{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":864,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":133,"predictions_cover":864,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"ed32b203643b","filters":{"topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism"}},"results":[{"id":"W1554365104","doi":"10.21913/ijei.v1i1.14","title":"Cheating among college and university students: A North American perspective","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal for Educational Integrity","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":444,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Cheating; Academic integrity; Perspective (graphical); Academic dishonesty; Higher education; Psychology; Mathematics education; Medical education; Political science; Sociology; Social psychology; Medicine; Law; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Donald L. McCabe","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02158579628489146,"gpt":0.3815879098520392,"spread":0.3600021135671478,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004428959,0.0002467972,0.0005901376,0.003596452,0.01206873,0.005917789,0.001048071,0.003976302,0.006479625],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008058782,0.0002824453,0.0004008382,0.005220628,0.006317228,0.006018645,0.002921036,0.004639326,0.0005160251],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.008080763,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.006943815,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1709415,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.4090026,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9955356,0.00219754,0.0001935911,0.0003334456,0.0007464458,0.0009933939],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9851589,0.005793468,0.002386047,0.0003126525,0.002852948,0.003496008],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001992365,0.0009226388,0.5158656,0.0004821213,0.0001048007,0.003386828,0.3144575,0.0001165099,0.0007047841,0.02963401,0.04331321,0.09081283],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001746546,0.0002280707,0.4767551,0.0008150105,0.00006127023,0.001340961,0.4593289,0.0001625604,0.000179297,0.004104664,0.05694062,0.00006610187],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6676853,0.01689828,0.0002510387,0.2578129,0.0006593782,0.00003289031,0.0002041076,0.00001036808,0.0564458],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.93968,0.0192187,0.0001469243,0.03536632,0.001054345,0.00002405659,0.00007152219,0.00001148065,0.004426603],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9960237,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3398931,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2109391703","doi":"10.1037/a0020773","title":"Identifying and profiling scholastic cheaters: Their personality, cognitive ability, and motivation.","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":339,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Psychology; Cheating; Psychopathy; Machiavellianism; Personality; Agreeableness; Dark triad; Social psychology; Clinical psychology; Developmental psychology; Big Five personality traits; Extraversion and introversion","authors":[{"name":"Kevin M. Williams","is_ca":true},{"name":"Craig Nathanson","is_ca":true},{"name":"Delroy L. Paulhus","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05635516793987502,"gpt":0.3882577167342087,"spread":0.3319025487943337,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001595993,0.0001964941,0.000206923,0.001147949,0.0003579826,0.001080297,0.0002653603,0.0003319479,0.001621435],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008392108,0.0001132101,0.0002039288,0.0005245833,0.0005211137,0.0006187898,0.0007590342,0.0006211237,0.0004014443],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002425092,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002641122,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009365317,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002383923,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995742,0.000135559,0.0000583162,0.00004282623,0.0001239994,0.00006511055],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.992273,0.001175349,0.004455211,0.0004300986,0.0006080623,0.00105812],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003843238,0.00007613387,0.9934335,0.00001138216,0.00001551863,0.00003531874,0.0005056918,0.00001813988,0.0003772941,0.00003724252,0.00008541622,0.00536608],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000016042,0.0000874261,0.9985481,0.000004650271,0.000004336464,0.0001383577,0.0007207424,0.0001299231,0.0001443363,0.00004378805,0.0001727224,0.000003990258],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9989875,0.00007444695,0.0001173209,0.00005817857,0.000002868758,0.000009308314,0.00007652478,0.000004307115,0.0006695316],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993274,0.00005078282,0.0001843351,0.00001742587,0.00000365431,0.000005377859,0.0001057647,0.00000135936,0.0003038713],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9996681,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.008440495,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3177938779","doi":"10.3389/feduc.2021.639814","title":"Academic Integrity in Online Assessment: A Research Review","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Frontiers in Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":285,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Queen's University","keywords":"Academic integrity; Academic dishonesty; Engineering ethics; Suite; Process (computing); Curriculum; Foundation (evidence); Cheating; Computer science; Psychology; Medical education; Knowledge management; Pedagogy; Engineering; Political science; Medicine; Social psychology","authors":[{"name":"Olivia Leslie Holden","is_ca":true},{"name":"Meghan E. Norris","is_ca":true},{"name":"Valerie A. Kuhlmeier","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1978644255915193,"gpt":0.5458268679857784,"spread":0.3479624423942591,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.009366777,0.001002518,0.003054844,0.009006888,0.0008729737,0.003265823,0.001832881,0.002667329,0.004494085],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0420572,0.0008099716,0.002404346,0.01099803,0.001774311,0.003832685,0.001892888,0.002110737,0.0009016293],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00197717,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01108613,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004823728,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01091737,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9939449,0.002129461,0.001700728,0.0005278628,0.001518244,0.0001786889],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9361851,0.05285718,0.004651375,0.0007762083,0.004963612,0.0005665794],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008131831,0.00008289395,0.0005703331,0.363925,0.0007411437,0.000140846,0.0005205246,0.0001879692,0.0002181866,0.002176691,0.01110877,0.6202465],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003595837,0.0001912821,0.003059614,0.683257,0.004030843,0.001010159,0.00073206,0.0001071016,0.0002775561,0.002340097,0.3049013,0.00005700718],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00007855624,0.9992208,0.00006557612,0.0002738064,0.00008104933,0.00001415049,0.00001612813,0.000002406109,0.0002473814],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001071479,0.9984673,0.0001451402,0.0001789652,0.00006152714,0.00001897212,0.00001623841,0.000001331226,0.00003902382],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9973327,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04953688,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W597326641","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0127556","title":"Misconduct Policies, Academic Culture and Career Stage, Not Gender or Pressures to Publish, Affect Scientific Integrity","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PLoS ONE","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":272,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Publication; Misconduct; Scientific misconduct; Academic integrity; Honesty; Psychology; Publication bias; Social psychology; Law; Political science; Medicine; MEDLINE; Alternative medicine","authors":[{"name":"Daniele Fanelli","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rodrigo Costas","is_ca":false},{"name":"Vincent Larivière","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.3281499515299024,"gpt":0.3703277328567112,"spread":0.04217778132680883,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.03158776,0.0002729732,0.0006163527,0.00293882,0.001956248,0.00532855,0.001360748,0.001375713,0.00669158],"category_scores_gemma":[0.2572415,0.0003303385,0.0008531945,0.006005878,0.002292266,0.004438697,0.002367669,0.001381083,0.001281796],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00122669,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00363417,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001407663,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002331427,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9749143,0.01328266,0.004046381,0.001419758,0.004796667,0.001540238],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.4629044,0.3075911,0.1755282,0.01676312,0.02202796,0.01518528],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003905,0.000215479,0.9650874,0.0005109363,0.0002049139,0.0002986687,0.006083624,0.0001964994,0.0003878023,0.001198858,0.0008926078,0.02453271],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003642154,0.0004190689,0.9807053,0.0004009608,0.0001650834,0.0008031867,0.0082214,0.0004776709,0.0009873159,0.002647727,0.005083844,0.00005207209],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9808221,0.003035654,0.0009353416,0.003579357,0.0001249645,0.00008184405,0.0004091695,0.00002931626,0.0109822],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966716,0.0008413374,0.0007184052,0.0003088915,0.00009101456,0.00004416523,0.00009107795,0.00001576268,0.001217876],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9986243,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1670541,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2620666811","doi":"10.1111/anae.13938","title":"Data fabrication and other reasons for non‐random sampling in 5087 randomised, controlled trials in anaesthetic and general medical journals","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Anaesthesia","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":228,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Anesthesiology; Clinical trial; Randomized controlled trial; Confidence interval; Family medicine; Anesthesia; Surgery; Internal medicine","authors":[{"name":"J. B. Carlisle","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1396965651295938,"gpt":0.4244541306113014,"spread":0.2847575654817076,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_broad","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.6598616,0.003061421,0.00805233,0.01397346,0.002322442,0.009063188,0.005808218,0.008254065,0.02468363],"category_scores_gemma":[0.8932976,0.00398674,0.01079465,0.02427511,0.01029711,0.005711339,0.005959063,0.007639064,0.007072139],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.008237913,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007292001,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001389496,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001302415,"domain_scores_codex":[0.08507345,0.6562725,0.1818137,0.01955348,0.05483854,0.002448242],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.04456638,0.7440908,0.0783477,0.1079843,0.02430999,0.0007007983],"domain_codex":"methods","domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":"methods","study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.03805336,0.0009045805,0.0624937,0.1307552,0.02147516,0.003108231,0.01858794,0.008956364,0.002439335,0.1175761,0.2165211,0.379129],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.02993521,0.006630257,0.107407,0.1465704,0.01265614,0.004099926,0.003038953,0.02803904,0.009969094,0.1487261,0.5014369,0.001490993],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.08438672,0.07419848,0.3727916,0.05108323,0.03560898,0.2723128,0.0667548,0.003768213,0.03909513],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2864457,0.006695074,0.2418702,0.02432112,0.003039716,0.4181502,0.008743272,0.001325751,0.009408989],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9919477,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4194512,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2552820166","doi":"10.1186/s41073-016-0024-5","title":"Ranking major and minor research misbehaviors: results from a survey among participants of four World Conferences on Research Integrity","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Research Integrity and Peer Review","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":219,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Women's College Research Institute","keywords":"Minor (academic); Misconduct; Psychology; Quality (philosophy); Product (mathematics); Social psychology; Public relations; Political science; Law","authors":[{"name":"L.M. Bouter","is_ca":false},{"name":"Joeri K. Tijdink","is_ca":false},{"name":"N. H. AXELSEN","is_ca":false},{"name":"Brian C. Martinson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gerben ter Riet","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.6723211565749861,"gpt":0.5540285380960718,"spread":0.1182926184789144,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.03749491,0.0003407045,0.0005703502,0.003255506,0.00159657,0.002698364,0.0009352766,0.001643535,0.001503453],"category_scores_gemma":[0.09481368,0.0004114507,0.0007037193,0.002005084,0.00125058,0.002474061,0.002778476,0.001915936,0.0005108636],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001274525,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00183866,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002703013,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002263502,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9748862,0.01433394,0.003428194,0.001187067,0.004378578,0.001786042],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8538465,0.05538365,0.05770002,0.004751198,0.01651414,0.01180448],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002360281,0.0002895757,0.9273244,0.0003167898,0.0001025168,0.0001802018,0.04660249,0.00008936635,0.000900673,0.0001334476,0.001418044,0.02240641],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002238075,0.0007395224,0.8869693,0.0002058545,0.00004760035,0.0004997964,0.1065211,0.0004964173,0.000436767,0.0001858207,0.00380333,0.00007205288],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9972948,0.0003502441,0.0003428066,0.0006964334,0.00001824778,0.0001069015,0.0002159123,0.00001345766,0.0009611578],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979742,0.0003803892,0.0006226987,0.0003450729,0.00003933346,0.0001364082,0.0001998739,0.000009544387,0.0002924564],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9983565,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1982944,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2992157477","doi":"10.47678/cjhe.v36i1.183525","title":"Understanding Academic Misconduct","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Higher Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":202,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Misconduct; Academic integrity; Honour; Higher education; Academic community; Learning development; Psychology; Scientific misconduct; Institutional research; Quality (philosophy); Public relations; Academic achievement; Cheating; Political science; Sociology; Medical education; Pedagogy; Social psychology; Law; Social science","authors":[{"name":"Julia Hughes","is_ca":false},{"name":"Donald