00013692226,0.000008367716],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9983436,0.0000560898,0.0005433041,0.00021791247,0.00038112703,0.0004579921],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988695,0.0001029672,0.00012955004,0.00030531603,0.00033891306,0.00025375106],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00016256732,0.00036104713,0.0007167326,0.000066913395,0.000093773044,0.000059783062,0.0003763191,0.000048411377,0.000007384207],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000028036748,0.0003394742,0.00030963946,0.00035827054,0.0003405887,0.00049692864,0.000007998819,0.00023978126,0.00001242746],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0010349776,0.0018425907,0.0029106298,0.00048861856,0.003775458,0.000040642022,0.14011493,0.022448724,0.6001319,0.0069961348,0.0031149816,0.21710037],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0038657489,0.007674987,0.0012536427,0.00036392378,0.00030276083,0.000042224732,0.010514084,0.028991964,0.942445,0.0013492383,0.0017533844,0.0014430562],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000033625725,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000013004467,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.40700716,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00015081048,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008190983,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999057},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2884733874","doi":"10.1119/1.5034345","title":"Combined viscous and dry friction damping of oscillatory motion","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"John Abbott College","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Acceleration; Drag; Mechanics; Displacement (psychology); Classical mechanics; Dynamics (music); Viscous damping; Amplitude; Magnetic damping; Particle displacement; Vibration; Acoustics; Optics","score_opus":0.005576226969255545,"score_gpt":0.2422447507345409,"score_spread":0.23666852376528535,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2884733874","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9562619,0.000031125885,0.032684825,0.000037605034,0.00014908145,0.00003575976,0.0000049546447,0.000004196684,0.010790586],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99876034,0.0000050650347,0.0005515488,0.000023106682,0.0006415897,6.5489314e-7,9.659747e-7,0.000008844865,0.000007852426],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99944055,0.000032673892,0.00021348339,0.000076786644,0.00013303499,0.00010349548],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99930656,0.00004156408,0.000372027,0.000074238145,0.00015475522,0.00005088504],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000716491,0.00008937655,0.00024770707,0.000022183205,0.000080828184,0.00000936318,0.00006209698,0.000006431087,0.000012930814],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000025159381,0.00007458805,0.00007897405,0.00013232631,0.0006394918,0.000121859906,0.000042410382,0.00008631674,0.0000026821963],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00014055785,0.00042535033,0.037889697,0.000012889602,0.0003532678,6.3834125e-7,0.002903446,0.000024332723,0.054722793,0.75180894,0.00008423533,0.15163387],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0010891934,0.0030613968,0.006966634,0.00011928522,0.0001297904,0.0000014208879,0.0066451053,0.0005131664,0.15316346,0.8279339,0.000092381604,0.00028424428],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000040024595,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.271571e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.15134963,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000012538342,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000015475449,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.30416125},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2907678901","doi":"10.1119/1.5089205","title":"Acceleration due to buoyancy and mass renormalization","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Fluid dynamics and aerodynamics studies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Renormalization; Acceleration; Buoyancy; Perturbation (astronomy); Added mass; Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics); Anisotropy; Limit (mathematics)","score_opus":0.003056091358748444,"score_gpt":0.18668135781637596,"score_spread":0.18362526645762753,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2907678901","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8583402,0.00007080933,0.14080961,0.00006689259,0.00018564757,0.000038944632,0.0000021921078,0.000011647177,0.00047402587],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99602026,0.00014853812,0.003632754,0.000052405605,0.00010884446,6.1980154e-7,0.0000014666823,0.0000144462565,0.000020672005],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9996194,0.000007794704,0.00014624409,0.00004690104,0.00009312141,0.00008650515],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997385,0.000016021419,0.00006457851,0.000059874896,0.00007970601,0.000041291132],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000052428415,0.00006831744,0.00016847088,0.00003467611,0.00002010592,0.000023774237,0.00005089971,0.000008312556,0.0000023739162],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004913256,0.000063889565,0.000025028217,0.0001553352,0.000016097185,0.00012964204,0.000012014241,0.000067159126,0.000006313143],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000028079043,0.000033717264,0.01861137,0.000067797075,0.00019429327,0.0000103063885,0.0018549954,0.69783974,0.111555055,0.009264169,0.0005912224,0.15994924],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00086271955,0.0013981899,0.045512915,0.00017712697,0.00007996392,0.00006325125,0.0011548703,0.9398488,0.0037514272,0.004827514,0.001639132,0.00068413425],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000031053232,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000025526692,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.242009,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000028278808,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007259905,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.26053408},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2910668640","doi":"10.1119/1.5082536","title":"On the determination of accelerometer positions within host devices","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"John Abbott College","funders":"","keywords":"Accelerometer; Host (biology); Acceleration; Position (finance); Measure (data warehouse); Process (computing); Ranging","score_opus":0.0072810427410503085,"score_gpt":0.25017149320094373,"score_spread":0.2428904504598934,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2910668640","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9750869,0.000008061153,0.0030306343,0.00018012371,0.00008962986,0.000064323714,0.000011228683,0.0000019531851,0.021527132],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993236,7.2242614e-7,0.00038339963,0.00011905441,0.00013806435,0.0000020430814,0.0000013002043,0.000008361831,0.00002345558],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99942064,0.000045839075,0.00020759464,0.0000632879,0.00017360055,0.000089049405],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99906313,0.00022891742,0.0004590866,0.00011181303,0.000108407454,0.000028658402],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007539708,0.000088371424,0.00020730017,0.000020093246,0.000051499534,0.000014720317,0.00015479252,0.00000483758,0.00008329562],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000027526187,0.00005335507,0.00013696312,0.00015611181,0.00021797267,0.00010767623,0.000032753436,0.00012481661,0.000021891754],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000033913566,0.00024365686,0.0033969288,0.0000037728555,0.000118390235,2.4563596e-7,0.00097367517,0.000028477863,0.018041244,0.96982306,0.000029276911,0.007307358],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00043057394,0.001879262,0.0026303872,0.00014877989,0.00009017284,0.0000013911093,0.0061450247,0.00018286241,0.1892777,0.7989861,0.000025256653,0.00020253778],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000015719585,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.1093436e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.17123646,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000010479788,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000016714672,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.21757565},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2916229814","doi":"10.1119/1.5084554","title":"Fabrication and characterization of a microfluidic flow cytometer for the advanced undergraduate laboratory","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Microfluidics; Nanotechnology; Fabrication; Soft lithography; Polydimethylsiloxane; Characterization (materials science); Lab-on-a-chip; Physics; Materials science","score_opus":0.005002129254938538,"score_gpt":0.19962597359207024,"score_spread":0.1946238443371317,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2916229814","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.86533064,0.0005769038,0.1336416,0.00020020943,0.00012619999,0.0000843652,0.000015461244,0.000021262662,0.0000033633373],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99510175,0.0023474477,0.0024368858,0.000039861665,0.00005133906,8.8246617e-7,0.0000028953025,0.000013094675,0.000005833877],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99962795,0.000010609161,0.00016866943,0.00004904609,0.00006578623,0.00007796853],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99948126,0.00006454623,0.00018565751,0.00010926287,0.00014546626,0.00001379562],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007688001,0.00006901919,0.00016595436,0.00003847513,0.000018431247,0.0000090713,0.00008581821,0.000016746875,6.4565796e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000013313902,0.00004880629,0.00003988674,0.0002050759,0.00009596249,0.00009504334,0.0000113529095,0.00007074545,9.919513e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000014751615,0.0000063932566,0.00024876077,0.000019723399,0.000034757384,1.00006e-7,0.00007739363,0.000037971222,0.8416323,0.00007232593,0.00018103464,0.15767449],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003688561,0.00033712803,0.003930858,0.0000626169,0.000054792254,0.0000063891357,0.00032738785,0.0028384272,0.9867965,0.0004928206,0.0046660136,0.00011818873],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":7.3710595e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.1181287e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.15755631,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000018335752,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000016440634,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.19902629},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2924042912","doi":"10.1119/1.5089204","title":"The fortuitous chain reaction","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Nuclear physics research studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Fissile material; Physics; Chain reaction; Nuclide; Nuclear physics; Spontaneous fission; Nucleosynthesis; Fission; Nuclear reaction; Neutron; Nuclear fission; Decay chain; Chain (unit); Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.007982912134705217,"score_gpt":0.27081157099609243,"score_spread":0.26282865886138723,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2924042912","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9857791,0.00004440291,0.0019664203,0.00054639205,0.00035609823,0.000120774486,0.000004866465,0.000007648266,0.0111742765],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984897,0.000025772239,0.00011877941,0.000028655319,0.000984139,0.0000018593569,7.5161483e-7,0.000016982596,0.00033338586],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991327,0.00005678307,0.00019487343,0.00007810273,0.00031746362,0.00022006656],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989448,0.00019165303,0.00041464562,0.00019092149,0.00019698348,0.0000609486],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00020711533,0.000092416994,0.0002064719,0.000019051657,0.00013430642,0.000045024073,0.0002322295,0.000004790688,0.000014983349],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000061161686,0.00005983906,0.00016500244,0.00020909855,0.00016683062,0.00016758211,0.000055090808,0.00027404516,0.000081514765],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005811427,0.00009415392,0.009282585,0.0000028886882,0.00030438628,0.0000011290725,0.00040639288,0.00009570575,0.00942289,0.038009077,0.0018021213,0.9405205],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005178809,0.007954427,0.062936656,0.000384953,0.0003557738,0.000034910856,0.0563032,0.0028941215,0.03659499,0.4153834,0.4100546,0.0019241628],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006281023,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.0394124e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.93859637,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003182082,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006652044,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.24401662},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2969320999","doi":"10.1119/1.5124693","title":"Calculating