{"meta":{"query_hash":"a06d726c9fb5","filters":{"venue":"Theory in Biosciences"},"cohort_total":33,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":33,"exported":33,"export_cap":100000,"truncated":false,"label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"permalink":"https://metacan.xera.ac/q/a06d726c9fb5","api":"https://metacan.xera.ac/api/v1/cohort?venue=Theory+in+Biosciences"},"results":[{"id":"W1822879905","doi":"10.1007/s12064-020-00309-3","title":"Gene-mating dynamic evolution theory: fundamental assumptions, exactly solvable models and analytic solutions","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Perimeter Institute","funders":"Division of Materials Research; Institut Périmètre de physique théorique; Industry Canada; Harvard University; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Division of Mathematical Sciences; National Science Foundation; Government of Canada; John Templeton Foundation","keywords":"Population; Genotype frequency; Allele frequency; Mathematics; Biology; Genotype; Genetics; Gene","score_opus":0.02411820412975757,"score_gpt":0.2694138697787517,"score_spread":0.24529566564899413,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1822879905","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.89029974,0.0018593806,0.105986506,0.0004800312,0.000092166345,0.00017127238,0.00003908887,0.0000282226,0.0010435677],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99715453,0.0002750752,0.0018332646,0.00039263014,0.00003799211,0.000011520737,0.000038565537,0.0000095476735,0.00024685607],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9986859,0.00020670352,0.00022145807,0.00041559202,0.0001511045,0.00031923433],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995728,0.00003186119,0.00007933879,0.0001690619,0.000030590843,0.00011634062],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008284013,0.0001395147,0.00012589856,0.00007806364,0.00026836846,0.000052933283,0.00022694808,0.000078530524,0.000025861033],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00011872817,0.00013136465,0.00004766688,0.00027093542,0.00043149895,0.00002349721,0.0001653474,0.00008935317,0.00001006329],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001706875,0.0001654723,0.0067825774,0.00004824384,0.0000554061,0.0000035789951,0.0011890089,0.04144703,0.8019933,0.1451628,0.00014786434,0.002834006],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007482071,0.0004338068,0.012200472,0.000032876076,0.000047386962,0.00003468467,0.005888006,0.8445906,0.0029899708,0.13229665,0.00018659585,0.0005507668],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001462286,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000105696956,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.80314356,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000042711737,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009598547,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.53568953},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1858745690","doi":"10.1007/s12064-020-00308-4","title":"Gene-mating dynamic evolution theory II: global stability of N-gender-mating polyploid systems","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Perimeter Institute","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Mating; Biology; Genetics; Allele; Evolutionary biology; Gene","score_opus":0.01594724418476575,"score_gpt":0.2650817480532025,"score_spread":0.24913450386843675,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1858745690","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.96385854,0.0014562001,0.032194886,0.000078949655,0.00020578138,0.00019950165,0.00007244735,0.000023474928,0.0019102173],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988683,0.000030897125,0.0008992581,0.00008481926,0.000046800844,0.00000763462,0.000020493691,0.00000709512,0.00003469794],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9982271,0.0004365724,0.00041040662,0.00041099443,0.00023196505,0.00028292663],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993502,0.0000404097,0.00019827091,0.0002500345,0.00006963959,0.00009145356],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001450474,0.00014906129,0.0001844113,0.00003387584,0.0001522568,0.00002025361,0.00039275317,0.00011354454,0.000020730615],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00050493906,0.00013403849,0.00006899557,0.00037662254,0.00044231454,0.000010341556,0.0002159171,0.0000732937,0.000003298361],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00011716785,0.000086347834,0.02121781,0.00011389184,0.000019004314,5.3166974e-7,0.0010041278,0.004283864,0.9375738,0.03470929,0.000010889417,0.0008632542],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0031001586,0.0032920311,0.12885162,0.00029024947,0.00013454686,0.00009565423,0.08004139,0.4471809,0.2221965,0.11206092,0.0002863708,0.0024696384],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000029643388,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000044209355,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.71537733,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000059946844,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00015371728,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.54659307},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1974023444","doi":"10.1007/s12064-012-0157-0","title":"Origin of life: hypothesized roles of high-energy electrical discharges, infrared radiation, thermosynthesis and pre-photosynthesis","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Origins and Evolution of Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Infrared; Photosynthesis; Radiation; Astrobiology; Biology; Environmental science; Physics; Astronomy; Botany; Optics","score_opus":0.020188684779519333,"score_gpt":0.26739147545784714,"score_spread":0.24720279067832782,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1974023444","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.0075821956,0.9901538,0.00026858534,0.000020579386,0.00015547479,0.000292482,0.0003098752,0.000016970822,0.0012000317],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.28116304,0.71803176,0.00022487088,0.000007660298,0.00020424143,0.00006746103,0.00001575749,0.000024991044,0.0002602355],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.9976734,0.00056371366,0.00078941305,0.00034904754,0.0002804889,0.0003439542],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976339,0.0011314306,0.00076175435,0.00030869473,0.00003493753,0.00012931367],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009501993,0.00032789016,0.0013700956,0.00036582828,0.000079845435,0.000027167343,0.00047969306,0.00013557084,0.00046672128],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000091711234,0.00022549581,0.00022564112,0.00068525167,0.0004378966,0.00019590845,0.00006419386,0.00012814833,0.0000032220141],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002728906,0.00017965153,0.0012731893,0.0004137895,0.000095776864,8.092506e-8,0.00016441995,5.409233e-7,0.0000290571,0.2505506,0.000028309416,0.7472373],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008097072,0.00022243329,0.0037848328,0.0038243697,0.0013111461,0.0000025163436,0.00046257264,0.00007520263,0.0020400796,0.11185126,0.8740649,0.0015509713],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00031280235,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000065467116,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8740366,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000027872935,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00034437553,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.91954523},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1994672233","doi":"10.1007/s12064-012-0172-1","title":"Non-terrestrial origin of life: a transformative research paradigm shift","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Origins and Evolution of Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Indian Space Research Organisation","keywords":"Philosophy of biology; Epistemology; Transformative learning; Paradigm shift; Abiogenesis; Subject (documents); Environmental ethics; Sociology; Cognitive science; Ecology; Evolutionary biology; Biology; Psychology; Astrobiology; Philosophy; Philosophy of science; Computer science","score_opus":0.06342415291366495,"score_gpt":0.36407621495837983,"score_spread":0.3006520620447149,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W1994672233","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.97980255,0.00005704943,0.00083470193,0.0002853294,0.0003943238,0.00014616617,0.00002640081,0.0000059921226,0.01844748],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994756,0.000003949903,0.00005088346,0.000012278145,0.00038395918,0.000013082342,0.000002182223,0.0000031674256,0.00005487283],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99880236,0.00017495069,0.00022945167,0.0001134478,0.0002798851,0.00039988512],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995093,0.00018700669,0.000055991073,0.00011837831,0.000010191274,0.0001191856],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0024052253,0.00007723192,0.00014686873,0.00016512706,0.00011859934,0.000022448217,0.00026422276,0.000025797939,0.00039205342],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000013348599,0.000057462308,0.000047517602,0.0005186948,0.0005217891,0.0004201635,0.000024575811,0.0001541047,0.00004283022],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008379553,0.00021899342,0.1216654,0.000006682746,0.000008633197,1.0120371e-7,0.006814404,0.00001502087,0.00020606298,0.86972994,0.00020926981,0.0010416931],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002993148,0.00062365644,0.18227339,0.00017629746,0.000020469888,6.8290603e-7,0.023380829,0.0008171749,0.013757047,0.7436586,0.03157887,0.00071985286],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00030100642,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006464676,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.12607135,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001554012,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00014545785,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.429271},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2008825007","doi":"10.1007/s12064-014-0202-2","title":"Estimation of species extinction: what are the consequences when total species number is unknown?","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; University of British Columbia","funders":"University of British Columbia; China Scholarship Council","keywords":"Extinction (optical mineralogy); Global biodiversity; Estimation; Ecology; Species diversity; Habitat; Biology; Statistics; Mathematics; Paleontology","score_opus":0.013465509083352433,"score_gpt":0.2395912290993249,"score_spread":0.22612572001597248,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2008825007","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.96111953,0.00006852682,0.0005285106,0.0038611304,0.00041615719,0.00011000649,0.0000024122503,0.000015667738,0.03387805],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99600405,0.000119782875,0.000337323,0.00043099155,0.000022669179,0.000010709547,6.8632664e-7,0.0000022876332,0.0030714774],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99895614,0.0002100591,0.00021233752,0.00021714286,0.00023457901,0.00016970994],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991693,0.00047493924,0.00016841305,0.00015354715,0.0000123788,0.000021427233],"candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011431781,0.00009685435,0.00013424159,0.00003052051,0.0003080146,0.000058250967,0.00028404902,0.000041679414,0.002532682],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00021021423,0.00006092014,0.00003400707,0.00026547248,0.0038037857,0.0005607198,0.000115793766,0.000074338976,0.00012472602],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000045799607,0.00015001604,0.68347317,0.000023390496,0.000019526047,0.0000020349335,0.021236658,0.008428154,0.0028544285,0.2698053,0.00079722353,0.013164304],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00014566284,0.00007319753,0.7108139,0.00004383272,0.000011721966,0.000011624527,0.021132812,0.0069264467,0.0031714132,0.25610557,0.0013931758,0.00017065063],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000021863518,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00050392776,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.034884535,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003666301,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000889829,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99890727},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2017195348","doi":"10.1007/s12064-008-0027-y","title":"Ethics, evolution and culture","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Genome British Columbia; Genome Canada","keywords":"Morality; Philosophy of biology; Coevolution; Sociocultural evolution; Epistemology; Evolutionary psychology; Cultural transmission in animals; Sociology; Set (abstract data type); Biology; Evolutionary biology; Computer science; Philosophy of science; Philosophy; Anthropology","score_opus":0.03586068252711579,"score_gpt":0.32272175223539795,"score_spread":0.2868610697082822,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2017195348","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9465095,0.0009662399,0.0006486351,0.0025424643,0.0002699682,0.00012705251,0.0000019831525,0.000066287044,0.048867866],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99447,0.00074469444,0.00018954388,0.00023906445,0.00009191038,0.0000052537835,8.0020476e-7,0.0000017504934,0.004256997],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9984733,0.0008009793,0.000103043785,0.00017698246,0.00025816285,0.00018753928],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995875,0.00020680577,0.00003119841,0.00006779102,0.00005112008,0.000055580284],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0029630624,0.00005719641,0.00006547113,0.000074266245,0.001262186,0.000023988106,0.00016576721,0.000106955114,0.00008702895],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006502328,0.00004768162,0.000014095923,0.00044520246,0.002213319,0.00043697213,0.000023154682,0.0001733433,0.000022739363],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000012990326,0.000019620813,0.0068428423,0.0000014453748,6.332217e-7,0.0000018792308,0.054277714,0.00000843388,0.0006513424,0.9377612,0.00007292892,0.00034896447],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00017018546,0.0000831964,0.044038627,0.000026929585,0.0000033050094,0.000013439271,0.032390334,0.00007097978,0.00021182017,0.9134718,0.009325098,0.000194256],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00032441888,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0012255206,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.047960483,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005611133,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00021682223,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9707842},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2020920737","doi":"10.1007/s12064-011-0142-z","title":"An information-theoretic approach to curiosity-driven reinforcement learning","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Statistical Mechanics and Entropy","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":179,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Reinforcement learning; Curiosity; Randomness; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Information theory; Machine learning; Mathematical optimization; Mathematics; Psychology","score_opus":0.010960807614459335,"score_gpt":0.26202378456814757,"score_spread":0.25106297695368823,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2020920737","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.28687054,0.0000055090986,0.6507322,0.000043182095,0.00021353397,0.00018702332,0.000005397798,0.000024419267,0.061918203],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971859,7.5654174e-7,0.0025074473,0.00014380428,0.00007478784,0.000020755717,0.000013338138,0.0000029632715,0.000050241433],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9992062,0.000077985715,0.0001532797,0.00009449001,0.00015782898,0.0003102405],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99962,0.000058978447,0.00004377524,0.00011074859,0.000017587618,0.00014887123],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006067308,0.00008047721,0.00008574792,0.000084996056,0.00013217237,0.000069802685,0.00021439824,0.000015224662,0.000289444],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000028048695,0.00006359914,0.000018706425,0.00022437298,0.00006664279,0.000493401,0.000046473895,0.00008825888,0.000111661466],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000071962972,0.000050728653,0.007001284,0.000002836549,0.00000189679,1.8885782e-8,0.002583329,0.0024860988,0.0001079926,0.98282623,0.000013369885,0.0049190167],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009495417,0.0007306207,0.016231943,0.000069215625,0.000037098376,0.0000017826064,0.035009682,0.39155972,0.0040535065,0.5421027,0.008137128,0.0011170922],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000031827843,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.0286545e-7,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.71031535,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000015223164,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000015237561,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.31692088},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2023664070","doi":"10.1007/s12064-009-0076-x","title":"From molecules to the biosphere: Nikolai V. Timoféeff-Ressovsky’s (1900–1981) research program within a totalitarian landscape","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of King's College","funders":"","keywords":"Philosophy of biology; Biography; Nazism; Soviet union; Nazi Germany; Eugenics; Biosphere; History of science; Sociology; Political science; Environmental ethics; Epistemology; Philosophy; Law; Philosophy of science; Biology; Ecology; Politics","score_opus":0.01945698266678758,"score_gpt":0.3482495317489094,"score_spread":0.3287925490821218,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2023664070","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98569715,0.0009348172,0.0005033411,0.0041292063,0.00024685214,0.0005259043,0.000032802353,0.000032591925,0.007897351],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9945431,0.00005276577,0.0028919682,0.000980442,0.00019563267,0.000042399617,0.000038110757,0.000009170446,0.0012464564],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.997938,0.0004430203,0.00024189896,0.00053279975,0.00037789575,0.0004664319],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991496,0.000053123997,0.000049573013,0.0005287077,0.000088093875,0.00013089886],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00197727,0.00015702116,0.00012709758,0.00008200359,0.00024402974,0.00011682101,0.0008336305,0.00013301898,0.000048368616],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003341154,0.0001056131,0.000053586165,0.00068816106,0.00041852583,0.000007053671,0.00016625701,0.0001816482,0.000054906493],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0010807674,0.0015277282,0.006142684,0.000019304214,0.00008560114,0.000033901964,0.009535876,0.0070333444,0.7580406,0.09785173,0.018908482,0.09973997],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004349444,0.014141172,0.21216571,0.0003905542,0.00008502271,0.00007597874,0.051709075,0.040941224,0.16829008,0.36615905,0.13811795,0.0035747353],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00016242269,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0010738826,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5897505,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000016795428,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00013076795,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.43067774},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2031362687","doi":"10.1007/s12064-012-0154-3","title":"Transformative research: definitions, approaches and consequences","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Ego Development and Educational Practices","field":"Psychology","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Biotechnology Research Institute; University of Guelph","funders":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Institutes of Health; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","keywords":"Serendipity; Transformative learning; Epistemology; Luck; Intuition; Perspective (graphical); Interpersonal communication; Philosophy of biology; Cognitive science; Psychology; Sociology; Philosophy of science; Computer science; Social psychology; Philosophy; Artificial intelligence","score_opus":0.6105607506603142,"score_gpt":0.46670242632128145,"score_spread":0.14385832433903278,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2031362687","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.75560975,0.0016264088,0.000014028417,0.00238208,0.0003145677,0.000096754586,0.000002765746,0.00001177243,0.23994185],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986442,0.0001397809,0.000551864,0.00013279653,0.0000464542,0.000053560074,0.0000022437505,0.000002142258,0.0004269711],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99862325,0.0006238263,0.00012806087,0.00013161455,0.00017594862,0.0003172745],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99841785,0.0013978395,0.000033265835,0.000066113134,0.000019499921,0.000065421846],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0055760616,0.000056649795,0.00006352707,0.00021594124,0.00023760843,0.000041871357,0.00014737381,0.000038632737,0.0005654692],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00019812839,0.000042430143,0.00000856607,0.00041212584,0.0016387632,0.0006408253,0.000017282531,0.00014648277,0.00016891296],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000021175361,0.000096946904,0.02802272,0.0000040981913,0.0000045963825,4.0532126e-7,0.05446075,5.1941456e-8,0.00007911216,0.91365886,0.0002079793,0.0034433275],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00013728546,0.00005266474,0.23995218,0.000019656332,0.0000042259694,0.000031380092,0.27792493,0.0000015210289,0.00056972,0.47753853,0.0036259487,0.00014196288],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004399993,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000017193554,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4361203,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000014318165,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000060983122,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.61914915},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2031975407","doi":"10.1007/s12064-011-0138-8","title":"Darwin without borders? Looking at ‘generalised Darwinism’ through the prism of the ‘hourglass model’","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Evolution and Science Education","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of King's College","funders":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","keywords":"Darwinism; Philosophy of biology; Darwin (ADL); Epistemology; Punctuated equilibrium; Biological evolution; Inheritance (genetic algorithm); Social Darwinism; Sociocultural evolution; Evolutionary economics; Evolutionary biology; Sociology; Computer science; Biology; Philosophy; Neoclassical economics; Philosophy of science; Anthropology; Economics; Law","score_opus":0.08643742218711527,"score_gpt":0.2854910087716541,"score_spread":0.19905358658453887,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2031975407","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.7917478,0.00009677278,0.00019174255,0.0015254773,0.0011632254,0.00019315312,0.0000046971877,0.000022121692,0.20505503],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99368423,0.000012751613,0.00019548439,0.00075590063,0.00007438334,0.000011719159,4.7629337e-7,0.000004720174,0.005260359],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9987961,0.00021135029,0.00023286065,0.00020885673,0.00032049543,0.00023034976],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99937356,0.00007207578,0.00016471649,0.00032291794,0.0000426055,0.000024110941],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0012173742,0.00009991737,0.000105361156,0.000051533894,0.0007755575,0.00006371517,0.00080705516,0.000028283537,0.0008230743],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007575979,0.00004822415,0.000056675617,0.00017111888,0.0023267188,0.00038000988,0.00010612944,0.00009789693,0.000011828289],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000011049396,0.000044225944,0.0017419514,0.0000026550351,0.0000021040637,6.8513415e-8,0.24420302,0.00006165866,0.00074082165,0.7525428,0.0004218775,0.00022780083],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005305246,0.00013488982,0.013840302,0.00012503222,0.00003888323,0.0000050335348,0.22508466,0.014442428,0.014880659,0.7089704,0.021405965,0.0005411677],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00035688697,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0011353806,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.20193642,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003259986,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00013122594,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.90120864},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2032315361","doi":"10.1007/s12064-013-0195-2","title":"At home among strangers: Alfred Russel Wallace in Russia","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Evolution and Science Education","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of King's College","funders":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","keywords":"Evolutionism; Darwinism; Philosophy of biology; Creationism; Darwin (ADL); Modern evolutionary synthesis; Epistemology; Charles darwin; Evolutionary theory; Intelligent design; Philosophy; Environmental ethics; Philosophy of science; Computer science","score_opus":0.023268841975766633,"score_gpt":0.23160273395750752,"score_spread":0.2083338919817409,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2032315361","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9340708,0.00008603632,0.0000017772235,0.0014035841,0.0006709149,0.00015743534,0.0000029906644,0.000029841547,0.06357657],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98379356,0.00001728143,0.000030687628,0.00015794489,0.00007799007,0.000026359688,0.000001997901,0.0000032490088,0.015890962],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989811,0.00011036719,0.00019083929,0.00022677801,0.00020492583,0.000285958],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999636,0.00008923258,0.000056299064,0.00013159898,0.000024947618,0.00006192012],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00079817453,0.000087694956,0.00009787488,0.00023126905,0.00022681477,0.00019758765,0.00032593895,0.000030103865,0.0058772564],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000036239027,0.00006406153,0.000024623587,0.00019790113,0.0009374834,0.00078846107,0.000031452433,0.000074861455,0.00038207645],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000010661206,0.00014191431,0.052993,0.000009798422,0.0000016412409,0.0000014109047,0.14698292,0.000013791138,0.0016360778,0.7933911,0.0028804082,0.001937278],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00043412912,0.00010767162,0.66638595,0.000088528715,0.0000036819745,0.0000026256769,0.12896696,0.0011580506,0.0003946857,0.19518302,0.006782755,0.0004919277],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0022775244,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.015424392,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.61339295,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000115926596,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000457431,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99503154},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2054713827","doi":"10.1016/j.thbio.2004.03.001","title":"Evolution of cell division in bacteria","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Origins and Evolution of Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Cell division; Biology; Division (mathematics); Cell; Bacterial cell structure; Cell biology; Bacteria; Philosophy of biology; Asymmetric cell division; Synthetic biology; Genetics; Computational biology","score_opus":0.006574847593620731,"score_gpt":0.23776362326368924,"score_spread":0.2311887756700685,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2054713827","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99138784,0.000024047316,0.0013111538,0.00004269789,0.00015307502,0.00004637635,0.000008562628,0.0000044158064,0.0070218],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99955946,0.0000014474153,0.00034719217,0.0000052223954,0.000028092596,0.0000019927352,0.0000011814208,0.0000016581441,0.00005372675],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994897,0.00003583543,0.00014654637,0.00011236268,0.00008876221,0.00012678257],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998187,0.00002104811,0.000052257554,0.000077188175,0.00000955701,0.000021250173],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00038590407,0.000049119026,0.00007827964,0.000108153065,0.000028717193,0.000008534357,0.00012615531,0.000014816404,0.00015134341],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000035961189,0.000039766026,0.000022053415,0.000303239,0.00012216662,0.00014449547,0.000024445537,0.00004155888,0.000012310465],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000013280294,0.00026826438,0.3153589,0.0000064015207,7.634194e-7,2.9843528e-7,0.00064552884,0.00084302336,0.07112957,0.61087894,0.0000060661328,0.0008489203],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007111028,0.00009659456,0.5653662,0.00007108159,0.0000017108442,9.684392e-8,0.0026314189,0.00013708045,0.045713216,0.38495022,0.00018203116,0.00013920807],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00043133085,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000021094063,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.2500073,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000036184792,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000060679897,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.16571043},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2055581241","doi":"10.1007/s12064-011-0148-6","title":"Threshold dynamics of a non-autonomous SEIRS model with quarantine and isolation","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models","field":"Medicine","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Mitacs","keywords":"Isolation (microbiology); Basic reproduction number; Quarantine; Population; Epidemic model; Dynamics (music); Biology; Mathematics; Stability