L. McCabe","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1112233258088078,"gpt":0.3427327548328886,"spread":0.2315094290240808,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.04526416,0.0007363387,0.0008492679,0.01569467,0.02195028,0.02402434,0.004948171,0.01052456,0.004595028],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1318279,0.0006257011,0.0008044756,0.006833518,0.04780593,0.03113017,0.01334274,0.0096367,0.0008387064],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.03844047,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.04857439,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.14693,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.09469853,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9576391,0.01863002,0.00254497,0.002768211,0.01311099,0.005306798],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8464963,0.09276893,0.01734934,0.006929604,0.03065557,0.005800144],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002017572,0.00006375843,0.0342195,0.0003899516,0.00003245233,0.001286489,0.2468079,0.0009892085,0.0001648699,0.6206695,0.01502354,0.08033264],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000008388384,0.00004141768,0.0136563,0.002068065,0.00004268981,0.001701557,0.2111689,0.001878451,0.000401271,0.5507802,0.2181751,0.00007758657],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1469767,0.03229119,0.04372363,0.324704,0.0008419642,0.0003104437,0.000246919,0.0001945227,0.4507106],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9575756,0.01581773,0.005775543,0.009992296,0.000403172,0.0001022487,0.0001497121,0.00003825915,0.01014547],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9894754,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2921495,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2153924055","doi":"10.1038/srep03146","title":"The Retraction Penalty: Evidence from the Web of Science","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Scientific Reports","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":195,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Kellogg's (Canada)","funders":"Army Research Laboratory; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; Northwestern University","keywords":"Citation; Computer science; Web of science; Range (aeronautics); Information retrieval; Data science; Library science; MEDLINE; Biology; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Susan Lu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ginger Zhe Jin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Brian Uzzi","is_ca":true},{"name":"Benjamin F. Jones","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03457540002935245,"gpt":0.316572748599569,"spread":0.2819973485702165,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","bibliometrics","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0574989,0.0007435005,0.001353992,0.01128149,0.00277562,0.01005301,0.003141544,0.00405173,0.02871511],"category_scores_gemma":[0.5620697,0.0007296393,0.001225398,0.01413214,0.007267334,0.01502606,0.005817999,0.004218215,0.007025308],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001480868,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003485437,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003502814,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001553099,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9296809,0.02958729,0.007475377,0.006789824,0.02402036,0.002446163],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.2020024,0.5473651,0.1479938,0.05475787,0.0411698,0.006710993],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00795401,0.0008350168,0.4581366,0.007659696,0.00258036,0.00168429,0.01303622,0.002096955,0.001033694,0.05494894,0.05157598,0.3984582],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001202176,0.001575988,0.6776579,0.006020058,0.00197784,0.00647718,0.01106608,0.006263797,0.003558327,0.1238746,0.1598829,0.0004431667],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.628783,0.08135696,0.015101,0.0919531,0.002679171,0.0004005053,0.005890656,0.0006664215,0.1731692],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9732421,0.01279609,0.003025461,0.003821341,0.001607756,0.0001241276,0.001576685,0.0002400449,0.003566308],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9959483,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3040869,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1860732586","doi":"10.47678/cjhe.v36i2.183537","title":"Academic Misconduct within Higher Education in Canada","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Higher Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":188,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"John Templeton Foundation","keywords":"Misconduct; Academic integrity; Copying; Scientific misconduct; Higher education; Psychology; Medical education; Test (biology); Academic achievement; Perception; Maturity (psychological); Cheating; Criminology; Political science; Pedagogy; Law; Social psychology; Medicine","authors":[{"name":"Julia Hughes","is_ca":true},{"name":"Donald L. McCabe","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01979834777675191,"gpt":0.2985024414038489,"spread":0.2787040936270969,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0109716,0.000336381,0.000749804,0.005862003,0.03294089,0.007398152,0.003111923,0.001851945,0.003125227],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04382069,0.0005524387,0.0005291387,0.01098088,0.008110031,0.001946543,0.005751176,0.003354521,0.0002711626],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.1512907,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.2970911,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9881415,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9949186,"domain_scores_codex":[0.974571,0.004001092,0.001006005,0.001438167,0.01217297,0.006810813],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8941352,0.01675225,0.01955012,0.00292446,0.04552744,0.02111056],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002800217,0.000319295,0.6136935,0.0004748491,0.00007315427,0.002528449,0.2175963,0.0006878132,0.0009920993,0.01271244,0.01878749,0.1318545],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002468614,0.0001464764,0.7951826,0.0004279215,0.00004173865,0.0006574999,0.1580816,0.0008490175,0.0008713679,0.001598107,0.04192838,0.0001906516],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9593796,0.002924748,0.0003748745,0.01247558,0.0001261181,0.0001715742,0.000349247,0.00004317487,0.02415502],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9939551,0.001018584,0.0002295003,0.0007969616,0.00001571702,0.00001575436,0.00007093496,0.000008126698,0.00388932],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9981481,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9843825,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2920377922","doi":"10.1007/s11948-019-00094-3","title":"Scientific Integrity Principles and Best Practices: Recommendations from a Scientific Integrity Consortium","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Engineering Ethics","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":170,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; Canadian Nutrition Society","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","keywords":"Scientific integrity; Transparency (behavior); Engineering ethics; Best practice; Publication; Harmonization; Scientific misconduct; Research integrity; Process (computing); Philosophy of science; Academic integrity; Scientific evidence; Data integrity; Research ethics; Quality (philosophy); Computer science; Political science; Medicine; Engineering; Law; Computer security","authors":[{"name":"Alison Kretser","is_ca":false},{"name":"Delia Murphy","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stefano Bertuzzi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Todd Abraham","is_ca":false},{"name":"David B. Allison","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kathryn J. Boor","is_ca":false},{"name":"Johanna Dwyer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrea Grantham","is_ca":true},{"name":"Linda J. Harris","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rachelle D. Hollander","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chavonda Jacobs-Young","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sarah Rovito","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dorothea K. Vafiadis","is_ca":false},{"name":"Catherine E. Woteki","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jessica Wyndham","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rickey Y. Yada","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1559152298375802,"gpt":0.3841029606226381,"spread":0.2281877307850579,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.4186075,0.004601844,0.006364943,0.01936453,0.01674034,0.04955986,0.02525958,0.08201861,0.009587427],"category_scores_gemma":[0.4992534,0.004542965,0.01114611,0.01801512,0.0251396,0.0473825,0.03261385,0.08316102,0.01451156],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.02636966,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.2695974,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04050354,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03321625,"domain_scores_codex":[0.6184418,0.1825645,0.05261779,0.01371966,0.1121378,0.02051848],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.3200451,0.2414827,0.03023568,0.03363182,0.3222813,0.05232345],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001863922,0.00126179,0.001899536,0.003752307,0.000200959,0.0008160677,0.004771148,0.002336545,0.0006193137,0.1281609,0.7369153,0.1190797],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005017311,0.0002489654,0.001696455,0.02130217,0.0003096386,0.0004180418,0.005656025,0.002217452,0.00115493,0.1337634,0.8321565,0.0005747133],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0006370453,0.01183732,0.02464814,0.9310342,0.01197867,0.00190175,0.0004043508,0.0008018364,0.01675666],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01428115,0.02752596,0.3830469,0.5405444,0.005240227,0.008384462,0.002161313,0.001028651,0.01778695],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9179814,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7169604,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre":"methods","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre":"commentary","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"agree"},{"id":"W2019979083","doi":"10.1016/j.jslw.2012.03.003","title":"Rewriting and paraphrasing source texts in second language writing","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Second Language Writing","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":148,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Paraphrase; Copying; Discipline; Citation; Context (archaeology); Rhetorical question; Computer science; Academic writing; Second language writing; Rewriting; Literacy; Linguistics; Mathematics education; Psychology; Pedagogy; Sociology; Artificial intelligence; Second language; World Wide Web; History","authors":[{"name":"Ling Shi","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01383951134812425,"gpt":0.3028973077228136,"spread":0.2890577963746894,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007244939,0.0005675612,0.0006503797,0.00319582,0.002453169,0.007848745,0.001132979,0.002091569,0.01261473],"category_scores_gemma":[0.09414303,0.0006446025,0.0005709387,0.002665384,0.002977049,0.006910075,0.003454093,0.002983718,0.004044628],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001397269,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001689688,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009988201,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001143224,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9806961,0.01344779,0.001190967,0.001094992,0.003101966,0.000468175],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8770887,0.09351655,0.003624068,0.01329988,0.01155218,0.0009186336],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00121807,0.0006211766,0.01048508,0.001855161,0.0001250236,0.003858932,0.1786468,0.003679523,0.04063777,0.2143908,0.02064795,0.5238338],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003750056,0.001132847,0.02245364,0.002273968,0.0003205058,0.0123892,0.08087311,0.09101187,0.1747114,0.3843476,0.2297083,0.0004026213],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5019604,0.003370378,0.3449701,0.005757002,0.001042343,0.0006063178,0.000779115,0.002790999,0.1387234],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9181783,0.0005127549,0.06210637,0.0001886167,0.0002198423,0.0001020082,0.0005000957,0.0009502128,0.01724174],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9979084,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04220045,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2089994419","doi":"10.1007/s11948-014-9600-6","title":"Scientists Admitting to Plagiarism: A Meta-analysis of Surveys","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Science and Engineering Ethics","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":132,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Meta-analysis; Psychology; Survey research; Recall; Philosophy of science; Publication bias; Peer review; Medical education; Medicine; Political science; Applied psychology; Law; Pathology","authors":[{"name":"Vanja Pupovac","is_ca":false},{"name":"Daniele Fanelli","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2288966979256258,"gpt":0.4437039106443108,"spread":0.214807212718685,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.1070895,0.00196941,0.009765277,0.008283239,0.0009010869,0.003614145,0.002624269,0.003300005,0.00195927],"category_scores_gemma":[0.3060481,0.001487448,0.01873791,0.01175801,0.002225487,0.003950447,0.003097081,0.002629981,0.00022425],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002982514,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007116292,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005529081,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01437747,"domain_scores_codex":[0.8650335,0.08236447,0.03216433,0.008269098,0.01099376,0.001174821],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.6240224,0.3079267,0.03894779,0.01125003,0.01646787,0.001385304],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"meta_analysis","study_design_gemma":"meta_analysis","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002990254,0.0001155644,0.05505887,0.3655065,0.5075033,0.0001252029,0.001820293,0.0002484111,0.0001931172,0.0004728301,0.002367246,0.06359848],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001871349,0.0008680011,0.06374057,0.09531142,0.8264264,0.0003895979,0.001666912,0.000207284,0.0003630077,0.001338785,0.007677369,0.0001391842],"study_design_candidate":"meta_analysis","study_design_consensus":"meta_analysis","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03464889,0.9596615,0.002207053,0.0009047021,0.0002957307,0.0006489973,0.001108528,0.00002691148,0.0004976414],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4903135,0.4953297,0.005950421,0.003674825,0.0003996552,0.002174268,0.001714238,0.00005856554,0.0003849323],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9967,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.56635,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"meta_analysis","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["research_integrity"],"domain":null,"study_design":"meta_analysis","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"split"},{"id":"W2155056246","doi":"10.1093/comjnl/bxs018","title":"A Source Code Similarity System for Plagiarism Detection","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Computer Journal","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":109,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Athabasca University","funders":"","keywords":"Library science; Computer science; Similarity (geometry); Information retrieval; Source code; World Wide Web; Database; Operating system; Artificial intelligence","authors":[{"name":"Dragan