fissility without Legendre polynomials: A walk in the woods","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Twentieth Century Scientific Developments","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Legendre polynomials; Associated Legendre polynomials; Physics; Legendre transformation; Legendre function; Cloud chamber; Rayleigh scattering; Simple (philosophy); Orthogonal polynomials; Mathematical analysis; Classical orthogonal polynomials; Gegenbauer polynomials; Mathematics; Quantum mechanics; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.019284354611685147,"score_gpt":0.2464762359090133,"score_spread":0.22719188129732815,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2969320999","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98992825,0.000034551966,0.000066680455,0.00037704562,0.0028868988,0.000106890664,0.0000060887737,0.000005937449,0.0065876613],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968787,0.0000022359452,0.00025886868,0.00050350226,0.0003785833,0.0000010099346,0.0000018138329,0.000009594807,0.0019656916],"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99874336,0.00014878172,0.00037400724,0.00012324308,0.0003924545,0.00021816598],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99908537,0.00008148408,0.00049101154,0.0001951569,0.00010112533,0.000045860994],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006937085,0.00010751385,0.00026216463,0.00005141532,0.00009757969,0.00014047403,0.00034866197,0.000009645998,0.00024722877],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000020952291,0.00006968822,0.00010849946,0.00012466668,0.00024364765,0.00031495673,0.000030794163,0.00024900166,0.00005364236],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00017623452,0.00067235413,0.25718117,0.000059205726,0.00027037328,0.000039044764,0.4035727,0.0004792554,0.0008173845,0.010417205,0.019722795,0.3065923],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0024418265,0.0009302185,0.2069127,0.00040188502,0.00011003403,0.000068017216,0.19324811,0.00062817556,0.00044914454,0.003495532,0.5903818,0.0009325776],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00020580541,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000054026983,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.570659,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004798944,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009389393,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2841803},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2973264345","doi":"10.1119/1.5123455","title":"Acceleration discontinuities in dry-friction oscillations","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"John Abbott College","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Acceleration; Classification of discontinuities; Dry friction; Classical mechanics; Mechanics; Quantum electrodynamics; Mathematical analysis","score_opus":0.00503970787577214,"score_gpt":0.23936017752351071,"score_spread":0.23432046964773856,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2973264345","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.94717026,0.000017205159,0.0054461146,0.00009889563,0.00016291079,0.00006192619,0.0000049363152,0.0000038402413,0.04703393],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991947,0.0000030846477,0.00029004706,0.0000231993,0.0003757982,0.0000022630668,0.0000032813844,0.000008149279,0.000099524776],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994182,0.000032836593,0.00022656424,0.00007424721,0.00013122038,0.000116951975],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99953514,0.000053194315,0.00024048978,0.000073785144,0.00006661231,0.00003078465],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005884435,0.00008559009,0.00021885835,0.000032661414,0.00003868018,0.000025199248,0.00007517952,0.0000054446814,0.00006680751],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001543809,0.00007078142,0.00009577434,0.00019540514,0.000107183834,0.00027122977,0.00002610646,0.00012339317,0.000023499937],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000026746096,0.00018383318,0.14926966,0.0000025646448,0.00006322183,3.4803074e-7,0.0020117327,0.0006064687,0.0056033363,0.8104891,0.000034804667,0.031708196],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009817997,0.00067004166,0.018558752,0.00008177809,0.000036833844,7.2950786e-7,0.016815862,0.00060701324,0.01613579,0.94552773,0.00027645775,0.0003072047],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007559241,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000011505441,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.13503864,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000027921451,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000022262348,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.28863823},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2991645385","doi":"10.1119/10.0000026","title":"Equilibrium and stability of thin spherical shells in Newtonian and relativistic gravity","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Newtonian fluid; General relativity; Stability (learning theory); Simplicity; Perfect fluid; Gravitation; Theory of relativity; Newtonian potential; Sequence (biology)","score_opus":0.006173651350589128,"score_gpt":0.2404669026418078,"score_spread":0.2342932512912187,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2991645385","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9963257,0.000030777228,0.003147329,0.0001193734,0.000042354168,0.000047929283,0.000008235935,0.0000012491975,0.00027705214],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99824494,9.0881906e-7,0.001671061,0.000018033541,0.000039545223,3.6586792e-7,0.0000010196555,0.0000048670945,0.000019253592],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99937963,0.00011392218,0.0002422237,0.00008908088,0.00007985759,0.00009526853],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99919623,0.00029074497,0.000314945,0.000088316345,0.000060053473,0.00004969489],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00021496839,0.00007650681,0.00030619904,0.000018898763,0.0000105592835,0.0000081297,0.000056502573,0.000011290571,0.000034423847],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000013825741,0.00006646181,0.00004548435,0.00014153965,0.0003849871,0.00012606569,0.000031236123,0.00018619638,0.0000013428115],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009528916,0.00009410367,0.92943764,0.00001282289,0.00003424652,8.6214294e-7,0.0015760635,0.000033728407,0.0027161664,0.042550847,0.000005757393,0.023442449],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005931673,0.00058531394,0.4089415,0.000036073376,0.000030373416,0.0000032677935,0.0023060879,0.000109878274,0.0026910782,0.58456314,0.000027225702,0.00011287036],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006632479,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.882821e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.54201233,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008174845,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004936416,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2710234},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3034547919","doi":"10.1119/10.0001945","title":"Six textbook mistakes in computational physics","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Physics education; Wish","score_opus":0.011223817514307408,"score_gpt":0.24985861525334588,"score_spread":0.23863479773903848,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3034547919","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.5664869,0.00024477745,0.27737138,0.0042947964,0.00029729045,0.0003173534,0.00010762396,0.000041971733,0.15083791],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967597,9.779225e-7,0.0018029497,0.0004070866,0.0009945852,0.0000020144798,0.0000059279128,0.000017104669,0.000009622092],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990803,0.00004735339,0.00032215018,0.00012864106,0.00023501461,0.00018656357],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992663,0.000113900904,0.00032476615,0.00006470976,0.0001044994,0.00012577794],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004448922,0.00015522134,0.00038737216,0.000013076595,0.00004994564,0.00002325423,0.00017412043,0.000006808535,0.000044182696],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000042334796,0.00013561538,0.00017894953,0.00027857206,0.00034447171,0.00015158791,0.000027728362,0.00023453792,0.000030242794],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00010130445,0.00047211448,0.015429234,0.000009685562,0.00020404113,0.000008025085,0.0042549875,0.008400561,0.0016356215,0.91346896,0.0004377636,0.055577703],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013697337,0.0009109868,0.0009431396,0.000063616135,0.00005452201,0.0000016078036,0.009046444,0.0027319326,0.0074358135,0.9764935,0.00053209555,0.0004166184],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000020902802,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.081978e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.43027285,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000021622493,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005583849,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.55302346},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3037769037","doi":"10.1119/10.0001896","title":"Modeling and measuring the non-ideal characteristics of transmission lines","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Transmission line; Characteristic impedance; Electric power transmission; Transient (computer programming); Electrical impedance; Conductor; Conductance; Coaxial; Transient response; Electrical conductor","score_opus":0.010966127487249865,"score_gpt":0.21200102308025837,"score_spread":0.2010348955930085,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3037769037","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8960552,0.00005088379,0.10309607,0.0006020557,0.000021923031,0.00002418979,0.0000026331998,0.0000022512247,0.00014475672],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980143,0.0000186913,0.0011931885,0.000069720394,0.00069023983,4.2605322e-7,7.643247e-7,0.000009816446,0.0000029017356],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99941033,0.000026143245,0.00025466955,0.00006377301,0.00013615386,0.000108927125],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994812,0.000034785753,0.00025347303,0.000056984158,0.00008901682,0.00008453106],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000086921136,0.00008202313,0.00024826525,0.000010422547,0.000051461946,0.000015518266,0.000118197495,0.000005269774,0.000004013881],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003374552,0.000053867527,0.000071028255,0.000110445326,0.00006784589,0.0000597951,0.00001593288,0.00016403578,4.2697388e-7],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00012196364,0.000085124295,0.007701235,0.000031549404,0.0001830709,0.0000014725904,0.007864875,0.0034624932,0.0703415,0.00095761754,0.000042388005,0.9092067],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004165978,0.008308572,0.014032701,0.00083265273,0.001148204,0.000030154279,0.012399704,0.8350623,0.09995682,0.020809447,0.0018870279,0.0013664323],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000033554796,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.2593477e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.90784025,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00000354461,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004639937,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2196654},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3038018042","doi":"10.1119/1.1524162","title":"Bernoulli levitation","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":36,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Levitation; Physics; Bernoulli's principle; Classical mechanics; Fluid mechanics; Magnetic levitation; Basis (linear algebra); Mechanics; Theoretical physics; Thermodynamics; Quantum