{"meta":{"query_hash":"7a73a3153fef","filters":{"venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development"},"cohort_total":28,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":28,"exported":28,"export_cap":100000,"truncated":false,"label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"permalink":"https://metacan.xera.ac/q/7a73a3153fef","api":"https://metacan.xera.ac/api/v1/cohort?venue=Groundwater+for+Sustainable+Development"},"results":[{"id":"W2793420739","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2018.02.006","title":"Groundwater governance in Bangladesh: Established practices and recent trends","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":61,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"","keywords":"Groundwater recharge; Groundwater; Business; Overexploitation; Corporate governance; Environmental planning; Water table; Water resources; Environmental resource management; Water resource management; Natural resource economics; Environmental science; Economics; Aquifer; Engineering; Finance","score_opus":0.015427631211193194,"score_gpt":0.23342250031119322,"score_spread":0.21799486910000002,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2793420739","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9810489,0.0005598956,0.0003340967,0.0008872178,0.00032451085,0.00048245984,0.0000079497495,0.00007055709,0.016284458],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9684826,0.00010850538,0.00409677,0.00031270695,0.00021482563,0.00005677905,0.0003275307,0.000015608723,0.026384681],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99726605,0.000056063418,0.00049186574,0.000704032,0.00032465055,0.0011573434],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998954,0.00008158242,0.00023810283,0.00027430707,0.0002636756,0.00018831798],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00088240433,0.00033595544,0.0003118706,0.00018652246,0.00043087563,0.00059967564,0.00033693406,0.00014226513,0.0024543684],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00010202065,0.0002749375,0.000041192212,0.000475334,0.00015888248,0.0014240239,0.00008710735,0.00016654316,0.00006634919],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0012245189,0.00036912673,0.604492,0.00082892017,0.00014451945,0.0003675248,0.009930204,0.000023007708,0.00014958727,0.0007147169,0.009743382,0.37201247],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001030868,0.00026197953,0.3401426,0.000028593216,0.000012900188,0.000042973883,0.0016676426,0.00021146487,0.0033185363,0.0009801391,0.6518417,0.00046057606],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0045243786,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006638122,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6420983,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00013261236,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00018066258,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99997026},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2959620288","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100251","title":"Statistical approach to evaluate groundwater contamination for drinking and irrigation suitability","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"St. John’s Health Sciences Centre","funders":"","keywords":"Groundwater; Irrigation; Total dissolved solids; Environmental science; Water quality; Nitrate; Contamination; Environmental engineering; Hydrology (agriculture); Chemistry; Geology; Agronomy","score_opus":0.02126130726165477,"score_gpt":0.2731474160659979,"score_spread":0.25188610880434315,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2959620288","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.6246606,0.0000028578822,0.37078032,0.00025423907,0.00009246768,0.002732011,0.0000032538317,0.00003475524,0.0014395121],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9224025,4.0096532e-7,0.064092316,0.00033644188,0.000022814284,0.0012069797,0.00023737719,0.000022217138,0.011678965],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99782956,0.00009680641,0.000425208,0.0006055903,0.00036713423,0.0006756981],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993582,0.0001150517,0.00007294846,0.00020365737,0.00009413077,0.000156023],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0021954658,0.00021815958,0.00024097037,0.00007450924,0.00037499217,0.00022369492,0.00015416011,0.000083850835,0.00025546536],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005165659,0.00018997144,0.000040964896,0.00011917086,0.000064303014,0.00050775224,0.00022864509,0.000064768574,0.00009904259],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0024272688,0.0034124914,0.38764945,0.004903556,0.00044621658,0.000011501478,0.08208424,0.005368843,0.004752595,0.39465538,0.0114088375,0.102879636],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0034442525,0.0007501019,0.584102,0.000029966446,0.00005953588,0.000009164648,0.005041101,0.006090951,0.0060162605,0.035572182,0.35786638,0.0010181309],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00025237436,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000066673856,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.35908318,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0011995054,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000056797377,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.77468103},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2969960390","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100265","title":"Summarizing the recommendation of arsenic research during Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) era in Bangladesh-future directions for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Arsenic contamination and mitigation","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"University of Saskatchewan; UNICEF","keywords":"Millennium Development Goals; Arsenic contamination of groundwater; Arsenic; Sustainable development; Public health; Environmental health; Environmental planning; Economic growth; Medicine; Poverty; Political science; Geography; Economics","score_opus":0.01701517817391697,"score_gpt":0.26585928709377515,"score_spread":0.2488441089198582,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2969960390","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9810387,0.00033967616,0.0060205003,0.0029368515,0.0003987798,0.0074911457,0.0000035297073,0.00006758489,0.0017032695],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.909702,0.000109078115,0.0069113215,0.0001395835,0.00008046168,0.003941466,0.00021631943,0.00006295061,0.078836806],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99594766,0.0002151836,0.0010458162,0.0007130818,0.0006199126,0.0014583496],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981503,0.0005931198,0.00028195116,0.00043399786,0.00043015782,0.00011050333],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005148121,0.00035689533,0.0003476833,0.00038193335,0.0021251466,0.00020795653,0.00062166253,0.00017475481,0.0005111212],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00016860125,0.0002574475,0.00010659961,0.000984043,0.00014249516,0.0006858249,0.00071177597,0.00036410513,0.000071269176],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0018664035,0.001914987,0.070639834,0.0046292627,0.00092757103,0.00004556172,0.25032252,0.0025125109,0.007632533,0.016006911,0.017951425,0.6255505],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013507678,0.000057152494,0.101063244,0.00005875055,0.000013845855,0.000004624039,0.05873662,0.00025040077,0.020559724,0.0002519622,0.8172875,0.00036542106],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00040851074,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0012029401,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7993361,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0040047453,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006845102,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999878},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3157975087","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100599","title":"Effects of design and operational parameters on the performance of a solar distillation system: A comprehensive review","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Solar-Powered Water Purification Methods","field":"Energy","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Process engineering; Desalination; Renewable energy; Solar still; Environmental science; Solar desalination; Distillation; Solar energy; Multiple-effect distillation; Condenser (optics); Refrigeration; Photovoltaic system; Fossil fuel; Waste management; Environmental engineering; Engineering; Mechanical engineering; Fractional distillation; Electrical