Gašević","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03357069603471791,"gpt":0.294971855487683,"spread":0.2614011594529651,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005108945,0.001036508,0.001207807,0.009843413,0.001228029,0.001669763,0.001529963,0.00176047,0.00640064],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02350937,0.0006553412,0.0007502857,0.003639013,0.0005802275,0.003279973,0.002210915,0.001460611,0.005520111],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007553934,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001960662,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001870944,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001491275,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9948626,0.0007821222,0.0009842059,0.001118965,0.002089581,0.0001625079],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9809137,0.004467306,0.002479027,0.003502612,0.007959499,0.0006779253],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007662558,0.0006921408,0.01787493,0.001009419,0.0001821269,0.0006403974,0.001175553,0.002919947,0.08184329,0.004546536,0.03031723,0.8580322],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006713851,0.002359948,0.1062169,0.0004080355,0.0004427875,0.006117919,0.0008597667,0.4040574,0.3362769,0.01063942,0.131169,0.0007805231],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04420534,0.0003884406,0.7694525,0.0003423735,0.0001423209,0.002178854,0.002676177,0.176255,0.004358974],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1919053,0.0002676209,0.7892629,0.0001984278,0.0001163937,0.001286733,0.007908975,0.002571124,0.006482523],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9982395,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02701896,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3117849711","doi":"10.1177/0895904820983032","title":"Academic Integrity Policies of Publicly Funded Universities in Western Canada","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Educational Policy","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":97,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; University of Manitoba","funders":"University of Calgary","keywords":"Academic integrity; Cheating; Misconduct; Punitive damages; Academic dishonesty; Outsourcing; Work (physics); Higher education; Public relations; Political science; Sociology; Psychology; Law; Social psychology; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Brenda M. Stoesz","is_ca":true},{"name":"Sarah Elaine Eaton","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05033612642666445,"gpt":0.3541157866073838,"spread":0.3037796601807193,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02086303,0.0003091832,0.0007926663,0.00475722,0.03780156,0.01186232,0.003294168,0.002514538,0.002407802],"category_scores_gemma":[0.06274191,0.0007502939,0.0003303823,0.01416537,0.01118364,0.002416109,0.004398202,0.002414236,0.0002039156],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.3201871,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.4462096,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9927248,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9940814,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9723292,0.006728649,0.001761691,0.001482775,0.00945679,0.008240815],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8669806,0.04947327,0.017588,0.003806766,0.0456961,0.01645524],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000295627,0.0002868039,0.198769,0.001057404,0.00008771718,0.001518085,0.6601903,0.001992396,0.00216274,0.04508723,0.01720544,0.07134719],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000372499,0.00008723047,0.1734315,0.0009749362,0.0000514487,0.0001444352,0.7256657,0.001325993,0.001245915,0.002613353,0.09417602,0.000246333],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9619656,0.001994918,0.0006769676,0.01382372,0.00005909571,0.0002582268,0.0007935496,0.00004578628,0.02038224],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9937714,0.0006718594,0.000592695,0.001368564,0.000009076023,0.00009707236,0.0001493094,0.0000124414,0.003327615],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9974855,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7884866,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2268329921","doi":"10.15388/infedu.2014.10","title":"Collaboration, Collusion and Plagiarism in Computer Science Coursework","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Informatics in Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":97,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"University of Waterloo","keywords":"Coursework; Collusion; Context (archaeology); Academic dishonesty; Computer science; Mathematics education; Engineering ethics; Cheating; Psychology; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Robert Fraser","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006463584133639145,"gpt":0.3096939182671761,"spread":0.303230334133537,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.03117888,0.0004504038,0.0007099867,0.006954292,0.006977853,0.009219518,0.001811826,0.002176004,0.002511514],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1832701,0.0005465231,0.000547974,0.004902048,0.009123472,0.008879597,0.01095716,0.003060739,0.0004226259],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004904978,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003818845,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002876289,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002950261,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9285411,0.03949224,0.004785995,0.003240093,0.02099875,0.002941829],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.6489664,0.232158,0.07145359,0.01933006,0.01822606,0.009865956],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000532846,0.0004631782,0.3561354,0.001136835,0.0001837019,0.001253849,0.3140394,0.004212679,0.004387476,0.04903584,0.003349822,0.265269],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001373181,0.001289197,0.5480869,0.003188729,0.0002493383,0.006408902,0.2021948,0.01904613,0.01097715,0.1351619,0.07273193,0.0005276782],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9073362,0.004914196,0.04550396,0.006375437,0.0001182375,0.0002075297,0.00007174662,0.0002607098,0.03521195],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9923109,0.0006743975,0.005156991,0.0001754512,0.0001034303,0.00007369403,0.00003172057,0.0000419703,0.001431631],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.997824,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1648917,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["research_integrity"],"domain":null,"study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["research_integrity"],"domain":null,"study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"commentary","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"agree"},{"id":"W2887657800","doi":"10.1097/acm.0000000000002412","title":"Ethical Shades of Gray: International Frequency of Scientific Misconduct and Questionable Research Practices in Health Professions Education","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Academic Medicine","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":92,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Scientific misconduct; Misconduct; Psychology; Research ethics; Medical education; Gray (unit); Public relations; Medicine; Alternative medicine; Political science; Psychiatry; Law; Pathology","authors":[{"name":"Anthony R. Artino","is_ca":false},{"name":"Erik W. Driessen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lauren A. Maggio","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2293234273902231,"gpt":0.5565311650287235,"spread":0.3272077376385004,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0279207,0.0002070142,0.0002386905,0.003226929,0.00186955,0.003007737,0.0007759265,0.001208884,0.002405729],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1077624,0.0003669471,0.0004182722,0.001910274,0.005428053,0.003240171,0.004647363,0.002286366,0.0002217574],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001940921,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002262073,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002385951,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00351553,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9688259,0.01996822,0.003107137,0.001352431,0.005754265,0.0009921327],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8346171,0.06673416,0.07503091,0.006318347,0.01250913,0.004790421],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001190507,0.0001697793,0.8912228,0.0002601832,0.00007671631,0.0001642489,0.06801526,0.00009221934,0.0005644698,0.002063012,0.001651134,0.03560101],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001731515,0.0002229468,0.8377635,0.0009088494,0.00006999093,0.001459143,0.1469854,0.0006034767,0.0007932877,0.003639482,0.007469588,0.0000670593],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9859449,0.0009539286,0.001426509,0.004007835,0.00006548232,0.00006680046,0.00005681026,0.00001270237,0.007465155],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984971,0.0002770126,0.0005867896,0.0003943154,0.00002444566,0.00002831779,0.00001694898,0.000004339354,0.0001708342],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9987911,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1476606,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"observational","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"design_other","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"medium"}],"label_agreement":"split"},{"id":"W3086003063","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-48415-6","title":"Research Ethics for Students in the Social Sciences","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":90,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Simon Fraser University; Universiteit Utrecht; Universiteit Leiden; University of Cambridge; University of Virginia; U.S. Department of Education","keywords":"Sociology; Engineering ethics; Social science; Psychology; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Jaap Bos","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.4901642510809425,"gpt":0.6016699411340541,"spread":0.1115056900531116,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02517075,0.0008546037,0.001037411,0.0008869725,0.006258118,0.01115812,0.0007620063,0.00702547,0.0114483],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03887096,0.0007809767,0.0004430523,0.001468839,0.01792706,0.008964168,0.004907652,0.02284335,0.01440772],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003472571,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01155615,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001213188,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001697422,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9763066,0.01735278,0.0006320263,0.0007935328,0.00421204,0.000703065],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9653265,0.02384788,0.001251938,0.002983025,0.004839974,0.001750779],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001079517,0.00004171916,0.0001343315,0.0001744089,0.000006390749,0.00008263767,0.0102986,0.00008914987,0.0001583281,0.6089917,0.3432372,0.03677476],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007132869,0.00001689066,0.000172494,0.0004190276,0.000001756745,0.0001675667,0.001721116,0.0001147065,0.00005632658,0.1897773,0.8075363,0.000009424524],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.00181266,0.03236868,0.0339601,0.3951511,0.01258863,0.0005006861,0.0001489906,0.0004943279,0.5229748],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.06895491,0.03780401,0.05310074,0.2352662,0.01943877,0.002903259,0.0003266897,0.0009325973,0.5812728],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9929745,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1331173,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1837958227","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v7i1.242","title":"Plagiarism by Adult Learners Online: A case study in detection and remediation","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":88,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Certificate; Distance education; Medical education; Plagiarism detection; Enforcement; Psychology; Computer science; Pedagogy; Medicine; Political science","authors":[{"name":"Christine L. Jocoy","is_ca":false},{"name":"David DiBiase","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05647622825857566,"gpt":0.443220276838844,"spread":0.3867440485802683,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004598231,0.0003550938,0.0004070536,0.001699485,0.003326577,0.001230994,0.0007667533,0.001732366,0.001490691],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03169144,0.0002014775,0.0002495131,0.001422215,0.001251569,0.001868254,0.001426791,0.0009406271,0.0003531897],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001089451,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009928287,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003399341,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007594849,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9951763,0.002602424,0.0005005532,0.0004594476,0.0009154795,0.0003457299],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9626319,0.02082615,0.007853895,0.002684948,0.003890924,0.002112217],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003076204,0.003400335,0.5430838,0.0003176951,0.00005176802,0.01589978,0.2835313,0.0003823815,0.003151815,0.0009061518,0.002223618,0.1467436],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001499304,0.00699698,0.6168943,0.0004602401,0.0001902077,0.06842983,0.2544179,0.006892659,0.01833761,0.002024865,0.02502469,0.0001808362],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9981061,0.0001199789,0.0005920387,0.000184529,0.000002414266,0.00005029333,0.00001507057,0.00001978415,0.0009098485],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981083,0.0001421164,0.001080469,0.00007613139,0.000006459138,0.00002557327,0.00001290199,0.000004961578,0.0005431075],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9982677,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02431804,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2169700202","doi":"10.1177/0956797611435980","title":"Do Economic Equality and Generalized Trust Inhibit Academic Dishonesty? Evidence From State-Level Search-Engine Queries","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Psychological Science","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":86,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Cheating; Honesty; Academic dishonesty; Inequality; Dishonesty; Psychology; Economic inequality; Social psychology; Socioeconomic status; State (computer science); Trustworthiness; Honor; Sociology; Computer science; Internet privacy; Mathematics; Demography","authors":[{"name":"Lukas Neville","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2032530452872504,"gpt":0.4433156761202422,"spread":0.2400626308329918,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004350205,0.0001990723,0.000609806,0.001497034,0.0008884193,0.002588497,0.0006704068,0.0008578803,0.005467661],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07522763,0.0003564954,0.0006351836,0.002925032,0.001894413,0.003529089,0.002363857,0.00140043,0.0005017292],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006310362,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006872323,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01697028,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01291949,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9946854,0.002422791,0.0006478592,0.0005826972,0.0009252067,0.0007359323],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.798831,0.101473,0.07577384,0.01196867,0.006351991,0.005601417],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003910286,0.0001526533,0.991222,0.00005868243,0.0001132843,0.00007531741,0.001959408,0.0001208102,0.000188285,0.0003577479,0.0001606865,0.005200099],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000008420311,0.00004931507,0.9976114,0.00002213142,0.00004090586,0.00004306944,0.001132202,0.00036177,0.0001605309,0.000302777,0.0002592618,0.000008264042],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9965761,0.0001779414,0.0001851618,0.0003871985,0.000003440855,0.00000880156,0.0002760484,0.000004090089,0.002381166],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996679,0.00005282997,0.00003522844,0.0000280867,0.000004514636,0.000003163598,0.0001151321,0.000002444364,0.00009069152],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9991421,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03374302,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1575780569","doi":"10.1023/a:1025008818338","title":"Student