mechanics; Geometry; Magnet; Mathematics","score_opus":0.005949042750830618,"score_gpt":0.24982727730134596,"score_spread":0.24387823455051535,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3038018042","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.5678039,0.00014933899,0.09998389,0.00019549689,0.00038419367,0.00008477352,0.000010727686,0.0000111931,0.33137646],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978879,0.0000030534325,0.0016787986,0.000056801116,0.00030858614,0.0000013885136,0.0000011179725,0.000010439284,0.000051898925],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994112,0.000053730688,0.00018977163,0.00006675534,0.00014713146,0.00013135638],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994231,0.00006564888,0.00026769907,0.00007583761,0.00010370106,0.00006399835],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000786195,0.000093831455,0.00021438525,0.000014319228,0.00006114982,0.000014771917,0.000079022604,0.000004186252,0.000062047126],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000050694093,0.00007534714,0.00013992627,0.00015444371,0.00022536362,0.00011710601,0.000012118465,0.00011225389,0.000022910279],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008632978,0.00015318063,0.003773866,0.0000010997034,0.0001075932,6.739779e-7,0.00044841765,0.000038919403,0.0018553421,0.9666723,0.00013645666,0.0268035],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002833791,0.0003278195,0.00014360761,0.000013983255,0.000037484508,0.0000017355316,0.0030276212,0.000006604643,0.029933225,0.9651014,0.0010005436,0.00012256806],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000011470624,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.742331e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.430084,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000013639516,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000027654964,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.30725673},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3045586811","doi":"10.1119/10.0003448","title":"Gravitational time dilation, free fall, and matter waves","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Matter wave; Gravitational wave; Gravitational field; Geodesic; Speed of gravity; Gravitation; Field (mathematics); Gravity Probe A; Particle (ecology)","score_opus":0.0062069042012276865,"score_gpt":0.2856085649844746,"score_spread":0.2794016607832469,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3045586811","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9908371,0.00008586672,0.003184307,0.00310452,0.00006561948,0.000043885073,0.00030828902,0.0000016758682,0.0023687638],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.990889,0.0000044929225,0.0052753915,0.00019789046,0.00052732904,0.0000012031248,0.00009984358,0.000013036438,0.002991815],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99924314,0.000057754103,0.00020216136,0.00009394847,0.00027682245,0.00012620306],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990785,0.00014870038,0.00019857021,0.00010427744,0.0003803065,0.000089642745],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000082082464,0.000080630074,0.00018002331,0.00003172893,0.00006629042,0.00005188454,0.00011015318,0.0000072934276,0.0002530378],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000010972342,0.000072046714,0.000086952474,0.00020878563,0.0001414503,0.0001952794,0.000050456063,0.00013652361,0.000041288673],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00018831571,0.0011416936,0.4398301,0.000041532865,0.0014741955,0.00007366059,0.003045647,0.0009003917,0.076012455,0.19177836,0.06827484,0.21723881],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00079269795,0.00020249642,0.18384916,0.00003930591,0.000050977516,0.000027952201,0.0010702237,0.00023535025,0.0024763255,0.8071216,0.0038983256,0.00023560178],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000062474273,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.7873494e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6153432,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000010557417,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00011494302,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.29379797},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3077088864","doi":"10.1119/10.0001533","title":"Numerical and analytical study of the bound states of the −<i>α</i>/<i>x</i>2 potential","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Bound state; Cutoff; Theoretical physics; Statistical physics; Quantum; Upper and lower bounds; Numerical analysis; Quantum mechanics; Mathematical analysis; Mathematics","score_opus":0.008985875799196597,"score_gpt":0.23952613573399578,"score_spread":0.23054025993479918,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3077088864","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9951878,0.00001745075,0.003883428,0.00056336663,0.00010929664,0.00011382663,0.000022935765,0.0000017629795,0.00010010591],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994322,0.0000035656633,0.00005397702,0.00015089022,0.00033595547,7.5509354e-7,4.828224e-7,0.00001674172,0.0000054179277],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987017,0.00015730098,0.00044985863,0.00012672346,0.00040819004,0.00015621446],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985367,0.000076054515,0.0008896462,0.00022193172,0.00017071799,0.000104951534],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00011083213,0.00014356518,0.00045979634,0.000011443311,0.00008069563,0.000021061023,0.00040426847,0.000010066567,0.000013242956],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008306219,0.0000838608,0.0002682402,0.00045954864,0.00028829108,0.00008539279,0.00013440342,0.00030440223,6.656346e-7],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0014758614,0.01167111,0.4066871,0.00020136939,0.0060606156,0.000028570255,0.031765576,0.02019031,0.05004946,0.14237915,0.0049611838,0.32452968],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.017353341,0.029745834,0.17494905,0.0007139049,0.006334527,0.00006922315,0.11536718,0.17821807,0.15772226,0.31419355,0.002423412,0.0029096603],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007911594,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.7197015e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.32162002,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007398969,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00011527294,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.34197444},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3088289576","doi":"10.1119/10.0001771","title":"A perfectly inelastic collision: Bulk prey engulfment by baleen whales and dynamical implications for the world's largest cetaceans","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Marine animal studies overview","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Whale; Predation; Physics; Kinematics; Baleen; Added mass; Fishery; Biology; Ecology; Classical mechanics; Acoustics","score_opus":0.013942493982408155,"score_gpt":0.2500110489828882,"score_spread":0.23606855500048002,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3088289576","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9322101,0.0006870931,0.032754153,0.032410346,0.000067377645,0.00057315856,0.0001122679,0.000017035976,0.0011684695],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99704564,0.0003670904,0.0011357038,0.001227758,0.00014354644,0.00001524473,0.0000020168113,0.0000127978265,0.00005023249],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992467,0.0000393894,0.00022356109,0.00015013746,0.00017428337,0.00016589313],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99906975,0.00041009235,0.0002524783,0.000103782484,0.000026078418,0.0001378461],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00011532185,0.00011588386,0.00023492993,0.0000060862562,0.00016797762,0.000031389176,0.0002488335,0.000008290905,0.00005721061],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006696393,0.000078009296,0.00008730914,0.00029224958,0.00031075932,0.000104003266,0.00020387018,0.00012386213,0.0000073773153],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003950104,0.00073213223,0.5777761,0.000080715996,0.00061969546,0.000006453494,0.00266436,0.0063117514,0.0055801854,0.0036159733,0.08204209,0.32017556],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0017538765,0.0045003532,0.60640097,0.000079078745,0.0006757166,0.000052593055,0.0013998509,0.013747959,0.0005518304,0.0011925346,0.36894247,0.0007027485],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000053176613,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00013366647,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.31947282,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006891935,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000013770944,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.31811267},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3091172139","doi":"10.1119/10.0003207","title":"Space-time computation and visualization of the electromagnetic fields and potentials generated by moving point charges","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Computation; Point particle; Grid; Scalar (mathematics); Electromagnetics; Computational electromagnetics; Computer science; Computational science; Computational physics; Electromagnetic radiation; Point (geometry); Python (programming language); Electromagnetic field; Classical mechanics; Algorithm; Optics; Mathematics; Quantum mechanics; Geometry","score_opus":0.003555433436132444,"score_gpt":0.2020991358133771,"score_spread":0.19854370237724467,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3091172139","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9716423,0.00079234556,0.027364805,0.00012209949,0.00002948131,0.00002252736,0.0000017670611,0.00000643504,0.000018246128],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991838,0.00028106003,0.00043795514,0.00003857474,0.000042090567,3.067814e-7,0.0000013787875,0.000009269086,0.000005618966],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.999584,0.000043282264,0.00015297935,0.00004656109,0.00008598617,0.00008715992],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997045,0.000024361085,0.00011843799,0.00004021792,0.00007898346,0.000033535962],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000051318617,0.00005849964,0.00014551228,0.000014498569,0.00002778159,0.000022059485,0.00003093639,0.000012222254,0.0000042064935],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000010116364,0.000048316637,0.000025593265,0.00017945966,0.000048085323,0.00008548767,0.000009942546,0.00006225635,1.9066088e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000044742196,0.000016043246,0.00070262374,0.000009708018,0.000045202265,0.0000011374606,0.00015990954,0.005597167,0.97829634,0.000109257846,0.00037472692,0.014683414],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00026921628,0.00026886855,0.0033824942,0.00002453894,0.000051509414,0.000025837175,0.000095129486,0.12059795,0.87479097,0.0003715231,0.00003292113,0.00008904041],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006583252,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.225433e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.115000784,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000011605623,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000018332314,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.19702952},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3094525451","doi":"10.1119/10.0001703","title":"Landau levels, edge states, and gauge choice in 2D quantum dots","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Landau quantization; Quantum dot; Gauge (firearms); Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution; Quantum mechanics; Condensed matter physics; Quantum electrodynamics; Magnetic field","score_opus":0.01355068683205572,"score_gpt":0.2402252343866853,"score_spread":0.2266745475546296,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3094525451","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99284446,0.00016698292,0.0058465134,0.0007195232,0.000043864246,0.000047096248,0.000042955224,0.0000062667,0.00028236437],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99895,0.000034501558,0.0001516137,0.00029791382,0.0005266067,0.0000011440643,0.000009794394,0.000019273697,0.000009164305],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99908507,0.00004027846,0.0003188479,0.00013720038,0.00015372585,0.0002649071],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993242,0.000053739877,0.00030170343,0.00007752254,0.00005359384,0.00018924319],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000092740855,0.0001480387,0.00037956217,0.000030298554,0.00003686249,0.000025547106,0.00014404966,0.000010231109,0.000051911895],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000027653086,0.00013016637,0.00008082607,0.00028389553,0.00010567511,0.00018625554,0.000014828697,0.00033688717,0.000006872353],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00028111713,0.0004979069,0.5875929,0.000058977203,0.00033610847,0.000037458125,0.007446586,0.0006704275,0.0054931976,0.03762133,0.0014870408,0.35847694],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.012704917,0.009215251,0.7024909,0.00039501375,0.00052036083,0.000027642805,0.012779318,0.007096999,0.012389408,0.14035963,0.09918568,0.0028348833],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00033229066,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000053511885,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.35564205,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000016013586,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000093026654,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5308031},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3097790065","doi":"10.1119/10.0002639","title":"The