{"meta":{"query_hash":"1f8f1262e989","filters":{"venue":"Palgrave's critical policing studies"},"cohort_total":4,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":4,"exported":4,"export_cap":100000,"truncated":false,"label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"permalink":"https://metacan.xera.ac/q/1f8f1262e989","api":"https://metacan.xera.ac/api/v1/cohort?venue=Palgrave%27s+critical+policing+studies"},"results":[{"id":"W3111981147","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-56765-1_13","title":"The Use of Social Media in Intelligence and Its Impact on Police Work","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Palgrave's critical policing studies","topic":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Work (physics); Sociology; Psychology; Social media; Criminology; Computer science; Engineering; World Wide Web; Mechanical engineering","score_opus":0.13550677656093563,"score_gpt":0.36555550274959253,"score_spread":0.2300487261886569,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3111981147","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.021372737,0.08134401,0.008332104,0.18743727,0.0080272695,0.0066422406,0.0007603254,0.0017038607,0.6843802],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9947223,0.0031025442,0.00012949499,0.0007717062,0.00032710275,0.000014460525,0.0000015295423,0.000028873274,0.00090195343],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9978811,0.000060421593,0.0006137049,0.00047813117,0.00046624863,0.0005003871],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99340546,0.0058815596,0.000113466136,0.00028914315,0.00020154039,0.000108850996],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00019668115,0.0004572242,0.00079903647,0.00014540488,0.00042564105,0.000110821566,0.00048035194,0.0001354229,0.0000041993903],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0011947646,0.0003015998,0.00019277028,0.00015304676,0.0006981268,0.000068729074,0.00092532183,0.00049696164,0.00002592374],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002976759,0.0000068421414,0.000027651946,0.00006291026,0.00018405414,0.000008891958,0.013658219,0.0000077078685,0.0000022425147,0.9802997,0.000764489,0.00494749],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013290431,0.002159888,0.02887214,0.0052268766,0.0008865639,0.00003502502,0.004946735,0.0018501467,0.0007082945,0.91472435,0.034712087,0.0045488644],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00035718372,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00041399238,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9733496,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000095924894,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000038147777,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999436},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3113233164","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-56765-1_14","title":"“Doing Right”: Police Ethics in an Age of Reform","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Palgrave's critical policing studies","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières","funders":"","keywords":"Engineering ethics; Political science; Sociology; Law; Engineering","score_opus":0.17789124487330238,"score_gpt":0.4671020904048541,"score_spread":0.28921084553155174,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3113233164","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.001427711,0.0011198972,0.00009799003,0.0128687015,0.00046121358,0.00025980815,0.00010162885,0.000098164615,0.9835649],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9870164,0.0011410989,0.0005733972,0.0010062933,0.0010287362,0.000013868031,0.000019393543,0.000057339825,0.009143494],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99752706,0.0001724282,0.00075157295,0.0004312258,0.00060102576,0.0005167045],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981424,0.00085124746,0.0001390958,0.0002841355,0.00036741176,0.0002156609],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00065241085,0.00032474683,0.000820511,0.00024995542,0.0005260547,0.00006527266,0.00037308832,0.0004292047,0.000244891],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006800824,0.00030511225,0.0003127787,0.00009386962,0.0016838751,0.00006513398,0.00023747295,0.0011435809,0.000038911305],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000061992196,0.000019839115,0.00009373906,0.00035757382,0.0000779354,0.000029981242,0.0487313,3.1386077e-7,0.000043145636,0.9502586,0.000084229214,0.0002971539],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000564287,0.00078598445,0.0011105157,0.0058375136,0.000520709,0.000006188966,0.07233458,0.000027101958,0.00010001073,0.8553178,0.06191739,0.0014779472],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.057061188,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.09654467,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.98558867,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00039961233,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00011804972,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999401},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4392130689","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-45812-5_5","title":"Community Policing, Police Militarization, and Canada’s Colonial Project","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Palgrave's critical policing studies","topic":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University","funders":"","keywords":"Militarization; Community policing; Criminology; Political science; Colonialism; Law; Computer security; Sociology; Politics; Computer science","score_opus":0.0981709620730358,"score_gpt":0.42080630026729493,"score_spread":0.32263533819425916,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4392130689","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.008001581,0.0014094042,0.000007211117,0.04715913,0.0014661532,0.0006989771,0.0006281159,0.00031741496,0.940312],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7718613,0.005187106,0.00011672393,0.0036990978,0.002940394,0.000040312218,0.000038074737,0.00012408856,0.21599291],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99702626,0.00035317938,0.0005863903,0.0004592678,0.00069252064,0.0008823905],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99601436,0.0026413077,0.00012659762,0.0004203547,0.00047380064,0.00032360572],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000769698,0.00053738354,0.0007922786,0.00029211276,0.0036045942,0.00022982049,0.0003553676,0.00040040092,0.00006744759],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0015364513,0.00052561297,0.00014414194,0.00011771342,0.002327215,0.0000907216,0.00041175322,0.0014724934,0.00004978892],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009231039,0.000011138043,0.00017778459,0.00038198888,0.0002555266,0.000006799359,0.15957378,8.163177e-7,0.0000053137455,0.81926936,0.020085532,0.00022274334],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00032640604,0.00028461375,0.0027687328,0.0016414716,0.0015148041,0.00004876659,0.04751237,0.000027673024,0.0000034205507,0.21298002,0.7313168,0.0015749375],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.99924296,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.99903286,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7638597,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008498317,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0017157978,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99971956},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4402999196","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-68298-8_8","title":"Black Box Algorithmic Decision-Making and Transparency Challenges in Policing Practice: Lessons from Implementation of New Technologies by the Toronto Police Service","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Palgrave's critical policing studies","topic":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":true,"ca_institutions":"Algoma University","funders":"","keywords":"Transparency (behavior); Black box; Service (business); Community policing; Business; Computer security; Public relations; Political science; Computer science; Marketing","score_opus":0.12041305493926115,"score_gpt":0.48466949562341904,"score_spread":0.3642564406841579,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4402999196","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.003431185,0.15389994,0.00010379185,0.5888737,0.00070454576,0.001166784,0.0005283564,0.00035139464,0.25094032],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.85072154,0.14650933,0.00062114757,0.000981843,0.0005694802,0.000016060652,0.0000050418716,0.000060405433,0.0005151454],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9972187,0.000104068895,0.0007268924,0.00055595284,0.00075776485,0.00063656823],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99244255,0.0063998937,0.00022150906,0.00030763802,0.0005170984,0.00011130406],"candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009223963,0.0004249254,0.0007682618,0.000138231,0.00063293846,0.0002179409,0.00044277502,0.00056668173,0.000023962464],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0017363622,0.00035131807,0.00012659315,0.00012415972,0.0012668188,0.00027828297,0.00028316502,0.00080996775,0.000006723793],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009069128,0.000008077954,0.0000127216845,0.00015599087,0.00021711201,0.0000035689145,0.31138736,4.880793e-7,0.000013915372,0.64194256,0.0003708181,0.045878354],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00013940792,0.00006116263,0.00015029252,0.0014976788,0.00029280427,0.0000013075988,0.421958,0.000005051774,0.0000132900805,0.5719912,0.0036152354,0.0002745916],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.5421925,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.6475507,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.84729034,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00042592417,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002834833,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998939},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}