engineering","score_opus":0.04767425988157665,"score_gpt":0.2973442807531546,"score_spread":0.24967002087157797,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3157975087","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.00046446812,0.9705366,0.023294397,0.000026044367,0.00012525212,0.0054945247,0.000004074664,0.000026973343,0.000027667298],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00034001507,0.951997,0.043232523,0.00007177466,0.00002296316,0.0033261892,0.00029027645,0.00007071942,0.00064854993],"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99634534,0.0011618133,0.0012235272,0.00049835566,0.00038235437,0.00038858913],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9962205,0.0017555691,0.00068103475,0.000449466,0.00083086465,0.000062559455],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0015431701,0.0004677239,0.0017000135,0.00020168489,0.00024245016,0.00007358326,0.0003060389,0.00018753452,0.0000099962845],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00027938944,0.00030352062,0.00023479937,0.00038648784,0.000089975714,0.00013136912,0.00013260478,0.00017469066,0.0000047627013],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000045101926,0.00009418123,0.0000031530092,0.69817704,0.0008037787,0.000017191724,0.00063303986,0.00024232749,0.0000066731577,0.010376096,0.00041297442,0.2891884],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002989003,0.00016593793,0.000019336627,0.050579745,0.00065530685,0.000031230258,0.00021426634,0.00020136384,0.0019086982,0.000027465778,0.94549793,0.00039984318],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000033421915,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.7284625e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9450849,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00049733534,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00062755856,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999417},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3159949946","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100585","title":"Efficient low-cost magnetic composite based on eucalyptus wood biochar for arsenic removal from groundwater","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Iron oxide chemistry and applications","field":"Energy","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal; Österreichische Agentur für Internationale Mobilität und Kooperation in Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Universität Wien; Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas","keywords":"Biochar; Sorption; Arsenic; Charcoal; Magnetite; Saturation (graph theory); Iron oxide; Chemistry; Environmental chemistry; Adsorption; Materials science; Metallurgy; Pyrolysis","score_opus":0.010553090645772738,"score_gpt":0.22205097116251937,"score_spread":0.21149788051674664,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3159949946","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9320766,0.00021306174,0.06246389,0.0008615098,0.00024879482,0.001706396,0.000051994943,0.00019146576,0.0021863014],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9292181,0.0000026840244,0.028013432,0.0009806909,0.00023123779,0.002889194,0.003229225,0.0001154519,0.03531995],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.9968814,0.0000476044,0.000623395,0.0009417615,0.00033859134,0.0011672212],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99824953,0.00021822835,0.00011988734,0.0006779641,0.0005104994,0.00022386131],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00028966012,0.00046372056,0.00040464022,0.00012395793,0.00068606104,0.00029321286,0.0003492788,0.00021132267,0.00050668465],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000508929,0.00044595407,0.00023519667,0.00029887175,0.000071711394,0.00006776395,0.00014648456,0.00016061928,0.00016169643],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0070796967,0.017541807,0.0005846037,0.00817355,0.0014484855,0.00299439,0.008461215,0.14484087,0.5813748,0.08588369,0.022650111,0.11896677],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0025923871,0.0000815481,0.00029286207,0.00007105112,0.00006548702,0.000013948775,0.0008196442,0.003847416,0.5502156,0.0012396591,0.44014168,0.0006187363],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00016261888,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003385845,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.41749156,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008322086,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00040063678,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99979925},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3177013008","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100630","title":"Water quality assessment and phosphorus effect using water quality indices: Euphrates River- Iraq as a case study","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Water quality; Turbidity; Total dissolved solids; Alkalinity; Environmental science; Phosphorus; Nitrate; Hydrology (agriculture); Total suspended solids; Environmental engineering; Biochemical oxygen demand; Nutrient; Chloride; Environmental chemistry; Chemical oxygen demand; Chemistry; Wastewater","score_opus":0.04305640007224154,"score_gpt":0.34691818724936546,"score_spread":0.3038617871771239,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3177013008","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9939103,0.00004554079,0.0030248044,0.00027956342,0.00021185327,0.0021058775,0.000007625066,0.00009303599,0.00032138452],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9882754,0.0000054695574,0.0045814663,0.0004184377,0.00003976964,0.00052002363,0.00013910144,0.000047849146,0.0059724855],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99420804,0.0012077036,0.0011079361,0.0011690451,0.0008030882,0.0015041981],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99863243,0.00015486778,0.0001606823,0.0005719752,0.00013986531,0.0003401964],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005433021,0.0005776257,0.00069286017,0.00010578863,0.0015766013,0.0006091471,0.00026541975,0.00017444158,0.00092321844],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000035804635,0.00038572648,0.00014047947,0.00020947833,0.00024425343,0.0008495874,0.001343447,0.00026281035,0.00012334093],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007102581,0.004258101,0.73388076,0.0018542052,0.001037367,0.015685147,0.21286975,0.00067382475,0.015132908,0.00073460524,0.00029545982,0.012867652],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.011375279,0.0016697808,0.22569695,0.00008471435,0.0004316804,0.0020890194,0.1473978,0.0002609565,0.46564788,0.004447078,0.13734283,0.0035560494],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.019657414,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008566671,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5081838,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0020876396,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00019864015,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99999005},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3184203153","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100647","title":"Assessing response times of an alluvial aquifer experiencing seasonally variable meteorological inputs","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Chicoutimi","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Université François-Rabelais","keywords":"Aquifer; Piezometer; Water table; Groundwater recharge; Hydraulic conductivity; Vadose zone; Geology; Groundwater; Hydrology (agriculture); Specific storage; Aquifer test; Inflow; Soil science; Environmental science; Soil water; Geotechnical engineering","score_opus":0.01629866750411455,"score_gpt":0.2575568964917817,"score_spread":0.24125822898766716,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3184203153","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9041677,0.000040933875,0.0940054,0.00017124222,0.000094735056,0.00030388654,0.0000011650216,0.000051317627,0.0011636242],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.91767526,0.000001253412,0.052862637,0.00035808227,0.000029389215,0.00025405947,0.000048933223,0.000022763847,0.028747613],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99755466,0.00023491464,0.0004727998,0.0005625247,0.0004694586,0.000705627],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991288,0.0001447741,0.00011186063,0.000261404,0.00022184764,0.00013131564],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0014466954,0.00024445,0.00032928618,0.00006766631,0.00056166964,0.00027077625,0.0002602142,0.00010454386,0.0012454867],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00017630047,0.00021163272,0.000070358816,0.0003099732,0.0001325987,0.0012829778,0.00056768296,0.000086923435,0.000025014728],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.008284753,0.0067833746,0.085855685,0.0014419908,0.0015318792,0.0036106706,0.16352002,0.0041061947,0.49898762,0.018712701,0.0077950493,0.19937006],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0025638316,0.00061040855,0.15069488,0.00005033137,0.000079649246,0.00009029932,0.03556272,0.00077190466,0.27560928,0.0022019309,0.5306156,0.0011491154],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006172858,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000036897178,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5228206,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00057828904,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00026464587,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996675},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4220908191","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100763","title":"Thermal