theory; Applied mathematics; Reproduction; Control theory (sociology); Demography; Nonlinear system; Computer science; Physics; Ecology; Control (management); Artificial intelligence; Bioinformatics","score_opus":0.020428970517358164,"score_gpt":0.28912458272230845,"score_spread":0.2686956122049503,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2055581241","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.912232,0.00006429213,0.07703629,0.0007670002,0.000020956022,0.00011089414,0.0000015929363,0.000008794103,0.00975822],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99679,0.00001710126,0.0028175402,0.00023826274,0.000009900018,0.000005287917,0.0000013380554,0.0000026965529,0.00011785682],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994125,0.00003596195,0.00018115007,0.00011164342,0.000058993483,0.00019977623],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995363,0.0002409407,0.000051091032,0.000087944725,0.000015069074,0.000068658424],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0013840526,0.00006924029,0.00023753972,0.0000606463,0.000038092432,0.0000016778065,0.000048893442,0.00007560038,0.000039549792],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00010356897,0.000039367187,0.000017528342,0.000112056805,0.0009513399,0.00008455384,0.000021162992,0.00008950967,0.0000023444027],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00018273634,0.00012675788,0.05284242,0.000045244473,0.0000057920997,5.66122e-7,0.0005816662,0.00019310809,0.00033408924,0.9454186,0.0000011047154,0.00026789316],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00026039683,0.00019007489,0.012033206,0.000043789365,0.00002069378,0.000018277631,0.00025382,0.70094395,0.00019470033,0.28599107,4.087863e-7,0.000049604994],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000037734208,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000070063265,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7007508,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000074279565,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000022648053,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.35052514},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2065303459","doi":"10.1007/s12064-009-0057-0","title":"Embryos in evolution: evo-devo at the Naples Zoological Station in 1874","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Protist diversity and phylogeny","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University; Royal Society; Arizona State University","keywords":"Evolutionary developmental biology; Philosophy of biology; Biology; Evolutionary biology; Zoology; Epistemology; Philosophy","score_opus":0.010547762201958872,"score_gpt":0.24843392335409054,"score_spread":0.23788616115213165,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2065303459","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99691206,0.0006459262,0.00007594108,0.0005265834,0.00006453356,0.00013634564,0.000008391628,0.000003931129,0.001626289],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992175,0.00007728362,0.000056839126,0.00036375117,0.000024839108,0.000005204924,0.000010731201,0.0000010911978,0.00024275116],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991525,0.00021673631,0.00011882617,0.00022475862,0.000100255274,0.00018692354],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99977016,0.000034712968,0.00003430749,0.00012820134,0.0000116972615,0.00002092815],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007938883,0.00006946796,0.00006962949,0.00005987767,0.00008633199,0.000013662583,0.00028885851,0.00008239183,0.00004077534],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000118367854,0.000048561393,0.000022622982,0.00027021882,0.00030881847,0.000007564057,0.00007596914,0.000072656934,0.000011223467],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00053895346,0.00027612978,0.5416177,0.000007770801,0.000004312115,0.000023858505,0.0012447974,0.00063016376,0.3988057,0.05072893,0.0003221716,0.0057995357],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00030286497,0.00023255085,0.94170433,0.000011014478,0.0000014509359,0.0000054687703,0.0008640261,0.00006120419,0.017911192,0.038501963,0.00029006402,0.00011385994],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005781605,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0012144385,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.40008667,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000038948532,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000043101492,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.19802761},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2077488043","doi":"10.1007/s12064-009-0071-2","title":"Scherrer and Jost’s symposium: the gene concept in 2008","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Biology; Gene; Genetics; Context (archaeology); Function (biology); Genome; GenBank; Sequence (biology); Computational biology","score_opus":0.008274841704559806,"score_gpt":0.24120325397132947,"score_spread":0.23292841226676966,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2077488043","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99300414,0.0027559097,0.00019474285,0.0015909459,0.00009398452,0.0001504547,0.0000024183846,0.0000046379037,0.002202756],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980114,0.0005104915,0.00027217064,0.0008404606,0.000047486512,0.000007653382,0.0000013152614,0.0000028824288,0.0003061307],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99921894,0.00016918167,0.00011446379,0.0002286614,0.00008517747,0.0001835742],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99973136,0.000027573687,0.000032749354,0.00016904064,0.0000094556335,0.000029795741],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007933787,0.00008327954,0.000077648525,0.000037096812,0.00006851758,0.000027298887,0.00024997175,0.00007047929,0.000017522234],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000058334932,0.00005301384,0.000018457053,0.0001336514,0.00026645578,0.0000056918584,0.000038579292,0.000049633294,0.000002850442],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002735586,0.000019845167,0.0005831931,7.3808866e-7,0.0000012448724,0.000002138141,0.00025289986,0.000011136975,0.987092,0.0060556657,0.000043058637,0.0059106825],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00020157448,0.000207298,0.008130316,0.000014268593,0.000002250806,0.000013209644,0.0004995576,0.000023111774,0.97202253,0.01695444,0.0017967413,0.00013472338],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000124785265,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000020120948,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.015069533,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000034207155,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000029639064,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.21618415},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2086234822","doi":"10.1007/s12064-009-0061-4","title":"Evolution of gametophytic apomixis in flowering plants: an alternative model from Maloid Rosaceae","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Plant Taxonomy and Phylogenetics","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":35,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Royal Ontario Museum","funders":"","keywords":"Apomixis; Biology; Polyploid; Endosperm; Ploidy; Plant evolution; Sexual reproduction; Evolutionary biology; Asexual reproduction; Botany; Ovule; Plant reproduction; Phyletic gradualism; Pollination; Genetics; Phylogenetics; Genome; Pollen","score_opus":0.023307028027205863,"score_gpt":0.2243284224760932,"score_spread":0.20102139444888734,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2086234822","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9987261,0.00019785367,0.00009833582,0.000048640017,0.00007776112,0.00009248212,0.00010720157,0.000011809606,0.00063977577],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99945086,0.00006190472,0.0003558786,0.000060492304,0.000047064284,0.000002623205,0.000010799922,2.4749977e-7,0.00001012061],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99909794,0.000111697016,0.00020048447,0.00024856476,0.00013676853,0.00020456295],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99966705,0.00015651007,0.0000746237,0.000048501104,0.000008696975,0.00004462434],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004388494,0.000094585266,0.00014879015,0.000038192862,0.00004650915,0.000018270946,0.00037349318,0.000055854984,0.000024680188],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000029596707,0.00004129886,0.000025579708,0.00029627598,0.00012169008,0.00018151487,0.000023860319,0.00007485715,0.0000025733475],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00012482471,0.00018205747,0.012690286,0.0000011748799,0.0000015966292,0.0000040671066,0.00059943256,0.005650442,0.93869454,0.0048980266,0.0000014666333,0.037152093],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00022671986,0.00050845905,0.5786317,0.00008424353,0.0000035618843,0.0000024560327,0.0017699309,0.062329404,0.07455468,0.28157434,0.000025589821,0.00028892243],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00040543315,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0014567313,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.86413985,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000032570762,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000012698102,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.16841187},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2086411550","doi":"10.1016/j.thbio.2005.04.002","title":"The Big Bang, Superstring Theory and the origin of life on the Earth","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Origins and Evolution of Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Superstring theory; Philosophy of biology; Earth (classical element); Ultimate fate of the universe; Biology; Evolutionary biology; Astrobiology; Theoretical physics; Philosophy; Epistemology; Physics; Philosophy of science; Astronomy; Cosmology; Physical cosmology; Mathematical