{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":864,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":133,"predictions_cover":864,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"ed32b203643b","filters":{"topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism"}},"results":[{"id":"W1554365104","doi":"10.21913/ijei.v1i1.14","title":"Cheating among college and university students: A North American perspective","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal for Educational Integrity","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":444,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Cheating; Academic integrity; Perspective (graphical); Academic dishonesty; Higher education; Psychology; Mathematics education; Medical education; Political science; Sociology; Social psychology; Medicine; Law; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02158579628489146,"gpt":0.3815879098520392,"spread":0.3600021135671478,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00121597,0.000111431,0.0001368246,0.0001874495,0.0008551145,0.000162449,0.0006590782,0.000126074,0.0002143095],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001821977,0.0001150011,0.0001045009,0.0001924935,0.0005251397,0.0008815663,0.00006112066,0.001260497,0.0000137952],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001512234,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007574816,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004953659,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01366131,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984267,0.0001766538,0.0002420449,0.0002075211,0.0007147496,0.0002322825],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971334,0.00058017,0.0002605324,0.00005009923,0.001757758,0.0002180959],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001621362,0.0003051661,0.4388012,0.000002247458,0.0002499034,0.000004695366,0.02331136,0.00001925346,0.000006724573,0.5111004,0.02059911,0.005437864],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007938388,0.00007727975,0.4502371,0.00006215966,0.0000511138,0.00006907678,0.1511526,0.0002828168,0.00001600577,0.02142046,0.3755108,0.0003267442],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.888991,0.0000602275,0.0008149538,0.1003587,0.001254683,0.0002100237,0.0001798056,0.00002253373,0.008108062],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9852631,0.0002036919,0.004177409,0.0007839311,0.003128844,0.000005036,0.0000173952,0.000007570772,0.006413025],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4896799,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.762333,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2109391703","doi":"10.1037/a0020773","title":"Identifying and profiling scholastic cheaters: Their personality, cognitive ability, and motivation.","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":339,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Psychology; Cheating; Psychopathy; Machiavellianism; Personality; Agreeableness; Dark triad; Social psychology; Clinical psychology; Developmental psychology; Big Five personality traits; Extraversion and introversion","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05635516793987502,"gpt":0.3882577167342087,"spread":0.3319025487943337,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001831105,0.00011161,0.0002071893,0.00008904789,0.0003824813,0.00007685184,0.0001464413,0.0004014331,0.0001682609],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002871634,0.00009515016,0.00004313296,0.00008385193,0.000882977,0.0002967793,0.00004880286,0.001540036,0.00000420827],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002156013,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004582294,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003025536,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001128838,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989592,0.0001337228,0.0002992793,0.000194756,0.000215181,0.0001978322],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991202,0.000377796,0.0002126555,0.00005342186,0.00009690945,0.0001390407],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003244594,0.0001977171,0.04021936,0.00001213637,0.0000859065,0.000007179416,0.05543742,6.635494e-8,0.8778731,0.02324381,0.0001521979,0.002446704],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007331084,0.0005988565,0.2750461,0.0002332283,0.0001388769,0.0006803929,0.3437078,0.00002386053,0.2838559,0.08469992,0.002772564,0.0009113504],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9860167,0.0003937564,0.0003732622,0.0007923021,0.0005116732,0.0001746483,0.000003625141,0.00001128013,0.01172279],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976813,0.00005866111,0.001214956,0.0006135721,0.0003984436,0.000005682828,0.000001269901,0.00000715787,0.00001902144],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5940171,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6690777,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3177938779","doi":"10.3389/feduc.2021.639814","title":"Academic Integrity in Online Assessment: A Research Review","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Frontiers in Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":285,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Queen's University","keywords":"Academic integrity; Academic dishonesty; Engineering ethics; Suite; Process (computing); Curriculum; Foundation (evidence); Cheating; Computer science; Psychology; Medical education; Knowledge management; Pedagogy; Engineering; Political science; Medicine; Social psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1978644255915193,"gpt":0.5458268679857784,"spread":0.3479624423942591,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":["research_integrity"],"category_scores_codex":[0.01531314,0.0002606487,0.001499509,0.0009108376,0.0002062249,0.0000505997,0.001045456,0.002844009,0.0002712342],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005811179,0.0002576959,0.0002221384,0.003365509,0.0002964715,0.0002949345,0.0001124843,0.02123622,0.00003197939],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003680791,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01969632,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004605717,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00137722,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9898402,0.006969809,0.001037308,0.0006166875,0.0008983896,0.0006376192],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981946,0.0006554971,0.0003207348,0.0003591024,0.000324694,0.0001453254],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[3.903127e-7,0.000121082,0.0002129998,0.00688018,0.000008832129,0.000002179552,0.001413724,1.605667e-8,2.647758e-9,0.004386729,0.248601,0.7383729],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003038114,0.000004748546,0.00002111044,0.1315527,0.00005941401,0.000001631772,0.009074174,0.000002041494,8.995856e-9,0.003111344,0.8559442,0.0001982787],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00000234897,0.9753588,0.00006096496,0.004187585,0.005342536,0.001516211,0.00002902567,0.00001996977,0.01348259],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.000001080538,0.9892776,0.004436112,0.0004659214,0.001181846,0.000382254,0.0007288666,0.00002454633,0.003501761],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7381746,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999875,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W597326641","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0127556","title":"Misconduct