Reports and Faculty Perceptions of Academic Dishonesty","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Teaching Business Ethics","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":83,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"PricewaterhouseCoopers (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Cheating; Academic dishonesty; Honor; Academic integrity; Psychology; Ethical code; Mathematics education; Sociology; Social psychology; Law; Computer science; Political science","authors":[{"name":"Linda A. Kidwell","is_ca":false},{"name":"Karen L. Wozniak","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jeanne Phoenix Laurel","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08864809106080487,"gpt":0.4209462456888834,"spread":0.3322981546280785,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02022701,0.0002808724,0.0005207262,0.003790964,0.00330599,0.007535913,0.001035738,0.001727162,0.005001262],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1838826,0.0004053873,0.0004358796,0.002473606,0.003744931,0.002690759,0.004400318,0.003984258,0.0007109725],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00255808,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00360815,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002922542,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003501947,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9812821,0.009920634,0.001766452,0.0004819943,0.004957018,0.001591697],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.5765867,0.1900147,0.1462479,0.008993118,0.03947708,0.0386804],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006077497,0.000801731,0.8453836,0.0001505407,0.0001365979,0.0004148871,0.1251866,0.0001734427,0.001160581,0.001673263,0.002510018,0.02180091],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000665894,0.0009318442,0.6941228,0.0002153679,0.0001035908,0.0007445152,0.2918359,0.0006895651,0.001799679,0.001196039,0.008166936,0.0001272345],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9936811,0.0001809934,0.0001494525,0.001372288,0.00004431007,0.00001550161,0.00003260801,0.0000147499,0.004508987],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999022,0.0001250793,0.00005059934,0.0002172679,0.0000414629,0.000006575729,0.0000216716,0.000007581129,0.0005077618],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9982728,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.106972,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2613383989","doi":"10.1186/s41073-017-0031-1","title":"Retractions in cancer research: a systematic survey","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Research Integrity and Peer Review","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":83,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Juravinski Hospital; Hamilton Health Sciences; McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Impact factor; MEDLINE; Medicine; Descriptive statistics; Family medicine; Library science; Computer science; Political science; Law; Statistics","authors":[{"name":"Anthony Bozzo","is_ca":true},{"name":"Kamal Bali","is_ca":true},{"name":"Nathan Evaniew","is_ca":true},{"name":"Michelle Ghert","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.7171569621897869,"gpt":0.63058816574139,"spread":0.08656879644839688,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.06939385,0.0006534415,0.003224209,0.02093403,0.001001674,0.003033513,0.001871825,0.001652535,0.002131486],"category_scores_gemma":[0.3314709,0.0009765411,0.003498082,0.02574536,0.001702769,0.005424609,0.003479469,0.001441459,0.0004779213],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00284669,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.009580514,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003578793,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005349253,"domain_scores_codex":[0.8696248,0.04189994,0.05941795,0.005207771,0.02265004,0.001199413],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.497392,0.3124686,0.1414429,0.009616641,0.03527056,0.003809358],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007197079,0.0001669965,0.4030901,0.3672971,0.007148338,0.001136065,0.01264556,0.0002118031,0.0004343245,0.0007573453,0.01250324,0.1938895],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000422078,0.0009409484,0.5317985,0.3565403,0.01043943,0.00797989,0.02336116,0.0004850237,0.0004654781,0.001080078,0.06622046,0.0002666539],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2025033,0.7767894,0.002116574,0.005973695,0.0005908092,0.00201236,0.007468767,0.0000929227,0.002452119],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4976264,0.4849707,0.004820456,0.003674533,0.0005692501,0.002771707,0.005016077,0.00006946854,0.0004812998],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9983475,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3669941,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1951343740","doi":"10.1002/asi.23421","title":"Costly collaborations: The impact of scientific fraud on co‐authors' careers","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":81,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal; Université de Montréal","funders":"Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Misconduct; Scientific misconduct; Productivity; Ranking (information retrieval); Psychology; Research integrity; Rigour; Political science; Public relations; Medicine; Computer science; Law; Alternative medicine; Economics; Epistemology","authors":[{"name":"Philippe Mongeon","is_ca":true},{"name":"Vincent Larivière","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03220766005286423,"gpt":0.3526338973852482,"spread":0.320426237332384,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0572094,0.0004506697,0.0009746914,0.009433963,0.004122755,0.005828061,0.001822824,0.001959937,0.004034163],"category_scores_gemma":[0.3839335,0.0003815299,0.001058813,0.01068174,0.003042084,0.004977927,0.008129814,0.002461845,0.001097369],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002916435,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003977654,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002716437,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002935407,"domain_scores_codex":[0.895026,0.0538368,0.0132082,0.005478485,0.02625285,0.006197648],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.2636503,0.3554769,0.2817993,0.03663957,0.03537465,0.02705939],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"incentives","domain_candidate":"incentives","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002829561,0.0001542022,0.9686631,0.00009914507,0.0001912351,0.0003417044,0.004173337,0.0003576604,0.0001108604,0.0008043125,0.001112575,0.02370887],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002197572,0.0002345206,0.9873909,0.0001486218,0.00007503926,0.0006343317,0.005912754,0.001048843,0.0002440476,0.002037657,0.002212266,0.00003890447],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.98737,0.002269716,0.001244662,0.002925345,0.0001125495,0.00006222715,0.000439746,0.00001827363,0.005557424],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985819,0.0003405205,0.0003319115,0.0001045863,0.00009995068,0.00003066316,0.0001507113,0.000006010496,0.0003538148],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9980401,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3025559,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"incentives","study_design":"observational","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"incentives","study_design":"observational","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"agree"},{"id":"W2948251768","doi":"10.1007/s11948-019-00112-4","title":"Misconduct and Misbehavior Related to Authorship Disagreements in Collaborative Science","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Engineering Ethics","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":81,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé; National Institutes of Health","keywords":"Scientific misconduct; Psychology; Multidisciplinary approach; Hostility; Research integrity; Social psychology; Social science; Public relations; Sociology; Political science; Medicine; Alternative medicine","authors":[{"name":"Elise Smith","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bryn Williams–Jones","is_ca":true},{"name":"Zubin Master","is_ca":false},{"name":"Vincent Larivière","is_ca":true},{"name":"Cassidy R. Sugimoto","is_ca":false},{"name":"Adèle Paul‐Hus","is_ca":true},{"name":"Min Shi","is_ca":false},{"name":"David B. Resnik","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03739747619945206,"gpt":0.3625665209387409,"spread":0.3251690447392889,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.1190077,0.0003324702,0.0008147524,0.008871816,0.00861712,0.006068826,0.002494615,0.006953667,0.005133921],"category_scores_gemma":[0.6708835,0.0005736905,0.00094861,0.006320048,0.007576005,0.007638139,0.006884156,0.008075938,0.0005983742],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.005022027,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.008259609,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003231806,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003632335,"domain_scores_codex":[0.7975875,0.1512806,0.01818663,0.006081007,0.02161691,0.005247393],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.0779978,0.7559453,0.1136076,0.01929394,0.0258655,0.00728989],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001004705,0.0009047429,0.8643371,0.0003759338,0.000336249,0.002026771,0.05082753,0.001481178,0.000262334,0.02057462,0.004305156,0.05356357],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002691732,0.000913738,0.6886446,0.001890188,0.000627404,0.008479569,0.08884228,0.02273308,0.002096983,0.1729986,0.01219099,0.0003133774],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9680659,0.001576205,0.00449793,0.01193266,0.0001352626,0.000158712,0.0001239918,0.00004883144,0.01346064],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982698,0.000150299,0.0007021149,0.000304964,0.00008097535,0.00005400231,0.00003308615,0.00001067863,0.0003940939],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9930463,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6293806,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"incentives","study_design":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"design_other","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"medium"}],"label_agreement":"split"},{"id":"W4214891838","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-83255-1","title":"Academic Integrity in Canada","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"Ethics and integrity in educational contexts","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":81,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Guelph","keywords":"Academic integrity; Political science; Computer science; Library science","authors":[],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07046766004351139,"gpt":0.3730977673708292,"spread":0.3026301073273178,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001360217,0.0005458125,0.0004883552,0.002149827,0.0334683,0.0150364,0.001803435,0.003861645,0.03725059],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004672322,0.0004191318,0.0004473398,0.006053728,0.007710711,0.003200409,0.004386493,0.003933555,0.005904606],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.1242401,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.2580331,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9792143,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9922898,"domain_scores_codex":[0.995364,0.0002809793,0.00006947752,0.0002305443,0.002834924,0.001220021],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9963669,0.0003323722,0.00008305359,0.0001214165,0.002169207,0.0009271606],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009770362,0.00001144487,0.0004137009,0.000109419,0.000003351514,0.0002668978,0.004635435,0.00019252,0.000110405,0.2215082,0.724858,0.04788076],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001215643,0.000002137145,0.0003569521,0.00006484006,0.000001778736,0.00005826116,0.00147839,0.00004848605,0.00004293418,0.002463458,0.995472,0.000009643793],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.003896141,0.01873157,0.0004846405,0.06152551,0.003318707,0.00004410609,0.0003301405,0.0001500555,0.9115191],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.05571422,0.01415155,0.0007963799,0.00911246,0.0003949618,0.00002555554,0.0002189788,0.0001323023,0.9194536],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9961383,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.901429,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2071606217","doi":"10.5455/aim.2013.21.148-155","title":"The Importance of Proper Citation of References in Biomedical Articles","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Informatica Medica","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":79,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Citation; Listing (finance); Style (visual arts); Medical journal; Computer science; Library science; Order (exchange); Writing style; Information retrieval; History; Linguistics","authors":[{"name":"Izet Mašić","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02506240120262836,"gpt":0.2902448487225701,"spread":0.2651824475199417,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.1326208,0.001287944,0.003700299,0.04099785,0.006969532,0.03574583,0.004322451,0.007594802,0.008178359],"category_scores_gemma":[0.5741105,0.0017028,0.001071077,0.05814606,0.01035439,0.03473285,0.01123109,0.007313356,0.01240533],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.006309627,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01792494,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003474764,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003991379,"domain_scores_codex":[0.7379925,0.1351361,0.06330433,0.009069496,0.05192206,0.002575717],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.3417279,0.3536513,0.06403782,0.04436086,0.1879884,0.008233605],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"reporting","domain_candidate":"reporting","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004140859,0.0001376798,0.007341175,0.01197388,0.0001889492,0.001295537,0.01903916,0.0004970325,0.001953381,0.1038885,0.2111105,0.6421601],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008072164,0.0001728164,0.009456232,0.01483033,0.0002177156,0.002730917,0.006969324,0.0007216439,0.001713135,0.08068779,0.8821331,0.0002863414],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02176476,0.2815698,0.1202606,0.2119847,0.2021598,0.003035571,0.004120231,0.004042903,0.1510616],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2873333,0.1909162,0.3302571,0.03602218,0.1122334,0.002773493,0.005755302,0.003703201,0.03100587],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9924052,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7013742,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2890784557","doi":"10.1007/s40979-018-0030-0","title":"Effectiveness of tutorials for promoting educational integrity: a synthesis paper","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal for Educational Integrity","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":77,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Academic dishonesty; Cheating; Academic