physics","score_opus":0.0156533852079284,"score_gpt":0.24524711867390414,"score_spread":0.22959373346597575,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2086411550","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9739696,0.0003388645,0.00011268083,0.004263119,0.00018869626,0.00013820519,0.000009439288,0.0000075592598,0.020971859],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99858904,0.000047608035,0.000013228252,0.00029999315,0.0002686965,0.00000980925,2.3622452e-7,0.0000033406911,0.00076805655],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9989047,0.0004160986,0.00017338757,0.00013261026,0.00017606902,0.00019710357],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979058,0.0017512712,0.00007412178,0.00021856523,0.000015440579,0.000034796223],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0037430453,0.00008789786,0.00010425047,0.000034379795,0.0004549858,0.00007082125,0.00038683822,0.0000145251115,0.00012665355],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007983153,0.000033299846,0.00005022153,0.00021554252,0.0014770535,0.00007245707,0.000053713407,0.00012519993,0.000012676523],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007347008,0.000018502933,0.0049030543,7.4424827e-7,0.00000749952,2.5803846e-8,0.00075928646,0.00003475901,0.00008512281,0.9840779,0.00008183065,0.00995785],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002435051,0.00020540123,0.030455567,0.00010716753,0.00003705343,0.0000012513709,0.05587289,0.0018081742,0.007873008,0.7463603,0.15437545,0.00046870523],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006700085,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000024906903,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.23771757,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000053906288,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006448205,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5442265},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2112571783","doi":"10.1007/s12064-013-0183-6","title":"A mathematical model of avian influenza with half-saturated incidence","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models","field":"Medicine","cited_by":66,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph; University of Ottawa","funders":"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu; Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia; National Science Council","keywords":"Influenza A virus subtype H5N1; Outbreak; Basic reproduction number; Vaccination; Biology; Virology; Transmission (telecommunications); Epidemic model; Veterinary medicine; Virus; Environmental health; Medicine; Computer science; Population","score_opus":0.036629429702084174,"score_gpt":0.3039951789926117,"score_spread":0.26736574929052753,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2112571783","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9622491,0.000028952436,0.016719192,0.0011086431,0.000011912962,0.0002945915,9.076554e-7,0.000026344353,0.01956038],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9926033,0.000005147511,0.005911787,0.001182455,0.00000634342,0.00003603211,4.68407e-7,0.000004461459,0.0002499859],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99884504,0.000121416735,0.00037858431,0.00021568153,0.00015115782,0.00028811366],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99879706,0.0007233088,0.000082976185,0.00020168381,0.00006898503,0.00012601561],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0012597834,0.000117208416,0.00041371834,0.000093175346,0.000046943616,0.000005808578,0.00017338489,0.0001263078,0.00088618026],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009097902,0.000061854145,0.00003913377,0.0002648914,0.002006075,0.00013029098,0.000044426968,0.00018360207,0.0000992037],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00013177811,0.00017561426,0.0035878324,0.00007968859,0.000009519134,0.0000036262782,0.0004867729,0.0001515538,0.0028948323,0.9922636,0.000006985444,0.00020819943],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00028204022,0.00023962613,0.002962002,0.0001555108,0.000017993212,0.000026713493,0.0002888296,0.16950195,0.0014405916,0.82500714,7.027355e-7,0.00007689913],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000014659656,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000045393317,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1693504,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000010679802,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000068686415,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9703052},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2408576896","doi":"10.1007/s12064-016-0229-7","title":"Defining and simulating open-ended novelty: requirements, guidelines, and challenges","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":91,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Governo Brasil; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Novelty; Computer science; Philosophy of biology; Variation (astronomy); Data science; Architecture; Software engineering; Systems engineering; Artificial intelligence; Epistemology; Engineering","score_opus":0.41999871087580365,"score_gpt":0.4575628301930529,"score_spread":0.037564119317249234,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2408576896","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9306861,0.00606776,0.0051323646,0.02260965,0.0014571465,0.00046072094,0.000031933294,0.0000926465,0.033461656],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9936941,0.00042387945,0.0044902386,0.0003547189,0.00002752933,0.0000041314574,4.103826e-7,0.0000040061195,0.0010009833],"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9968831,0.00030380263,0.0006320249,0.0010396555,0.00081367494,0.0003277289],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99648565,0.0024757695,0.00021524378,0.0006114122,0.000112181515,0.00009975816],"candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.023932893,0.0001326535,0.00021975976,0.00033887872,0.000317113,0.0007902678,0.0014314913,0.000033309563,0.000086888314],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009233189,0.0000715908,0.000017022048,0.0006106661,0.00052923214,0.0009356134,0.0020299165,0.000042339914,0.000028519997],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000018206209,0.000022392182,0.008796538,0.0000040768314,0.000002878942,0.0000033365936,0.0005681359,0.000012459062,0.0010343514,0.20688775,0.0006819845,0.7819679],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0014904375,0.0001738937,0.07676587,0.0003957599,0.000009847415,0.000011825667,0.012778266,0.00830911,0.0004641223,0.8466091,0.05245997,0.00053179404],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003052987,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00012455326,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7814361,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000017244829,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003738856,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991125},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2887516452","doi":"10.1007/s12064-019-00306-1","title":"When few survive to tell the tale: thymus and gonad as auditioning organs: historical overview","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Transgenic Plants and Applications","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Biology; Gamete; Gametogenesis; Gene; Genetics; Immune system; Function (biology); Gonad; Cell biology; Sperm; Endocrinology; Embryogenesis","score_opus":0.02118881404853054,"score_gpt":0.2785109602414825,"score_spread":0.2573221461929519,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2887516452","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9680193,0.017870115,0.0015717992,0.0041955127,0.0010064059,0.00085310277,0.00026045903,0.000022933466,0.0062003406],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9920922,0.004338092,0.0002628936,0.00091522676,0.000120086275,0.000060632083,0.000053595602,0.000010312854,0.0021469928],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","domain_scores_codex":[0.99882084,0.00012803964,0.00018251804,0.000521196,0.00014391648,0.00020349435],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99935573,0.00007016031,0.00008140967,0.00039778659,0.000028689914,0.00006623872],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00062953983,0.00016407574,0.00016947581,0.000044734184,0.00013131148,0.00006258369,0.00057893776,0.00015635048,0.00006607802],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008585549,0.000112484646,0.000048363494,0.00011550069,0.00019755369,0.0000036781346,0.00035115544,0.00018158696,0.000027464952],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00041835825,0.0007285543,0.010142673,0.0006395766,0.00028688594,0.000020970061,0.010300776,0.000840582,0.7250037,0.12584925,0.03352134,0.092247285],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00069371023,0.0005441603,0.047839157,0.00055470417,0.00013040807,0.0000925132,0.0020771655,0.00010308214,0.042657427,0.13183096,0.7717105,0.0017662165],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002470132,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00030847642,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.73818916,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003360343,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00016408086,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.45869908},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2913305954","doi":"10.1007/s12064-019-00290-6","title":"A mathematical solution to Peto’s paradox using Polya’s urn model: implications for the aetiology of cancer in general","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Diabetes and associated disorders","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Philosophy of biology; Cancer; Mechanism (biology); Biology; Organism; Function (biology); Immunology; Ageing; Immune