bound-state solutions of the one-dimensional hydrogen atom","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Parity (physics); Degenerate energy levels; Hydrogen atom; Quantum mechanics; Cutoff; Regularization (linguistics); Bound state; Ground state; Coulomb","score_opus":0.01256991036790678,"score_gpt":0.2369838881117497,"score_spread":0.22441397774384292,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3097790065","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9900289,0.00019014294,0.0075135715,0.00093634636,0.00036621199,0.00006613765,0.00006326295,0.000003849579,0.00083156937],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989509,0.000014590605,0.00026252217,0.000115919865,0.00042880868,0.0000018007977,0.0000031416241,0.00002075746,0.00020156782],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99865675,0.00015117963,0.0004031929,0.000113465016,0.00040607576,0.00026934498],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99814665,0.0001862776,0.0008092008,0.0003538674,0.00041969743,0.00008427541],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00023555983,0.00013369315,0.00029579626,0.000011928404,0.00034499218,0.000040279247,0.00035272827,0.000009955432,0.000025014633],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006519619,0.000086481195,0.00043041215,0.00041614976,0.0003082895,0.00010498094,0.00013684359,0.0003074476,0.000009286124],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007171048,0.00094900787,0.0022561532,0.000010856971,0.0014224169,0.000009110876,0.00083430373,0.0019265095,0.06236529,0.68181556,0.002562126,0.24577698],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00090934295,0.00036907906,0.001456231,0.00017664723,0.00032936622,0.000031933236,0.0014053744,0.002284794,0.23040406,0.74825454,0.013960617,0.00041800024],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004800335,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000040917475,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.24535897,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000025917207,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00055288017,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.35266006},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3108090185","doi":"10.1119/10.0001788","title":"Fourier analysis of the non-linear pendulum","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"John Abbott College","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Fourier series; Pendulum; Amplitude; Fourier analysis; Fourier transform; Nonlinear system; Accelerometer; Classical mechanics; Mathematical analysis; Double pendulum; Equations of motion; Control theory (sociology); Inverted pendulum; Optics; Mathematics; Computer science","score_opus":0.00877296789797632,"score_gpt":0.2512642436717861,"score_spread":0.2424912757738098,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3108090185","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.94418937,0.000031587388,0.031965543,0.0011783156,0.00013030795,0.00007615301,0.000050597264,0.0000041440667,0.022373952],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986857,0.0000016286816,0.0005724609,0.00022052767,0.0004943127,8.358765e-7,0.0000015545721,0.000009359792,0.000013626294],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992187,0.000042195523,0.00028610817,0.00008701187,0.00024169558,0.0001243072],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99906844,0.000057771063,0.00052645936,0.00013707993,0.00012565077,0.00008458076],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000051358344,0.00010847853,0.0004587967,0.000018395243,0.00005806052,0.000007222806,0.00026559888,0.000005441918,0.000064730506],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000525291,0.000068305984,0.0005608829,0.00086621253,0.00041322736,0.00006682064,0.00009989872,0.00016746657,0.0000044401086],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00020731485,0.0009528762,0.1519093,0.000018807328,0.014170704,0.0000034200104,0.0108786365,0.0068306495,0.022778569,0.73978686,0.0010148623,0.051447984],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0035759,0.004139599,0.028502155,0.00017777689,0.013901751,0.0000021253413,0.0394814,0.03817213,0.35277572,0.51538587,0.0022494332,0.0016361342],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000040476127,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.3973103e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.32999715,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007614418,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000033101813,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2785437},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3115269464","doi":"10.1119/10.0004955","title":"Thermal equilibrium of an ideal gas in a free-floating box","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Galaxy; Physics; Ideal gas; Thermal equilibrium; Position (finance); Thermal fluctuations; Stars; Observable; Statistical mechanics; Ideal (ethics); Astrophysics; Thermal; Mechanics; Statistical physics; Quantum mechanics; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.008876575616544985,"score_gpt":0.2361157843955798,"score_spread":0.2272392087790348,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3115269464","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9974155,0.00011083967,0.0015694173,0.00012161159,0.00033862994,0.00010293226,0.000044670778,0.000007924313,0.00028847647],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9916484,0.0000050200406,0.0069325864,0.0000047497506,0.0012980333,0.0000037673356,0.000053739524,0.000041121326,0.0000126272525],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9977443,0.00024394224,0.0010084077,0.00021314497,0.0004574244,0.0003327614],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9963557,0.00006890933,0.0024489653,0.0005290856,0.00046077897,0.00013656585],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00040850995,0.00028258614,0.0008071165,0.00012576602,0.000035293757,0.000071270035,0.0006301207,0.000043318516,0.00008373833],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000017192457,0.00029677624,0.00033328147,0.00035393116,0.00023051344,0.0005901647,0.00036890118,0.0008310547,0.0000018083016],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007308973,0.0007692385,0.9111288,0.00012281617,0.00043719524,8.659255e-7,0.014038723,0.041121565,0.006072537,0.001699598,0.00011578098,0.024419788],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0018136292,0.0008261633,0.9177321,0.00097023667,0.00022957225,0.000010496878,0.019915173,0.0106540695,0.012467722,0.034437805,0.000028162744,0.00091485353],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0015818055,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000011331202,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.032738205,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00011960345,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007168664,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99994844},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3121741438","doi":"10.1119/10.0002410","title":"Index matching computerized tomography","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; Thompson Rivers University","funders":"","keywords":"Scanner; Tomography; Matching (statistics); Data acquisition; Photodiode; Computed tomography; Laser scanning","score_opus":0.0038556730981584575,"score_gpt":0.20882820346828987,"score_spread":0.2049725303701314,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3121741438","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.38303265,0.0001716449,0.6160697,0.00004592934,0.0002532738,0.000010178098,0.0000014443679,0.000034948516,0.00038023933],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9705635,0.0000665796,0.028834298,0.00017390982,0.00033378607,3.580988e-7,9.732063e-7,0.000021825303,0.0000047869466],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99942064,0.000022135264,0.000205834,0.000058013724,0.00014151643,0.00015184129],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995807,0.000043028536,0.00011639604,0.00010296246,0.00008628713,0.0000706241],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004640181,0.00009701088,0.00024770852,0.000038801714,0.00003148649,0.000027515413,0.000108882006,0.000008906126,0.0000081701655],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000033715487,0.000097411874,0.00013119902,0.0003778427,0.000054681506,0.0002128189,0.000019385687,0.00024143071,0.0000029606088],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002011062,0.00006050738,0.0019670385,0.000031286716,0.00024948607,0.0001861189,0.0011917389,0.17014578,0.050773166,0.0005980274,0.00019694724,0.7745798],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.013996758,0.002173313,0.08200053,0.003008832,0.0009402038,0.0054383245,0.044209052,0.21419664,0.33597484,0.21320592,0.07798948,0.0068660914],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000018341229,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.4279137e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7677137,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000021434615,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000022854121,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.39723408},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3134948085","doi":"10.1119/10.0003689","title":"Scattering problems via real-time wave packet scattering","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Wave packet; Scattering; Plane wave; Simple (philosophy); Momentum (technical analysis); Plane (geometry); Scattering theory; Network packet","score_opus":0.011763352872316427,"score_gpt":0.23452301783814633,"score_spread":0.2227596649658299,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3134948085","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.95638835,0.00002991549,0.039473165,0.0003293558,0.00032376184,0.00008539199,0.00003268189,0.000022418244,0.0033149838],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9956673,0.000023349638,0.0024287368,0.000118097996,0.0015246738,0.0000025323484,0.000018924778,0.00006629158,0.00015008516],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99835134,0.00009935998,0.00053131185,0.00025405874,0.0003428746,0.00042107515],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982546,0.000075533935,0.0007796307,0.00035650964,0.00032482075,0.00020889805],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00019940385,0.0002712952,0.000601964,0.00004580694,0.00011529553,0.00009923767,0.0002338095,0.000020022726,0.00021661846],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000031300121,0.0002676805,0.00036474815,0.00044142976,0.0001307638,0.000317234,0.00011826213,0.00033611502,0.00008230264],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000033825978,0.0005173091,0.0018456377,0.000044324548,0.00057151954,0.00009086708,0.0010181387,0.0007202162,0.5815965,0.009206009,0.0009348535,0.40342078],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0036522613,0.0023770547,0.0024579195,0.0015658959,0.0007985177,0.00049357035,0.0039746077,0.023685547,0.63928014,0.31287435,0.0056550824,0.0031850531],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000052484163,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.2507713e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.40023574,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004888559,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00018610388,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999775},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3156856459","doi":"10.1119/10.0003508","title":"Magnetic diffusion, inductive shielding, and the Laplace transform","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Winnipeg","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Physics; Electromagnetic shielding; Laplace transform; Magnetic field; Diffusion; Percolation (cognitive psychology); Computational physics; Mechanics; Mathematical analysis; Quantum