{"meta":{"query_hash":"8db74cdfb88b","filters":{"venue":"International Journal of Language & Linguistics"},"cohort_total":5,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":5,"exported":5,"export_cap":100000,"truncated":false,"label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"permalink":"https://metacan.xera.ac/q/8db74cdfb88b","api":"https://metacan.xera.ac/api/v1/cohort?venue=International+Journal+of+Language+%26+Linguistics"},"results":[{"id":"W2898249337","doi":"10.30845/ijll.v5n3p3","title":"Why Children Code-Switch? Sociolinguistic Factors","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Language & Linguistics","topic":"Digital Communication and Language","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Code-switching; Code (set theory); Linguistics; Computer science; Sociology; Psychology; Programming language","score_opus":0.017091366738352258,"score_gpt":0.3110193539227099,"score_spread":0.29392798718435764,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2898249337","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9958162,0.00042525053,0.000099468074,0.0004803123,0.000012631507,0.0000066338207,0.000055319735,0.000008463523,0.0030957176],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991007,0.00035707036,0.000084117775,0.00007092092,0.000008380737,0.0000062571708,0.000027821547,0.0000063528464,0.00033849356],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991373,0.00019300499,0.00007073419,0.00013833953,0.00023884105,0.00022177186],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99704903,0.001373337,0.0008686663,0.00009823289,0.00024019768,0.0003706295],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005631861,0.00017097138,0.00020649098,0.00081185007,0.0005860888,0.0010356012,0.0002451167,0.00043851102,0.002628866],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006094199,0.00013414536,0.00016781667,0.00061644666,0.0012169142,0.0006008484,0.00069329183,0.00052344403,0.0002702214],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000089835456,0.0001237073,0.9099624,0.00009430615,0.00002527081,0.0035261991,0.05740316,0.000056505476,0.0045134616,0.0012984391,0.00072889926,0.022177806],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000006143451,0.00007822501,0.93149304,0.000051956504,0.000027541388,0.0032399213,0.05972016,0.00010686485,0.00084101496,0.0009453216,0.0034665116,0.000023259776],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007368099,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01079856,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.007368099,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00060639664,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006369517,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.014650404},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2898318059","doi":"10.30845/ijll.v5n3p4","title":"Pedagogical Grammar: Learners’ Beliefs Do Matter","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Language & Linguistics","topic":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Grammar; Linguistics; Psychology; Computer science; Philosophy","score_opus":0.05505671010701036,"score_gpt":0.3509716320159297,"score_spread":0.2959149219089193,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2898318059","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9734981,0.0012986832,0.0019779133,0.0035224739,0.000039462044,0.000022050783,0.000045250792,0.00001952198,0.01957644],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979943,0.00027727822,0.00019636616,0.00043443366,0.000006922776,0.000008241574,0.000012730663,0.0000054053276,0.0010643194],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","domain_scores_codex":[0.99801433,0.00078606943,0.0001244738,0.00027367906,0.0005841438,0.00021735193],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99180704,0.0050083157,0.0012971283,0.0003540922,0.00092612195,0.00060725934],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0027258121,0.00014845436,0.00025704835,0.0004771463,0.0008338419,0.00320361,0.00033304375,0.00077268877,0.0035488952],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0121267475,0.00014203542,0.00019176562,0.00033844064,0.002485191,0.002247427,0.0011441245,0.0012906664,0.0005002057],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006212998,0.00026071578,0.47281244,0.0003860519,0.00007992055,0.000886741,0.40492588,0.00020096182,0.0051962486,0.0128409425,0.0020198822,0.10032809],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000034839097,0.00037477317,0.39784485,0.0011892164,0.00015375293,0.0027656306,0.51591045,0.0011883224,0.0038559872,0.022782523,0.053806707,0.000093056864],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0023341596,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002581648,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0035488952,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000976175,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0012467566,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.014415622},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2942392020","doi":"10.30845/ijll.v6n1p3","title":"Exploring International Students’ Motivations and Identity Construal With Regard To Learning English in the Canadian Context: A Poststructuralist Account 2019","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Language & Linguistics","topic":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Construal level theory; Context (archaeology); Identity (music); Psychology; Social