system; Genetics; Epistemology; Philosophy","score_opus":0.019247769594513322,"score_gpt":0.3278699467455321,"score_spread":0.3086221771510188,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2913305954","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99260235,0.00034345637,0.0055746757,0.0009182587,0.000056578818,0.000284263,0.000033297398,0.0000020002888,0.00018509767],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987827,0.000051426316,0.000765461,0.00022743929,0.000015261463,0.000050369985,0.000003152361,0.000003957088,0.00010025374],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.9994328,0.000037820577,0.00014058911,0.00016141478,0.000040346058,0.00018704514],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997369,0.000043374337,0.00005127942,0.00012683401,0.000023160519,0.000018461971],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00043151397,0.00005566934,0.00009191179,0.000043328087,0.000036904832,0.0000068347067,0.00019430525,0.00005271805,0.000008410787],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000612045,0.00003883223,0.00003541922,0.00014036708,0.000113833055,0.0000036327367,0.000044916847,0.000026145672,8.602685e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003941347,0.000067291476,0.025399411,0.000009685751,0.000009549132,1.3444435e-8,0.00024229019,0.027408209,0.904027,0.04081784,0.000028289713,0.0019510189],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0019240406,0.0007109706,0.111555174,0.0001336652,0.000067793786,0.000002605326,0.0033348042,0.46029198,0.09761776,0.32311797,0.00049353414,0.00074969005],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000065360226,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000240138,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.80640924,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000014302015,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007656787,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.15835324},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2920845278","doi":"10.1007/s12064-019-00286-2","title":"Ernst Haeckel and the philosophy of sponges","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Cape Breton University","funders":"","keywords":"Philosophy of biology; Monism; Sponge; Criticism; Philosophy; Epistemology; Biology; Monophyly; History of science; Natural (archaeology); Philosophy of science; Natural philosophy; Paleontology; Literature; Art; Phylogenetics","score_opus":0.006755874778286908,"score_gpt":0.18503666901144736,"score_spread":0.17828079423316046,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2920845278","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9499415,0.00027413297,7.284415e-7,0.0007359859,0.00025893984,0.000099106954,0.000004631277,0.0000052903597,0.04867969],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99926627,0.00009949471,0.000024477644,0.0004046088,0.000020125195,5.2691934e-7,0.0000018926256,5.2415584e-7,0.00018208672],"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.9993118,0.00020759342,0.00011969915,0.00014900483,0.00006948995,0.00014239218],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992588,0.00054939097,0.00005445649,0.00010889652,0.0000075242824,0.000020941909],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0010746465,0.00005815788,0.00014475235,0.000056854275,0.000059562954,0.000007839022,0.00025856475,0.000034896904,0.0020646185],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000050100334,0.000030283327,0.000018738954,0.00016700097,0.0014759883,0.000104417886,0.000024062398,0.000069572416,0.000102872305],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00021523797,0.0000083637,0.85666454,0.000012727862,0.0000039878005,9.5236334e-7,0.00041466483,0.00006545338,0.00010692206,0.13716182,0.000010355973,0.005334961],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002945045,0.00008235201,0.6633582,0.0000054409725,0.0000021592332,0.0000039670676,0.0003676845,0.002442029,0.0001117041,0.3332241,0.000060362345,0.000047497007],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004406742,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008677186,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.19606225,"about_ca_system_score_codex":5.39998e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000017831593,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9988476},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2921304167","doi":"10.1007/s12064-019-00288-0","title":"Evolutionary ethics and Haeckelian monism: the case of Heinrich Schmidt’s Harmonie (1931)","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of King's College","funders":"","keywords":"Monism; Philosophy; Epistemology; Philosophy of biology; Ideology; Philosophy of science; Law; Politics","score_opus":0.05935568241612191,"score_gpt":0.2657222043379822,"score_spread":0.2063665219218603,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2921304167","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9144343,0.0013631564,0.0000021743317,0.0035259603,0.000608724,0.00013129818,0.0000146652455,0.000017971755,0.07990175],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977371,0.000075075615,0.000050202212,0.00047928715,0.00006442057,0.0000039631122,3.441595e-7,0.000002960912,0.0015866072],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9990416,0.00019384315,0.0001686234,0.0002239691,0.00019446308,0.0001774643],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99921644,0.00042326408,0.00008330376,0.00018780342,0.0000500205,0.000039199294],"candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0019015071,0.00008780044,0.00011485098,0.00012620735,0.00082051597,0.00006649907,0.00036016863,0.000039660903,0.00039205467],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007150384,0.000054876316,0.000028773798,0.00012384776,0.004914262,0.0003809177,0.00007697068,0.00026246818,0.000043688327],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000012768852,0.000029937539,0.0003020737,0.000018238963,0.0000020024004,0.00001666039,0.04700044,0.0000055794476,0.00064466003,0.95111084,0.00007927528,0.0007775243],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00027153315,0.0003473886,0.0021117206,0.000094673036,0.000013883353,0.00012783201,0.07743171,0.0006321024,0.00040396414,0.8873536,0.030910315,0.00030130017],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00043955506,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00047422922,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.08330283,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000017524833,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000843973,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9977938},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2966620931","doi":"10.1007/s12064-019-00297-z","title":"Dynamics of a non-smooth epidemic model with three thresholds","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":true,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Epidemic model; A priori and a posteriori; Limiting; Piecewise; Applied mathematics; Mathematics; Disease transmission; Monotonic function; Basic reproduction number; Computer science; Mathematical optimization; Demography; Biology; Mathematical analysis; Population","score_opus":0.1164860421477647,"score_gpt":0.3857832781665011,"score_spread":0.2692972360187364,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W2966620931","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.95846266,0.00007196633,0.03317114,0.00089362665,0.000055344026,0.00035482927,0.0000110337,0.000041947886,0.006937461],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98933935,0.000034638135,0.01005062,0.00029231794,0.0000092385735,0.00001696837,5.40598e-7,0.0000089883515,0.0002473154],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9984535,0.000115885196,0.0004099941,0.00037718285,0.00028437964,0.0003590439],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99611217,0.0031696064,0.00023140995,0.00039754875,0.000043901873,0.000045349636],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0034037202,0.00017478534,0.00051697163,0.00010877033,0.000060682523,0.000008643917,0.0005940372,0.000084907806,0.00004894803],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001130909,0.00010087806,0.0000632532,0.00048132383,0.00077370775,0.00012260363,0.00019633518,0.00015637343,0.000013100198],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000086079795,0.00009431771,0.2688288,0.000112789654,0.000011443424,0.0000013872763,0.000532093,0.0034148197,0.0005892608,0.7255575,0.00004696175,0.00072454015],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00020066834,0.00017052251,0.012908082,0.00010575026,0.000009406818,9.2626567e-7,0.000577605,0.1607293,0.000083673454,0.82507116,0.0000029286934,0.00013995117],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000070062284,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0015257817,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.25592074,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000080711834,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006828945,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4113688},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3097432561","doi":"10.1007/s12064-022-00373-x","title":"First principles of terrestrial life: exemplars for potential extra-terrestrial biology","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Origins and Evolution of Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Tellabs (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Philosophy of biology; Biology; Exaptation; Adaptation (eye); Evolutionary biology; Paleobiology; Ecology; Environmental ethics; Paleontology; Epistemology; Philosophy; Philosophy of science","score_opus":0.032826218176852245,"score_gpt":0.28587179350966746,"score_spread":0.25304557533281524,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3097432561","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9929867,0.000052303498,0.0027535427,0.00047290776,0.002164066,0.00029347977,0.00033697922,0.000013363927,0.0009266766],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998879,0.000003168929,0.0003081731,0.000021850487,0.00054091535,0.000069936665,0.000023808321,0.0000050934536,0.00014803247],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99891424,0.00013810929,0.00031341222,0.00023786008,0.00013860228,0.0002578033],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994667,0.00017163139,0.00016711335,0.00013273784,0.000007888988,0.00005391786],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008765924,0.00009687191,0.00018214718,0.00012360839,0.00035932226,0.000019289284,0.00038151967,0.000023267727,0.00064665015],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003148876,0.000084067724,0.00010341708,0.00021051493,0.00029740197,0.000083082945,0.00011942308,0.00008806044,0.0000016381064],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.001322471,0.00064721925,0.07155599,0.000013396132,0.000048266404,0.0000013161975,0.0009205859,0.009006088,0.004987785,0.9076352,0.000855814,0.0030058466],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.013727937,0.003451365,0.018413814,0.00006850571,0.00011581212,0.000005771054,0.013898945,0.02592566,0.0060667554,0.515176,0.401672,0.001477441],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00020266516,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000010345523,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4008162,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000022017271,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00016993831,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7080366},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3107756774","doi":"10.1007/s12064-020-00333-3","title":"Quantifying