mechanics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.0034996943808692517,"score_gpt":0.22065238681068358,"score_spread":0.21715269242981433,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3156856459","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.90940976,0.0007628796,0.009244723,0.0025292824,0.00017684762,0.00009826719,0.000010393381,0.000005684359,0.07776215],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989811,0.00004759808,0.00029585342,0.00014676602,0.00041330766,0.0000027902486,8.313208e-7,0.0000090373715,0.00010268645],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993772,0.00007140505,0.00018336339,0.00008990276,0.00014635957,0.00013176598],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994182,0.00016515215,0.00015830567,0.000088117326,0.00011053218,0.000059690472],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007966911,0.00010812567,0.00028981842,0.000008488671,0.00011990674,0.000029879033,0.000094312854,0.00000630343,0.000052441832],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000048347197,0.00006554663,0.00013698534,0.00015985967,0.00085228134,0.00008540414,0.0000560194,0.00020671512,0.0000025403867],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008565756,0.00013969734,0.0012072279,0.000002488665,0.00014030724,0.0000028128377,0.0034814025,0.0000039168494,0.0019056739,0.8896365,0.00006058571,0.10333372],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013444137,0.00027473373,0.00033313106,0.00002961539,0.000099183715,0.000007510957,0.015462831,0.000031976873,0.013126661,0.9687173,0.00044549067,0.00012716117],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004275239,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.632808e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.10320655,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008464055,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003288712,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3140266},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3177158544","doi":"10.1119/10.0003731","title":"Rock and roll of an ellipse","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Ellipse; Jump; Physics; Slip (aerodynamics); Inclined plane; Plane (geometry); Mechanics; Jumping; Classical mechanics; Geometry; Geology; Thermodynamics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.0048556524061906395,"score_gpt":0.2447300502363604,"score_spread":0.23987439783016976,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3177158544","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.97964066,0.00015723656,0.005572788,0.00007658985,0.000056850655,0.00002017547,0.000012957008,0.0000023613677,0.01446039],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984945,0.000011289934,0.0010852669,0.00003815764,0.0003318469,5.1557436e-7,0.00000217457,0.000008985917,0.000027231472],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994421,0.000043845175,0.00020098605,0.000081727485,0.00012638127,0.00010497203],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993618,0.000050578525,0.0002542517,0.00009788605,0.0001522557,0.00008323635],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000041718235,0.00008816923,0.0003007762,0.0000104494675,0.00003885658,0.000011434722,0.000073401665,0.0000049641153,0.000029352426],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000024232302,0.000072997136,0.00010001751,0.00012981734,0.00017830772,0.00011993264,0.000051256462,0.00010039757,0.0000020349287],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000081325925,0.000980717,0.0074670734,0.000012177072,0.00043619185,0.000010592324,0.0022144937,0.0002319227,0.046199992,0.83218175,0.00007082092,0.11011291],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00048175867,0.00069398107,0.0004638388,0.00003412716,0.000072427036,0.0000057146326,0.0066396235,0.00012620828,0.23840952,0.75281155,0.000115361814,0.00014587147],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000020409607,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.9455096e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.19220953,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000050703125,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000035449262,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2976737},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3199825596","doi":"10.1119/5.0065753","title":"Erratum: “Two and three particles interacting in a one-dimensional trap” [Am. J. Phys. <b>85</b>, 769 (2017)]","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"erratum","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Trap (plumbing); Theoretical physics; Quantum mechanics; Statistical physics; Meteorology","score_opus":0.021666836497608765,"score_gpt":0.26923315783510526,"score_spread":0.2475663213374965,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3199825596","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.976978,0.0023537804,0.0009834823,0.001314122,0.008648103,0.00037538,0.00014989487,0.000031572596,0.009165656],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.992472,0.000065124,0.00085943454,0.00014622012,0.0053936015,0.000009688104,0.00007007464,0.00009046949,0.00089342264],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99734277,0.00015376342,0.0009144588,0.0004909504,0.00053633074,0.0005617212],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9969023,0.00031100464,0.0017653414,0.00038947616,0.00039256254,0.00023932244],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00026833086,0.00055191497,0.0013928049,0.00013951525,0.00013990838,0.0002399092,0.00038902342,0.00006833641,0.00007922734],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000020517196,0.0005295549,0.00047557816,0.00055382337,0.00038421853,0.00041446008,0.0002292864,0.0019094642,0.000008661573],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00022749456,0.0020723594,0.0148168085,0.00015588076,0.002218785,0.0002393241,0.0022303753,0.0005682133,0.010142289,0.0111516155,0.10741122,0.8487656],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.024267767,0.0077647744,0.051523995,0.03133748,0.005757123,0.0005279384,0.027237324,0.032537427,0.022921242,0.62105703,0.15997373,0.015094167],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005283622,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00011265907,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.83367145,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008365226,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00067481323,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997156},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3209995217","doi":"10.1119/10.0005854","title":"Energy conservation strategies for electric vehicles on hills","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Constant (computer programming); Battery (electricity); Energy (signal processing); Conservation of energy; Point (geometry); Mechanics; Expression (computer science); Energy conservation; Electric potential energy; Process (computing); Mechanical energy; Control theory (sociology); Electrical engineering; Computer science; Thermodynamics; Engineering; Mathematics; Geometry; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.015221780967869605,"score_gpt":0.26734289530542066,"score_spread":0.2521211143375511,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3209995217","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.5365024,0.00019411657,0.46237823,0.0004885816,0.00007931859,0.00003120091,0.000006779518,0.00006989933,0.00024947053],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99550647,0.00024651262,0.003919758,0.00017663023,0.00010940687,0.000004420157,0.0000028674306,0.000020720787,0.000013197495],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99943936,0.000017100838,0.00016156543,0.00006356323,0.0001486475,0.00016974736],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99936444,0.00019870352,0.00009327612,0.00011439154,0.00020037101,0.000028795488],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000042687338,0.000079066915,0.00017588079,0.000060565613,0.000026237736,0.000027072747,0.00012656536,0.000018518842,0.0000025864756],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000035686437,0.00007511711,0.00006300788,0.00041188468,0.000056609344,0.00016329001,0.0000112529915,0.00015793876,0.0000011165922],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000027026314,0.00003584355,0.000065103115,0.00001459781,0.00007641617,0.00001692202,0.000036519075,0.034547016,0.18181634,0.011626183,0.001500094,0.7702379],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00050940603,0.001297777,0.00038187735,0.000063576816,0.00002207544,0.00004212155,0.0015406185,0.0337627,0.8813479,0.07177784,0.0089917,0.00026241472],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000032941728,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000012900165,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.76997554,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000074227435,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008571053,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3063187},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3210741314","doi":"10.1119/10.0005889","title":"The toppling of a uniform rectangular block","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"John Abbott College","funders":"","keywords":"Slipping; Block (permutation group theory); Physics; Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution; Accelerometer; Geodesy; Slip (aerodynamics); Geometry; Mechanics; Geology; Mathematics; Engineering; Telecommunications","score_opus":0.004696232699180849,"score_gpt":0.24008811860599816,"score_spread":0.2353918859068173,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3210741314","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.90631604,0.0007215723,0.009736821,0.0006323693,0.00030509543,0.00006723366,0.000015648116,0.0000063688008,0.082198836],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99874216,0.00002276695,0.0007244788,0.000027783526,0.00041741077,0.000001018229,8.485702e-7,0.000008797045,0.000054749362],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993313,0.000037031772,0.0002562125,0.00006394326,0.0001727624,0.00013872744],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990905,0.00015654649,0.0003493543,0.0001323415,0.00022434678,0.000046917787],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009062625,0.000085727996,0.00024987778,0.000007014012,0.000109965804,0.000016095159,0.00013854165,0.0000046816945,0.000011263167],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006462316,0.00005608336,0.00019974887,0.00021276779,0.00034778233,0.000050821447,0.00006595031,0.00013672441,0.0000023475159],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003067918,0.00017821221,0.0012775329,0.0000033795493,0.00033698103,0.0000034184989,0.0007158685,0.00009206612,0.01481365,0.92013735,0.00008457102,0.06232628],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002889799,0.00028290425,0.000080725426,0.000049617272,0.00006945815,0.0000050884696,0.010572991,0.000049193124,0.2566387,0.7308584,0.0009824955,0.00012143874],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001655302,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.4639394e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.24182506,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001204167,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000061647224,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.22870131},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3216369201","doi":"10.1119/5.0121242","title":"The first Global e-Competition on Astronomy and Astrophysics","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Educational Games and Gamification","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Olympiad; Competition (biology); Physics; Astronomy; Set (abstract data type); Astrophysics; Computer science","score_opus":0.012547342292727491,"score_gpt":0.295976597320267,"score_spread":0.2834292550275395,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3216369201","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.975461,0.00005867936,0.012369762,0.008768324,0.0007830327,0.00006988993,0.000015626012,0.000018761693,0.0024549186],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99817544,0.000033252338,0.0008058598,0.00018711892,0.0006855773,0.0000038272424,0.0000049951614,0.000007760529,0.00009618942],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.999468,0.00003924125,0.00015472855,0.00007992968,0.00013295445,0.00012510634],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993159,0.00014093348,0.00029217056,0.0001249249,0.00007952873,0.00004649586],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00011466925,0.00006559237,0.000099470155,0.000015190487,0.00011285317,0.000030889405,0.00011498519,0.000009321293,0.0000103163475],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008025068,0.00004793378,0.000055912493,0.00027532576,0.00021774952,0.000047204154,0.000011857913,0.00010516996,0.000119703334],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000057388825,0.00007284968,0.0024334998,0.0000012064761,0.00005883232,0.0000013397128,0.00059345353,0.00016913042,0.000014398283,0.19742924,0.0030295118,0.7961391],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004473153,0.0013760772,0.61752605,0.000036658825,0.000044249522,0.00003086745,0.0123721445,0.000025628702,0.000041979318,0.015553632,0.35239813,0.00014726933],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000019545165,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002070394,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7959919,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000035536494,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000027519332,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.19546828},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4234650564","doi":"10.1119/1.19406","title":"Anamorphic