performance analysis of a solar still with different absorber plates and external copper condenser","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Solar-Powered Water Purification Methods","field":"Energy","cited_by":35,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Condenser (optics); Desalination; Condensation; Solar still; Materials science; Evaporation; Distillation; Copper; Distilled water; Evaporator; Heat transfer; Environmental engineering; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Composite material; Environmental science; Optics; Chemistry; Mechanical engineering; Metallurgy; Mechanics; Meteorology; Engineering; Physics; Chromatography","score_opus":0.01345763151157375,"score_gpt":0.2345092414072276,"score_spread":0.22105160989565384,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4220908191","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.991779,0.00014602783,0.00715889,0.000049794766,0.000059854137,0.0005230677,0.0000093602675,0.000049112386,0.00022485702],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.97851044,0.000006638147,0.010130609,0.00010269507,0.00001544452,0.0007638592,0.00014568202,0.000049000784,0.0102756135],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99785805,0.00013835703,0.00049386045,0.0004622127,0.00043418995,0.00061330904],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989843,0.00009899811,0.00019535833,0.00033709282,0.00028150002,0.00010278193],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007021613,0.00028698953,0.00047455658,0.00049754826,0.0004414179,0.00009408472,0.00027143682,0.000057533114,0.000627468],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000013182648,0.00022018801,0.000088397144,0.00046561324,0.00008748563,0.00023735382,0.00026704103,0.00015993229,0.0000020168898],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0063819294,0.0015817494,0.72486496,0.0018654569,0.01226391,0.00024835303,0.08172611,0.112078935,0.014195005,0.011320799,0.00050146563,0.032971315],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004755227,0.0009726952,0.70506734,0.000039952418,0.0013539782,0.000045756507,0.0140898805,0.011878835,0.10837513,0.0005785212,0.1513762,0.0014664639],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00029454383,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000041704105,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.15087473,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00035233123,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00012013731,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.89790064},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4293393711","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100829","title":"Comments on “Hydrogeochemical and isotopic controls on the source of fluoride in groundwater within the Vea catchment, northeastern Ghana” (Musah Saeed Zango, Kenneth Bayetimani Pelig-Ba, Maxwell Anim-Gyampo, Abass Gibrilla, Emmanuel Daanoba Sunkari, 2021)","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Groundwater; Fluoride; Drainage basin; Geology; Hydrology (agriculture); Geochemistry; Chemistry; Geography; Inorganic chemistry; Geotechnical engineering","score_opus":0.009894840976776936,"score_gpt":0.19508121344419804,"score_spread":0.18518637246742112,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4293393711","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99440384,0.00032544855,0.00014477107,0.0017021729,0.00024675278,0.0019353544,0.00004334174,0.000029925264,0.0011683682],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98948836,0.000013070098,0.000113781585,0.0013861061,0.00009694041,0.00028299523,0.0007587253,0.000028820068,0.007831192],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9960825,0.0002823957,0.00086900836,0.0008020846,0.0007808225,0.0011831754],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983892,0.00039339034,0.0002861832,0.0006285622,0.00012501192,0.00017766644],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0016142752,0.0005453616,0.0005597051,0.00017988386,0.0010801449,0.00029847608,0.0008395402,0.000120543154,0.0004995643],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000043601587,0.00035577692,0.00013920614,0.00032159896,0.00021373555,0.00022289742,0.00032150088,0.00053077756,0.000025708981],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0053548124,0.001568457,0.9235171,0.0012576164,0.0009793172,0.00046812888,0.03264904,0.00736038,0.0020103846,0.0012604136,0.0115640955,0.01201025],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.011587847,0.003840318,0.18435661,0.00030478867,0.00023882692,0.00024036584,0.05238155,0.011085272,0.051248338,0.0051117344,0.67637,0.0032343098],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008138284,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0015746523,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7391605,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00021664046,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00018819617,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99988943},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4298325861","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100853","title":"Potential aquifer mapping for cost-effective groundwater reverse osmosis desalination in arid regions using integration of hydrochemistry, environmental isotopes and GIS techniques","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Brackish water; Aquifer; Groundwater recharge; Desalination; Groundwater; Reverse osmosis; Environmental science; Hydrology (agriculture); Total dissolved solids; Arid; Environmental engineering; Geology; Salinity; Chemistry","score_opus":0.012923890960730225,"score_gpt":0.21460027646885846,"score_spread":0.20167638550812822,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4298325861","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9410632,0.00009436105,0.055395704,0.00010120962,0.00007735157,0.003091323,0.00004212539,0.000029437855,0.00010524117],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9841584,0.000012566375,0.012187454,0.000065718166,0.0000391406,0.00097392383,0.0012962084,0.000013875852,0.001252732],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99826115,0.00006493079,0.00045732933,0.0004554795,0.00024100719,0.000520071],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995038,0.000053569813,0.00015677813,0.00014663138,0.00007066469,0.000068555884],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006865554,0.0002415106,0.0002723173,0.00022552017,0.0005925983,0.00010084107,0.00018034574,0.00008882578,0.0001406331],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000019970093,0.00023448953,0.00007906196,0.0001491574,0.0000871304,0.0004369583,0.00010539098,0.00013887047,7.747557e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.004481088,0.0020413776,0.19438896,0.0058704945,0.00077811844,0.00032437587,0.04512156,0.004870392,0.36134768,0.00064433843,0.0021108764,0.37802076],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0051602507,0.0012956837,0.09187274,0.000199736,0.0001939026,0.00036332506,0.070446484,0.019267628,0.64945495,0.011122101,0.14841206,0.002211167],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0012569724,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00009596133,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.37580958,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000313674,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008897292,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.95622057},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4388766422","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2023.101046","title":"Integrated approaches to track saline intrusion for fresh groundwater resource protection in the Mekong Delta","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Trent University","funders":"Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City","keywords":"Aquifer; Groundwater; Saltwater intrusion; Geology; Soil salinity; Hydrology (agriculture); Saline water; Groundwater recharge; Water quality; Environmental