{"meta":{"query_hash":"6b08d07d1e6e","filters":{"venue":"Journal of language and Education"},"cohort_total":5,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":5,"exported":5,"export_cap":100000,"truncated":false,"label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"permalink":"https://metacan.xera.ac/q/6b08d07d1e6e","api":"https://metacan.xera.ac/api/v1/cohort?venue=Journal+of+language+and+Education"},"results":[{"id":"W2603606196","doi":"10.17323/2411-7390-2016-2-4-55-62","title":"Challenges of Minority Teachers in a Western Society: Experience in Austria","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of language and Education","topic":"Linguistic Education and Pedagogy","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Pace; Government (linguistics); Political science; Face (sociological concept); Population; Minority group; Identity (music); Affect (linguistics); Pedagogy; Sociology; Ethnic group; Social science; Law","score_opus":0.10566504740937865,"score_gpt":0.37111790739928563,"score_spread":0.265452859989907,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2603606196","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99163777,0.00069970585,0.00013683685,0.002058792,0.000081662816,0.000010144697,0.000006087907,0.000007115428,0.0053618695],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99380106,0.0005988293,0.00012160288,0.0008776382,0.000032796335,0.000010197046,0.000008022201,0.000016361451,0.0045335237],"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","domain_scores_codex":[0.9971949,0.0015077114,0.000097221804,0.00020289431,0.0003181676,0.0006791589],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998252,0.0004646237,0.0003041935,0.000058680835,0.00014859205,0.0007719268],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002579455,0.00041951812,0.00059553474,0.0007026895,0.01261751,0.004703133,0.00072596053,0.0017182006,0.0025502525],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0035237202,0.00038857458,0.00028284997,0.0006040746,0.0051930496,0.0029375455,0.0070853163,0.0027250694,0.0006517209],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000035406294,0.000082407794,0.0085732415,0.000043639084,0.000004474168,0.0020479157,0.979818,0.000024184472,0.0006384695,0.0012392367,0.0010224679,0.0064704777],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005154188,0.000066722256,0.004761275,0.00006862453,0.000005258066,0.0012950839,0.97561,0.000048862454,0.0001547962,0.00020404396,0.017769048,0.0000110328365],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.010142454,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.021302039,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01261751,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0025005843,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001865195,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.020166814},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2762960328","doi":"10.17323/2411-7390-2017-3-3-6-38","title":"The Importance of Accuracy in the Use of Grammatical Terms and Concepts in the Description of the Distinctive Properties of Plains Algonquian Languages","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of language and Education","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":false,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Arts and Humanities Research Council","keywords":"Linguistics; Grammar; German; Typology; Syntax; Computer science; Subject (documents); Grammatical category; Historical linguistics; Semantics (computer science); History; Artificial intelligence; Archaeology; Philosophy; Programming language; Noun","score_opus":0.07323508426480221,"score_gpt":0.3771803161727861,"score_spread":0.30394523190798384,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2762960328","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9347806,0.0016550672,0.023388764,0.0029805917,0.000115008246,0.000040694853,0.00015092714,0.000036100777,0.03685231],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99638015,0.00021200714,0.0029900153,0.00008227377,0.000016372482,0.0000100908055,0.000031789652,0.000022008922,0.00025528276],"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9948349,0.0033364734,0.00040859895,0.00041227185,0.000662283,0.00034563732],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.98305213,0.011226651,0.0019514306,0.0019357274,0.0016766886,0.0001573505],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007222564,0.000246001,0.000278589,0.0023209134,0.0015630963,0.0037522984,0.0009187344,0.00049824844,0.0014660284],"category_scores_gemma":[0.025365237,0.00019844457,0.0001412188,0.0024514578,0.0071449503,0.008449613,0.0026094895,0.0012626046,0.00018849903],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00041680562,0.00006338597,0.11530476,0.00048751014,0.00011720457,0.0011270932,0.37901908,0.0017680291,0.010738982,0.34301576,0.0014204825,0.14652088],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000048287053,0.0003198719,0.35617283,0.0017207079,0.00024610668,0.004548825,0.2851692,0.012782104,0.011949737,0.22866409,0.098092414,0.00028585884],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009668815,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.011527068,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.009668815,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001525832,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0011170667,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03819704},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2896029366","doi":"10.17323/2411-7390-2018-4-3-69-76","title":"The Influence of Students’ Sociocultural Background on the IELTS Speaking Test Preparation Process","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of language and Education","topic":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Sociocultural evolution; Test (biology); Psychology; Mathematics education; Sociocultural