simultaneous innovations in evolutionary medicine","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Kellogg's (Canada)","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Philosophy of biology; Metadata; Perspective (graphical); Data science; Field (mathematics); Citation; Knowledge management; Citation analysis; Work (physics); Computer science; Sociology; Epistemology; Philosophy of science; World Wide Web; Artificial intelligence; Engineering","score_opus":0.03225892509118304,"score_gpt":0.30870259800144395,"score_spread":0.2764436729102609,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3107756774","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.99012774,0.0007001177,0.0030818332,0.0034304424,0.00012568099,0.00010579518,0.0000062655977,0.000012959665,0.0024091578],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99768704,0.00011235611,0.0005772606,0.0014163697,0.00007188847,0.0000040607797,0.00002173819,0.0000040374157,0.00010524396],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","domain_scores_codex":[0.999219,0.00007922528,0.0001958686,0.00024066036,0.000109132736,0.00015610462],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999736,0.000047527083,0.000039274182,0.0001013051,0.00003254034,0.000043329113],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00035032144,0.00007340557,0.00008209499,0.000082679195,0.000048966966,0.0000054476754,0.00020445556,0.0000570568,0.000038553375],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00072498055,0.00006331031,0.000013945299,0.0006409,0.0003292673,0.0000037347925,0.000060104667,0.00006796132,0.0000083709165],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00016767989,0.00012256722,0.076195,0.00002909105,0.000008059166,0.000019417803,0.0017876656,0.022226296,0.8216005,0.07309539,0.0007313702,0.00401698],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00597248,0.0037128231,0.3299645,0.00031176544,0.00003101486,0.00009216443,0.027895585,0.5013252,0.020790672,0.054979548,0.052616455,0.0023078113],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001766392,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00017631511,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8008098,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000010967639,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000061684514,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.25817195},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3161635527","doi":"10.1007/s12064-021-00344-8","title":"Nutrient supply, cell spatial correlation and Gompertzian tumor growth","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Mathematical Biology Tumor Growth","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Institute of Particle Physics","funders":"Regione Siciliana","keywords":"Gompertz function; Constraint (computer-aided design); Nutrient; Mitosis; Biology; Mathematics; Statistics; Cell biology; Ecology","score_opus":0.015401549933364097,"score_gpt":0.2598888973347097,"score_spread":0.24448734740134562,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3161635527","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98296124,0.00013509979,0.003293899,0.0004709701,0.00022503856,0.00018795615,0.000009760736,0.000050397008,0.01266566],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9953341,0.000022302844,0.0040227324,0.00018152733,0.00003634,0.000013420564,0.0000029836747,0.000008318199,0.00037831225],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.99854183,0.00029767075,0.0003091637,0.0003540225,0.00021217685,0.00028512912],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984218,0.0011391462,0.00010125127,0.000198125,0.000052261534,0.000087441425],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0011030406,0.0001426924,0.00023612627,0.00009748455,0.00011006861,0.000044109875,0.00020342722,0.00006166163,0.000346604],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001232969,0.00010861787,0.00003580377,0.00034523584,0.0004939336,0.000108826825,0.00012637196,0.00014082185,0.000033490825],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000020363108,0.00022220689,0.012033201,0.000093135954,0.0000025608606,0.000043259868,0.0012253337,2.066562e-7,0.007341733,0.97871697,0.00009126319,0.0002097528],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000320126,0.00007603459,0.0048248847,0.000056571105,0.000011754639,0.000053753247,0.0012833767,0.0006087787,0.044713285,0.94784504,0.000042450873,0.0001639349],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001680331,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000052038078,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.03737155,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000027844546,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000066554814,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.44293082},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3192860011","doi":"10.1007/s12064-010-0089-5","title":"Saltational symbiosis","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Insect symbiosis and bacterial influences","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Symbiosis; Philosophy of biology; Biology; Evolutionary biology; Philosophy; Epistemology; Paleontology; Philosophy of science","score_opus":0.006754141931430121,"score_gpt":0.20684601263966265,"score_spread":0.20009187070823253,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W3192860011","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9939887,0.000015016463,2.2359309e-7,0.000852631,0.0006412622,0.00007727215,0.000015667523,0.00003904071,0.004370208],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990891,0.0000075397397,0.00010328278,0.00048535716,0.00020674508,0.000010093773,0.0000062330964,3.1131742e-7,0.00009131411],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99908686,0.00007380728,0.00017466626,0.00023805392,0.00018259256,0.00024403745],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995276,0.00028963445,0.00005507401,0.00003951928,0.000031849242,0.00005635516],"candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00087428786,0.00009130814,0.00009838112,0.000022556605,0.00019723995,0.000100804195,0.00038690938,0.000070727656,0.0020121094],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00012589019,0.00003108589,0.000041783234,0.0004717092,0.00032220402,0.00022265848,0.00003951054,0.00012026179,0.00006634224],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000010804001,0.000042257332,0.025069,6.744432e-7,7.680952e-7,7.9369016e-7,0.00008336233,1.1487918e-7,0.9222203,0.040172502,0.000021471345,0.012377955],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006678174,0.00012084533,0.87435305,0.000010346636,0.0000021272363,0.000006451888,0.000533045,0.000013380183,0.07855424,0.04369781,0.0024387403,0.00020318497],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001633736,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0015501182,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.84928405,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000053395033,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000011326657,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9989002},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4255131152","doi":"10.1007/s12064-000-0013-5","title":"A hypothesis for the evolution of sex","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"St. Francis Xavier University","funders":"","keywords":"Philosophy of biology; Biology; Evolutionary biology; Evolution of sexual reproduction; Biological evolution; Life history; Ecology; Epistemology; Genetics; Gene","score_opus":0.008364251225226747,"score_gpt":0.2435991773751855,"score_spread":0.23523492614995875,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4255131152","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.9907836,0.00076613866,0.0046259947,0.00016860415,0.000055856126,0.00014604622,0.000013224222,0.0000034797833,0.0034370862],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99675906,0.00015030162,0.00052469305,0.000085224456,0.000029552597,0.000012898121,0.0000014302725,0.0000025542706,0.0024342777],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9995721,0.000045434004,0.00009580676,0.00012330746,0.00005956037,0.00010381884],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997419,0.000060041257,0.000024893663,0.00014453573,0.000015375364,0.000013239057],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005130778,0.00004343925,0.00004633416,0.000021706339,0.000055792712,0.000004832371,0.00019962546,0.00003646628,0.00005039059],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007083125,0.000028473063,0.000035310302,0.00010990321,0.00028573303,0.0000014642451,0.000013419893,0.000015563899,0.0000025564098],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00047010183,0.00023636575,0.0093510775,0.000028928838,0.000036039793,2.3502263e-7,0.0009364798,0.0068737594,0.712139,0.046870295,0.00065056706,0.22240712],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00327833,0.0025951897,0.24924235,0.00007536958,0.00010068026,0.000036662528,0.019630738,0.060981072,0.2855751,0.29775345,0.07949205,0.001239002],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001770193,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006920836,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.42656392,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000077788,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004374592,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.11610978},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4256724748","doi":"10.1007/s12064-000-0009-1","title":"Self-organised