Policies, Academic Culture and Career Stage, Not Gender or Pressures to Publish, Affect Scientific Integrity","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PLoS ONE","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":272,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Publication; Misconduct; Scientific misconduct; Academic integrity; Honesty; Psychology; Publication bias; Social psychology; Law; Political science; Medicine; MEDLINE; Alternative medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.3281499515299024,"gpt":0.3703277328567112,"spread":0.04217778132680883,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003471753,0.0001986498,0.0003186576,0.0001637468,0.0006450046,0.0005521543,0.0007144064,0.001076769,0.0002939796],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00617547,0.0001514311,0.00004328585,0.0006011615,0.0006054765,0.0007564271,0.0002235707,0.002700917,0.00009250614],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001571581,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000719719,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006277238,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003565145,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968004,0.0004609722,0.0002454237,0.0005011629,0.00136931,0.0006227306],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982488,0.0002107753,0.00009561856,0.0002601396,0.0005066014,0.0006780308],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002301963,0.0003818349,0.01964104,0.0001891173,0.0002917233,0.00001385103,0.3007066,0.000005049752,0.01460366,0.03408693,0.6290972,0.0007527506],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007719449,0.0002102924,0.00315221,0.000294752,0.0002764251,0.00000446441,0.05009492,0.00006980047,0.02168097,0.003609817,0.9189747,0.0008596827],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9521645,0.001348079,0.00002922486,0.01087573,0.0005155314,0.0008435759,0.000234479,0.0001919539,0.03379697],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8964328,0.0001572676,0.001229381,0.002067094,0.00100547,0.00003719337,0.00002830906,0.0000193153,0.09902316],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2898775,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995999,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2620666811","doi":"10.1111/anae.13938","title":"Data fabrication and other reasons for non‐random sampling in 5087 randomised, controlled trials in anaesthetic and general medical journals","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Anaesthesia","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":228,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Anesthesiology; Clinical trial; Randomized controlled trial; Confidence interval; Family medicine; Anesthesia; Surgery; Internal medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1396965651295938,"gpt":0.4244541306113014,"spread":0.2847575654817076,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.03947083,0.0001264977,0.001012705,0.0001398087,0.0005554687,0.0002594603,0.0006035573,0.0005204164,0.00004806636],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03867983,0.00009662853,0.00008690206,0.00006489323,0.000314422,0.0003590061,0.00005556186,0.0004868779,0.000001673348],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003082495,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002350259,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007319272,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009731719,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9970242,0.001269953,0.0007416345,0.0003058875,0.0003505409,0.0003077219],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.996296,0.002572555,0.0005427586,0.0003475561,0.00006340763,0.0001777002],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"randomized_trial","study_design_scores_codex":[0.01835313,0.0002407854,0.3270514,0.00005369529,0.000211723,0.0000622576,0.01802583,0.00001492057,0.0001306223,0.0485281,0.006719492,0.5806081],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.4591722,0.0003116684,0.1459075,0.001688723,0.0006041146,0.00004856434,0.00582194,0.0543988,0.00003310592,0.06848922,0.2621179,0.00140628],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9496112,0.00349632,0.005108842,0.03657452,0.0001761289,0.00269036,0.00004487477,0.00001853821,0.002279171],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9894136,0.007365178,0.001527639,0.0009510833,0.0004692814,0.0001027038,0.00001000823,0.00001337812,0.0001471836],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5792018,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992911,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2552820166","doi":"10.1186/s41073-016-0024-5","title":"Ranking major and minor research misbehaviors: results from a survey among participants of four World Conferences on Research Integrity","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Research Integrity and Peer Review","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":219,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Women's College Research Institute","keywords":"Minor (academic); Misconduct; Psychology; Quality (philosophy); Product (mathematics); Social psychology; Public relations; Political science; Law","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.6723211565749861,"gpt":0.5540285380960718,"spread":0.1182926184789144,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","sts","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch","sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.2420829,0.0003166862,0.0009932108,0.0008757914,0.001823557,0.0003834807,0.00146841,0.001081742,0.0009356458],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1464778,0.0002072087,0.0001387389,0.002220894,0.006884288,0.0005498516,0.0006547113,0.01367506,0.0001619349],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003213708,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00180898,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.3128915,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1856039,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9537946,0.03361335,0.001260175,0.001293313,0.007798052,0.002240512],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9459236,0.04295914,0.000241303,0.0008526239,0.009016134,0.001007254],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002750484,0.000780058,0.3320645,0.00212436,0.0002465387,0.0001408125,0.02231093,3.409883e-8,0.0006158635,0.08584691,0.3289609,0.2241586],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002466422,0.000965386,0.3054943,0.05715803,0.0000895669,0.000005518131,0.00989569,0.00002760351,0.001556453,0.05778453,0.5636376,0.0009189649],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.861551,0.02081162,0.00001795834,0.08644508,0.0002821679,0.002670167,0.001594898,0.00005837515,0.02656874],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9092004,0.07678433,0.0001227906,0.0001139955,0.0003443041,0.0001329459,0.00005268015,0.00002195618,0.01322662],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2346767,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999776,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2992157477","doi":"10.47678/cjhe.v36i1.183525","title":"Understanding