perspective; Paraphrase; Linguistics; Sociology","score_opus":0.020829914039843026,"score_gpt":0.3290098844867439,"score_spread":0.3081799704469009,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2896029366","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9985511,0.00006865316,0.00016364563,0.00007251184,0.000010868848,0.000012310711,0.000010372454,0.00000404486,0.0011065849],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999337,0.0000794304,0.00014351061,0.00002721337,0.0000047705025,0.000012858645,0.0000128999645,0.0000046104497,0.00037759778],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9957885,0.0021789412,0.00039054878,0.0003125751,0.0007932124,0.0005361772],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99149793,0.003490826,0.001864159,0.0003259471,0.0011338809,0.0016872534],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0032307396,0.0003311722,0.000330856,0.0005577551,0.0015440668,0.0028380908,0.0003330682,0.00041013124,0.0025331879],"category_scores_gemma":[0.012217049,0.00019643271,0.0003441226,0.00030149176,0.0011360218,0.00047556747,0.0015892681,0.0006874455,0.0006864926],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006085357,0.0011576241,0.72522146,0.00025542278,0.00009739859,0.002128297,0.21003395,0.0003184898,0.013403976,0.000453957,0.0005258107,0.045795094],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000018068804,0.0007418422,0.8240806,0.00011625076,0.000054492186,0.0004773468,0.16577841,0.00050250057,0.0036279757,0.00019804439,0.004328153,0.00007631607],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0035897612,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006089369,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0035897612,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00076211995,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0011185702,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01708597},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4224296585","doi":"10.17323/jle.2022.13682","title":"The Role of Plurilingual Pedagogy in Affirming Immigrants’ Identities in Canada","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of language and Education","topic":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Immigration; Perspective (graphical); Identity (music); Context (archaeology); Sociology; Multilingualism; Face (sociological concept); Pedagogy; Language education; Political science; Linguistics; Gender studies; Social science; Geography; Computer science; Law","score_opus":0.006112160327609609,"score_gpt":0.25027526029611685,"score_spread":0.24416309996850724,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4224296585","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.7968398,0.0025904258,0.0032999767,0.022559738,0.00025000167,0.00012564281,0.00004705274,0.00006234706,0.17422509],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99032885,0.0007417095,0.001176837,0.0006641391,0.000008349992,0.000023306662,0.000012895832,0.000011195485,0.007032582],"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","domain_scores_codex":[0.9962088,0.0014684622,0.00007706477,0.0002564121,0.00071075064,0.0012785449],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9950753,0.001388691,0.000260861,0.00015446426,0.0011635952,0.0019571388],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0047409995,0.0003548042,0.00032052217,0.0011140237,0.029980341,0.007426401,0.0016643258,0.0012289236,0.0044004326],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005618656,0.00015985125,0.00024493612,0.0011625262,0.0124663375,0.0019641856,0.009077408,0.0025654254,0.00023895987],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00014208714,0.00026387218,0.032979716,0.00040263592,0.000017111633,0.00083706033,0.6049218,0.0007618651,0.001271989,0.14862075,0.011124632,0.19865642],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000025218309,0.00012431997,0.03170696,0.0008722524,0.00004611355,0.00028109603,0.7931062,0.0013649398,0.0011888203,0.011700748,0.15949926,0.00008407089],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.96678334,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.98917985,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.07615343,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.07615343,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.24340959,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.55253434},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4366599818","doi":"10.17323/jle.2023.11045","title":"Automated Measures of Lexical Sophistication: Predicting Proficiency in an Integrated Academic Writing Task","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of language and Education","topic":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","field":"Psychology","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"Waseda University","keywords":"Fluency; Sophistication; Computer science; Task (project management); Variance (accounting); Lexical diversity; Natural language processing; Language proficiency; Artificial intelligence; Second language writing; Psychology; Linguistics; Mathematics education; Vocabulary; Second language","score_opus":0.04037119491325712,"score_gpt":0.3951687748602904,"score_spread":0.35479757994703326,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4366599818","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99201024,0.00005362896,0.006124661,0.000024966721,0.000004267581,0.00008633606,0.0004017568,0.00021540842,0.0010787136],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9886563,0.00004892588,0.00998224,0.000012579592,0.0000069074526,0.00013211877,0.00054471224,0.000032486307,0.0005836329],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9984787,0.0006192955,0.0002275184,0.00031550982,0.00030310903,0.000055823515],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9771935,0.014013716,0.004981538,0.00098031,0.002128651,0.000702363],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0023184537,0.0006559226,0.0003661619,0.0020630606,0.00023660729,0.0016541006,0.00047429992,0.0004720618,0.0020098477],"category_scores_gemma":[0.022620613,0.00025913797,0.0003690402,0.00093147135,0.00027429848,0.0011160233,0.00086930406,0.00045838172,0.0009121108],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00049062475,0.00061750243,0.85516775,0.00017680778,0.00020261176,0.00013957918,0.0009900917,0.003352529,0.00974805,0.0001705853,0.000800034,0.12814386],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000053687472,0.0007828832,0.9457747,0.00004806831,0.00007734012,0.00035963632,0.00039683803,0.04264234,0.008351782,0.0006309082,0.000842034,0.000039788243],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0011141415,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0029299704,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0023184537,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00025314093,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004502954,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.012261331},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}