{"meta":{"query_hash":"c38f9e551677","filters":{"venue":"Developing Country Studies"},"cohort_total":5,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":5,"exported":5,"export_cap":100000,"truncated":false,"label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"permalink":"https://metacan.xera.ac/q/c38f9e551677","api":"https://metacan.xera.ac/api/v1/cohort?venue=Developing+Country+Studies"},"results":[{"id":"W1561158343","doi":"","title":"Citizenship Education in Pakistan","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Developing Country Studies","topic":"Educator Training and Historical Pedagogy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Functional illiteracy; Citizenship; Curriculum; Poverty; Context (archaeology); Democracy; Citizenship education; Economic growth; Political science; Politics; Sociology; Public relations; Pedagogy; Economics; Law","score_opus":0.12619729606144567,"score_gpt":0.46400307417272263,"score_spread":0.337805778111277,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1561158343","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"other","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.78337985,0.0022547785,0.00037587955,0.01690619,0.00044293236,0.00015730542,0.000110250796,0.000035824985,0.19633688],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9887989,0.0011985833,0.00019212232,0.0009037413,0.000050443014,0.00003183477,0.00003398373,0.0000036161096,0.00878685],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99906343,0.00026870825,0.000046787074,0.000055725475,0.00016961542,0.00039580738],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977653,0.0004042585,0.00027587404,0.00006589154,0.00028790205,0.0012008151],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011582044,0.00015499581,0.000129062,0.0008036141,0.0054097753,0.0027254699,0.00024089079,0.0006980012,0.00824971],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00243064,0.00011855349,0.00013662106,0.00087782834,0.0018355864,0.0012747936,0.0022849904,0.0013402719,0.00047263387],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00012453289,0.0025931515,0.2328639,0.00078686984,0.0000160469,0.003225763,0.13580239,0.0006116708,0.0018168113,0.12772797,0.05798573,0.43644518],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006027514,0.0008191272,0.3510806,0.00096152595,0.000014398522,0.0016085432,0.12735997,0.0003367486,0.0013964792,0.0107289255,0.5055821,0.000051353247],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.013315559,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.017927509,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.013315559,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0035064279,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.016559,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.027598023},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2909888976","doi":"","title":"The Issue of Urban Character in the Suez Canal Region: A Proposed Matrix for Developing the Area’s Urban Character in Light of the Egyptian State’s Development Plans","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Developing Country Studies","topic":"Archaeology and Historical Studies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Suez canal; Quarter (Canadian coin); Character (mathematics); Port (circuit theory); Urban planning; Geography; Identity (music); Regional science; Civil engineering; Business; Archaeology; Engineering","score_opus":0.05029655954029203,"score_gpt":0.2706703272340916,"score_spread":0.2203737676937996,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2909888976","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.64568824,0.0040059392,0.030843686,0.05488598,0.00033543378,0.0009888322,0.00041963512,0.00019637324,0.2626358],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98046255,0.0007867669,0.01277522,0.0001991612,0.000028900713,0.000113339534,0.00007513953,0.000012078925,0.0055469424],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991015,0.0004339236,0.0000522967,0.00007909838,0.0001388613,0.0001943577],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987225,0.00021530822,0.0001639457,0.000058558522,0.0005289149,0.00031071872],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0016814012,0.000547776,0.00021156298,0.0031720374,0.004991777,0.0073560667,0.0012145529,0.000984891,0.00313838],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001626048,0.0002334586,0.0003003133,0.0025779193,0.008015417,0.004005291,0.0041629635,0.0012668401,0.00021963441],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009069664,0.00014924355,0.08946945,0.0006667183,0.000036262933,0.0025066268,0.20580971,0.0015967161,0.0037532568,0.5183881,0.008761219,0.16877204],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000012498194,0.00015844956,0.078133434,0.00057856913,0.000048282287,0.0011537807,0.73321813,0.003571208,0.0018270841,0.043674104,0.13754429,0.00008010115],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.026464663,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.060534768,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.026464663,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.006171299,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01205224,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.052621245},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2993893633","doi":"","title":"Nigeria’s Federalism: an Exploration of Its Dilemma","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Developing Country Studies","topic":"American Constitutional Law and Politics","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Federalism; Dual federalism; Decentralization; Dilemma; Politics; Fiscal federalism; Constitution; Corporate governance; New Federalism; Democracy; Government (linguistics); Political science; Political economy; Public administration; Centralized