{"meta":{"query_hash":"4dacde1f06de","filters":{"venue":"Education Finance and Policy"},"cohort_total":14,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":14,"exported":14,"export_cap":100000,"truncated":false,"label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"permalink":"https://metacan.xera.ac/q/4dacde1f06de","api":"https://metacan.xera.ac/api/v1/cohort?venue=Education+Finance+and+Policy"},"results":[{"id":"W1979616531","doi":"10.1162/edfp.2006.1.1.17","title":"Is There a Nativity Gap? New Evidence on the Academic Performance of Immigrant Students","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education Finance and Policy","topic":"School Choice and Performance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"York University; McMaster University; Spencer Foundation","keywords":"Immigration; Foreign born; Demographic economics; Value (mathematics); Diversity (politics); Psychology; Demography; Sociology; Geography; Economics; Statistics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.06297283684255221,"score_gpt":0.411876253901952,"score_spread":0.34890341705939976,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1979616531","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9847942,0.004164537,0.00018750409,0.0039315913,0.00004344889,0.000003208724,0.00046232427,0.0000037121208,0.006409555],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978842,0.0012383925,0.000051703326,0.00034027404,0.00004540586,0.0000031914594,0.00023339158,0.0000021248861,0.00020113912],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9983425,0.00074186013,0.00015814662,0.00024955784,0.00031686306,0.00019111158],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.98366815,0.007863769,0.004428208,0.0010910992,0.0018387829,0.0011099739],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004024028,0.00018421651,0.0004021324,0.00157704,0.00061633624,0.0013502513,0.00067545293,0.00063681876,0.0029410433],"category_scores_gemma":[0.013204916,0.00014699365,0.0003277305,0.0022662082,0.0016167499,0.0016359752,0.0018342416,0.0009969492,0.0002444856],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00013675792,0.00005709226,0.97694564,0.000112316906,0.000104248815,0.00009746022,0.002403758,0.000090763766,0.000102140366,0.002871891,0.00062323944,0.0164548],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000074446707,0.000075429685,0.9904349,0.00023417901,0.00006492357,0.000056573583,0.0050593163,0.00012257068,0.00010301249,0.0012033455,0.0026297309,0.000008715895],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.019751424,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.032879636,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.019751424,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005306261,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0011327313,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.039272904},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2062072352","doi":"10.1162/edfp_a_00001","title":"How Valuable Is the Gift of Time? The Factors That Drive the Birth Date Effect in Education","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education Finance and Policy","topic":"School Choice and Performance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Test (biology); Natural experiment; Psychology; Demography; Demographic economics; Economics; Sociology; Statistics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.013720697329994296,"score_gpt":0.32866496515845645,"score_spread":0.31494426782846213,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2062072352","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.94555813,0.0027912029,0.003762705,0.008705304,0.00012244786,0.000041046125,0.0002882014,0.00003656711,0.03869436],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966186,0.00052304,0.0004247545,0.0003687402,0.000040711227,0.000008893825,0.000033483546,0.0000073693313,0.0019742956],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9983767,0.00095239136,0.000053722943,0.00014923011,0.00021893044,0.0002489279],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.97370267,0.015000838,0.0056449804,0.0018157784,0.0009147075,0.0029211019],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0040079816,0.00025054291,0.0005682302,0.0007708898,0.0011855961,0.002762572,0.0005103659,0.0009221714,0.010018898],"category_scores_gemma":[0.024581265,0.0001445963,0.00038307844,0.0012889053,0.006011976,0.0026477051,0.0015679462,0.0012454161,0.00056249194],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.002963396,0.0014468189,0.61422676,0.00028341537,0.00032026993,0.00041625093,0.0031898466,0.0058340705,0.0023397284,0.23048502,0.005895839,0.13259855],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00033593786,0.0011194794,0.7568731,0.00030125194,0.00040696753,0.0002773153,0.004532342,0.002903706,0.0025205854,0.20081846,0.029814022,0.00009688273],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.016246399,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.022208285,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.016246399,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0031897663,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0018776184,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.033516526},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2108337778","doi":"10.1162/edfp_a_00003","title":"Disabled Peers and Academic Achievement","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education Finance and Policy","topic":"School Choice and Performance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Peer effects; Sign (mathematics); Psychology; Value (mathematics); Academic achievement; Longitudinal study; Learning disabled; Mathematics education; Longitudinal data; Test (biology); Developmental psychology; Selection (genetic algorithm); Learning disability; Demography; Social psychology; Statistics; Computer