integrity; Psychological intervention; Psychology; Context (archaeology); Medical education; Misconduct; Intervention (counseling); Academic achievement; Pedagogy; Medicine; Social psychology; Political science","authors":[{"name":"Brenda M. Stoesz","is_ca":true},{"name":"Anastassiya Yudintseva","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04367702663746247,"gpt":0.4205006072596121,"spread":0.3768235806221496,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02479438,0.001308382,0.004430203,0.004827689,0.00103842,0.003257548,0.001608318,0.00194726,0.01540117],"category_scores_gemma":[0.09258703,0.0005958303,0.008206743,0.003682237,0.001179902,0.002040897,0.001597747,0.002360492,0.0008308974],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004458387,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007054611,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003993949,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00712724,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9770925,0.01175959,0.005856977,0.001148436,0.003579504,0.0005629468],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9038315,0.07689187,0.009086717,0.002481841,0.006712209,0.0009959539],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[0.01564747,0.003885907,0.002364086,0.4225571,0.02147464,0.0001701739,0.002618557,0.0004787398,0.0008633903,0.001767046,0.002718043,0.5254548],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.02689299,0.04139812,0.03608465,0.6220143,0.1961178,0.0004308856,0.007912482,0.001386227,0.005578798,0.003627445,0.05831219,0.0002440077],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.1768827,0.7442161,0.006057811,0.004041373,0.004117727,0.04075367,0.004220905,0.0003111362,0.01939866],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.556188,0.3903425,0.02011007,0.001862479,0.001846181,0.02460706,0.001124619,0.0001297223,0.003789401],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9980527,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1311268,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2586731707","doi":"10.1145/3024906.3024910","title":"Negotiating the Maze of Academic Integrity in Computing Education","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":76,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Mount Royal University; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Academic integrity; Confusion; Teamwork; Negotiation; Computer science; Coding (social sciences); Best practice; Engineering ethics; Knowledge management; Mathematics education; Psychology; Political science; Sociology; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Judy Sheard","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael J. Morgan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrew Petersen","is_ca":true},{"name":"Amber Settle","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jane Sinclair","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gerry Cross","is_ca":true},{"name":"Charles Riedesel","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03324475420055018,"gpt":0.3556579219469971,"spread":0.3224131677464469,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.2128219,0.0007023725,0.001758727,0.007971756,0.04135503,0.06414176,0.006915791,0.01223358,0.005037346],"category_scores_gemma":[0.3510932,0.001451468,0.001051996,0.004387518,0.08795903,0.05306373,0.06149964,0.03451157,0.002304767],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01782223,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.07359282,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006166107,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005811592,"domain_scores_codex":[0.67323,0.2232551,0.01413713,0.01334263,0.06124666,0.01478855],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.5355709,0.2650441,0.04207452,0.03277072,0.0667211,0.0578186],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009417324,0.0001952737,0.01552837,0.0003464431,0.00007997944,0.0006416997,0.2480211,0.001201524,0.0005887759,0.6055965,0.01817805,0.109528],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000030985,0.0001599397,0.004012408,0.001445278,0.0000326041,0.0005940321,0.2089995,0.001709778,0.001019173,0.6757565,0.1060627,0.0001772844],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1371541,0.005111803,0.08171677,0.5969028,0.001562555,0.0002556778,0.00005928667,0.0003302849,0.1769066],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9667567,0.001153259,0.01207897,0.01305146,0.0004642392,0.0001367974,0.00002677161,0.0001777191,0.006154163],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9877664,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9707307,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1969795835","doi":"10.1145/1227310.1227324","title":"Plagiarism detection using feature-based neural networks","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":75,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Plagiarism detection; Computer science; Feature (linguistics); Relevance (law); Detector; Artificial neural network; Similarity (geometry); Artificial intelligence; Feature engineering; Code (set theory); Similarity measure; Feature extraction; Measure (data warehouse); Pattern recognition (psychology); Machine learning; Data mining; Deep learning; Programming language","authors":[{"name":"Steve Engels","is_ca":true},{"name":"Vivek Lakshmanan","is_ca":true},{"name":"Michelle Craig","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02383288585388381,"gpt":0.3070886043220694,"spread":0.2832557184681856,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001961451,0.0007868564,0.0008402022,0.004979164,0.0006074671,0.001259833,0.001090191,0.0009814056,0.001408034],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01069985,0.0002590612,0.0004705465,0.001884108,0.0004417742,0.001603305,0.0007065732,0.0008958417,0.0007481082],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001068538,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006270118,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004988308,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005852296,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986155,0.0003094417,0.0001286031,0.0003422047,0.0004901281,0.000114178],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9903554,0.004380316,0.001733387,0.0005655944,0.002743518,0.00022191],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005481282,0.0004708003,0.02545963,0.0002231776,0.0001793884,0.0001491489,0.0001910644,0.03701305,0.02542388,0.0008718544,0.003513384,0.9059566],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003497647,0.0001727805,0.01803422,0.0000376995,0.0000642781,0.0001404004,0.00006238531,0.9539017,0.02390533,0.002450133,0.001146429,0.00004960645],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4857149,0.001079698,0.4955466,0.0006311759,0.000136863,0.0003745229,0.0008878481,0.009769527,0.005858845],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8862064,0.0001767892,0.110641,0.00006648996,0.00006109917,0.0001267499,0.0006239483,0.00006459498,0.002033039],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9990186,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01037329,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["research_integrity"],"domain":null,"study_design":"simulation_or_modeling","genre":"methods","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"bench_or_experimental","genre":"methods","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"medium"}],"label_agreement":"split"},{"id":"W3013202718","doi":"10.1007/s10805-020-09363-4","title":"The Paradox of Faculty Attitudes toward Student Violations of Academic Integrity","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Academic Ethics","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":73,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; Assiniboine Community College","funders":"","keywords":"Academic dishonesty; Academic integrity; Context (archaeology); Psychology; Medical education; Dishonesty; Cheating; Political science; Public relations; Medicine; Social psychology","authors":[{"name":"Paul MacLeod","is_ca":true},{"name":"Sarah Elaine Eaton","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2376150711559044,"gpt":0.4779997630386497,"spread":0.2403846918827453,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01396186,0.0001185067,0.000427766,0.001857781,0.003171447,0.005808617,0.001084006,0.002959923,0.007072889],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1129861,0.000278483,0.0003190807,0.002505041,0.007647387,0.003635311,0.003187754,0.005796687,0.000564307],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002871671,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004221128,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003958271,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005546142,"domain_scores_codex":[0.988808,0.006056169,0.0004987746,0.0006049431,0.002982034,0.001050105],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.7886654,0.1252629,0.05168808,0.006701327,0.01334641,0.01433595],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001270792,0.001399531,0.7457081,0.000255749,0.0002486362,0.0009097978,0.06461955,0.000882906,0.002270421,0.1041708,0.01505512,0.06320858],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001930095,0.0003371436,0.7892704,0.0002411942,0.0001112769,0.0007296567,0.1093561,0.002019243,0.001655673,0.08422704,0.01174724,0.0001120393],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9549916,0.000217949,0.0003369249,0.02858002,0.00005225849,0.000007013532,0.0000352421,0.00001347683,0.01576555],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988446,0.00004770406,0.00002337304,0.0008571317,0.00002495723,0.000001609622,0.000005512475,0.000003619485,0.0001913345],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9970401,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07383829,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1844909686","doi":"10.47678/cjhe.v41i3.2488","title":"Academic Dishonesty in the Canadian Classroom: Behaviours of a Sample of University Students","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Higher Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":73,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Regina","funders":"University of Regina","keywords":"Academic dishonesty; Cheating; Psychology; Academic integrity; Dishonesty; Sample (material); Perception; Psychological intervention; Higher education; Medical education; Academic achievement; Social psychology; Pedagogy; Political science; Medicine","authors":[{"name":"Rozzet Jurdi","is_ca":true},{"name":"H. Sam Hage","is_ca":true},{"name":"Henry P. H. Chow","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04821132634013943,"gpt":0.3213603262574466,"spread":0.2731489999173072,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001038739,0.0004812153,0.0004988541,0.002418709,0.00474972,0.001652222,0.00113887,0.0006786074,0.001243192],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00348591,0.0005069262,0.0004372871,0.003288782,0.001406689,0.0005049579,0.001659842,0.001017638,0.0002928589],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01208084,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01315531,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9478788,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9716044,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988581,0.00009834715,0.00007082179,0.0001272214,0.0004991118,0.0003463229],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973339,0.0001745328,0.0006849997,0.000110429,0.000932306,0.0007637687],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006140087,0.0001728816,0.9475065,0.00005272777,0.00001947782,0.000200977,0.04057085,0.00003381729,0.0008343656,0.00007424711,0.0004612128,0.01001154],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003156169,0.00008269928,0.9745009,0.00001876565,0.00000671007,0.0001009266,0.02424924,0.00008741351,0.0000994506,0.00001398584,0.0008174672,0.0000192269],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9992113,0.00006233357,0.00002183438,0.00006024414,0.000002420267,0.00002855976,0.0001494499,0.000001659776,0.0004621204],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987142,0.000252073,0.0001052485,0.00007609047,0.000004204979,0.00002148641,0.0002007792,0.000002362278,0.0006236411],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9993214,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1048563,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2587511691","doi":"10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0371","title":"Predatory Invitations from Journals: More Than Just a Nuisance?","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Oncologist","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":73,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Translational Research in Oncology; Institute of Cancer Research; University of Alberta; Ottawa Public Health; Ottawa Hospital; University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Family medicine","authors":[{"name":"Mark Clemons","is_ca":true},{"name":"Miguel de Costa e Silva","is_ca":true},{"name":"Anil A. Joy","is_ca":true},{"name":"Kelly D. Cobey","is_ca":true},{"name":"Sasha Mazzarello","is_ca":true},{"name":"Carol Stober","is_ca":true},{"name":"Brian Hutton","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1468007951579398,"gpt":0.4417819558064314,"spread":0.2949811606484916,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01517762,0.0002395891,0.0005515871,0.004088464,0.001700326,0.003231707,0.0006270838,0.0009663997,0.004297753],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1593714,0.0002784934,0.0002433867,0.003366552,0.001918017,0.002747149,0.001520639,0.0009630398,0.00114501],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001305448,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001104422,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009958883,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001217319,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9806849,0.01033238,0.002349698,0.001081064,0.004833583,0.0007183198],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.7085751,0.1354579,0.1229897,0.009463744,0.01846397,0.005049533],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006786411,0.0002707079,0.8870472,0.0007807082,0.0001406514,0.001070123,0.0337892,0.00009309996,0.00207589,0.00181192,0.007661708,0.06458008],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002448005,0.0004595246,0.938182,0.0007091808,0.0001004012,0.004833989,0.02839726,0.0007869531,0.001646984,0.002544024,0.02224344,0.00007169743],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9818178,0.001903686,0.002096416,0.005355839,0.0001598585,0.0001361966,0.0002597637,0.00009228338,0.008178221],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9952381,0.0006455747,0.0010246,0.001425268,0.0004422134,0.00005828325,0.0001018381,0.00003493953,0.001029326],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9990336,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.08026791,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2001217603","doi":"10.1080/02664760050120588","title":"Detecting excessive similarity in answers on multiple choice exams","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Applied Statistics","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":72,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Cheating; False accusation; Bonferroni correction; Simple (philosophy); Computer science; Econometrics; Similarity (geometry); Statistics; Mathematics; Artificial intelligence; Psychology; Social psychology; Epistemology","authors":[{"name":"George