science; Salinity; Oceanography; Ecology","score_opus":0.05663617055578453,"score_gpt":0.2197524049987125,"score_spread":0.163116234442928,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4388766422","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.973659,0.000044772478,0.019086499,0.0020224715,0.00016278436,0.004261884,0.000024630825,0.00017543447,0.00056255836],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9827721,0.0000031161785,0.0038785618,0.00042017826,0.00017559543,0.0011833678,0.003094171,0.000024889248,0.008448031],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9970821,0.00010730364,0.00056895433,0.0006549623,0.00036789486,0.001218794],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991901,0.00013269781,0.00007607792,0.00032472494,0.00014395232,0.0001324398],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0023092802,0.00034905146,0.00030009946,0.00036511617,0.0006929015,0.000496548,0.0005738217,0.00016489791,0.00010987833],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001047165,0.00023014408,0.0000993922,0.00097596366,0.000051170326,0.00040515396,0.00007335554,0.00020952175,0.000081470425],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00913093,0.0014407841,0.08147347,0.008132455,0.00060476456,0.0006262526,0.14045914,0.023449931,0.0022723346,0.0022368033,0.10940871,0.62076443],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0015910926,0.00056175835,0.051166218,0.00008047953,0.000028106744,0.00003515332,0.038607597,0.007903519,0.009659689,0.0039716926,0.8855805,0.00081423315],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0024836687,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0033117093,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.77617174,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00011896271,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00014719088,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.93850034},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4390857937","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101088","title":"Evaluating potential impacts of industrial activities at depth on shallow groundwater: Holistic integration of results from multidisciplinary research in eastern Canada","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"Government of New Brunswick; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique; Geological Survey of Canada; Natural Resources Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Aquifer; Hydrogeology; Geology; Groundwater; Karst; Hydrocarbon exploration; Multidisciplinary approach; Environmental geology; Natural (archaeology); Hydrology (agriculture); Natural gas field; Petroleum engineering; Mining engineering; Earth science; Geochemistry; Natural gas; Structural basin; Geomorphology; Paleontology; Geotechnical engineering; Telmatology; Engineering; Law","score_opus":0.07198940608826856,"score_gpt":0.32106889287505974,"score_spread":0.24907948678679118,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4390857937","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9962883,0.00003379795,0.0022331649,0.00008354092,0.00022680208,0.00079704047,0.000017696144,0.000014345162,0.00030533192],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9914666,0.000008307606,0.004393776,0.000008889952,0.000045670444,0.000110211105,0.00019935424,0.00003439586,0.0037328214],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9969412,0.00015338369,0.0006809715,0.0005527836,0.00092766667,0.0007439629],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992413,0.00025733744,0.00012622574,0.0002407378,0.00002583557,0.000108572494],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0014781582,0.00024417194,0.0002825403,0.000071372444,0.0002178994,0.000064479966,0.00026693946,0.00013312299,0.00008158397],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007573044,0.00020736607,0.000056012428,0.00031004523,0.0001958001,0.00035410773,0.0006011905,0.0002572659,0.0000074267623],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.015194939,0.0022098785,0.21830787,0.0014109926,0.00049455947,0.0014085392,0.06269914,0.41637307,0.031819455,0.00038477196,0.001430664,0.24826613],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009530372,0.003540482,0.5667418,0.002036751,0.00012651697,0.000024943012,0.066246994,0.2938916,0.047534835,0.0041855327,0.0042235428,0.0019165919],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.4704802,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.24893188,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.34843394,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.006259032,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004018784,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9975558},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4394685310","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101174","title":"Unraveling aquifer dynamics: Time series evaluation for informed groundwater management","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"","keywords":"Aquifer; Groundwater; Series (stratigraphy); Environmental science; Geology; Hydrology (agriculture); Geotechnical engineering","score_opus":0.014633114812600517,"score_gpt":0.25292342658062517,"score_spread":0.23829031176802465,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4394685310","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.74757034,0.00011037491,0.2248256,0.0014929869,0.00085653824,0.0076820166,0.000010687124,0.00075258274,0.016698895],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7237658,0.0000085339725,0.0922855,0.0004112186,0.00013260829,0.00421748,0.0009147412,0.00012302106,0.17814112],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9970579,0.0000393553,0.0005448507,0.0006913906,0.0005626816,0.0011038113],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993696,0.00009403849,0.00006504142,0.00025095828,0.00010079474,0.000119536555],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0019011516,0.0003473651,0.00024599212,0.00017443512,0.00061857764,0.00056824664,0.00031493691,0.0001368399,0.0009539857],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007822407,0.00028331982,0.000118882905,0.00032170842,0.000117059244,0.00092675653,0.00041188888,0.00010312342,0.0005850657],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0018596116,0.0010709489,0.0019219688,0.01056297,0.0017713389,0.00050751044,0.023749202,0.08860197,0.0007696872,0.044293076,0.07962618,0.74526554],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00096963433,0.00038397755,0.00079598004,0.00013555671,0.00015016223,0.00002881964,0.00093724765,0.19792804,0.0012510425,0.026390005,0.77020854,0.0008210068],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000065040076,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000057001016,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.74444455,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0037964694,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000113613285,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999619},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4394935859","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101179","title":"Assessing groundwater drought vulnerability through baseflow separation and index-based analysis under climate change projections","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Prince Edward Island","funders":"","keywords":"Baseflow; Groundwater recharge; Environmental science; Streamflow; Groundwater; Soil and Water Assessment Tool; Hydrology (agriculture); Climate change; Aquifer; Evapotranspiration; SWAT model; Downscaling; Water resource management; Drainage basin; Geology; Geography","score_opus":0.03158642850648109,"score_gpt":0.30696077674803957,"score_spread":0.2753743482415585,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4394935859","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.6590175,0.00011730338,0.33473495,0.0021679536,0.00021233744,0.0015436425,0.0000029748699,0.00025090057,0.0019524527],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9890395,0.000021708682,0.005568265,0.0006713539,0.00005285493,0.0015702742,0.00014641904,0.000028073026,0.002901579],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9975788,0.000107842505,0.0003885542,0.0008127645,0.0002634588,0.00084858533],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99951965,0.00007870483,0.000058200538,0.0002366381,0.00003951685,0.00006731948],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0010639727,0.00031507172,0.00030222343,0.00024820885,0.00129668,0.00065026357,0.00013183779,0.00012334713,0.00025385566],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000011565095,0.0002544198,0.00011466616,0.00083839754,0.0002075528,0.0022119265,0.0003329126,0.00014223845,0.000048561753],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00064081163,0.0022036368,0.83248967,0.00603242,0.005822182,0.0005073206,0.04992203,0.041040543,0.00034369444,0.020317951,0.006230125,0.03444964],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0017828923,0.00039916096,0.5896812,0.000104023646,0.0017947389,0.000013642414,0.009247862,0.08173862,0.0021795968,0.018958133,0.29211378,0.0019863648],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00079418643,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00065204024,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.330022,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00079554046,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000035198467,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999908},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4399388696","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101213","title":"Enhancing