science; Mathematics; Sociology","score_opus":0.020529877351520554,"score_gpt":0.3798398002091808,"score_spread":0.3593099228576602,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2108337778","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98680216,0.0006107022,0.00007306943,0.0003316674,0.000011130453,0.000021068674,0.0034611016,0.00001329932,0.008675803],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966428,0.00019573534,0.00005792115,0.000018410225,0.0000064418355,0.000007845386,0.0015197826,0.0000035916296,0.0015474494],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99638677,0.00053961994,0.0002013695,0.00044486133,0.0013646877,0.0010627458],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9846756,0.0025094107,0.004811488,0.0007091211,0.003199335,0.0040949397],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001662049,0.0005359902,0.0007134879,0.006232948,0.00269677,0.0028159637,0.0015092461,0.0006300459,0.0062836315],"category_scores_gemma":[0.011732636,0.00028387742,0.00062138366,0.0067229355,0.0015306096,0.00071723165,0.001951862,0.0011065913,0.0008245764],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002521113,0.00005454055,0.9956583,0.000012281616,0.00006124917,0.00011319087,0.00035259966,0.00019971386,0.000018688032,0.00024855998,0.0004505057,0.002805152],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000048330594,0.0000336614,0.9970969,0.000023977103,0.000034212826,0.000057346264,0.0008759164,0.00030219977,0.00003818063,0.00011393589,0.0014091878,0.000009537097],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9465951,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.95856583,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9465951,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.008835655,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.010556434,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1074388},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2138855767","doi":"10.1162/edfp_a_00031","title":"Funding Special Education by Capitation: Evidence from State Finance Reforms","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education Finance and Policy","topic":"School Choice and Performance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":27,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Capitation; Incentive; Falling (accident); State (computer science); Differential (mechanical device); Actuarial science; Special education; Demographic economics; Economics; Business; Finance; Medicine; Psychology; Payment; Mathematics education","score_opus":0.05589758207427117,"score_gpt":0.36450974384624835,"score_spread":0.3086121617719772,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2138855767","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9772259,0.003400766,0.0002676576,0.005852969,0.000050146926,0.000022221857,0.0013013092,0.00001433468,0.011864748],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99686855,0.0011241705,0.000055612807,0.00047159873,0.00005791565,0.000008100768,0.0006582805,0.0000048866914,0.0007509638],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9955616,0.0015650479,0.00031707322,0.00054290146,0.0010870515,0.000926178],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9262601,0.02859575,0.035456955,0.0027857448,0.004413624,0.0024878115],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005139182,0.00015801527,0.00045627655,0.0018849703,0.0007048391,0.0019519699,0.0006677757,0.0008581995,0.0051693446],"category_scores_gemma":[0.038180728,0.00024861595,0.0005631807,0.0038465543,0.0016565063,0.0011338714,0.0020423147,0.0013790526,0.00035445156],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006277993,0.00019795174,0.95852214,0.00021469391,0.00027436082,0.00010595593,0.0015014382,0.0010189844,0.00017344163,0.0044950414,0.0035304166,0.029337842],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000025947204,0.00011349302,0.99235487,0.00010005871,0.0000958587,0.000032149765,0.0007823625,0.0002973686,0.0002325614,0.00035044632,0.0056046364,0.000010330263],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.052406956,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.060359772,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.052406956,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0021769456,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0022178972,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.10420382},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2144618768","doi":"10.1162/edfp_a_00098","title":"Funding Special Education by Total District Enrollment: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Policy Considerations","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education Finance and Policy","topic":"Pasture and Agricultural Systems","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Census; Equity (law); Legislature; Government (linguistics); School district; Quality (philosophy); State policy; Policy analysis; Economic growth; Finance; Business; Public administration; Public economics; Political science; Economics; Sociology; Population","score_opus":0.009358049764019933,"score_gpt":0.2564981170897182,"score_spread":0.24714006732569826,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2144618768","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.15980348,0.03934186,0.03778188,0.64512897,0.0010945968,0.00021818672,0.00077023794,0.00016635322,0.11569445],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.932988,0.019823287,0.017694203,0.01854175,0.0013385327,0.0003017883,0.00022546235,0.00008088641,0.0090061305],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9790811,0.01334493,0.00089212373,0.0011107054,0.0039070514,0.0016640843],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9542167,0.03491223,0.0031244725,0.0013519679,0.004757634,0.0016369198],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.037172884,0.000466201,0.00056872197,0.0022134127,0.0020277684,0.0082461955,0.0021256134,0.0027760407,0.005645406],"category_scores_gemma":[0.05239222,0.00036744765,0.