Academic Misconduct","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Higher Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":202,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Misconduct; Academic integrity; Honour; Higher education; Academic community; Learning development; Psychology; Scientific misconduct; Institutional research; Quality (philosophy); Public relations; Academic achievement; Cheating; Political science; Sociology; Medical education; Pedagogy; Social psychology; Law; Social science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1112233258088078,"gpt":0.3427327548328886,"spread":0.2315094290240808,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007031953,0.00005123379,0.00007833249,0.000212806,0.0003586422,0.00005161171,0.0002045918,0.0003245568,0.001203422],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008421655,0.00005109792,0.00004243644,0.0001891875,0.0001440519,0.0003135376,0.000001407558,0.0008739298,0.00002471252],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009670439,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005876259,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.07119426,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03866799,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992127,0.0001109827,0.0002140742,0.00005664692,0.0001728497,0.0002327368],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992859,0.00006490906,0.0001673878,0.00004149246,0.0001332462,0.0003070718],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001500938,0.000004850516,0.01894121,0.000002345983,0.000005453239,0.000003519699,0.003014731,0.00001036261,0.00006582111,0.3744079,0.6032875,0.000254857],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005086556,0.000007146386,0.006956492,0.00004167276,0.00001370213,0.00001126696,0.003879268,3.289542e-7,0.00003348675,0.1105009,0.8784381,0.00006670242],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3604993,0.01379624,0.000588603,0.09048199,0.0161174,0.0002007953,0.000009567629,0.00001976772,0.5182863],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9639372,0.00003342493,0.0001357679,0.0008158576,0.002736551,5.358227e-7,0.000002574989,0.000005115227,0.03233293],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.603438,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997595,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2153924055","doi":"10.1038/srep03146","title":"The Retraction Penalty: Evidence from the Web of Science","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Scientific Reports","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":195,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Kellogg's (Canada)","funders":"Army Research Laboratory; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; Northwestern University","keywords":"Citation; Computer science; Web of science; Range (aeronautics); Information retrieval; Data science; Library science; MEDLINE; Biology; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03457540002935245,"gpt":0.316572748599569,"spread":0.2819973485702165,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","sts"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.01981651,0.00006857952,0.00008719788,0.00004962209,0.004804756,0.0008460191,0.0008481333,0.0001724833,0.0005359007],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01001578,0.00003643848,0.0000628928,0.001151274,0.007506348,0.001131732,0.0001025894,0.0006532137,0.000121546],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008999821,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001669575,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01759129,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002112622,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9967743,0.0002492695,0.000392894,0.0004193349,0.001801226,0.0003630098],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9967159,0.001258272,0.0004406551,0.000705086,0.0007768934,0.0001031729],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000103386,0.0000405473,0.04871061,0.000006334451,0.00001922174,0.00001786289,0.04675394,0.0000149052,0.126954,0.01360707,0.728322,0.0355431],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000326256,0.0000142373,0.0291273,0.0001720503,0.00002264885,0.00001859922,0.02185705,0.0004759047,0.01820067,0.1328674,0.7970335,0.0001779489],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9374816,0.0007785682,0.00006881913,0.01737022,0.01788313,0.0004765321,0.000001437803,0.00004102351,0.02589866],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9923769,0.0001693823,0.0001095136,0.00008272842,0.000265447,0.00001332801,0.000001172956,0.000002836742,0.006978754],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1192604,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9983233,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1860732586","doi":"10.47678/cjhe.v36i2.183537","title":"Academic Misconduct within Higher Education in Canada","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Higher Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":188,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"John Templeton Foundation","keywords":"Misconduct; Academic integrity; Copying; Scientific misconduct; Higher education; Psychology; Medical education; Test (biology); Academic achievement; Perception; Maturity (psychological); Cheating; Criminology; Political science; Pedagogy; Law; Social psychology; Medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01979834777675191,"gpt":0.2985024414038489,"spread":0.2787040936270969,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006895551,0.0001010577,0.0001488189,0.0003009329,0.0002062814,0.00004625286,0.0003429271,0.0003443363,0.001809554],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007951153,0.0001041753,0.00003552933,0.0003611961,0.00009250101,0.0004053373,0.00000280892,0.001359984,0.00001566622],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003529596,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.1257816,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9976703,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9977774,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985552,0.0002119775,0.0004730911,0.0001165865,0.000301179,0.000342012],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987894,0.00007261618,0.0003334752,0.00008508711,0.000277926,0.00044155],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004349105,0.00002043682,0.1943142,0.000007574113,0.000006490749,0.000006800667,0.002140685,0.00005568584,0.00005946028,0.0752584,0.7261279,0.001997957],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007564545,0.000005883916,0.2003645,0.00008954039,0.00001221278,0.000009514587,0.002581063,4.971004e-7,0.00004652816,0.01535975,0.7813352,0.0001195839],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8796716,0.00832771,0.00000157309,0.03327662,0.01444833,0.000144243,0.000007290622,0.000004363912,0.06411829],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9147196,0.0000260289,0.0001309725,0.002627464,0.002659967,0.000003541647,0.00001038684,0.000009355284,0.07981271],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.122252,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999103,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2920377922","doi":"10.1007/s11948-019-00094-3","title":"Scientific