groundwater level prediction accuracy using interpolation techniques in deep learning models","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"York University; University of Prince Edward Island","funders":"","keywords":"Groundwater; Interpolation (computer graphics); Computer science; Environmental science; Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Geology; Geotechnical engineering","score_opus":0.03886062812670319,"score_gpt":0.2637255772579898,"score_spread":0.2248649491312866,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4399388696","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.54381603,0.000037805003,0.45463547,0.000042328822,0.00010927919,0.00055294804,4.7036218e-7,0.00026891605,0.0005367602],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.93338215,0.0000054129955,0.06304533,0.000062219704,0.000060276965,0.00025171606,0.000052336767,0.0000538357,0.0030866899],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9974658,0.0000824704,0.00059869513,0.000655534,0.00031942932,0.00087810453],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99954325,0.000103585146,0.000077320095,0.00014828895,0.000042909473,0.00008467256],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0013699124,0.00028839393,0.00021890015,0.00027810532,0.00042343265,0.00039932903,0.00021072505,0.0001759329,0.00019602878],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00011164404,0.0002532507,0.00006959056,0.00043779422,0.00007499445,0.0017296975,0.00037750616,0.0003140193,0.00004353186],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00050767907,0.00079455477,0.022905512,0.0024521146,0.00021713598,0.0007604597,0.06347009,0.52638215,0.077483356,0.0029520344,0.0005678716,0.30150703],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00032369458,0.0002416244,0.0018033624,0.00035627265,0.00002715591,0.000060040853,0.001187314,0.91894484,0.025158798,0.012136143,0.03909976,0.0006610284],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00090988446,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00018864543,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.39256263,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0025047623,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006380359,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99999195},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4399693771","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101233","title":"Modeling of agricultural water policies to guarantee water supply under climate change","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Water resources management and optimization","field":"Engineering","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad","keywords":"Water supply; Climate change; Agriculture; Groundwater; Environmental science; Water resource management; Natural resource economics; Water treatment; Business; Environmental engineering; Economics; Geology; Geography","score_opus":0.014401838828548256,"score_gpt":0.20882704924530515,"score_spread":0.1944252104167569,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4399693771","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.93198454,0.00019094016,0.06461081,0.0005063214,0.00030632873,0.0012433524,0.0000042007023,0.00042172524,0.000731768],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9925633,0.000033082753,0.0022684801,0.00008153302,0.00012607711,0.00054716703,0.00029573604,0.000068006986,0.004016622],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9981687,0.000009649548,0.00038483215,0.00026168654,0.0001899231,0.0009851779],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996675,0.0000054001916,0.0000069538323,0.00013734217,0.0001263703,0.000056384168],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00024281911,0.00027053614,0.00022285905,0.00037245342,0.0001510093,0.00030942142,0.00018582545,0.0000695761,0.000038907838],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000011016588,0.00015831631,0.00007986411,0.00015041689,0.000012375296,0.00053377793,0.0002039293,0.00006475847,0.000077789045],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000047224727,0.000038413284,0.00004659011,0.003822936,0.00025151402,0.000023796742,0.049988933,0.93632376,0.0025794103,0.0043202345,0.00087693986,0.0016802506],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0012742693,0.00025303263,0.0010097793,0.0006010425,0.00019561379,0.000017831153,0.01977219,0.42606217,0.3344647,0.0027106882,0.2115151,0.0021236052],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007552528,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000017977327,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5102616,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00025973908,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006229223,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6455952},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4400858292","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101288","title":"Evaluating the sustainability of groundwater abstraction in small watersheds using time series analysis","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Prince Edward Island","funders":"","keywords":"Groundwater; Sustainability; Abstraction; Environmental science; Series (stratigraphy); Hydrology (agriculture); Time series; Water resource management; Computer science; Geology; Geotechnical engineering; Ecology","score_opus":0.025343468083272647,"score_gpt":0.28739870954450414,"score_spread":0.2620552414612315,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4400858292","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.983032,0.000056643887,0.014545458,0.0007503954,0.00009292926,0.0010611017,7.665149e-7,0.00005516232,0.00040555664],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98089397,0.0000047865215,0.0029148022,0.00004874173,0.0000199673,0.00029059683,0.000032393567,0.000020600115,0.015774168],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9977738,0.00013111766,0.00057531224,0.0005334263,0.0002356127,0.0007506802],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99942696,0.00010274935,0.00008318093,0.00027245423,0.000075942706,0.000038732327],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0027320664,0.00025010266,0.0003264949,0.0003063552,0.0004553318,0.00014130735,0.0002625089,0.00008895292,0.00033301456],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000051310755,0.00016818113,0.00014352705,0.000866472,0.0002536397,0.0006436115,0.00046312207,0.00013537229,0.000033199136],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0016776682,0.0011386233,0.3092658,0.0050470573,0.0052626566,0.0004897498,0.08088573,0.5614687,0.003721069,0.0030692134,0.00095903396,0.027014717],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0029167344,0.002147585,0.4622653,0.00021063245,0.0039883326,0.000051543153,0.053695954,0.24731271,0.0255522,0.08731591,0.111267574,0.0032755104],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0021396403,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004852548,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.314156,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0014116287,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006923644,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6858228},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4401043857","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101296","title":"A meta-ensemble machine learning strategy to assess groundwater holistic vulnerability in coastal aquifers","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue","funders":"","keywords":"Aquifer; Groundwater; Vulnerability (computing); Environmental science; Water resource management; Hydrology (agriculture); Petroleum engineering; Geology; Computer science; Geotechnical