0007543223,0.003895237,0.004019413,0.008706362,0.0030956164,0.0032056663,0.00037965755],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00025733063,0.000120539546,0.067031726,0.0007420984,0.00009529227,0.00020615172,0.0018171672,0.0059351935,0.0004980073,0.68612707,0.022639496,0.21452999],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00030594808,0.00082630327,0.1434564,0.0064475206,0.00039934673,0.0019410582,0.02285947,0.029252483,0.0037395614,0.4436522,0.34671065,0.00040901857],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.032883216,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.05154045,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.037172884,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0077428436,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007456171,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.19659138},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2396581466","doi":"10.1162/edfp_a_00202","title":"Racial Interaction Effects and Student Achievement","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education Finance and Policy","topic":"School Choice and Performance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Toronto; Queen's University","keywords":"Race (biology); Matching (statistics); Econometrics; Path analysis (statistics); Yield (engineering); Peer effects; Propensity score matching; Class (philosophy); Class size; Racial differences; Production (economics); Instrumental variable; Psychology; Economics; Mathematics education; Statistics; Computer science; Sociology; Social psychology; Mathematics; Microeconomics; Ethnic group; Physics","score_opus":0.013376094035731749,"score_gpt":0.3904503460108157,"score_spread":0.37707425197508393,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2396581466","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9914573,0.00025133154,0.00064367364,0.00027418198,0.000019928422,0.000008280794,0.00025254613,0.000025667472,0.007066965],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984794,0.00004124442,0.00014964466,0.00001707374,0.000009870946,0.0000062364256,0.00007181523,0.0000044624844,0.0012201569],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.998058,0.0010450219,0.0000680789,0.00025989368,0.000278767,0.00029022226],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9927477,0.0035995382,0.0017816594,0.0005573968,0.00030397373,0.0010096753],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0019545169,0.00021655994,0.00040453777,0.0009126402,0.0008277099,0.0013665206,0.0003104403,0.0005410606,0.012383662],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007408563,0.000107840395,0.00045464514,0.0010128156,0.00053711486,0.00046983737,0.0012012606,0.00080526987,0.0006996452],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008311992,0.0007159975,0.9585151,0.000030044883,0.00032817744,0.00013892958,0.00070147554,0.0011529245,0.0018740465,0.0068786414,0.0007960647,0.028037276],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000011835057,0.00022959265,0.9947865,0.0000077524555,0.00007807706,0.0000423951,0.0002910161,0.001310454,0.0005124371,0.001469744,0.0012487463,0.000011482237],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0056348187,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004976923,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.012383662,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00063847116,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00044753743,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.041427493},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2401290610","doi":"10.1162/edfp_a_00198","title":"Moving Matters: The Causal Effect of Moving Schools on Student Performance","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education Finance and Policy","topic":"School Choice and Performance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"York University; University of Pennsylvania","keywords":"Endogeneity; Mathematics education; Academic achievement; Causal model; Language arts; Psychology; Demographic economics; Variety (cybernetics); Econometrics; Economics; Mathematics; Statistics","score_opus":0.013490419269283403,"score_gpt":0.3506441016870633,"score_spread":0.3371536824177799,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2401290610","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9441478,0.0034912818,0.0127098225,0.015966907,0.00051005394,0.00033797685,0.004398985,0.00016372369,0.018273305],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99394774,0.00054653303,0.00096790015,0.00046061445,0.00023262012,0.00007980669,0.000749494,0.000016033593,0.0029993015],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9933223,0.0031915933,0.000358828,0.0014547276,0.000628317,0.0010443013],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.95297563,0.027674364,0.01307436,0.0028670202,0.0011472009,0.0022613953],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0067438493,0.00067681837,0.0009956857,0.0018267568,0.0016343015,0.0021698156,0.0013682826,0.0027466437,0.01557681],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03405784,0.00038926603,0.0019961416,0.002685402,0.003057151,0.0026714113,0.0027993226,0.003558163,0.0007448132],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00024662985,0.00035389533,0.95622456,0.00012481095,0.0008015238,0.00026679307,0.0007944979,0.002777007,0.00012380553,0.014750099,0.0030628347,0.020473586],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007967635,0.00040631872,0.9610474,0.00017395928,0.0009650805,0.000088174245,0.0019351218,0.007526585,0.0005726213,0.020006789,0.007133817,0.00006455575],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.045530967,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.033499952,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.045530967,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0013276297,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0025246402,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.090531886},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2737439456","doi":"10.1162/edfp_a_00263","title":"The