Integrity Principles and Best Practices: Recommendations from a Scientific Integrity Consortium","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Engineering Ethics","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":170,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; Canadian Nutrition Society","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","keywords":"Scientific integrity; Transparency (behavior); Engineering ethics; Best practice; Publication; Harmonization; Scientific misconduct; Research integrity; Process (computing); Philosophy of science; Academic integrity; Scientific evidence; Data integrity; Research ethics; Quality (philosophy); Computer science; Political science; Medicine; Engineering; Law; Computer security","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1559152298375802,"gpt":0.3841029606226381,"spread":0.2281877307850579,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","sts","scholarly_communication","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.01873629,0.0001533028,0.0001807345,0.0002873384,0.002647763,0.001970425,0.0005943908,0.0006372292,0.0001070427],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0206525,0.0001436727,0.0000288933,0.001208807,0.00364398,0.001797068,0.0002418663,0.004470821,0.00007452969],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001520027,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001995496,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006098246,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002735912,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971929,0.0001725971,0.0002653745,0.0007154839,0.001132056,0.000521597],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9965155,0.001783548,0.0001942748,0.0003233328,0.000876499,0.0003068312],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001804736,0.0001594435,0.02592501,0.0001849126,0.00003438337,0.000004920286,0.1584096,0.0001014895,0.02633044,0.7785549,0.001965666,0.008311264],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002144895,0.00005091704,0.002869517,0.0004159062,0.00003523625,0.000006819417,0.03012756,0.01519452,0.00121075,0.00570522,0.9436748,0.0004942587],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9709828,0.0003514658,0.00067432,0.01751079,0.003793447,0.0003033499,0.00006362767,0.0001210421,0.00619914],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9900523,0.0003720737,0.006282815,0.0002389479,0.0001452413,0.000008995726,0.00001734199,0.000008881978,0.00287343],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9417092,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9990675,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre":"methods","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre":"commentary","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"agree"},{"id":"W2019979083","doi":"10.1016/j.jslw.2012.03.003","title":"Rewriting and paraphrasing source texts in second language writing","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Second Language Writing","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":148,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Paraphrase; Copying; Discipline; Citation; Context (archaeology); Rhetorical question; Computer science; Academic writing; Second language writing; Rewriting; Literacy; Linguistics; Mathematics education; Psychology; Pedagogy; Sociology; Artificial intelligence; Second language; World Wide Web; History","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01383951134812425,"gpt":0.3028973077228136,"spread":0.2890577963746894,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.008003769,0.0001803164,0.0003949942,0.000312605,0.0004558737,0.0001842999,0.0002594684,0.0004403013,0.001393914],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001419438,0.0001816822,0.0001132725,0.0002945478,0.0001609054,0.001269032,0.00007042808,0.002242365,0.000008900053],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001256679,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001060326,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005091706,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001257104,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972621,0.0004840462,0.0008538972,0.0001681039,0.0004481396,0.0007837237],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977885,0.001115481,0.0006114801,0.00009611773,0.0001027003,0.0002856487],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004293641,0.00009782689,0.14354,0.0002754794,0.00006828307,0.0004399932,0.6520776,0.000006208157,0.03007914,0.002803106,0.000781403,0.1697881],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009409406,0.00004197165,0.01745159,0.001117584,0.0000364391,0.0006593365,0.9652705,0.00006865381,0.002938795,0.0001915476,0.01083876,0.0004438404],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9520426,0.01406913,0.0001009482,0.000375346,0.0001927863,0.0000973103,0.000008144736,0.00002859776,0.03308507],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9937652,0.00009335762,0.001875258,0.0008578795,0.002667992,0.000001361814,0.000002182547,0.00002477966,0.0007119984],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.313193,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995189,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2089994419","doi":"10.1007/s11948-014-9600-6","title":"Scientists Admitting to Plagiarism: A Meta-analysis of Surveys","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Science and Engineering Ethics","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":132,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Meta-analysis; Psychology; Survey research; Recall; Philosophy of science; Publication bias; Peer review; Medical education; Medicine; Political science; Applied