O. Wesolowsky","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02290021767480872,"gpt":0.3088394722427678,"spread":0.285939254567959,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005857212,0.0003899509,0.001062566,0.009899152,0.00103128,0.002063303,0.0009246392,0.001535696,0.01508611],"category_scores_gemma":[0.09742379,0.0002627925,0.0004262119,0.006000495,0.0004390887,0.001530863,0.002230186,0.0007199744,0.0034407],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007387597,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008249544,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001264878,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002600348,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9909984,0.002869415,0.001349633,0.001079263,0.003311756,0.0003916961],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9105627,0.05729656,0.01232559,0.004876854,0.0123449,0.002593413],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002738097,0.000889826,0.5677499,0.001220702,0.000281666,0.001078879,0.003110188,0.0008393311,0.01244734,0.004498202,0.04134952,0.3637963],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002769211,0.001162113,0.8958158,0.0004439971,0.000253946,0.003070118,0.003647836,0.01349743,0.02139407,0.01135849,0.04896251,0.0001166977],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9653482,0.001149113,0.009346758,0.001158698,0.0002229831,0.0002688667,0.007652991,0.0008711854,0.0139811],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9660235,0.0003724485,0.01655638,0.0002009155,0.0002694435,0.0001324835,0.00872709,0.0001789393,0.007538727],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9984643,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.05046809,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2107418313","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1001406","title":"Policies and Initiatives Aimed at Addressing Research Misconduct in High-Income Countries","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"letter","venue":"PLoS Medicine","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":71,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Health Canada; Research Councils UK; National Institutes of Health; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Misconduct; Scientific misconduct; High income countries; Research integrity; Political science; Developing country; Public relations; Medicine; Psychology; Economic growth; Law; Alternative medicine; Economics; Pathology","authors":[{"name":"David B. Resnik","is_ca":false},{"name":"Zubin Master","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.175147443283836,"gpt":0.4147393244350316,"spread":0.2395918811511956,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.04761972,0.0008006102,0.00160415,0.002652472,0.01380838,0.01169541,0.003919523,0.07653124,0.006383416],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1928601,0.001048843,0.001998254,0.002783011,0.01557537,0.01221493,0.01049536,0.05199158,0.002889867],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01049171,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.03277928,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01196528,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02068122,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9619577,0.01837958,0.005535464,0.001901184,0.00768164,0.004544364],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.7269751,0.1952089,0.01910268,0.007338879,0.0304742,0.02090015],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000447701,0.00007858552,0.002972699,0.0003657744,0.00004748843,0.001342207,0.001117555,0.0001661448,0.0003670131,0.02365005,0.9509739,0.01887389],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002667578,0.0001913543,0.006927307,0.002838082,0.0001049526,0.001715775,0.005050075,0.0008475684,0.001143649,0.04935791,0.9313288,0.0002277285],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"commentary","genre_scores_codex":[0.0004821046,0.00138416,0.0001883223,0.9921657,0.004046641,0.00001432956,0.00001446996,0.00001997826,0.001684312],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00591584,0.002272451,0.0006713211,0.9830409,0.006192072,0.00005567029,0.00001913075,0.00001408908,0.001818595],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":"commentary","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9523803,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2518401,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"evaluation","study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"commentary","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"commentary","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"agree"},{"id":"W2076457796","doi":"10.1016/j.acalib.2009.08.001","title":"Chinese Graduate Students and the Canadian Academic Library: A User Study at the University of Windsor","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Journal of Academic Librarianship","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":69,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor","funders":"","keywords":"Windsor; Academic library; Graduate students; Perception; Information literacy; Library science; Medical education; Psychology; Post graduate; Sociology; Pedagogy; Computer science; Medicine","authors":[{"name":"Guoying Liu","is_ca":true},{"name":"Danielle Winn","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04089685402032089,"gpt":0.3041141778425129,"spread":0.263217323822192,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004320392,0.000377442,0.00084982,0.004411386,0.01902488,0.00598865,0.001432785,0.00145522,0.009312418],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01683873,0.0005344246,0.000521301,0.0128346,0.003546072,0.003142958,0.003964399,0.001388735,0.001162848],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0278943,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0391673,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9383299,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9748457,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9966216,0.0008392886,0.000159733,0.0002373949,0.001286621,0.0008553019],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9789826,0.007082425,0.001456295,0.0005938752,0.007231163,0.004653567],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003883805,0.0004028361,0.2111222,0.0002046705,0.00004323104,0.001272939,0.7536486,0.00005409887,0.0005189444,0.0009424443,0.008270131,0.02313166],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002649987,0.0001326047,0.2105563,0.00007061101,0.00004644694,0.0003138296,0.7652521,0.0001358603,0.0003070525,0.00006622697,0.02301408,0.00007831581],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9891964,0.0003504626,0.00004200305,0.00130445,0.00001304586,0.00006247261,0.0004753293,0.00001893332,0.008536904],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.986406,0.000833092,0.0001946262,0.0007216166,0.00001543003,0.00004203197,0.0004314911,0.00003725475,0.0113184],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9940113,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2023882,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2884678906","doi":"10.1007/s40979-018-0028-7","title":"Strengthening the research agenda of educational integrity in Canada: a review of the research literature and call to action","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"International Journal for Educational Integrity","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":68,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"University of Calgary","keywords":"Context (archaeology); Research integrity; Political science; Educational research; Action (physics); Work (physics); Public relations; Engineering ethics; Medical education; Sociology; Pedagogy; Medicine; History; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Sarah Elaine Eaton","is_ca":true},{"name":"Rachael Ileh Edino","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.3320215011370241,"gpt":0.5686972580840289,"spread":0.2366757569470049,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.03003819,0.00104817,0.003213535,0.02061045,0.01014776,0.01422783,0.004013323,0.00447481,0.004216369],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0893605,0.0007299877,0.001578384,0.03671561,0.01017995,0.007742246,0.004204707,0.006235704,0.0005987131],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.1041757,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.4779079,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.8902319,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.951658,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9779179,0.005097718,0.00251792,0.001211538,0.01141292,0.001842088],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8359109,0.05814558,0.01126617,0.001890352,0.08328067,0.009506353],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001281866,0.00006560775,0.007307224,0.1491484,0.0006138391,0.001047482,0.01359594,0.0005144415,0.0004746807,0.04385322,0.1465414,0.6367096],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003169846,0.00005059123,0.01449088,0.2098282,0.001032042,0.0006997638,0.01539751,0.0001994517,0.0003169585,0.00804665,0.7497594,0.0001467786],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0005268224,0.9708623,0.0001396024,0.02515773,0.0008369614,0.0000295638,0.00008751933,0.000008924817,0.002350647],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01126225,0.9821186,0.00081832,0.004812957,0.0004078201,0.00003518066,0.00008282358,0.000007674857,0.0004544053],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9955252,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7558513,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2474558075","doi":"10.1302/2046-3758.56.bjr-2016-0047","title":"Retractions in orthopaedic research","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bone and Joint Research","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Juravinski Cancer Centre; Hamilton Health Sciences; McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Scientific misconduct; Scrutiny; Misconduct; Impact factor; Medicine; Cochrane Library; MEDLINE; Data extraction; Meta-analysis; Alternative medicine; Political science; Pathology; Law","authors":[{"name":"James Yan","is_ca":true},{"name":"Austin MacDonald","is_ca":true},{"name":"L-P. Baisi","is_ca":true},{"name":"Nathan Evaniew","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mohit Bhandari","is_ca":true},{"name":"Michelle Ghert","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.257422106957606,"gpt":0.4771097084864145,"spread":0.2196876015288086,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.1938472,0.001827652,0.003263447,0.02834511,0.003489864,0.01290692,0.004578126,0.006164737,0.01672663],"category_scores_gemma":[0.6113404,0.001494103,0.004341609,0.02723403,0.008871418,0.0120013,0.01029267,0.004801764,0.006249364],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004701752,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.02061561,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0012428,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001314908,"domain_scores_codex":[0.6411579,0.1472571,0.1272257,0.009766313,0.07149124,0.003101744],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.2097647,0.4973124,0.1943377,0.03126484,0.06236344,0.004956908],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008330558,0.0001178525,0.02387141,0.2216593,0.001640264,0.002547551,0.01077918,0.0003070543,0.0009498392,0.01768169,0.125289,0.5943238],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003676999,0.0005579811,0.03493473,0.2373133,0.001791148,0.01503367,0.008808758,0.000385104,0.00179874,0.02568196,0.673022,0.0003049319],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01833263,0.8378105,0.01038469,0.05998671,0.03491393,0.002700387,0.003263873,0.0003957521,0.03221152],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2023213,0.6702487,0.03312194,0.03571321,0.03440846,0.005054933,0.005154554,0.0005555568,0.01342136],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9938353,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99413,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"evaluation","study_design":"observational","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"evaluation","study_design":"observational","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"agree"},{"id":"W4226520937","doi":"10.1007/s40979-022-00105-0","title":"New priorities for academic integrity: equity, diversity, inclusion, decolonization and Indigenization","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal for Educational Integrity","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Indigenization; Scholarship; Equity (law); Inclusion (mineral); Decolonization; Diversity (politics); Sociology; Public relations; Political science; Pedagogy; Engineering ethics; Social science; Law; Anthropology","authors":[{"name":"Sarah Elaine Eaton","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07299590899366233,"gpt":0.4307373877076325,"spread":0.3577414787139702,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.1274508,0.0005218931,0.001535374,0.003575504,0.02704076,0.04031744,0.003674677,0.01184963,0.007661856],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1478054,0.000549734,0.0008613105,0.003240123,0.09430304,0.04050733,0.03364886,0.02614829,0.001320346],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01684975,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.05624576,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005815878,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005990438,"domain_scores_codex":[0.8512848,0.1083491,0.005278905,0.006104568,0.02002851,0.008954066],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.729095,0.131913,0.02775154,0.02989698,0.03892029,0.04242322],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005359043,0.0001062854,0.006399079,0.000353875,0.00002562467,0.0002189888,0.07852098,0.0001457599,0.0005115569,0.842355,0.02316856,0.04814075],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003575624,0.0001828993,0.006075099,0.00201249,0.00003321324,0.0004950219,0.130228,0.00056812,0.001391801,0.5856203,0.2732167,0.0001406449],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03577078,0.007690671,0.01504761,0.883709,0.002208072,0.00009687434,0.00003581857,0.0001361352,0.05530512],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9119685,0.003895346,0.008955003,0.06006044,0.002751046,0.0001842342,0.00004536482,0.0001252666,0.0120148],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9881504,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6740325,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1999935843","doi":"10.1136/bmj.38968.611296.f7","title":"Role of systematic reviews in detecting plagiarism: case of Asim Kurjak","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"BMJ","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Sveučilište u Zagrebu; Ryerson University","keywords":"Sanctions; Audience measurement; Face (sociological concept); Systematic review; Psychology; Political science; Internet privacy; Computer science; Sociology; Law; Social science; MEDLINE","authors":[{"name":"Iain Chalmers","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1071014461526957,"gpt":0.4176863635685728,"spread":0.3105849174158771,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.3591368,0.001160251,0.005494807,0.01954601,0.005739725,0.01090516,0.004987473,0.02593704,0.001617181],"category_scores_gemma":[0.7889165,0.002581379,0.003573105,0.01553117,0.01445288,0.01862836,0.008960818,0.02038617,0.0007545581],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01060425,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.02804507,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009479851,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01389975,"domain_scores_codex":[0.5272914,0.3038738,0.07532582,0.01584673,0.07462898,0.003033311],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.1167317,0.7225239,0.06929455,0.0207906,0.06468976,0.005969523],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001313204,0.0001104389,0.04034579,0.0500811,0.003725381,0.02597531,0.02666474,0.001302228,0.001085423,0.1379482,0.4519993,0.2594489],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001124721,0.0007555488,0.01893822,0.1561728,0.005613571,0.05593542,0.01029444,0.006255301,0.002227174,0.1269768,0.6146745,0.001031498],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.003136555,0.1096639,0.003430978,0.8725751,0.00635486,0.0002223463,0.0001062047,0.00003658656,0.004473467],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2238898,0.174178,0.04653307,0.5177824,0.03283456,0.001652349,0.0001134184,0.0001879112,0.002828483],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.974063,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7902983,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"evaluation","study_design":"systematic_review","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"systematic_review","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"agree"},{"id":"W2902813639","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v19i5.3698","title":"Interaction