Impact of Schooling Intensity on Student Learning: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education Finance and Policy","topic":"School Choice and Performance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Graduation (instrument); Natural experiment; Quantile regression; German; Test (biology); Mathematics education; Demographic economics; Fixed effects model; Psychology; Academic achievement; Econometrics; Economics; Panel data; Statistics; Geography; Mathematics","score_opus":0.04475715755760571,"score_gpt":0.4464047535492776,"score_spread":0.4016475959916719,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2737439456","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98620844,0.00028682797,0.005531573,0.00058985496,0.0001447495,0.0019174002,0.0009436955,0.000054155782,0.004323362],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9921191,0.00013208126,0.0024859214,0.00034292205,0.00006694664,0.0023635335,0.00036207476,0.000011602757,0.0021156978],"study_design_codex":"nonrandomized_trial","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9723947,0.022503354,0.00087361905,0.0020224217,0.0011712924,0.0010347242],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.80494565,0.1529179,0.023373725,0.014903804,0.0017721185,0.0020868238],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.031313986,0.0005467007,0.0013271,0.00037538636,0.0010281953,0.0017993333,0.0014170402,0.0022383917,0.0115387775],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04323522,0.00061951915,0.0012664245,0.00056310615,0.0030735296,0.001467999,0.0010655965,0.0015961591,0.0013542327],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.21448347,0.29192752,0.26245353,0.0041102073,0.007775673,0.0010558161,0.0069217286,0.02746104,0.024995673,0.041161254,0.009638567,0.108015634],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0625811,0.21693835,0.58895737,0.00044298015,0.004097528,0.00026710547,0.0035057473,0.046931,0.016937904,0.036820296,0.022023814,0.00049682305],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0042491583,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0022164762,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.031313986,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0013108217,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0015938713,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.16560614},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2884527608","doi":"10.1162/edfp_a_00304","title":"Too Little or Too Much? Actionable Advice in an Early-Childhood Text Messaging Experiment","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education Finance and Policy","topic":"Child Development and Digital Technology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Advice (programming); Literacy; Set (abstract data type); Quarter (Canadian coin); Intervention (counseling); Text messaging; Early literacy; Psychology; Emergent literacy; Medical education; Developmental psychology; Computer science; Medicine; Pedagogy; Internet privacy","score_opus":0.013526328080594612,"score_gpt":0.33073487008369107,"score_spread":0.31720854200309645,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2884527608","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9986797,0.000026765034,0.00013604207,0.000092703296,0.000015349651,0.00020442287,0.000094549105,0.000018052551,0.00073241943],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.986821,0.00018185463,0.0049207537,0.0002911974,0.00004263497,0.003265956,0.00025405374,0.000023774714,0.0041989046],"study_design_codex":"nonrandomized_trial","study_design_gemma":"randomized_trial","domain_scores_codex":[0.9972416,0.0014114422,0.00024991774,0.0003336531,0.00045685784,0.0003065171],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.97475445,0.020406635,0.0018303584,0.0012147353,0.00044994015,0.0013438549],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004874219,0.0006374579,0.00089538057,0.0004938643,0.00092414423,0.0013078637,0.00108313,0.001734595,0.004899506],"category_scores_gemma":[0.014764306,0.0005899387,0.00045503688,0.00049803883,0.0010094426,0.0012588894,0.0010009626,0.002338056,0.00059355766],"study_design_candidate":"randomized_trial","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.080750704,0.6716964,0.023815844,0.0023765343,0.0004356506,0.00097497203,0.032506377,0.002676419,0.072377235,0.0048795277,0.0032022109,0.10430806],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.046790127,0.5752161,0.22546385,0.0011238557,0.0013236606,0.00043010278,0.012153204,0.010514662,0.10072834,0.005815637,0.01995971,0.00048080512],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0036926917,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003956202,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.004899506,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00088314596,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0015644581,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.025777638},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3041134437","doi":"10.1162/edfp_a_00321","title":"Full-Day Kindergarten: Effects on Maternal Labour Supply","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education Finance and Policy","topic":"Early Childhood Education and Development","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"The Scarborough Hospital; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Absenteeism; Margin (machine learning); Demographic economics; Day care; Immigration; Labour economics; Psychology; Economics; Medicine; Geography; Nursing; Social