engineering","score_opus":0.09444486748809207,"score_gpt":0.3014054524312475,"score_spread":0.20696058494315545,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4401043857","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9505233,0.00008379687,0.045499697,0.00033192316,0.00018309975,0.0011753712,0.00000411344,0.0002727811,0.0019258837],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.96554214,0.0000019986314,0.007425952,0.00021669142,0.00003518921,0.0007939977,0.00008734484,0.00006463667,0.025832037],"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99605334,0.00021091418,0.00066686457,0.0010748517,0.00050845224,0.0014855978],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99913263,0.00021155254,0.000054389384,0.00027524595,0.00005097348,0.000275225],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002559993,0.00046624427,0.00054466847,0.00023048717,0.00045229576,0.0006336017,0.0003862088,0.00015026378,0.0011547654],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00019267623,0.00035634372,0.00016431874,0.0007478225,0.00013195426,0.00059624366,0.0006450175,0.0004528084,0.00035370403],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0012253049,0.0022799138,0.05294787,0.0032419928,0.0020695883,0.00490622,0.020127399,0.8219659,0.007091465,0.006199438,0.004703354,0.07324157],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0023065312,0.0032386656,0.027334167,0.00018844384,0.00083369866,0.00022082058,0.0026402986,0.09275014,0.009955865,0.024753507,0.8318918,0.0038860708],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003095253,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0016325423,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.82718843,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0015675599,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001251077,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99988884},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4401043996","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101299","title":"Analyses of groundwater level in a data-scarce region based on assessed precipitation products and machine learning","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area; Fondation OCP","keywords":"Groundwater; Precipitation; Environmental science; Hydrology (agriculture); Water resource management; Geology; Meteorology; Geography","score_opus":0.12431438262376554,"score_gpt":0.2945639147493216,"score_spread":0.17024953212555605,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4401043996","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8917828,0.0015136353,0.10342719,0.0011908527,0.0001903326,0.0011952651,0.000024270299,0.000110445886,0.00056519784],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98857147,0.000024649584,0.006027321,0.000043005068,0.00003145772,0.000021950009,0.0019738842,0.000009276515,0.0032969823],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.99821144,0.00013231176,0.00040662166,0.0005326147,0.0003568847,0.0003601425],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992647,0.00018991012,0.000083053594,0.00021079827,0.00019783145,0.000053705582],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0013874524,0.0001860056,0.00023982704,0.0006416696,0.00016584904,0.0002505439,0.00020119266,0.000052458025,0.00006266487],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00017232186,0.00014419144,0.000034730838,0.0006088952,0.000037065,0.0007605362,0.000030469875,0.00011527039,0.000007115061],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0016784996,0.0007213211,0.6261268,0.0112219285,0.00097030215,0.00039374697,0.013694942,0.07263428,0.0027608515,0.0005697106,0.002198632,0.26702896],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0017035758,0.0005992878,0.436884,0.00048209942,0.00021630418,0.000007060032,0.0033496951,0.4950531,0.013228156,0.0011087706,0.04652261,0.0008453318],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0015606977,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0013076214,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.42241883,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004979035,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00021885915,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5879956},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4401820916","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101321","title":"Multi-contamination groundwater risk assessment based on integrated OSPRC framework considering receptor and consequence components","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue","funders":"","keywords":"Contamination; Groundwater; Environmental science; Groundwater contamination; Risk assessment; Risk analysis (engineering); Environmental chemistry; Water resource management; Aquifer; Computer science; Chemistry; Geology; Medicine; Biology; Ecology; Geotechnical engineering","score_opus":0.022165685085618066,"score_gpt":0.27147955240022154,"score_spread":0.24931386731460348,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4401820916","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.76558906,0.00003552065,0.23279478,0.00041777975,0.00029577067,0.00060996803,0.0000072121534,0.0001805238,0.000069376765],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8936993,0.000011378833,0.100869566,0.00011934309,0.00003759944,0.00033290256,0.00013529813,0.000041111733,0.0047534807],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9974383,0.00017906826,0.00048461967,0.00077780866,0.00043076885,0.0006894329],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99912286,0.00028234054,0.00009284516,0.0002632472,0.0000752177,0.00016350536],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0013064891,0.0003597254,0.00030002813,0.0002011258,0.00061034784,0.0007137738,0.00019315927,0.00014394872,0.00022666898],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000100411264,0.00029349548,0.00008717191,0.00030793587,0.00017641294,0.000473772,0.00017511909,0.0003163551,0.00010592881],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0017457787,0.007446856,0.5499693,0.009297719,0.0036671057,0.004043707,0.06577532,0.03135125,0.09305465,0.008020288,0.012468746,0.21315923],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004740725,0.0012901962,0.16004905,0.0021772196,0.00047630165,0.00005180337,0.012772188,0.2323564,0.11994707,0.008290422,0.45371625,0.004132356],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0016982653,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000020011088,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.44124752,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0017339735,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009296975,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999517},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4403916762","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101364","title":"Evaluating the productivity of basement rock aquifers for sustainable groundwater development in sub-Sahara Africa using borehole pumping experiments and geophysical data","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Borehole; Aquifer; Geology; Groundwater; Basement; Productivity; Geochemistry; Mining engineering; Laterite; Sustainable development; Petroleum engineering; Water resource management; Geophysics; Environmental science; Geotechnical engineering; Civil engineering; Engineering","score_opus":0.08918205910607326,"score_gpt":0.3279662000597403,"score_spread":0.23878414095366707,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4403916762","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.96743554,0.0012688797,0.028196655,0.00021805297,0.0001517532,0.0026117365,0.000010671843,0.000042382362,0.00006434727],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.97135115,0.000008297186,0.025292892,0.00004338205,0.00013057038,0.00027089688,0.0002901983,0.000022389171,0.0025902223],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.996156,0.00019372796,0.0006951918,0.0010080506,0.00053136126,0.0014157088],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99855447,0.00048704227,0.00011348411,0.00041772082,0.00028710367,0.00014016154],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0033174437,0.00037387758,0.000454073,0.00024876985,0.00071159354,0.00042521,0.0005195413,0.00008668266,0.000031552012],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00024225394,0.0002565602,0.0000710907,0.0006682889,0.00007846936,0.0010248568,0.0003533886,0.00019852602,0.000006501786],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.003090817,0.0020301351,0.0114397,0.016882831,0.0012757498,0.00031647924,0.031612363,0.010441358,0.006959365,0.0040098378,0.001673478,0.9102679],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0036540816,0.0026217448,0.09756845,0.00060860504,0.00030907488,0.000031737687,0.017603552,0.43636057,0.11740871,0.021872556,0.2992989,0.0026620224],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0015688898,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008989555,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9076059,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00020578515,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00071445736,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999887},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4407381557","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101420","title":"Assessment