of Proctoring and Student Major on Online Test Performance","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":65,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Academic dishonesty; Cheating; Academic integrity; Test (biology); Online learning; Psychology; Mathematics education; Medical education; Computer science; Medicine; Multimedia","authors":[{"name":"Helaine M. Alessio","is_ca":false},{"name":"Nancy Malay","is_ca":false},{"name":"Karsten Maurer","is_ca":false},{"name":"A. John Bailer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Beth C. Rubin","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1171474368318858,"gpt":0.5079182663745356,"spread":0.3907708295426498,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004469914,0.0005164632,0.000787119,0.0005993402,0.0003636447,0.001695322,0.0009991513,0.0006060787,0.004654469],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04483667,0.0002222851,0.0007317527,0.0006596178,0.0007153115,0.0006904418,0.001017303,0.001046893,0.0006281419],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005535033,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007565136,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008425552,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001077834,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9906836,0.005281496,0.0006943991,0.001203602,0.001506449,0.0006305018],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.869211,0.1057147,0.01216334,0.004967597,0.00253924,0.005404142],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.01297712,0.006470351,0.8640677,0.0002132319,0.0007208014,0.0004305001,0.002494657,0.001264469,0.01665192,0.0005525591,0.0007120568,0.09344452],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001175853,0.01148896,0.9793746,0.00002650789,0.0002510637,0.0002420757,0.0007182597,0.002539087,0.004139966,0.0002114785,0.0008483611,0.00004199842],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9988956,0.00005974509,0.0003282006,0.00003386354,0.00000757054,0.00001789732,0.00003804857,0.00001843808,0.0006005462],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986213,0.00004753179,0.0004685322,0.00001677296,0.000008785139,0.00003759415,0.00005877341,0.0000147897,0.0007259825],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9993939,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02363944,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4376611400","doi":"10.1007/s40979-023-00130-7","title":"Faculty members’ use of artificial intelligence to grade student papers: a case of implications","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal for Educational Integrity","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":65,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Brock University","funders":"","keywords":"Dilemma; Principle of legality; Field (mathematics); Discretion; Computer science; Engineering ethics; Psychology; Mathematics education; Engineering; Political science; Law; Epistemology","authors":[{"name":"Rahul Kumar","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2369344825770243,"gpt":0.5090555197410058,"spread":0.2721210371639815,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.04996281,0.0005807542,0.0005893206,0.00298512,0.03144044,0.01562388,0.004742318,0.01139043,0.007062982],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1841212,0.0007433504,0.0009276151,0.003286589,0.01446363,0.007939165,0.01182964,0.01187705,0.002158875],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.009645118,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.008400047,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003210271,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003738431,"domain_scores_codex":[0.891459,0.07869056,0.004070016,0.003414837,0.01594003,0.006425574],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8340239,0.1039018,0.01966412,0.01080055,0.01717141,0.01443819],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000271382,0.0006723707,0.02635747,0.0002974953,0.00005509079,0.0538699,0.5811234,0.0009063939,0.002298211,0.1992865,0.05526094,0.07960085],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008057317,0.0004533938,0.004787017,0.0006451897,0.00004914796,0.01880815,0.3565814,0.001807368,0.004992993,0.03815958,0.5734593,0.0001758358],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5053079,0.002180799,0.01483865,0.301016,0.002015723,0.0003063558,0.00007095059,0.0003501318,0.1739135],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9710568,0.0004636276,0.002655855,0.01112056,0.0004694427,0.000102778,0.00001474512,0.00006518501,0.01405106],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9886096,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2642318,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2747279489","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v18i5.3103","title":"Using Learning Analytics for Preserving Academic Integrity","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":61,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Learning analytics; Academic integrity; Computer science; Baseline (sea); Analytics; Data integrity; Accountability; Class (philosophy); Process (computing); Data science; Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Database","authors":[{"name":"Alexander Amigud","is_ca":false},{"name":"Joan Arnedo-Moreno","is_ca":false},{"name":"Τhanasis Daradoumis","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ana‐Elena Guerrero‐Roldán","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.383567900773702,"gpt":0.5714244209153055,"spread":0.1878565201416036,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.009697612,0.0008337073,0.0006177921,0.003702059,0.001333763,0.00818323,0.00198988,0.001371805,0.00429998],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04815056,0.0002285559,0.000556836,0.002737039,0.002807036,0.009556483,0.005902823,0.002559098,0.002337687],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001593383,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00322114,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001105953,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001093979,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9856904,0.007178908,0.0006488293,0.001207843,0.004756197,0.000517834],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9507011,0.02468256,0.006010455,0.009548699,0.007847545,0.001209594],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003066163,0.0005385323,0.01596575,0.0004607505,0.00007804237,0.0001737997,0.003062073,0.01535023,0.005783447,0.05650043,0.009351696,0.8924286],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001100747,0.0006395655,0.0118811,0.0008880945,0.0001195436,0.0005396869,0.005835349,0.4546678,0.08050219,0.3536188,0.0909535,0.000244358],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1183465,0.001392879,0.8251047,0.01127978,0.0003288871,0.0005709119,0.000556948,0.009472379,0.03294696],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7913452,0.0006386187,0.2016641,0.0005250965,0.0001864727,0.0001858398,0.0006187361,0.0002631728,0.004572635],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9986282,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.05128652,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2070194843","doi":"10.1145/611892.611952","title":"Effectiveness of online assessment","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":60,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Competence (human resources); Online assessment; Online course; Online learning; Multimedia; Mathematics education; Medical education; Psychology","authors":[{"name":"Denise M. Woit","is_ca":true},{"name":"Dave Mason","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02070792609383993,"gpt":0.366306607268277,"spread":0.345598681174437,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02921867,0.0009571644,0.00114356,0.003094172,0.001112696,0.004413431,0.001492084,0.001282472,0.0111388],"category_scores_gemma":[0.2208198,0.0002539319,0.0009713808,0.001446933,0.0006993572,0.004845194,0.003657887,0.001535687,0.0035088],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009920945,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00137109,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008538069,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009565116,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9429305,0.03377311,0.003788541,0.002850166,0.01523649,0.00142111],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.640044,0.2714754,0.02377883,0.02514266,0.03101873,0.008540343],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003555996,0.005442342,0.06464343,0.0006227281,0.0002651877,0.0001174219,0.001886305,0.001119482,0.002128567,0.0008293885,0.004622961,0.9147661],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002102566,0.03890599,0.7241691,0.00247764,0.002049385,0.002561165,0.009997554,0.0313131,0.05960798,0.01225968,0.1139063,0.0006496757],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8858398,0.003895972,0.02001707,0.002320311,0.0007275563,0.001144971,0.0008710499,0.002526858,0.08265638],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.978703,0.0006344701,0.008161055,0.0004470501,0.0002755186,0.0003591996,0.0004670419,0.0002252836,0.0107273],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02921867,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1545249,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2185708658","doi":"10.1002/j.0022-0337.2007.71.8.tb04369.x","title":"Faculty and Student Perceptions of Academic Integrity at U.S. and Canadian Dental Schools","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Dental Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":58,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Cheating; Academic integrity; Medical education; Dental education; Psychology; Academic dishonesty; Perception; Higher education; Medicine; Political science; Social psychology","authors":[{"name":"Kenneth G. Andrews","is_ca":false},{"name":"Linda Smith","is_ca":false},{"name":"David Henzi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Elaine Demps","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02458497628589747,"gpt":0.3890338217338619,"spread":0.3644488454479645,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005995875,0.0002213297,0.0004509176,0.002640237,0.009196648,0.005129306,0.001048782,0.00108828,0.004524225],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02742142,0.0003080909,0.0004461282,0.00322964,0.004778164,0.001230464,0.002717405,0.00166782,0.000365418],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.02474892,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.03682677,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.7370909,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.8326597,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9903652,0.0016784,0.0004530124,0.0003314327,0.004867842,0.002304071],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.963955,0.004433416,0.007424023,0.0005097388,0.01124263,0.0124353],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001878543,0.0003382857,0.7844217,0.0001072369,0.00003717071,0.0002781381,0.1788178,0.0001377111,0.0006936046,0.001131577,0.004179765,0.02966918],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001182458,0.0002180249,0.741385,0.00009157292,0.00002001975,0.0001227983,0.2501956,0.0001489937,0.0003552395,0.0001728184,0.007229562,0.00004849904],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9946318,0.0001868801,0.00002573331,0.001049843,0.00001230313,0.00001491106,0.00005374587,0.000005344367,0.004019514],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988149,0.0001622338,0.00003271939,0.0001537185,0.000006163477,0.000004829268,0.00002630647,0.00000166148,0.000797442],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9989117,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5289147,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3003877329","doi":"10.1145/1227504.1227324","title":"Plagiarism detection using feature-based neural networks","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":58,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Plagiarism detection; Feature (linguistics); Relevance (law); Computer science; Detector; Artificial neural network; Similarity (geometry); Artificial intelligence; Code (set theory); Feature engineering; Measure (data warehouse); Pattern recognition (psychology); Natural language processing; Machine learning; Data mining; Deep learning; Programming language; Linguistics","authors":[{"name":"Steve Engels","is_ca":true},{"name":"Vivek Lakshmanan","is_ca":true},{"name":"Michelle Craig","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02276400814018628,"gpt":0.2937078578585832,"spread":0.270943849718397,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001885177,0.000814249,0.0008185737,0.004873024,0.0006082486,0.001278125,0.001096605,0.000979326,0.001392761],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009988482,0.000276174,0.0004791775,0.00187419,0.0004314125,0.001670396,0.0007256036,0.000951722,0.0007720705],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001110694,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006490824,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005577264,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006424455,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986791,0.0002913054,0.0001222086,0.0003269384,0.0004629309,0.0001175436],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9910427,0.003957314,0.001623658,0.0005504876,0.002614347,0.0002114605],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"reproducibility","domain_candidate":"reproducibility","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005672886,0.0004863467,0.02347699,0.0002109021,0.0001731189,0.0001442536,0.0001825343,0.04343354,0.02575909,0.0008392698,0.003671267,0.9010555],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000298152,0.0001556512,0.01338706,0.00003288072,0.00005505476,0.0001108544,0.00005316113,0.9621273,0.02083555,0.002147625,0.001022814,0.00004225802],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.4727884,0.001141657,0.5075353,0.0006596867,0.0001375554,0.0003818509,0.0009054962,0.0106445,0.005805519],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8906468,0.0001887136,0.1061211,0.0000710973,0.00006466696,0.0001207185,0.0006403373,0.00006979401,0.002076906],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9990207,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01108962,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["research_integrity"],"domain":null,"study_design":"bench_or_experimental","genre":"methods","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"medium"},{"model":"gpt","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"design_other","genre":"methods","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"split"},{"id":"W3004819416","doi":"10.1017/iop.2019.121","title":"Supporting robust, rigorous, and reliable reviewing as the cornerstone of our profession: Introducing a competency framework for peer review","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Industrial and Organizational Psychology","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":58,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Society