psychology","score_opus":0.009668399370976943,"score_gpt":0.29718622259272937,"score_spread":0.2875178232217524,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3041134437","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99739945,0.00029617167,0.000040034913,0.00019955872,0.000003866422,0.000009567826,0.0007402869,0.0000048906136,0.0013061453],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971967,0.00024802508,0.00008119662,0.000037406637,0.0000033200977,0.000010802998,0.00037704268,0.0000023801779,0.0020431143],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993327,0.00012785851,0.000027124277,0.000091326874,0.0001665088,0.00025437938],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972983,0.00074901717,0.0009157672,0.00011604828,0.0002961803,0.00062469253],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00051463273,0.0002375945,0.0003274182,0.0003680161,0.0007110169,0.00081919215,0.00078419276,0.00036481553,0.0047988226],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0030359928,0.00019905611,0.00047313285,0.00083326804,0.0006154097,0.0002516305,0.0008568288,0.00044318844,0.0002620004],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005600441,0.00011912456,0.9848829,0.000051627074,0.00010292014,0.00021067672,0.0012156675,0.0006443511,0.0010570583,0.00019652893,0.00040008576,0.010559042],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000008055626,0.00007045013,0.998492,0.000015388154,0.000017969005,0.000010509834,0.000753343,0.00009969342,0.00007947661,0.000014050078,0.00043666118,0.0000024252556],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9199059,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.96402764,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9199059,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.009590619,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.008539142,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1611315},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3045850570","doi":"10.1162/edfp_a_00324","title":"The Effect of Home Country Natural Disasters on the Academic Outcomes of Immigrant Students in New York City","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education Finance and Policy","topic":"Homelessness and Social Issues","field":"Health Professions","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"York University; Syracuse University","keywords":"Immigration; Natural disaster; Natural experiment; Test (biology); Reading (process); Academic skills; Demographic economics; Mathematics education; Psychology; Economic growth; Economics; Political science; Geography; Statistics; Mathematics","score_opus":0.03641007030633977,"score_gpt":0.43971121193488316,"score_spread":0.4033011416285434,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3045850570","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99942493,0.000019824678,0.000014443159,0.00006630017,0.000003744954,0.0000022020804,0.00011539194,9.707369e-7,0.00035222768],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99940467,0.000025715612,0.000015277274,0.000011615677,0.0000031443142,0.0000045356696,0.00015944992,7.21967e-7,0.00037492235],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9995921,0.00014972589,0.000023389906,0.0000585158,0.000060326784,0.00011605194],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971734,0.0006254327,0.0008432857,0.00012861747,0.00035809385,0.00087120145],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00083232013,0.00025698953,0.00029624108,0.00053085777,0.00083090283,0.0012029604,0.00046109132,0.00035557046,0.0030607386],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002698874,0.00013789005,0.0003745504,0.00064994284,0.0007014063,0.00035295676,0.0014353886,0.0009010182,0.0002702325],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000054371034,0.00011855029,0.9967584,0.000007900116,0.000049079164,0.000049769777,0.0005836767,0.00035313453,0.00010319523,0.00009054414,0.00033157534,0.0014997971],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000048246534,0.00006991325,0.9957159,0.000011308095,0.000017403116,0.000009713944,0.0032913005,0.00050751335,0.00010161303,0.00002521728,0.00024053513,0.0000048335696],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.280668,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.4126314,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.280668,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00145923,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002141558,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.55806863},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4307238700","doi":"10.1162/edfp_a_00392","title":"Crossing the Finish Line but Losing the Race? Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Labor Market Trajectories of Community College Graduates","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education Finance and Policy","topic":"Higher Education Research Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Graduation (instrument); Earnings; Socioeconomic status; Demographic economics; American Community Survey; Quarter (Canadian coin); Educational attainment; Unemployment; Higher education; Psychology; Economics; Demography; Political science; Sociology; Economic growth; Population; Census; Geography","score_opus":0.05243898096320206,"score_gpt":0.4077491042478648,"score_spread":0.35531012328466277,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4307238700","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9972459,0.00014638015,0.00005132676,0.001120583,0.0000110263245,0.00000448442,0.00021174077,0.0000013109596,0.0012072949],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993298,0.000056130597,0.000021189375,0.00011008278,0.0000067966653,0.0000028756806,0.000113693575,0.0000010967744,0.00035838122],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9995338,0.00007460076,0.000015454489,0.00006999556,0.00004442142,0.0002616997],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986506,0.00015229837,0.00032984375,0.000053398315,0.00014829273,0.00066544226],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00069421314,0.00010234141,0.00018738655,0.00064434204,0.0012309918,0.0013055376,0.0003756948,0.00040831178,0