government; Sociology; Economics; Law; Management","score_opus":0.12429147976406335,"score_gpt":0.3763289612992804,"score_spread":0.25203748153521705,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2993893633","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.31933922,0.02980416,0.0057563386,0.27407613,0.0013787992,0.00006358234,0.000026694786,0.000018409806,0.36953664],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98878944,0.003919988,0.0009129073,0.0025796425,0.0001390223,0.000022370827,0.0000032086548,0.000003936695,0.0036295997],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99700445,0.0021848176,0.000092888135,0.00012388574,0.0002829932,0.00031091511],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99744356,0.0017752368,0.00025710603,0.000095160736,0.00026687776,0.00016215755],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004652868,0.00018627282,0.00022884812,0.0011522103,0.01333827,0.0058797,0.00040228845,0.0036281592,0.0008852953],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004038507,0.00018255973,0.00019002771,0.0011719011,0.024858484,0.0061204457,0.0033177761,0.00433789,0.00006845295],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009771164,0.000012195622,0.0005602589,0.000040002626,0.0000013975557,0.00050696573,0.03352225,0.000111529385,0.00008565326,0.9541581,0.002482213,0.008509611],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000012588412,0.000027810182,0.0017504754,0.0006456458,0.0000057720586,0.0011372255,0.13248992,0.0005688411,0.00023828041,0.6416422,0.22145507,0.00002614444],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.010482897,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.018354189,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01333827,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.007804486,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.009862341,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.056625783},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4248763063","doi":"10.7176/dcs/9-4-06","title":"Agendas for future Training Transfer Research: Pakistan’s Perspective","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Developing Country Studies","topic":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","field":"Psychology","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Regina","funders":"","keywords":"Training (meteorology); Perspective (graphical); Transfer of training; Work (physics); Political science; Training and development; Human resources; Resource (disambiguation); Graduate education; State (computer science); Medical education; Economic growth; Sociology; Management; Pedagogy; Psychology; Geography; Engineering; Medicine; Economics","score_opus":0.3463811013939767,"score_gpt":0.5184808888000096,"score_spread":0.17209978740603293,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4248763063","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"review","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.037074856,0.032433856,0.0032110927,0.8636942,0.0015889795,0.00010643981,0.00027674128,0.000038492708,0.06157536],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8356144,0.099738546,0.006257933,0.044791963,0.0026544004,0.00029109642,0.00033927883,0.000020480848,0.010291973],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9951526,0.0020745357,0.00018402755,0.00030525896,0.000818297,0.0014653421],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9784691,0.0122620985,0.0016488704,0.0005582594,0.003662445,0.0033992685],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.014298222,0.0005399737,0.0007537237,0.0032179628,0.0055003935,0.009398306,0.0020079853,0.0045864843,0.014177404],"category_scores_gemma":[0.013669792,0.00021517334,0.0004645707,0.0061723078,0.008515203,0.013777445,0.0044290405,0.005855893,0.0007611739],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00019516109,0.00072263787,0.019007917,0.0022708331,0.000038250735,0.0011497831,0.019667894,0.0018229386,0.00045403757,0.49230006,0.07171903,0.39065152],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000968148,0.0007615888,0.043465223,0.006959908,0.00005041517,0.00095135294,0.29243922,0.0028382184,0.0007657611,0.26602685,0.3855011,0.00014348263],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.031557437,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.021715064,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.031557437,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.011804362,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.041972045,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.08564699},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4385463464","doi":"10.7176/dcs/13-5-03","title":"Greed, Family and Friends as Drivers of Corruption in Africa: A Case Study of Nigeria","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Developing Country Studies","topic":"Leadership, Behavior, and Decision-Making Studies","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Tertiary Education Trust Fund; Vlaamse regering; Universiteit Gent; Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida; University of Central Florida; University of Cambridge; Ahmadu Bello University; Public Safety Canada","keywords":"Embezzlement; Language change; Nepotism; Likert scale; Misappropriation; Government (linguistics); Money laundering; Extortion; Stratified sampling; Business; Corrupt practices; Demographic economics; Public relations; Political science; Economics; Psychology; Law; Finance; Criminal law; Politics; Medicine","score_opus":0.3173748513963322,"score_gpt":0.4533372372537331,"score_spread":0.1359623858574009,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4385463464","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9981735,0.0003613612,0.000070771835,0.0003452922,0.0000062905474,0.000016802154,0.000011621354,6.2224535e-7,0.0010137965],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99732435,0.0013925527,0.00012954019,0.00014720544,0.000007667287,0.000012849685,0.000009991268,0.0000017959676,0.0009740809],"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","domain_scores_codex":[0.99926335,0.0004064766,0.000031683838,0.000043268115,0.000051712013,0.00020354429],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990355,0.00035988068,0.00026458385,0.000029416997,0.00007213976,0.000238461],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009113164,0.00040804743,0.00044094303,0.0011990669,0.0065936437,0.0015218729,0.0005167745,0.0011638823,0.002472409],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0013847438,0.00040251153,0.00030380528,0.0009880686,0.0017387667,0.0013453797,0.0013281506,0.0014113615,0.00021131599],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00012595662,0.0010618924,0.33394232,0.00038631007,0.000035374374,0.10244471,0.53667235,0.00019385712,0.0014789498,0.0037428406,0.0015523938,0.01836305],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004976195,0.00021456959,0.11129837,0.0004016486,0.000025100573,0.013771088,0.8681128,0.00035283482,0.00027391282,0.00032023914,0.0052020713,0.000022450517],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02016845,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.055305984,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02016845,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0017893839,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0012988966,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.040102124},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}