psychology; Sociology; Geography; Aesthetics; Art; Archaeology","score_opus":0.02713772686844427,"score_gpt":0.2856544368343557,"score_spread":0.2585167099659114,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2942392020","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9748769,0.00014625634,0.00061807723,0.0017247496,0.000022226528,0.000094114526,0.00008835915,0.000011493292,0.022417858],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9941565,0.000192015,0.00030025758,0.0001675652,0.0000044831054,0.000035177913,0.00003104372,0.000009820376,0.0051031355],"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","domain_scores_codex":[0.99638724,0.0010126277,0.0000667519,0.00025728927,0.00071193423,0.0015641165],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9966408,0.0013283194,0.00027455113,0.00011686563,0.0007393472,0.0009001181],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004620281,0.0005631123,0.00044952362,0.0023162698,0.026846113,0.007516202,0.0018912931,0.0012694829,0.0040372456],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005941824,0.0003590637,0.0003298073,0.0029464792,0.013602328,0.0025660794,0.00624322,0.0030159801,0.0002042082],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000010383035,0.000023091156,0.005095268,0.000022638984,0.0000012666303,0.0003201519,0.9859461,0.000028120632,0.00033702984,0.004878548,0.00030928673,0.0030280878],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000011575347,0.000011227696,0.0033075302,0.000030459181,0.0000024991214,0.00005509405,0.9893834,0.00006237005,0.00014532468,0.00021770883,0.0067739505,0.000009255029],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.8893336,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.93757266,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.110666394,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.04756397,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.05953887,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.34510237},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4414419441","doi":"10.30845/ijll.v12p7","title":"Francoresponsabilité – The Pathway to Sustainable French in the US","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Language & Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic and Sociocultural Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"French; Colonialism; Sustainability; Work (physics); Foreign language; First language","score_opus":0.009877527186833844,"score_gpt":0.3372587068627839,"score_spread":0.3273811796759501,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4414419441","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.16657747,0.007884309,0.0037834037,0.18178132,0.0011316532,0.00010264941,0.0006460618,0.00028742076,0.63780564],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8722996,0.0042042728,0.004717552,0.020259818,0.00015534973,0.000080560414,0.00039252633,0.00011471146,0.09777549],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99876153,0.000364297,0.000021999713,0.00010526561,0.00029228514,0.00045454816],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99876994,0.0001732016,0.000078866084,0.000085100626,0.0003646842,0.0005282766],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0018830344,0.00029454404,0.00011338662,0.0005313894,0.0066066966,0.005981217,0.00043650848,0.0020462673,0.0095135495],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0019964732,0.00009648091,0.0003004158,0.00053076143,0.0036669786,0.0035323983,0.005428882,0.002536935,0.00078032207],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000077951525,0.0001587249,0.009773769,0.00012385048,0.0000211785,0.0010904634,0.02129051,0.00031241137,0.0017643798,0.6730432,0.1410917,0.15125187],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000052609303,0.00004881798,0.0064695836,0.00012949012,0.0000034663663,0.00019629904,0.0067200246,0.00010363162,0.0003731069,0.016636338,0.9692908,0.000023149],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.22340538,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.30119896,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.22340538,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.008692849,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.02185821,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.44421},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7126270273","doi":"10.30845/ijll.v11p12","title":"Killing the Nightingale: Punjabi Language on the Altar","year":2024,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Language & Linguistics","topic":"South Asian Studies and Diaspora","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Kwantlen Polytechnic University","funders":"","keywords":"Urdu; Hegemony; Oppression; Intelligentsia; Elite; Coercion (linguistics); Islam; Population; State (computer science)","score_opus":0.022075730501688713,"score_gpt":0.29188691693344865,"score_spread":0.26981118643175994,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W7126270273","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.40936235,0.013837948,0.001962875,0.026724137,0.003133027,0.000100670324,0.00027083902,0.00019704766,0.54441106],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.955728,0.002447271,0.0008188424,0.0026625292,0.0002338571,0.000033339526,0.00006479631,0.00006914998,0.03794223],"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992932,0.00036397163,0.000023280914,0.000065947585,0.00012300847,0.00013050615],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99934095,0.00022554236,0.00010792762,0.000062383166,0.00014627275,0.00011682586],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011440002,0.00047551334,0.00021978482,0.00041385132,0.010096004,0.0036743311,0.0008071293,0.00093743834,0.009236699],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0016299341,0.0003535953,0.00011054506,0.00091657304,0.004756904,0.0023760498,0.0026544414,0.0029676673,0.0012607366],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00034133668,0.00022192569,0.014347025,0.0009576178,0.0000326251,0.008603416,0.45914054,0.00031513855,0.0045667384,0.2554823,0.09745903,0.15853228],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003052599,0.00020949726,0.035730075,0.00066692923,0.000017510052,0.004427695,0.20366341,0.0002928577,0.00157897,0.00584129,0.74746025,0.00008093895],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.011356632,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.024088966,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.011356632,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0019960762,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0024390914,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.030899823},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}