.0048240824],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0030335838,0.00009047292,0.00020665937,0.00079364964,0.00046122624,0.0007075658,0.0011306923,0.00093023275,0.00034010704],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004134378,0.00008661629,0.99289227,0.0000054264247,0.000013185401,0.00003640314,0.0013199417,0.000037567588,0.000074540265,0.0005812927,0.0006732675,0.0042381817],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000025995157,0.000041117295,0.99041826,0.00004833481,0.0000060608695,0.000021849915,0.007877613,0.00018318316,0.000038572747,0.0004413689,0.0009159691,0.0000049591977],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.089143686,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.16074984,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.089143686,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005664833,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0014990604,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.17724961},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4319725404","doi":"10.1162/edfp_a_00400","title":"Hate Crimes and Black College Student Enrollment","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education Finance and Policy","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"York University; University of Pennsylvania","keywords":"Hate crime; Demographics; Census; State (computer science); Criminology; Political science; Institution; Demographic economics; Psychology; Sociology; Demography; Law","score_opus":0.04125880358386513,"score_gpt":0.42643467273731284,"score_spread":0.3851758691534477,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4319725404","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99521697,0.00006810837,0.000088282715,0.000350255,0.000009739736,0.000008643184,0.0019932278,0.000006269105,0.0022585508],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99829537,0.000054896624,0.000039144314,0.000025311676,0.000012662073,0.0000066221537,0.0009166801,0.000001518085,0.0006479053],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99950445,0.00012063349,0.000035691686,0.000080747726,0.0001064398,0.0001520273],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.991486,0.0013246256,0.0048975805,0.00028486177,0.00077140226,0.0012354854],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00066249154,0.0001142998,0.0001941554,0.0012796329,0.0005315165,0.0010000007,0.00034361792,0.00024224877,0.0071410607],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0051831934,0.00010455335,0.00026927266,0.0016639496,0.00036067172,0.00057384575,0.00094442826,0.00075642276,0.0004747373],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008006168,0.000027830234,0.99781656,0.0000047820513,0.000012633474,0.000006699696,0.000086340464,0.00007101231,0.000024395405,0.000115953226,0.00043294195,0.0013927724],"study_design_scores_gemma":[9.749457e-7,0.000013048389,0.9985299,0.000009119708,0.000005897894,0.0000104857545,0.0005791303,0.0002334691,0.00006289426,0.0000576501,0.00049514626,0.0000022048448],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.041950326,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.056467976,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.041950326,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006600353,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006515299,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.08341229},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4380302768","doi":"10.1162/edfp_a_00405","title":"Private Schools and Student Achievement","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education Finance and Policy","topic":"School Choice and Performance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Numeracy; Private school; School choice; Test (biology); Population; Selection bias; Reading (process); Mathematics education; Demographic economics; Psychology; Political science; Economics; Literacy; Sociology; Demography; Statistics; Pedagogy; Law; Mathematics","score_opus":0.026575882386169977,"score_gpt":0.39664643504294156,"score_spread":0.3700705526567716,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4380302768","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9928611,0.00021575793,0.00019586767,0.00043011954,0.0000064044,0.0000063698258,0.0011003024,0.000012343403,0.0051718117],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99886155,0.00004175863,0.00002763467,0.000008060344,0.000008255882,0.0000022059473,0.00027242696,0.0000020302457,0.0007760715],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99879175,0.00048985577,0.0000782192,0.0001553757,0.00018757317,0.00029728765],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9834616,0.0052952217,0.006880724,0.000978875,0.0009354465,0.0024481858],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0012518115,0.00014318667,0.0004149691,0.0013547377,0.00050103694,0.0015485346,0.000376922,0.000374383,0.00995552],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008105311,0.00016050662,0.00037600682,0.0017883453,0.00066988845,0.0007959593,0.0011264848,0.0009205925,0.00079784985],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000077226025,0.00020584985,0.9914289,0.000013738625,0.000087277935,0.000037039565,0.00013478029,0.00065617706,0.00005609511,0.0018316436,0.00049155654,0.0049797236],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000008748781,0.00007870202,0.9967616,0.000012377344,0.00001868132,0.000028424065,0.0002718037,0.00081533723,0.00009612061,0.0010365435,0.0008672022,0.000004540829],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.010762878,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.013834701,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.010762878,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007847609,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005326305,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.033304572},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}