images","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Architecture and Art History Studies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Explication; Conical surface; Computation; Plane (geometry); Surface (topology); Optics; Computer graphics (images); Geometry; Computer science; Algorithm; Mathematics; Epistemology; Philosophy","score_opus":0.011308848253146491,"score_gpt":0.20124922224671324,"score_spread":0.18994037399356675,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4234650564","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.79799664,0.0007468707,0.00028330454,0.0017087113,0.00044246935,0.00004903654,0.000017412305,0.00003309534,0.19872245],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9935463,0.000071834824,0.0002189893,0.0005564734,0.0017108751,4.4756337e-7,4.0598303e-7,0.0000100042325,0.0038846808],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9995238,0.000026676867,0.000158953,0.000052690924,0.00012680437,0.00011105201],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999625,0.000031985215,0.00015721559,0.00007270914,0.00007195291,0.00004113644],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000047852373,0.000079012614,0.00020023655,0.000027763943,0.00018958225,0.000021451255,0.00010876933,0.0000032011208,0.0011345813],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000034626034,0.000057863897,0.00011284296,0.00003173236,0.00063902093,0.0001244764,0.00000787874,0.000119467295,0.000079373436],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004347629,0.000073585026,0.00016852043,0.000003826575,0.00010728398,0.000021642943,0.037293743,0.000085592095,0.00007876315,0.0072797886,0.022630313,0.9322135],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00013398704,0.00052308815,0.0002843238,0.000017739476,0.000040237355,0.000014470089,0.0025583894,0.0000031135419,0.000103579565,0.0036517757,0.9925535,0.00011584422],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000029409966,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000013399775,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.96992314,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000011944333,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000019170719,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997785},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4282967353","doi":"10.1119/5.0087798","title":"Quantitative measurement of birefringence in transparent films across the visible spectrum","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Trent University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Birefringence; Polarizer; Materials science; Optics; Refractometer; Refractive index; Optoelectronics; Cellophane; Incandescent light bulb; Composite material; Physics","score_opus":0.02799845390857079,"score_gpt":0.30369260876335846,"score_spread":0.27569415485478765,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4282967353","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9848252,0.0002867262,0.009070254,0.0003956772,0.00016500133,0.000118837015,0.00005908127,0.0000030628023,0.0050761667],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99967974,0.0000064429078,0.00019615848,0.00002621009,0.00006579062,0.000010734455,7.8334716e-7,0.000009513555,0.0000046102887],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99881655,0.000113720926,0.00032216022,0.00009395605,0.00046057344,0.00019304636],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99930555,0.00007847129,0.0003969045,0.00011361756,0.00007114451,0.000034320736],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003309705,0.00010636944,0.00030395846,0.000017197655,0.0001468508,0.000008724805,0.00026938602,0.000002429425,0.000053974607],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002605283,0.000074928306,0.00016269625,0.0003015125,0.00037522693,0.00006474282,0.00009356286,0.00024286706,0.0000013410552],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003615286,0.001462216,0.015733337,0.000011661189,0.00046004745,0.0000044167336,0.022184545,0.01419736,0.02563703,0.9027441,0.00007951073,0.01712425],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0015190264,0.0048535815,0.005388047,0.00011753061,0.0000945887,0.000003177468,0.13618124,0.000780822,0.16943142,0.680858,0.00032004187,0.00045254154],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00029011554,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000359128,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.2218861,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000047625737,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000048367445,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.30554876},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4286484859","doi":"10.1119/5.0087800","title":"Painting in polarization","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Optical Coatings and Gratings","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Trent University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Physics; Painting; Polarization (electrochemistry); Theoretical physics; Art history; Art","score_opus":0.006886601739511586,"score_gpt":0.23165612947045183,"score_spread":0.22476952773094025,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4286484859","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9966068,0.000008099382,0.0028636784,0.00021652078,0.000091886955,0.000017654538,0.0000012634562,0.000004103878,0.00018996774],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9935071,4.8976943e-7,0.006099918,0.0002735337,0.00009559805,8.554188e-7,3.3838737e-7,0.000005797734,0.000016409578],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992868,0.00010034355,0.00022244205,0.000056764697,0.00022401624,0.000109689725],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994122,0.00007062941,0.00038899752,0.0000468756,0.00005168957,0.000029604138],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005319635,0.00004073237,0.0001295065,0.00002999197,0.0000782723,0.000023049823,0.00012839396,0.0000032180592,0.00006190993],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008173864,0.000037173653,0.00003516818,0.0003155463,0.000051572853,0.00012013312,0.000055823617,0.00015737895,0.000002842554],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000302238,0.0001172091,0.024960319,0.00000410348,0.0000031460975,0.000015223144,0.0015731324,0.003911631,0.8870069,0.006331765,0.00007476433,0.07597163],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0061746733,0.02110732,0.14017686,0.00040370083,0.00019500648,0.0006003389,0.08616942,0.024260804,0.6004948,0.10363721,0.0139718875,0.002807994],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000048766982,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.5044477e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.28651208,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000040912102,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000041175488,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.15158975},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4297898360","doi":"10.1119/5.0088987","title":"Stereographic projection to and from the Bloch sphere: Visualizing solutions of the Bloch equations and the Bloch–Riccati equation","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced NMR Techniques and Applications","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Lethbridge","funders":"","keywords":"Stereographic projection; Bloch sphere; Physics; Projection (relational algebra); Bloch equations; Bloch wave; Mathematical analysis; Classical mechanics; Mathematics; Geometry; Quantum mechanics; Quantum; Algorithm","score_opus":0.022984721776924486,"score_gpt":0.27934245294167875,"score_spread":0.25635773116475424,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4297898360","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.81421775,0.00037459764,0.17825511,0.006359642,0.000038547412,0.00036219967,0.0000830714,0.000025329446,0.00028372844],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973171,0.00008446906,0.0020447362,0.00027133006,0.00014364964,0.00008154177,0.000004863168,0.000014897024,0.00003745867],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99900657,0.00011365303,0.0003267008,0.00013129845,0.000295177,0.0001266163],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983402,0.0004898238,0.00069496525,0.0002988763,0.00013825121,0.000037906222],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00028331118,0.000103682905,0.00017866176,0.00002306033,0.0006892299,0.00003213288,0.00028477114,0.000014602779,0.000018444262],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006912081,0.000062368264,0.0000997793,0.00067331415,0.00041137644,0.00007372754,0.0001738024,0.00033233498,2.1940062e-7],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00041488162,0.0010185614,0.008689023,0.00005356161,0.00080297684,0.0000013145373,0.02550145,0.016833799,0.23775929,0.16778274,0.0017988525,0.53934354],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009562513,0.002511393,0.022822386,0.0010044869,0.0041349903,0.00035368383,0.18283765,0.13961011,0.108010195,0.4833967,0.0432687,0.0024871847],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00034980083,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000023053775,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.53685635,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000044317683,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006911292,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5301069},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4318756004","doi":"10.1119/5.0106701","title":"A wave packet approach to resonant scattering","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Terahertz technology and applications","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Physics; Wave packet; Plane wave; Interference (communication); Constructive; Scattering; Network packet; Transmission (telecommunications); Function (biology); Resonance (particle physics); Computational physics; Process (computing); Optics; Acoustics; Quantum mechanics; Telecommunications; Computer science; Computer network","score_opus":0.016123563345997134,"score_gpt":0.22772924720616114,"score_spread":0.211605683860164,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4318756004","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.91233677,0.000022421173,0.08579265,0.0005488603,0.00008228602,0.00005730383,0.0000064072683,0.00022732384,0.00092595356],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9917402,0.00002364764,0.007953181,0.000082744074,0.0001476021,0.000008920045,0.0000014702704,0.000020502328,0.00002171627],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9995395,0.0000074912086,0.00014896784,0.00006201791,0.00008601077,0.00015602693],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996891,0.000023843944,0.00005322491,0.00014461562,0.000027601867,0.00006158326],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007148259,0.000072369636,0.00015260794,0.00007891277,0.000032186355,0.000009859192,0.00014465812,0.000015872094,0.0000017242],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006226237,0.00006631955,0.00005201126,0.0006865868,0.000063346924,0.000051281637,0.000026186908,0.00016916502,0.000050809947],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005219312,0.00003169776,0.0001912017,0.000009539524,0.000057056997,0.000007988113,0.00089463755,0.0043300157,0.021699281,0.0018691074,0.0067313286,0.9641729],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0022986839,0.0022100296,0.08641988,0.00056217157,0.00032053172,0.001027237,0.01822438,0.17691702,0.15587333,0.039690867,0.5133819,0.0030739566],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000020035673,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.092262e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.96109897,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000024713316,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000881837,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2704433},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4385117572","doi":"10.1119/5.0081906","title":"An experimental demonstration of level attraction with coupled pendulums","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Mechanical and Optical Resonators","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Manitoba","keywords":"Physics; Dissipative system; Pendulum; Coupling (piping); Phase space; Classical mechanics; Parameter space; Oscillation (cell signaling); Quantum mechanics; Mechanical