criticality in a genetic model of species-species interaction","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"St. Francis Xavier University","funders":"","keywords":"Criticality; Biology; Evolutionary biology; Extinction (optical mineralogy); Population; Statistical physics; Self-organized criticality; Lineage (genetic); Ecology; Physics; Genetics; Paleontology","score_opus":0.012578603345921865,"score_gpt":0.2595270050350067,"score_spread":0.24694840168908483,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4256724748","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.98648614,0.0001170316,0.0013182628,0.00010105939,0.000057489004,0.00009028886,0.000012142204,0.000007847224,0.011809771],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99617714,0.0003897777,0.002107442,0.00013104995,0.000023978813,0.000004354131,0.0000053280387,0.0000046109217,0.0011563494],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","domain_scores_codex":[0.99909115,0.000117335796,0.00024141879,0.00024485064,0.0001221915,0.00018304092],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99969274,0.000020817275,0.00003308005,0.00018811437,0.000028142931,0.00003710018],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00037919835,0.00008763057,0.000109245324,0.00007165729,0.000030654068,0.00001244762,0.00021809917,0.00007191364,0.0002125289],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000062674,0.00008025519,0.000035890025,0.00021063491,0.000312802,0.0000059466724,0.000037629838,0.0000597395,0.0000066502103],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.00020957006,0.0005039716,0.016288696,0.00003983345,0.000009069157,0.0000022319448,0.0010355314,0.015745364,0.94747204,0.016483523,0.000065561355,0.0021446152],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0021425793,0.0008933195,0.38634768,0.00009396177,0.000029161205,0.00002835233,0.0048161377,0.28942072,0.2547688,0.055883057,0.0045468602,0.0010293791],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000011408649,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00017381638,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.69270325,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000021907024,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006728442,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.32727116},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4293920046","doi":"10.1007/s12064-022-00378-6","title":"The shadow of “the Eclipse of Darwinism”: the problem of evolutionary mechanisms in Republican China, 1910s–1930s","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"History of Science and Medicine","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"China Scholarship Council","keywords":"Darwinism; China; Philosophy of biology; Period (music); Shadow (psychology); Eclipse; Assertion; Sociology; Political science; Environmental ethics; Epistemology; Law; Philosophy; Psychology; Philosophy of science; Aesthetics","score_opus":0.015199330659656955,"score_gpt":0.2170380721178998,"score_spread":0.20183874145824285,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4293920046","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.87968266,0.0006382599,0.0000036578126,0.0072942157,0.0012908964,0.0005294345,0.00005109068,0.000010676508,0.110499114],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9962893,0.00002189577,0.000030868327,0.00018909802,0.00005414637,0.000027893035,6.2892104e-7,0.0000027999417,0.0033833485],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9983388,0.00033434664,0.00038149723,0.00016699125,0.00058411143,0.00019422421],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991278,0.00022635292,0.0002824717,0.00029987318,0.000042883483,0.000020587126],"candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0041057593,0.00007374247,0.00015195538,0.00013406,0.0007795585,0.000012286091,0.001215247,0.00001309918,0.0008953897],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00010153187,0.00003358365,0.00005812225,0.00041565302,0.004542338,0.00014002432,0.00020196271,0.00016734928,5.270517e-7],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000261727,0.000084286185,0.00028275393,0.000010012215,0.0000022027527,3.8718034e-7,0.060819756,0.000040043193,0.0014520444,0.9348505,0.0008942944,0.0015375445],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00034872265,0.0006195129,0.010083417,0.0000983952,0.000013377587,0.0000065780355,0.22979021,0.0002076046,0.0010572501,0.66514814,0.0924869,0.00013985718],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00065833295,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0013894493,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.26970235,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003809532,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00021778917,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99816674},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4391320256","doi":"10.1007/s12064-024-00412-9","title":"Speciation, natural selection, and networks: three historians versus theoretical population geneticists","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Geneticist; Natural selection; Darwin (ADL); Philosophy of biology; Population; Genealogy; Context (archaeology); Epistemology; Evolutionary biology; Biology; History; Sociology; Philosophy; Genetics; Philosophy of science; Demography; Paleontology","score_opus":0.019242436408769322,"score_gpt":0.23421283505220675,"score_spread":0.21497039864343742,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4391320256","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.8752971,0.00797531,0.00054666447,0.0021375977,0.02026304,0.0002739972,0.0000101481655,0.00028715786,0.09320895],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984654,0.000037860926,0.00004963167,0.000071171584,0.0009686636,0.000004422526,0.0000021071069,0.0000045680567,0.00039613782],"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","domain_scores_codex":[0.9991613,0.000055568187,0.00014704613,0.0002702209,0.00018935985,0.00017649459],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996734,0.0001679772,0.000027280064,0.00006480305,0.00002773996,0.000038777573],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00061109225,0.000089640576,0.00008336065,0.00016021049,0.00043251493,0.00023777592,0.00015617255,0.000028645694,0.0004410992],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000054633056,0.00007040692,0.000023979612,0.00015890032,0.0015121481,0.000385943,0.000021151054,0.00010047916,0.000012576453],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000031045605,0.000009210787,0.00020192658,0.0000052498663,0.000002238794,0.0000014168526,0.004505692,0.00003671845,0.000037801856,0.9920757,0.00012883301,0.0029641653],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001526491,0.00016539416,0.005033291,0.000044944405,0.000014953762,0.0000046257433,0.0006847416,0.017874196,0.000011580321,0.9554581,0.020331351,0.00022414395],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005778131,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0029308966,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1231683,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009469854,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000027439206,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5571573},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4405075731","doi":"10.1007/s12064-024-00429-0","title":"A new symbiotic, holistic and gradualist model proposal for the concept of “living organism”","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory in Biosciences","topic":"Gene Regulatory Network Analysis","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"route_ca_aff":true,"route_ca_fund":false,"route_ca_venue":false,"route_about_ca":false,"ca_institutions":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique; Collège Montmorency","funders":"","keywords":"Organism; Living systems; Living cell; Philosophy of biology; Context (archaeology); Pluralism (philosophy); Epistemology; Biology; Confusion; Ecology; Cognitive science; Psychology; Philosophy of science; Philosophy; Genetics","score_opus":0.015274599769298583,"score_gpt":0.27776910473053845,"score_spread":0.2624945049612399,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","prediction":{"id":"W4405075731","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated","genre_scores_codex":[0.87792486,0.013468519,0.10679155,0.0009255627,0.00029282854,0.00038056358,0.000030695785,0.000018723289,0.00016668875],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973364,0.00009768497,0.0018357623,0.000051865456,0.00008437618,0.0000051442858,0.0000021034273,0.000007830617,0.0005788659],"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","domain_scores_codex":[0.99931294,0.00005390882,0.00013790892,0.0002513525,0.000093563656,0.00015034548],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99957293,0.00017187712,0.00003392045,0.0001621097,0.000022679802,0.000036485377],"candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00060868217,0.00008531315,0.00010114018,0.000043583543,0.0000723683,0.000044772405,0.00021825181,0.000047239362,0.00000873902],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00017833684,0.000054613607,0.000046644473,0.00020654449,0.00043947416,0.0000046732325,0.00007986959,0.00003444605,4.0323218e-7],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"study_design_scores_codex":[0.000041155545,0.000033830354,0.00078335596,0.000081159626,0.00009881196,0.0000011836802,0.0019925828,0.0059801047,0.6859124,0.29593047,0.0014029087,0.0077420706],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00040558682,0.0007056103,0.0024455106,0.00043855648,0.00045128295,0.000045058754,0.0052994327,0.25893813,0.49628878,0.23325883,0.0009220361,0.00080118736],"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000013972894,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006032851,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.25295803,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000058344485,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00021983043,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.22270782},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}