of potentially harmful elements in surface and groundwater from the granito-gneissic aquiferous formations in Bertoua city and environs, East Region, Cameroon, Central Africa: Effects on human health","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Queen's University; University of Johannesburg; Queen's University Belfast","keywords":"Geology; Groundwater; Geochemistry; Human health; Earth science; Environmental health; Medicine; Geotechnical engineering","score_opus":0.017038066066392833,"score_gpt":0.25059213320513823,"score_spread":0.2335540671387454,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4407381557","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9164358,0.0001929624,0.07706448,0.004665504,0.0000844026,0.0012809127,0.0000018862968,0.000025268313,0.0002487811],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9917624,0.000022294505,0.006416889,0.00028407032,0.00001050008,0.00015217146,0.00004777357,0.000004638704,0.0012992641],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99778986,0.00016729333,0.00061005837,0.00048537695,0.00020697036,0.00074043655],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991926,0.00013620933,0.00017190169,0.00032484418,0.00009408582,0.0000803529],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00080600963,0.00023935393,0.00032793492,0.0001380933,0.0004938022,0.00018991444,0.0004070069,0.00007583446,0.0000026033968],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003494535,0.0001885492,0.000033702436,0.00030139196,0.0000700693,0.00033325714,0.0004547113,0.00018305774,2.8372915e-7],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00017243033,0.0017669181,0.844049,0.0038656334,0.00035875567,0.00022303918,0.047061447,0.0010917354,0.0008156041,0.046691544,0.0038036634,0.05010026],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0023613153,0.00022551285,0.9590246,0.00032401067,0.0000135629825,0.0000059268014,0.0035344004,0.0012541182,0.0012663305,0.014617925,0.017029341,0.00034295543],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0012968878,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00061801315,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.11497563,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00044991577,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00026494532,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7688813},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4415016273","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101525","title":"Spatiotemporal geochemical evolution of groundwater through an open-loop geothermal system – a field pilot study","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications","field":"Energy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Centre de Géomatique du Québec; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Groundwater; Hydrogeology; Aquifer; Mixing (physics); Geothermal gradient; Precipitation; Hydrology (agriculture); Water well","score_opus":0.020252829982292303,"score_gpt":0.26582600645779497,"score_spread":0.24557317647550267,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4415016273","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9383861,0.00006129339,0.049481757,0.00016866364,0.00019057044,0.002653829,0.0000028260035,0.0001571175,0.008897877],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9700824,6.860494e-7,0.002599889,0.00009600732,0.000073439725,0.0027029293,0.00009820867,0.000048522936,0.024297927],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9973402,0.00011947227,0.00090794556,0.00064638775,0.00027422977,0.000711771],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984652,0.00005911599,0.00021575385,0.0006578375,0.0005155871,0.000086520005],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00063438894,0.00034399284,0.00051678973,0.00017739812,0.00050130574,0.00023830385,0.0007983336,0.00012377644,0.0000703092],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002164114,0.0003012609,0.00005967698,0.00038650993,0.00004895356,0.00078468985,0.00043728226,0.00011588168,0.000014362821],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0018670642,0.00813223,0.007057914,0.0023180465,0.00083719246,0.000050843264,0.0051631434,0.0038835807,0.0050534355,0.96051604,0.0013678649,0.0037526356],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.019360732,0.012409448,0.032345634,0.00078694994,0.00046996961,0.000046732956,0.12875015,0.005667415,0.10996894,0.017173126,0.66973644,0.003284481],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.10590862,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0026951893,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9433429,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000895198,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000416016,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999944},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4416426723","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101550","title":"Groundwater level forecasting in response to climate change scenarios in southwestern Saskatchewan using wavelet decomposition and artificial neural networks","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan; McMaster University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Global Water Futures; Canada First Research Excellence Fund","keywords":"Groundwater; Climate change; Artificial neural network; Decomposition; Hydrology (agriculture); Wavelet","score_opus":0.04673065023997231,"score_gpt":0.2746606290093338,"score_spread":0.2279299787693615,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4416426723","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.97735476,0.0000115427465,0.020506153,0.00047153793,0.00013285635,0.0014461388,0.0000017646702,0.000047346366,0.000027866106],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9859519,5.211012e-7,0.012509599,0.0007307754,0.000035734633,0.00034376545,0.000024568824,0.0000325878,0.0003705764],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9968256,0.00017847886,0.0006598333,0.00071515085,0.00020768371,0.001413285],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999435,0.00012696731,0.000088920904,0.00018294733,0.000033563436,0.00013258333],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0019782674,0.0003329163,0.0003467215,0.00038508466,0.00044983948,0.00025778206,0.00021371002,0.00017382698,0.000027799393],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007775913,0.0003143413,0.00004366154,0.0005522014,0.0000924741,0.0004628314,0.00074644515,0.00021633258,0.000007363405],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.008518944,0.0009214488,0.43327254,0.0005437471,0.000048376485,0.0012062342,0.05607309,0.3292748,0.0047215554,0.000108258486,0.00006016891,0.16525082],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0018778769,0.00039880598,0.28246617,0.00035995664,0.000024519766,0.000053678537,0.0039701457,0.706715,0.00079872215,0.0010884085,0.0012373239,0.0010094298],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0024250047,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006656943,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.37744015,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0016488766,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000043235515,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99993086},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4417281261","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101562","title":"A comparative study of key factors influencing groundwater in a temperate and a semi-arid regions","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Aquifer; Groundwater; Temperate climate; Climate change; Groundwater recharge; Evapotranspiration; Hydrology (agriculture)","score_opus":0.016436656625761076,"score_gpt":0.23656908280421093,"score_spread":0.22013242617844986,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4417281261","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99705505,0.0001409668,0.0004430851,0.000041822786,0.0000753782,0.0012891508,0.000002879709,0.000031069907,0.00092061824],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99503833,0.0000063038874,0.00033722713,0.000053483345,0.000010435501,0.00007930935,0.000097304546,0.0000058458145,0.004371747],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99793786,0.00007475597,0.0006045579,0.00049851317,0.00020307455,0.00068122364],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992788,0.00010376856,0.00009579678,0.00022067917,0.00020554237,0.00009541266],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00044854844,0.0003039517,0.0005064864,0.0003784449,0.00038416093,0.0002000723,0.0002440102,0.00009265578,0.00005598131],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000023252656,0.00023917388,0.000043963293,0.00045914436,0.00009033929,0.0004660724,0.00009371109,0.00015624386,0.0000031758225],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00019985407,0.00031552312,0.94605446,0.0004992208,0.00014369686,0.000034878336,0.051642936,0.00029014502,0.0001488918,0.00013681187,0.00016360969,0.00036996402],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0022035167,0.00042764685,0.8203707,0.00009499733,0.00003888602,0.000006772796,0.16077615,0.00027595964,0.0070733656,0.0016354783,0.0066464236,0.00045014793],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.010575367,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006095034,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.12568381,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000087876375,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00025565,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9960133},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4417515932","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101566","title":"Deep and fossil aquifers in Morocco: A multidisciplinary assessment of groundwater dynamics and salinization","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Geological and Geophysical Studies Worldwide","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"Fondation OCP","keywords":"Groundwater recharge; Aquifer; Depression-focused recharge; Groundwater; Overexploitation; Hydrology (agriculture); Population; Karst","score_opus":0.00649100145429005,"score_gpt":0.2316745075439514,"score_spread":0.22518350608966137,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4417515932","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.97917247,0.00038112566,0.017889874,0.0005765474,0.000069810216,0.0005865452,0.0000022714676,0.000017319586,0.0013040281],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98997325,0.000045729415,0.0061559686,0.00006500494,0.000008557416,0.000035427252,0.00009720993,0.000002736362,0.0036161174],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987485,0.000035881087,0.0003431517,0.00032223665,0.0001208177,0.00042944725],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99956506,0.00013686965,0.00005703443,0.000079826976,0.00010218913,0.00005901443],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00032059944,0.0001645336,0.00027345907,0.00013992014,0.000268113,0.00006392061,0.00009556639,0.00006280694,0.000032219352],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000027019894,0.000120778874,0.000026283204,0.00027164587,0.00012165415,0.00017858275,0.00012571625,0.00007687372,0.0000011055222],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008809105,0.00009992757,0.93973947,0.0004896712,0.000045587287,0.000016936929,0.00074187695,0.0008576418,0.000002046864,0.0034208656,0.000024004825,0.054473914],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006684511,0.0001523477,0.94420004,0.000029284603,0.0000129594555,0.0000012039197,0.003275411,0.040773485,0.000023029761,0.009494795,0.0012083234,0.0001606886],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0016816704,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005253938,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.054313224,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005346404,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006678135,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.49252194},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7114988631","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101565","title":"Source differentiation of co-mingled petroleum derivatives in groundwater at a historically oil-contaminated urban aquifer in South Korea","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Microbial bioremediation and biosurfactants","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute; Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea; Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources; Ministry of Environment; Ministry of Education, Ethiopia","keywords":"BTEX; Contamination; Groundwater; Aquifer; Petroleum; Groundwater contamination; Hydrocarbon; Principal component analysis","score_opus":0.0068134389021120255,"score_gpt":0.20436961695269873,"score_spread":0.1975561780505867,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W7114988631","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99582267,0.00002435848,0.002604712,0.0001573052,0.000099949946,0.00046725848,0.0000023228379,0.00002964355,0.0007917806],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9434002,0.000004137733,0.00069500576,0.00012254198,0.000012028267,0.000114531606,0.00014708091,0.000017769718,0.055486728],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9977909,0.00008664946,0.00071110146,0.0004857677,0.00026554018,0.0006600587],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99947405,0.00004607384,0.00017699944,0.0001846088,0.000051835807,0.00006643306],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004937933,0.00026481537,0.00035533693,0.00033782588,0.00014644761,0.000049685023,0.00025479717,0.00014537651,0.00041135898],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000058234433,0.00023083994,0.000063680964,0.00044781965,0.00010184511,0.0002481787,0.00026852245,0.000105193525,0.000031197567],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006921972,0.0007683492,0.9025098,0.00042065603,0.000054568332,0.000020445912,0.029832328,0.00009528829,0.059954897,0.00013853572,0.0026386091,0.0028742964],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0044027087,0.0001593192,0.7465704,0.0000870613,0.000022098739,0.0000014031914,0.004237327,0.00037377008,0.10214542,0.00012418248,0.14122516,0.00065112987],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00038343953,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007576733,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1559394,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0036726505,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008347752,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9603853},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7117579497","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101574","title":"Assessing groundwater storage response to snow cover dynamics in large Moroccan river basins over the last decades using remote sensing data","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","topic":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières","funders":"Office Chérifien des Phosphates; Fonds de recherche du Québec; Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique; Québec Ministère du Développement Durable, de l’Environnement et de la Lutte Contre les Changements Climatiques; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique; Fondation OCP; Environmental Systems Research Institute","keywords":"Snowmelt; Groundwater recharge; Groundwater; Hydrology (agriculture); Drainage basin; Snow; Groundwater discharge","score_opus":0.03065623384814926,"score_gpt":0.2768465043754546,"score_spread":0.24619027052730535,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W7117579497","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8738443,0.000040842384,0.12427991,0.00033811052,0.00032741833,0.00087063445,0.000047860118,0.00002687339,0.00022404386],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9802666,0.0000020864488,0.01524319,0.00083989673,0.000046922007,0.0000019280046,0.0005225214,0.00001710927,0.003059749],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9969154,0.000261973,0.00047505982,0.00069690373,0.00047240165,0.0011782851],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986311,0.00023655785,0.000103718274,0.00067294866,0.00023197797,0.00012369896],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0031377738,0.0003323421,0.00031779282,0.00039251093,0.0009958955,0.001002438,0.0006584172,0.000107974585,0.000046212685],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00018360165,0.00025635757,0.00005591732,0.000747176,0.000068301815,0.0011491204,0.00035403154,0.00022684461,0.000024053821],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0044325655,0.00064286037,0.65288526,0.0015301706,0.0008810301,0.0013376817,0.018715382,0.03260953,0.0005749518,0.0009870839,0.004882708,0.2805208],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0012394425,0.000060576625,0.7024538,0.0002370714,0.00004873891,0.000008930685,0.006617626,0.18911187,0.00020171846,0.0017667989,0.09767526,0.0005781915],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0071356064,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.016755959,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.2799426,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00061947794,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006750738,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99998885},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}