engineering","score_opus":0.026938667974339362,"score_gpt":0.29709287743396573,"score_spread":0.27015420945962637,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4385117572","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9522035,0.0000029233493,0.04741763,0.000036540412,0.000045118257,0.000036450965,0.000006987634,0.0000064556825,0.0002443987],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982027,0.0000012756741,0.0015218079,0.00001189287,0.0002285916,0.0000016638817,0.0000075694265,0.000010304381,0.000014206136],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99928546,0.00003096763,0.00022435168,0.0000789892,0.00025987028,0.00012036393],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992857,0.000054828197,0.00035150885,0.000084965286,0.00011350132,0.00010951641],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009957845,0.000080434416,0.00020859388,0.00002858861,0.0000366553,0.000013057502,0.000097029486,0.000009349712,0.00006278075],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000023937732,0.000059771097,0.000078286066,0.00027814953,0.000100078665,0.000199072,0.000008728453,0.00012665462,0.000007515422],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005127459,0.0014598545,0.025850352,0.000010805461,0.00027647658,0.000012663062,0.00075624784,0.002607627,0.4861618,0.11971352,0.00010196041,0.36253595],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0024800478,0.0098067215,0.038019966,0.00013795723,0.00019508459,0.000015787888,0.020092536,0.02744014,0.8903623,0.010627627,0.00021447544,0.0006073202],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006410169,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.786233e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.40420055,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000012369969,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000068865236,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.24373946},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4386927391","doi":"10.1119/5.0159866","title":"On numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Terahertz technology and applications","field":"Engineering","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Redeemer University","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Schrödinger equation; Function (biology); Applied mathematics; Statistical physics; Quantum mechanics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.01307860119446787,"score_gpt":0.2286566376719689,"score_spread":0.215578036477501,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4386927391","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8601602,0.000027395912,0.13742125,0.0012614924,0.00021388564,0.00008340896,0.000011829205,0.00016204336,0.0006585359],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99955654,0.000010514758,0.00029362517,0.000029174773,0.000062850195,0.0000032647251,7.6147626e-7,0.000011213692,0.000032024935],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.999542,0.000017986213,0.00016286282,0.000040461982,0.00013431693,0.000102359976],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995789,0.00008477775,0.00012854404,0.00014520361,0.000041579064,0.000020983522],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008170737,0.00005423805,0.00011637653,0.000045692843,0.00005286332,0.0000039629795,0.00017538342,0.000018631563,0.00001063246],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000023445195,0.000040722323,0.00007600714,0.00054494565,0.00010064899,0.000043629116,0.000021279471,0.00019339459,0.00007498926],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001967029,0.0002336634,0.00059418427,0.000013415743,0.00025492057,0.0000030098233,0.00066591776,0.24536295,0.11256661,0.052489996,0.011554101,0.57624155],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0020133927,0.0022930873,0.031500075,0.0005091089,0.0004731353,0.00010624479,0.0017987009,0.46881977,0.28399125,0.19319132,0.014087167,0.0012167643],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000019988233,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.3545841e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5750248,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000029026633,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000016524937,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1660608},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4388885577","doi":"10.1119/5.0146298","title":"Thermal physics in the data age—Students judge the applicability of the equipartition theorem","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Equipartition theorem; Physics; Heat capacity; Thermal; Plot (graphics); Download; Function (biology); Point (geometry); Specific heat; Experimental data; Theoretical physics; Statistical physics; Thermodynamics; Quantum mechanics; Statistics; Mathematics; Computer science; Geometry; Magnetic field","score_opus":0.03873897447412654,"score_gpt":0.33791734204170426,"score_spread":0.2991783675675777,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4388885577","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.7470828,0.000013211664,0.24997291,0.0009968051,0.00020194221,0.00035694425,0.00030047796,0.0000078845505,0.0010669973],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99905497,0.0000069565826,0.00036876617,0.00018477529,0.0003381632,0.000007704184,0.000017809405,0.000015393482,0.0000054541006],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9984545,0.000304074,0.00037213368,0.00014581325,0.0005031603,0.0002202992],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979664,0.0005821546,0.00053515955,0.00078866153,0.00009606733,0.00003155003],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008807151,0.0001301972,0.0002620183,0.000010622867,0.000116215495,0.000034864897,0.0016875459,0.000011206447,0.0000067895603],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003454242,0.000062459934,0.00013540585,0.00065281615,0.00040657978,0.00013127834,0.00033223306,0.00037865128,0.000004691104],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006781878,0.0004850688,0.0028193772,0.000007898094,0.0001374916,0.000004262916,0.0020964313,0.007860615,0.0014669357,0.6341261,0.00011846132,0.3508095],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006540368,0.00026190167,0.017012829,0.0000590248,0.00015167732,0.000001952998,0.008267624,0.027255936,0.0005548858,0.9449275,0.00063554716,0.00021704723],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004255684,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000022542613,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.35059246,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000018496214,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005059611,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.31359082},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4388885608","doi":"10.1119/5.0139124","title":"Nonlinear oscillator acceleration and period variation with amplitude","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"John Abbott College","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Amplitude; Nonlinear system; Oscillation (cell signaling); Acceleration; Harmonic oscillator; Spring (device); Fourier series; Period (music); Nonlinear Oscillations; Harmonic; Simple harmonic motion; Fourier transform; Classical mechanics; Mechanics; Quantum electrodynamics; Optics; Mathematical analysis; Quantum mechanics; Acoustics; Thermodynamics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.007447175685417898,"score_gpt":0.24867122678931422,"score_spread":0.24122405110389633,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4388885608","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98477775,0.000012010769,0.011859232,0.00024895865,0.000056103236,0.000052498617,0.0000106857915,0.000012887717,0.0029698757],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99779457,0.0000052622195,0.0015804669,0.000030885403,0.0005500055,0.0000026138123,0.000005527201,0.000011898143,0.000018766255],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994568,0.000022896875,0.00014975405,0.000089615016,0.0001576649,0.00012324749],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995293,0.000041699095,0.00020376376,0.00006561364,0.00009962482,0.00005999967],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006520421,0.00009629399,0.00020092113,0.00002361968,0.00009995809,0.0000424211,0.00005719787,0.0000052533564,0.0000114961185],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000019872327,0.00006979562,0.00004810521,0.00025637023,0.00019687097,0.00015623988,0.000033593053,0.00009230968,0.000009850238],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000174091,0.0003224448,0.02691096,0.000012166683,0.00053034397,0.0000060134225,0.006941279,0.00027182058,0.020154867,0.875596,0.00014979148,0.06893022],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002716993,0.00408516,0.028304607,0.00014264983,0.0002768408,0.000016253472,0.017775944,0.0025678845,0.023171326,0.9190503,0.0009990387,0.0008930448],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000021083584,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.6639615e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.06803718,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000011016184,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000027745495,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2846183},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4390085831","doi":"10.1119/5.0121399","title":"DC power transported by two infinite parallel wires","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Aerosol Filtration and Electrostatic Precipitation","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"","keywords":"Poynting vector; Physics; Resistor; Resistive touchscreen; Power (physics); Electromagnetic field; Poynting's theorem; Electrical engineering; Current (fluid); Magnetic field; Mechanics; Voltage; Engineering; Quantum mechanics","score_opus":0.0072718495413402855,"score_gpt":0.23356196858630274,"score_spread":0.22629011904496246,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4390085831","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.88710463,0.000041995718,0.11167052,0.00022571857,0.0001692287,0.0000397622,0.000014381306,0.00011282114,0.0006209683],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99856085,0.000116525574,0.0010185342,0.00014318207,0.000073782634,0.0000017550911,0.000022056855,0.000022487307,0.00004085387],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.999338,0.00001983425,0.00025188221,0.000049860584,0.00017778203,0.00016264539],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99962306,0.000057312333,0.000119390585,0.00006922191,0.000060553186,0.00007044276],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008396542,0.00009084846,0.0001755117,0.00004180794,0.000026967919,0.000017453518,0.00008732166,0.000011291489,0.00002098129],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008570038,0.00008695336,0.00006849353,0.0004522269,0.000053847176,0.00018262446,0.0000022514246,0.00014866312,0.000034947676],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00014314825,0.00013223376,0.003019051,0.00003509574,0.000591929,0.0000479568,0.014373115,0.302499,0.36841536,0.0028159013,0.10371164,0.20421557],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.022111425,0.01257063,0.18277709,0.00079054787,0.0010567295,0.0003198415,0.024170183,0.31099975,0.2760552,0.05345093,0.108899094,0.0067985845],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000060951566,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000015894576,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.19741699,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000022182567,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000024275681,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3545855},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4391135231","doi":"10.1119/5.0164442","title":"Surface charge and surface current densities at material boundaries","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Electromagnetic Simulation and Numerical Methods","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Physics; Current (fluid); Surface (topology); Charge (physics); Surface charge; Current density; Charge density; Engineering physics; Condensed matter physics; Quantum