psychology; Law; Pathology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2288966979256258,"gpt":0.4437039106443108,"spread":0.214807212718685,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"category_scores_codex":[0.07764409,0.0002697625,0.002180726,0.001514805,0.0007418274,0.0002194498,0.001130967,0.001555659,0.00004745154],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0197689,0.0002174099,0.0006969963,0.00735109,0.0009652114,0.0002109121,0.0002197498,0.003403087,0.0000140053],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001429828,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001771373,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00181898,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000548003,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9954641,0.0007758982,0.0005951638,0.0006131256,0.001953616,0.0005980919],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9953203,0.003020309,0.0002668872,0.0003536761,0.0006572473,0.0003816001],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001291686,0.00005101263,0.00002416362,0.01455665,0.040513,0.00001135363,0.06918689,0.002194946,0.00001297082,0.2922157,0.0009697952,0.5802622],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001023195,0.00001066939,0.00000955829,0.0003944373,0.04345205,9.02896e-7,0.0001379364,0.0005644653,0.000001422827,0.00004726762,0.9550853,0.0002857264],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0000138275,0.98156,0.0147156,0.0006529504,0.0006509732,0.0003666332,0.00008786611,0.00007212668,0.00188004],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.000695914,0.9958811,0.002447598,0.0001967417,0.0001262427,0.00002576354,0.00001108822,0.00001794322,0.0005975979],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9541155,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997405,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"meta_analysis","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["research_integrity"],"domain":null,"study_design":"meta_analysis","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"split"},{"id":"W2155056246","doi":"10.1093/comjnl/bxs018","title":"A Source Code Similarity System for Plagiarism Detection","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Computer Journal","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":109,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Athabasca University","funders":"","keywords":"Library science; Computer science; Similarity (geometry); Information retrieval; Source code; World Wide Web; Database; Operating system; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03357069603471791,"gpt":0.294971855487683,"spread":0.2614011594529651,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006118626,0.00008848985,0.000126659,0.00004160528,0.002070225,0.0001571902,0.0004102248,0.0004162097,0.00002219652],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001102482,0.0000607667,0.0001201236,0.00009306213,0.0001143268,0.000232105,0.00004493108,0.0017157,0.00003468674],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001836982,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007123258,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001503071,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006730249,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983636,0.0005795202,0.0002103426,0.00007957988,0.0003233041,0.00044371],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989201,0.0005134419,0.0001636949,0.00009522343,0.0001323165,0.0001751529],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002886022,0.0001879853,0.006805251,0.0001199053,0.0004072468,0.000006816102,0.2242665,0.001082013,0.0006143552,0.1677851,0.1329468,0.4654895],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005418913,0.00006857843,0.001128621,0.0000753206,0.00008889884,0.0004494315,0.006299549,0.01729472,0.0006097971,0.005079003,0.9681095,0.0002547132],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03398203,0.0002409163,0.955578,0.003316255,0.004116686,0.0002165539,0.000004867695,0.00008440032,0.002460286],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9860751,0.00002672533,0.002693725,0.0007274063,0.01002367,0.000005364284,6.528538e-7,0.000009273996,0.000438097],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9528843,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999229,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3117849711","doi":"10.1177/0895904820983032","title":"Academic Integrity Policies of Publicly Funded Universities in Western Canada","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Educational Policy","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":97,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; University of Manitoba","funders":"University of Calgary","keywords":"Academic integrity; Cheating; Misconduct; Punitive damages; Academic dishonesty; Outsourcing; Work (physics); Higher education; Public relations; Political science; Sociology; Psychology; Law; Social psychology; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05033612642666445,"gpt":0.3541157866073838,"spread":0.3037796601807193,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003486973,0.0000726026,0.0001225613,0.0001235978,0.000127876,0.00001469387,0.0004062715,0.0002566818,0.000265177],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009975225,0.00007949787,0.00002783848,0.0005606294,0.000239011,0.0002540473,0.00004487856,0.001167716,0.00001318862],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000678205,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01519201,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9865795,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.8998559,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989094,0.0001725487,0.0001960838,0.0001232911,0.0003546774,0.0002440384],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992065,0.0003566581,0.00009097895,0.000056893,0.0001187756,0.0001701273],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009642063,0.00001527832,0.169633,0.00001441343,0.000008509351,3.423065e-7,0.06176046,0.00001036306,0.00002017823,0.7176847,0.05067602,0.0001670487],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002483904,0.0000202229,0.3528174,0.00005065772,0.000008385997,0.000001524479,0.1442785,0.00002284366,0.0001683496,0.03180701,0.4703056,0.0002710485],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5400993,0.00006283896,0.000005887496,0.427395,0.0001335675,0.00005994953,0.00004817433,0.000009480624,0.03218581],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9869146,0.00006079405,0.00004125092,0.007425369,0.001693018,0.000002435201,0.00001402956,0.00000387696,0.003844602],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6858777,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.990391,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2268329921","doi":"10.15388/infedu.2014.10","title":"Collaboration, Collusion and Plagiarism in Computer Science Coursework","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Informatics in Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":97,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"University of Waterloo","keywords":"Coursework; Collusion; Context (archaeology); Academic dishonesty; Computer science; Mathematics education; Engineering