{"meta":{"query_hash":"cfc34e7972f3","filters":{"venue":"Journal of law & empirical analysis."},"cohort_total":5,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":5,"exported":5,"export_cap":100000,"truncated":false,"label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"permalink":"https://metacan.xera.ac/q/cfc34e7972f3","api":"https://metacan.xera.ac/api/v1/cohort?venue=Journal+of+law+%26+empirical+analysis."},"results":[{"id":"W3121595620","doi":"10.1177/2755323x251340759","title":"Covering: Mutable Characteristics and Perceptions of Voice in the U.S. Supreme Court","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of law & empirical analysis.","topic":"Law in Society and Culture","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"European Research Council; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; University of Toronto; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Agence Nationale de la Recherche","keywords":"Supreme court; Perception; Law; Political science; Psychology","score_opus":0.02739026327728913,"score_gpt":0.35272889870382246,"score_spread":0.32533863542653335,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3121595620","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9531288,0.00048203167,0.00032021123,0.023289723,0.00010430554,0.00006953768,0.000010729189,0.000004832537,0.022589829],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99665785,0.0007088865,0.00016879888,0.001714066,0.000106113745,9.165861e-7,0.0000015569603,0.0000016300794,0.0006401595],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987529,0.0002452633,0.00040346006,0.000080640515,0.0003769287,0.00014081322],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991811,0.00025069516,0.00020674165,0.00009584615,0.00021254338,0.000053060132],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0012497344,0.000064418164,0.00033451652,0.000029002531,0.00026600063,0.00007005496,0.0002684428,0.000098345496,0.00011004308],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00015868948,0.00004049154,0.00024519372,0.00096792594,0.0003540614,0.00014847847,0.000027310556,0.00027249206,0.0000013715982],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007842179,0.00091690326,0.7222277,0.00007131639,0.0017581371,0.00003501476,0.10073176,0.00027809825,0.0009335755,0.14326818,0.028853865,0.00084704725],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00041169833,0.000071638984,0.4719096,0.000058909638,0.0018263471,0.000005324093,0.024844185,0.00015079093,0.000025890597,0.008988722,0.4915674,0.00013948271],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004464611,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0016782293,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.46271354,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000053728312,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00010135027,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.20458888},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4403967218","doi":"10.1177/2755323x241296683","title":"Putting the Bar to the Test: An Examination of the Predictive Validity of Bar Exam Outcomes on Lawyering Effectiveness","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of law & empirical analysis.","topic":"Legal Education and Practice Innovations","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Bar (unit); Test (biology); Predictive validity; Psychology; Clinical psychology; Geography; Geology","score_opus":0.1091205595821231,"score_gpt":0.45004372911236307,"score_spread":0.34092316953023993,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4403967218","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9181201,0.000052938907,0.0010453522,0.07206557,0.0005395312,0.00022303965,0.00001201238,0.000012060823,0.00792941],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99871004,0.000009223251,0.00011539968,0.0007978166,0.00025007184,0.000005368892,5.768106e-7,0.0000052115665,0.000106305066],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9967159,0.001769001,0.00048428713,0.00012033987,0.0007897602,0.000120704695],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9921529,0.0065836604,0.0004059407,0.0002203281,0.0005734126,0.00006371975],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0072034616,0.00008324853,0.00025062275,0.00012443615,0.00048657006,0.00015301009,0.0004661517,0.000052608433,0.000088334775],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0049308934,0.000037469006,0.00029548685,0.0019489761,0.00019971492,0.00047355736,0.00004196289,0.00044782905,0.0000042349748],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00010704764,0.0020049564,0.44789714,0.000119777185,0.003889291,0.000012298213,0.17156544,0.032483898,0.0022017774,0.31126785,0.0025327408,0.0259178],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006687799,0.00018547315,0.96415937,0.000063287116,0.0008760556,0.0000020151906,0.0031168184,0.00065973186,0.00061281346,0.0022794637,0.027921703,0.000056405803],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006965406,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006884709,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.51626223,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00012698375,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00028755682,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5903096},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4408141654","doi":"10.1177/2755323x261427048","title":"AI-Powered Lawyering: AI Reasoning Models, Retrieval Augmented Generation, and the Future of Legal Practice","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Journal of law & empirical analysis.","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Institute on Governance","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Knowledge