mechanics; Geometry; Thermodynamics","score_opus":0.010719397127888984,"score_gpt":0.27018173640594206,"score_spread":0.25946233927805307,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4391135231","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9873803,0.0031525062,0.007987539,0.00010113475,0.0011834532,0.000028382634,0.000009918307,0.00006197881,0.00009477931],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9946056,0.00043322658,0.004537147,0.000021070375,0.00031415673,2.1156349e-7,0.0000013732132,0.00002655122,0.00006067942],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99934524,0.00005471294,0.00020850691,0.00007585458,0.00015340501,0.0001622863],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99961215,0.00014084321,0.00005511604,0.00006317716,0.000045716253,0.00008300367],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00012659308,0.00011837739,0.00024827887,0.00002051163,0.0000572932,0.0001414397,0.00005646099,0.000013766559,0.0000574833],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000010601391,0.00010269764,0.00005841859,0.00017584219,0.00022865072,0.00011801497,0.00001997459,0.00016049368,0.000010888071],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00016699915,0.000054248347,0.001364229,0.00033568477,0.0003464426,0.000050063598,0.0045632212,0.01919023,0.2918107,0.0042579407,0.006703269,0.67115694],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001300871,0.0034700835,0.0046128207,0.00072449946,0.0004865027,0.00062962185,0.00083774753,0.2750062,0.35058168,0.009380988,0.35113168,0.0018373084],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000061147216,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.70688e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6693197,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000060071085,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003544282,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.41878882},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4401760121","doi":"10.1119/5.0166291","title":"Remarks on the yield of fission bombs","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Nuclear reactor physics and engineering","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Fission; Nuclear physics; Yield (engineering); Fission product yield; Nuclear engineering; Neutron; Thermodynamics; Engineering","score_opus":0.007938402762733299,"score_gpt":0.19874329004078053,"score_spread":0.19080488727804723,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4401760121","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9588998,0.0004888102,0.025394008,0.00050726446,0.0012635691,0.00006610095,0.000010339416,0.000100296296,0.013269812],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993502,0.000092108145,0.00015992516,0.000024035679,0.0003323381,3.0393474e-7,2.4976038e-7,0.00003006645,0.000010783879],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9995561,0.0000070816814,0.00015630358,0.00004010594,0.00014900096,0.00009141339],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996314,0.00014543919,0.000048525846,0.00011183295,0.000025853284,0.00003694381],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000081595026,0.000079509125,0.00015299683,0.000031569125,0.000011943483,0.000018758337,0.00011860231,0.000010740755,0.000014443772],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000011177748,0.000051454408,0.000102776954,0.00023329309,0.00003580629,0.00007043008,0.00001000306,0.00026384363,0.0000061097735],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002650249,0.000063662155,0.00004218454,0.00015986574,0.000428712,0.000033750126,0.0014894005,0.06423223,0.24574831,0.046456527,0.019818062,0.6215008],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005990073,0.004086109,0.0027972632,0.0076530655,0.00043358264,0.0001594622,0.0032127732,0.398308,0.32855353,0.021278834,0.23124735,0.0016710096],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000042912843,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.846832e-8,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6198298,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000022961924,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001246,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.209825},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4402677855","doi":"10.1119/5.0151379","title":"What is a degree of freedom? Configuration spaces and their topology","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Differential Geometry Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación","keywords":"Physics; Topology (electrical circuits); Degree (music); Theoretical physics; Classical mechanics; Combinatorics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.021844277787034554,"score_gpt":0.3107770236120317,"score_spread":0.2889327458249971,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4402677855","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8551046,0.0009087741,0.14255165,0.00056576944,0.00027581674,0.00005400035,0.000019676447,0.0000044838102,0.0005152302],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988827,0.00011186847,0.0004776884,0.000015494043,0.0004073204,9.668944e-7,0.0000021230842,0.000010117915,0.00009170838],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994158,0.000043089367,0.00019509712,0.00009275945,0.0001266594,0.0001265624],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993564,0.00015749327,0.00019954944,0.000090748596,0.00013464072,0.00006120393],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000785479,0.0000906079,0.00026340745,0.000069637754,0.000025405914,0.00007847094,0.000101035446,0.000009828454,0.00012197801],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003599561,0.00006592868,0.000095172545,0.00025557436,0.00033364905,0.00038716494,0.000031940817,0.0001785733,0.0000035525702],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000035872992,0.000056368364,0.0022405502,0.000019237848,0.00024731172,0.000002137703,0.0019795566,0.00007807722,0.014460429,0.02037898,0.00015011012,0.96035135],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0024864746,0.0069413674,0.009216852,0.0012993674,0.00039460795,0.000073327064,0.11955805,0.010600265,0.500641,0.33332965,0.014329777,0.0011292605],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005216701,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.1533324e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9592221,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008983075,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000062868006,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.26884937},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4409653701","doi":"10.1119/5.0198820","title":"Temperature as joules per bit","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"Bayerische Motoren Werke; Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies; Hasler Stiftung; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","keywords":"Physics; Bit (key)","score_opus":0.0023737601910643726,"score_gpt":0.2568711793654405,"score_spread":0.2544974191743761,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4409653701","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.36840796,0.00006732434,0.6209426,0.00049725873,0.00035753057,0.00006352609,0.000045341898,0.000008893765,0.009609561],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99230623,0.00000869381,0.0068046493,0.00025218222,0.00030079632,0.000001286008,0.0000032964413,0.0000125104,0.00031034864],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993438,0.000033183656,0.00023117702,0.00009572619,0.00013681478,0.00015926031],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992892,0.0000894663,0.00024408991,0.00012705698,0.00017589072,0.00007426515],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000060518698,0.00011971995,0.000281372,0.00003650675,0.00007148027,0.000033934695,0.00017335829,0.000012814514,0.000082950224],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009432721,0.0000967172,0.00013588685,0.00022395783,0.000091598275,0.00008775759,0.000030236477,0.0002906313,0.000012786411],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000027598842,0.00008066964,0.00030580096,0.0000028583484,0.00011144422,0.0000030000153,0.0000698096,0.0002278823,0.0047486746,0.7295957,0.00015611429,0.2646704],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00047995357,0.0003931378,0.0004488354,0.00008449956,0.000094019386,0.000004410885,0.0015452695,0.0010952058,0.0038753585,0.9868713,0.004887831,0.00022019456],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000017067154,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.6150047e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.62389827,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002153846,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000113343434,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3944013},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4410599492","doi":"10.1119/5.0218051","title":"Enhancing conceptual understanding of Gauss's law through asymmetric infinite sheet/slab charge examples","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Slab; Gauss; Gauss's law; Charge (physics); Theoretical physics; Classical mechanics; Quantum mechanics; Geophysics","score_opus":0.03686317244691239,"score_gpt":0.2878918878221576,"score_spread":0.2510287153752452,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4410599492","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.0029855834,0.00014811863,0.9875912,0.000305455,0.00018986862,0.000045466848,0.000001463493,0.000049481176,0.00868338],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8502498,0.00010285941,0.14876214,0.0007798583,0.000072350675,6.047852e-7,5.322109e-7,0.0000065492254,0.000025297324],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986581,0.0001295531,0.00053715624,0.00016191107,0.0003040547,0.00020921543],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99815404,0.00044441177,0.00084335904,0.00025638295,0.00025295693,0.000048837683],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003740128,0.00013558922,0.000419502,0.00017046648,0.00011419597,0.00006533396,0.0006631267,0.000025459327,0.0000030963006],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000070463546,0.00012526847,0.00013253388,0.0016829158,0.00035398963,0.00047809462,0.00014477129,0.00021412496,0.0000015516187],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009779092,0.000064896565,0.0001637632,0.000012949364,0.000074865515,0.0000037246132,0.0022055372,0.0024470785,0.0008956629,0.9833981,0.0006180272,0.010105657],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0029309483,0.003991558,0.0003613375,0.002120334,0.00020817958,0.00007598881,0.009650143,0.05117858,0.4367115,0.48209623,0.009205475,0.0014697522],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000071266215,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000020042205,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.84726423,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001016233,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001801693,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.51083},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4415961019","doi":"10.1119/5.0252682","title":"The nonlinearity of helical springs: An energy-based approach","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Mechanical Engineering and Vibrations Research","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences; Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Nonlinear system; Spring (device); Elasticity (physics); Displacement (psychology); Spring system; Constant (computer programming); Coil spring; Expression (computer science)","score_opus":0.008047363228601213,"score_gpt":0.2553073680401097,"score_spread":0.24726000481150845,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4415961019","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.041612722,0.000090479305,0.9575768,0.00007982018,0.00008200374,0.000022166476,0.0000028956847,0.000022930137,0.0005101849],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9869416,0.000040534676,0.012847903,0.000027161097,0.00011426222,0.00000220238,0.0000012920119,0.000010803236,0.000014250769],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99932224,0.000041129122,0.00024782497,0.0000546663,0.00019810935,0.00013604322],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99940646,0.00014398634,0.00006062987,0.00019422013,0.0001222839,0.00007242763],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00021935903,0.000073265976,0.00018793886,0.000049610146,0.000042910167,0.000022308246,0.00026728283,0.00001915346,0.0000014042573],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000046055626,0.000052503296,0.00008843665,0.00042958034,0.00010464147,0.0000567371,0.000016577895,0.0002420561,4.033886e-7],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000047499107,0.00020545824,0.000051514373,0.000055940476,0.00013085527,0.0000014912696,0.000046943904,0.5928015,0.013205385,0.036945526,0.00020825109,0.3562996],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00017948147,0.00020802082,0.00008915136,0.000028710025,0.00001488115,0.0000015052323,0.000089902955,0.969139,0.027448239,0.000643891,0.0020903123,0.00006691521],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000013643269,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.994835e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9453289,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000025500762,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000078710465,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.21410222},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}