ethics; Cheating; Psychology; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006463584133639145,"gpt":0.3096939182671761,"spread":0.303230334133537,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003881174,0.00005646181,0.00008070939,0.000277884,0.0003111353,0.0001567458,0.0001840695,0.0002851964,0.00001096811],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008043383,0.00005924874,0.000005532207,0.0008957494,0.0003400109,0.0007414352,0.00003689712,0.0004576052,0.00001575612],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002403933,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001279852,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007870718,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001920091,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990182,0.00009559467,0.0002945056,0.00007663834,0.0003296118,0.000185476],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993713,0.0001673861,0.0001071249,0.00009221601,0.0001951591,0.00006678449],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009975129,0.0001150794,0.06161882,0.00003722968,0.00000126773,1.045631e-7,0.442059,0.0009215943,0.00001569409,0.312668,0.007334311,0.1752189],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001155459,0.0001279753,0.1601398,0.0007640398,0.00001131838,0.000006975675,0.2092646,0.1538233,0.0001821695,0.1376664,0.3360752,0.000782709],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9578862,0.00004425657,0.01015655,0.003995527,0.001496637,0.0003289032,0.000001207232,0.00001989048,0.02607086],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9868416,0.000114562,0.01168822,0.001027717,0.0002174058,0.00001101823,0.000005725572,0.000002277213,0.00009147491],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3287409,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2416094,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["research_integrity"],"domain":null,"study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["research_integrity"],"domain":null,"study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"commentary","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"agree"},{"id":"W2887657800","doi":"10.1097/acm.0000000000002412","title":"Ethical Shades of Gray: International Frequency of Scientific Misconduct and Questionable Research Practices in Health Professions Education","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Academic Medicine","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":92,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Scientific misconduct; Misconduct; Psychology; Research ethics; Medical education; Gray (unit); Public relations; Medicine; Alternative medicine; Political science; Psychiatry; Law; Pathology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2293234273902231,"gpt":0.5565311650287235,"spread":0.3272077376385004,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","sts","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0253873,0.00006143221,0.0001882492,0.0004366202,0.0003769903,0.000007696217,0.0004059719,0.0008029641,0.0003984661],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02934556,0.00004905369,0.00001041418,0.0007418461,0.003841345,0.0002872318,0.00006359145,0.003697915,0.000005709488],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001173674,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002442566,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0351973,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002094522,"domain_scores_codex":[0.996519,0.00142109,0.0005464078,0.0002528834,0.000999226,0.0002613487],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9969721,0.001480505,0.0005136475,0.0001141924,0.000788413,0.0001310885],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002448148,0.00003820711,0.07711083,0.000124319,0.000009376504,3.52319e-7,0.141815,1.015883e-7,0.007510806,0.7308824,0.03911689,0.003367164],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006295893,0.0003336036,0.02011402,0.005544062,0.00001543067,0.00001017487,0.2124532,0.0001039507,0.001521905,0.6055532,0.1535455,0.0001753288],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7041979,0.002668146,0.00006366779,0.2692865,0.001567769,0.0004177843,0.000006745798,0.00001364753,0.02177778],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9934726,0.001704212,0.0005007791,0.0006347347,0.0007883325,0.00001296422,0.00001519357,0.000003854809,0.002867303],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2892747,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9988697,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"observational","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"design_other","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"medium"}],"label_agreement":"split"},{"id":"W3086003063","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-48415-6","title":"Research Ethics for Students in the Social Sciences","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":90,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Simon Fraser University; Universiteit Utrecht; Universiteit Leiden; University of Cambridge; University of Virginia; U.S. Department of Education","keywords":"Sociology; Engineering ethics; Social science; Psychology; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.4901642510809425,"gpt":0.6016699411340541,"spread":0.1115056900531116,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","sts","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":["research_integrity"],"category_scores_codex":[0.04471587,0.0001090785,0.0001954446,0.0001353863,0.003772318,0.0003404261,0.002820186,0.002699937,0.0002073326],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003604404,0.00007463617,0.000100085,0.0004205974,0.002341534,0.00009641106,0.0001619386,0.01008181,0.0001271704],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002500218,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004648955,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002487384,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009090092,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9935443,0.001870528,0.0002275017,0.0003371425,0.003492559,0.0005279924],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9918556,0.007704963,0.00006781593,0.00006982323,0.0002613579,0.00004041185],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003710728,0.000006486695,0.00001995901,0.00001201128,0.000003578748,0.000001181758,0.09193838,5.853645e-8,7.259963e-8,0.4967131,0.4110741,0.0002272883],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005791949,0.00003494744,0.00001901706,0.00003144542,0.00000493888,8.63546e-8,0.04749468,0.000003160308,3.498539e-7,0.197919,0.754355,0.00007953708],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.00002493898,0.0001067916,0.00006036687,0.1096259,0.0002516069,0.000762897,0.00002126535,0.00002103815,0.8891252],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.002877533,0.0004488327,0.0001705033,0.01136451,0.00374023,0.0000756078,0.00001807575,0.00001185535,0.9812928],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3432808,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985948,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1837958227","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v7i1.242","title":"Plagiarism by Adult Learners Online: A case study in detection and remediation","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":88,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Certificate; Distance education; Medical education; Plagiarism detection; Enforcement; Psychology; Computer science; Pedagogy; Medicine; Political