of Consulting Psychology","keywords":"CLARITY; Technical peer review; Cornerstone; Peer review; Psychology; Quality (philosophy); Publishing; Work (physics); Engineering ethics; Peer feedback; Medical education; Public relations; Knowledge management; Computer science; Political science; Pedagogy; Medicine; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Tine Köhler","is_ca":false},{"name":"M. Gloria González‐Morales","is_ca":true},{"name":"George C. Banks","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ernest H. O’Boyle","is_ca":false},{"name":"Joseph A. Allen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ruchi Sinha","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sang Eun Woo","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lisa M. V. Gulick","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1128287664019387,"gpt":0.4071861006104671,"spread":0.2943573342085283,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.2659123,0.001021261,0.001082769,0.006728262,0.01287792,0.0257373,0.004722563,0.008221738,0.002199806],"category_scores_gemma":[0.3026253,0.001334754,0.001085483,0.002151298,0.03597213,0.01944156,0.0162612,0.01147237,0.002024038],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01539516,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.1038667,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01171141,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01620996,"domain_scores_codex":[0.7171031,0.1987707,0.01991946,0.008316652,0.04873922,0.007150816],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.4604009,0.277523,0.03888628,0.0320027,0.1488625,0.04232455],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005962976,0.0005401793,0.007156654,0.001902237,0.00007216282,0.0007766964,0.06096076,0.004579404,0.003328486,0.6309041,0.05420415,0.2355156],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001372678,0.0005396706,0.009018329,0.007492171,0.00007774582,0.001519969,0.03004002,0.02219077,0.005723954,0.5455464,0.3769582,0.0007556091],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.02372134,0.003910156,0.5857431,0.2967274,0.003495597,0.003079777,0.00007688021,0.001403092,0.08184269],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.3398731,0.002131357,0.639068,0.01026056,0.001335307,0.001688565,0.00006564811,0.0002380108,0.005339446],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7340877,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9052609,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2025597927","doi":"10.1007/s11218-011-9166-y","title":"What behaviours do students consider academically dishonest? Findings from a survey of Canadian undergraduate students","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Social Psychology of Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":57,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; University of Regina","funders":"","keywords":"Academic dishonesty; Psychology; Situational ethics; Cheating; Academic integrity; Perception; Dishonesty; Sociology of Education; Sample (material); Social psychology; Academic achievement; Psychological intervention; Medical education; Mathematics education; Pedagogy","authors":[{"name":"Rozzet Jurdi","is_ca":true},{"name":"H. Sam Hage","is_ca":true},{"name":"Henry P. H. Chow","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1179131311699954,"gpt":0.4451605630114494,"spread":0.327247431841454,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002226354,0.0003208194,0.0005838055,0.003229954,0.004897526,0.002981428,0.001597427,0.00155066,0.002246615],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01406539,0.0005006247,0.0004596011,0.004964164,0.002149411,0.001010627,0.001464875,0.002492278,0.0004640892],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01416901,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.02180099,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9267712,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9631965,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9965191,0.0003284706,0.0001968998,0.0002112792,0.00150896,0.001235403],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.980485,0.002071438,0.005463365,0.0003054878,0.005687074,0.005987711],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006614548,0.0002342004,0.9594606,0.00005461822,0.00002048951,0.0001120378,0.0326049,0.00002385349,0.0002111668,0.0001219966,0.001087149,0.006002893],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003451866,0.00004411521,0.9615538,0.00004219016,0.000008492882,0.00004484888,0.03695431,0.00004582967,0.00004430744,0.00002650362,0.001216615,0.00001542321],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9972532,0.000198504,0.00001806856,0.0005718967,0.00001102627,0.00002599345,0.0002449793,0.000002337633,0.001673853],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981122,0.0003862811,0.00004734916,0.0003018746,0.000008662113,0.0000143365,0.0001730473,0.000003613259,0.0009527417],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9984493,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1473202,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2908407460","doi":"10.1002/ieam.4119","title":"Scientific integrity issues in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Improving research reproducibility, credibility, and transparency","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":56,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","funders":"Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK","keywords":"Credibility; Transparency (behavior); Scientific integrity; Scientific misconduct; Misconduct; Research integrity; Engineering ethics; Rigour; Political science; Medicine; Engineering; Law; Epistemology; Alternative medicine","authors":[{"name":"Christopher A. Mebane","is_ca":false},{"name":"John P. Sumpter","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anne Fairbrother","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thomas P. Augspurger","is_ca":false},{"name":"Timothy J. Canfield","is_ca":false},{"name":"William L. Goodfellow","is_ca":false},{"name":"Patrick D. Guiney","is_ca":false},{"name":"A. P. LeHuray","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lorraine Maltby","is_ca":false},{"name":"David Mayfield","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lisa S. Ortego","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tamar Schlekat","is_ca":false},{"name":"Richard P. Scroggins","is_ca":true},{"name":"Tim Verslycke","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1077068157427161,"gpt":0.4216945087595341,"spread":0.313987693016818,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0839479,0.001062839,0.003062868,0.01165248,0.00259401,0.01142824,0.003417297,0.009699577,0.003097981],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1690898,0.0008101877,0.00220032,0.01085528,0.01304366,0.01410506,0.005970896,0.008492323,0.001379131],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.007675261,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.03056159,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004305941,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00537909,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9067118,0.05140492,0.01214936,0.003207486,0.02489567,0.00163081],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.6737217,0.2467704,0.02553786,0.009813596,0.04059332,0.00356316],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"reproducibility","domain_candidate":"reproducibility","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007527904,0.00007344471,0.0009550788,0.07093436,0.0004965034,0.0003377534,0.002409066,0.0004754479,0.0007986035,0.08215611,0.0439385,0.7973498],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003198077,0.0001221954,0.001943423,0.07931971,0.0005168152,0.001066171,0.001270699,0.0003266614,0.001364959,0.06510347,0.8488236,0.0001103318],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002103683,0.9692472,0.001745866,0.02380486,0.001596006,0.00005528605,0.00002544528,0.00002334373,0.003291542],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.009389121,0.9742605,0.004618878,0.007670239,0.002660569,0.0001409299,0.00006202125,0.00002300731,0.001174758],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9903004,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4439642,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2606622294","doi":"10.1016/j.wneu.2017.04.014","title":"Retraction of Neurosurgical Publications: A Systematic Review","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"World Neurosurgery","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":53,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Hospital for Sick Children; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Medical physics; General surgery","authors":[{"name":"Justin Wang","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jerry C. Ku","is_ca":true},{"name":"Naif M. Alotaibi","is_ca":true},{"name":"James T. Rutka","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1983967056150376,"gpt":0.4359178452412505,"spread":0.237521139626213,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.09358982,0.002777794,0.01195075,0.02278058,0.002309215,0.00767201,0.004043967,0.007031355,0.008684327],"category_scores_gemma":[0.4045801,0.002736204,0.009908962,0.02288338,0.00403999,0.01000519,0.00642374,0.004274325,0.001002703],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.008152978,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.04093334,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007632596,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02750929,"domain_scores_codex":[0.8179763,0.07107683,0.07421179,0.00599752,0.02768954,0.003047996],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.5937137,0.2604143,0.09306552,0.009598044,0.04030737,0.002901003],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003815787,0.00001893568,0.001528756,0.9463527,0.009307189,0.0002417379,0.0006518558,0.00003468141,0.0001002579,0.0002190286,0.01172064,0.0294428],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008667029,0.00008449284,0.004269314,0.9163883,0.04471768,0.0004742316,0.00094506,0.00004592569,0.0001258531,0.0005033468,0.03150183,0.00007727263],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":"systematic_review","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001080091,0.9915015,0.0003341501,0.002988566,0.001500581,0.001087251,0.0008875076,0.00001902629,0.0006012968],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.03150425,0.9531638,0.002435126,0.007900961,0.001558807,0.002150938,0.0009049011,0.00004111032,0.0003400061],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9929686,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4949562,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"evaluation","study_design":"systematic_review","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"systematic_review","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"agree"},{"id":"W2914199159","doi":"10.1007/s10459-019-09876-7","title":"Salami-slicing and plagiarism: How should we respond?","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"editorial","venue":"Advances in Health Sciences Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Impact; McMaster University; University of Toronto; University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Slicing; Computer science; Academic integrity; Medical education; Medicine; World Wide Web; Library science","authors":[{"name":"Martin G. Tolsgaard","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rachel Ellaway","is_ca":true},{"name":"Geoff Norman","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02658491930630287,"gpt":0.4158786635765499,"spread":0.389293744270247,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02316674,0.003640121,0.005423948,0.008326426,0.007099682,0.02034784,0.006191238,0.0610651,0.01387656],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1122418,0.001893372,0.003794539,0.003720777,0.006724712,0.009531539,0.004350066,0.04203219,0.008503383],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.007848823,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.009240793,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003661005,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01175056,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9799067,0.004336745,0.003539181,0.001737723,0.009149178,0.001330408],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8798409,0.06001698,0.008087058,0.002601395,0.03715587,0.01229775],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001746874,0.000008563159,0.00003888123,0.0002551933,0.00002512109,0.00009121058,0.00004835729,0.00001014893,0.00001906203,0.0003539053,0.994372,0.004760061],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001042098,0.00003774874,0.0005804257,0.002024006,0.000150565,0.0004246511,0.0003514441,0.0002052619,0.00009821505,0.00404395,0.9919214,0.0000581215],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"editorial","genre_gemma":"editorial","genre_scores_codex":[0.00003304791,0.007428529,0.00007931547,0.1318505,0.8598275,0.00001187425,0.00002589022,0.00003337805,0.0007100527],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0003835338,0.003433483,0.00006834236,0.0372806,0.9559308,0.00001580126,0.00001294885,0.00002263089,0.002851925],"genre_candidate":"editorial","genre_consensus":"editorial","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9389349,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.122519,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3175444759","doi":"10.1080/08989621.2021.1947810","title":"What difference might retractions make? An estimate of the potential epistemic cost of retractions on meta-analyses","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Accountability in Research","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Ottawa Hospital; University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Meta-analysis; Sample size determination; Statistics; Psychology; Publication bias; Epistemology; Econometrics; Confidence interval; Philosophy; Medicine; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Daniele Fanelli","is_ca":false},{"name":"Julie M. Wong","is_ca":false},{"name":"David Moher","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.4799070722051362,"gpt":0.5656053467790647,"spread":0.08569827457392848,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.5331728,0.002137935,0.004755915,0.01126281,0.0024156,0.009828134,0.004253217,0.00623879,0.006320992],"category_scores_gemma":[0.9086965,0.001671357,0.01224196,0.01401918,0.007213823,0.01507654,0.00904395,0.00737843,0.001005168],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00668729,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005768081,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002559696,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003124086,"domain_scores_codex":[0.3652947,0.48625,0.0676266,0.01365458,0.06297746,0.004196562],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.03160042,0.8925698,0.03423906,0.02864281,0.01209975,0.0008480135],"domain_codex":"methods","domain_gemma":"evaluation","domain_candidate":"evaluation","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.01174709,0.0004461682,0.1590477,0.03220261,0.04318136,0.002244229,0.007132482,0.02133079,0.001738815,0.112557,0.03003675,0.578335],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003882449,0.00368133,0.2362524,0.04123437,0.05599423,0.01161762,0.004503092,0.06035526,0.007776862,0.4802811,0.09285419,0.001567062],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.328147,0.1266233,0.2805468,0.181875,0.01359945,0.006152233,0.009843905,0.001625468,0.05158691],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8815296,0.009561915,0.0896337,0.009349219,0.003804868,0.002751012,0.001237173,0.0003172149,0.001815261],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9937612,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.575681,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}