management","score_opus":0.0691908929906884,"score_gpt":0.4238668206748683,"score_spread":0.3546759276841799,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4408141654","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.04226054,0.023726176,0.19361117,0.6443781,0.0054483106,0.0014413418,0.00012732726,0.000116088784,0.0888909],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9854659,0.003085153,0.0036569883,0.004687425,0.0021691904,0.0000019328618,0.000010447007,0.000013845139,0.0009091134],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9946459,0.0018690699,0.0014490745,0.00037638834,0.0013524409,0.00030714492],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9943813,0.00083947147,0.001820188,0.00040975556,0.0023425291,0.00020674974],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0051782182,0.0002584525,0.0011089524,0.00026079663,0.0006299475,0.00039111963,0.0008124641,0.00045280516,0.000086286724],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0014417619,0.00018419696,0.0008537477,0.001298468,0.0011046957,0.00071442046,0.00034839343,0.0016080135,0.0000011420076],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0010634502,0.00021410272,0.0002736064,0.0000329725,0.0036505184,0.000049689068,0.008833671,0.06276208,0.000048950424,0.9177394,0.0045780228,0.0007535744],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00068129983,0.00015938288,0.0000701641,0.0002893948,0.012871328,0.0000248642,0.008230035,0.1639866,0.0005553706,0.06729363,0.7452035,0.0006344549],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004117936,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0054912507,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.94320536,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002523419,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0010748495,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.75113344},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4410579377","doi":"10.1177/2755323x251341611","title":"Estimating the Delay of Criminal Trials: Evidence From Canada","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of law & empirical analysis.","topic":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University; York University","funders":"","keywords":"Criminal trial; Psychology; Criminology","score_opus":0.13412715877940706,"score_gpt":0.33320450362374926,"score_spread":0.1990773448443422,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4410579377","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.936021,0.011482015,0.032644086,0.007054719,0.0018347899,0.00014834863,0.00013065367,0.000006112214,0.010678276],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99693227,0.00009947044,0.0011405518,0.0012564374,0.00048138478,0.0000022226238,0.0000024294645,0.000007099295,0.00007815982],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99606186,0.00018393689,0.0031889323,0.00023863224,0.00011340849,0.00021322975],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99473315,0.0017707632,0.002880547,0.00034253954,0.00016891313,0.0001040719],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0041990965,0.00013222545,0.0018099579,0.00020827824,0.00014902903,0.000088613735,0.0005966999,0.00008848928,0.0002524909],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0018065217,0.00011133771,0.0008165969,0.0005788297,0.00014913191,0.00021725653,0.000064386666,0.00025154062,0.000008068957],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003755538,0.00028244496,0.7634466,0.00013413384,0.014099152,0.00006366364,0.0020447404,0.054521453,0.00006650351,0.14030766,0.022521576,0.002136457],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0033742366,0.00048938877,0.30295157,0.0009870016,0.011778999,0.00003241835,0.0013231883,0.15547477,0.0008169083,0.44147334,0.079953216,0.0013449694],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.5318866,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.26331064,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.46049508,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00028521102,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00031846052,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.750132},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4412882037","doi":"10.1177/2755323x251362525","title":"Biased Evaluation of Pain and Suffering Damages","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of law & empirical analysis.","topic":"Jury Decision Making Processes","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Damages; Pain and suffering; Medicine; Psychology; Political science; Law","score_opus":0.1270860633107112,"score_gpt":0.4812245295753605,"score_spread":0.3541384662646493,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4412882037","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9739197,0.001503199,0.007078154,0.0058805984,0.000095502226,0.00006810985,0.000001352595,0.00000909459,0.0114443265],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984036,0.00006942681,0.0008601376,0.00047074762,0.000053291275,6.5617314e-7,3.9810791e-7,0.0000023517982,0.00013939866],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99719864,0.0010012437,0.00053756894,0.00011124822,0.0010309413,0.00012038335],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972286,0.0011805253,0.00038617165,0.00010605575,0.0010206696,0.000077961704],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01063612,0.00006627227,0.00037403093,0.0003778914,0.00016468894,0.000073508134,0.00021604655,0.000065956214,0.00013537476],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0037977071,0.000051482242,0.00019388809,0.0015900546,0.00019612358,0.00018724585,0.00003439435,0.00012456813,7.0953615e-7],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00029783105,0.0008619234,0.48128346,0.00016655604,0.0050812913,0.00003860944,0.013622054,0.013805425,0.0018369331,0.05892631,0.0099213645,0.41415823],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0026122225,0.00050383114,0.6433177,0.00054673717,0.016175628,0.0000042941074,0.007705148,0.018593984,0.0016652622,0.15370788,0.15458749,0.00057982036],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001449535,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00091638794,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.41357842,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006912798,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00029653858,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.45464846},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}