science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05647622825857566,"gpt":0.443220276838844,"spread":0.3867440485802683,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01043172,0.00006118179,0.0001487065,0.000114206,0.0002720346,0.0001104582,0.0003430444,0.0001304076,0.00003319363],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004718713,0.00004807639,0.00001508436,0.0004619658,0.000209476,0.0002418704,0.0001894547,0.001754908,0.000001764839],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001415963,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001101262,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1425397,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02682276,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971931,0.001497769,0.0003206912,0.0001811934,0.0006225665,0.0001846992],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985164,0.001014646,0.0001114592,0.00006259756,0.0002547476,0.00004012319],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003347147,0.0009955858,0.7716276,0.0007554065,0.00006079202,0.000523167,0.01587183,0.0001561457,0.0002980447,0.017605,0.007350569,0.1844212],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004899311,0.0005639002,0.06410108,0.009795492,0.00004581463,0.0002882077,0.7404523,0.01094583,0.0001151586,0.01057865,0.1576209,0.0005932633],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9826339,0.004134111,0.00007665175,0.009371361,0.00004846633,0.0007990393,0.00002737988,0.000006779604,0.002902251],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.981924,0.01757077,0.00001918472,0.00007944937,0.00005978161,0.00003278213,0.00006410813,0.000003376404,0.0002465617],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7245805,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9909352,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2169700202","doi":"10.1177/0956797611435980","title":"Do Economic Equality and Generalized Trust Inhibit Academic Dishonesty? Evidence From State-Level Search-Engine Queries","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Psychological Science","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":86,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Cheating; Honesty; Academic dishonesty; Inequality; Dishonesty; Psychology; Economic inequality; Social psychology; Socioeconomic status; State (computer science); Trustworthiness; Honor; Sociology; Computer science; Internet privacy; Mathematics; Demography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2032530452872504,"gpt":0.4433156761202422,"spread":0.2400626308329918,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01008197,0.0001935427,0.0002728114,0.00007964449,0.001020062,0.0002157165,0.001022156,0.0005392399,0.001086926],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002014844,0.0001494651,0.00005537465,0.0004754651,0.004221348,0.002078978,0.0002710223,0.001504487,0.0002641891],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002318972,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001546726,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007037045,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002355679,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9965041,0.0006005283,0.0003905085,0.00069738,0.0007373309,0.001070171],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997968,0.0008626247,0.0001204121,0.0002706661,0.00007271147,0.0007056146],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002310911,0.0001697242,0.7112765,0.00001516145,0.00001817503,0.000006650993,0.06904012,0.00003980452,0.0163209,0.1129693,0.003355419,0.08655711],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005069929,0.0001134813,0.9284389,0.0001172968,0.00002056908,0.00001252086,0.004919702,0.000261832,0.002801515,0.04043578,0.02154026,0.0008311426],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.986821,0.001397362,0.001331381,0.005150449,0.0007663116,0.0002379653,0.00006922173,0.0000974371,0.00412885],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9929977,0.002905604,0.002164687,0.0008133965,0.0005738765,0.00001581854,0.000002960184,0.00000609335,0.0005198404],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2171624,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998262,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1575780569","doi":"10.1023/a:1025008818338","title":"Student Reports and Faculty Perceptions of Academic Dishonesty","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Teaching Business Ethics","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":83,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"PricewaterhouseCoopers (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Cheating; Academic dishonesty; Honor; Academic integrity; Psychology; Ethical code; Mathematics education; Sociology; Social psychology; Law; Computer science; Political science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08864809106080487,"gpt":0.4209462456888834,"spread":0.3322981546280785,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.008894553,0.0001080446,0.0001874641,0.00005915694,0.001113186,0.00003741864,0.0001569856,0.001194112,0.00006106528],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009503043,0.00009870062,0.00003621053,0.0001945192,0.0005478009,0.0002567252,0.0000476024,0.005553953,0.000004091776],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005920706,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003925612,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00404667,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004529058,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977008,0.0008712146,0.000333424,0.0002249009,0.0006327255,0.0002369783],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987237,0.0005906778,0.0001901465,0.0001445273,0.0002602851,0.00009066393],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000040994,0.00008012526,0.2924973,0.00008041979,0.00002191913,0.0000146686,0.3478468,0.00004618823,0.0005562361,0.3552639,0.00123261,0.002355616],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002951563,0.00002144558,0.6015822,0.0003889587,0.000124799,0.0001096398,0.09992903,0.00001751109,0.00009019094,0.04381248,0.2530281,0.0006005217],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9701757,0.0001811252,0.00304992,0.006484175,0.0004759968,0.0001609571,0.000008008557,0.00007997316,0.01938412],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9969152,0.0005288587,0.0009758032,0.0003500323,0.0001311043,0.000004580501,0.000009981189,0.000009023879,0.001075432],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3114515,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9988403,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2613383989","doi":"10.1186/s41073-017-0031-1","title":"Retractions in cancer research: a systematic survey","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Research Integrity and Peer Review","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":83,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Juravinski Hospital; Hamilton Health Sciences; McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Impact factor; MEDLINE; Medicine; Descriptive statistics; Family medicine; Library science; Computer science; Political science; Law; Statistics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.7171569621897869,"gpt":0.63058816574139,"spread":0.08656879644839688,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","sts","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.2059369,0.0001182045,0.0005420686,0.0002662322,0.003627497,0.0006126357,0.001249594,0.0006824849,0.0006708574],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1821889,0.00009390079,0.00007283771,0.0006902989,0.001585539,0.0005877044,0.0002651946,0.01205828,0.0002349904],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003865078,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001134578,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.3674237,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.2502567,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9799778,0.01458181,0.0004964932,0.0004221336,0.003575036,0.0009467166],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9898578,0.005102193,0.0001353502,0.0006634606,0.003905108,0.0003360832],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007756393,0.000330847,0.0455764,0.1011841,0.0001023349,0.0001300756,0.01608712,1.434924e-7,0.0000240887,0.2321558,0.586793,0.01753849],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002271179,0.00006871347,0.04408685,0.1381963,0.0000253786,0.00001184519,0.004483663,0.00003720691,0.00001172123,0.019518,0.7930055,0.0003277923],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.02544775,0.278621,0.00001998801,0.4800517,0.0008498012,0.005526694,0.0002424716,0.00006567856,0.2091749],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4126217,0.5549334,0.00003882146,0.0003154541,0.0003169548,0.0003800094,0.00001276629,0.00001250483,0.03136841],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4797363,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9976696,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1951343740","doi":"10.1002/asi.23421","title":"Costly collaborations: The impact of scientific fraud on co‐authors' careers","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":81,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal; Université de Montréal","funders":"Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Misconduct; Scientific misconduct; Productivity; Ranking (information retrieval); Psychology; Research integrity; Rigour; Political science; Public relations; Medicine; Computer science; Law; Alternative medicine; Economics; Epistemology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03220766005286423,"gpt":0.3526338973852482,"spread":0.320426237332384,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01506883,0.00004744861,0.0001098991,0.000484917,0.001137311,0.000228289,0.0006604445,0.0002738978,0.000002339367],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02247673,0.00002580351,0.00005767532,0.002453999,0.0009203951,0.001587831,0.000033604,0.0004403762,0.00000495924],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007309431,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002358588,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007716806,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003258243,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981709,0.00008578545,0.0003651787,0.00004687895,0.001155647,0.0001756308],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9931308,0.0002831606,0.001181709,0.0001093915,0.005234896,0.00006003885],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009976016,0.00007651366,0.1038505,0.000008577986,0.0000995259,1.269579e-7,0.08364552,0.0008015722,0.0009403002,0.5731024,0.2232153,0.01415992],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002074982,0.0009026371,0.01958446,0.00009317099,0.00008232368,0.00001576603,0.1483107,0.00153213,0.009549761,0.09466316,0.7229313,0.0002596481],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9447411,0.00005563021,0.0002546347,0.03762115,0.001497457,0.000504414,0.00006623453,0.00002006367,0.01523928],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994891,0.00002127813,0.00008568891,0.0001425898,0.00004732206,0.000003298298,0.00000105208,0.000001060735,0.0002085543],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.499716,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9857574,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"incentives","study_design":"observational","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"incentives","study_design":"observational","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"agree"},{"id":"W2948251768","doi":"10.1007/s11948-019-00112-4","title":"Misconduct and Misbehavior Related to Authorship Disagreements in Collaborative Science","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Engineering Ethics","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":81,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé; National Institutes of Health","keywords":"Scientific misconduct; Psychology; Multidisciplinary approach; Hostility; Research integrity; Social psychology; Social science; Public relations; Sociology; Political science; Medicine; Alternative medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03739747619945206,"gpt":0.3625665209387409,"spread":0.3251690447392889,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01143263,0.00008294264,0.0001027707,0.0002810225,0.0005252549,0.0001860599,0.0003505719,0.0003082743,0.00001737405],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004117061,0.00007853215,0.00000642268,0.002440132,0.001244848,0.0006901373,0.000102273,0.001335995,0.00001677243],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001507781,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009801249,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006809524,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002091248,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981682,0.00005118117,0.0001318737,0.000342516,0.0008706301,0.000435623],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991176,0.0002280847,0.00002436515,0.000102098,0.0002650265,0.0002628526],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001037516,0.00002631635,0.04812482,0.00005326291,0.000003333169,0.000007246331,0.4654069,0.000506114,0.09536622,0.3873597,0.00009150758,0.003044151],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002260427,0.0007538129,0.5986566,0.002299466,0.00005511915,0.00002909281,0.2068031,0.01945039,0.0267264,0.02623115,0.1132205,0.003513903],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9903194,0.00007497041,0.00002098553,0.004725791,0.0004804177,0.0002364427,0.000003248356,0.00002873336,0.004110056],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983009,0.00006755073,0.000803302,0.0002412898,0.00001452268,0.000004687176,2.812226e-7,0.000003485286,0.0005639857],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5505318,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5804309,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"incentives","study_design":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"design_other","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"medium"}],"label_agreement":"split"},{"id":"W4214891838","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-83255-1","title":"Academic Integrity in Canada","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"Ethics and integrity in educational contexts","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":81,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Guelph","keywords":"Academic integrity; Political science; Computer science; Library science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07046766004351139,"gpt":0.3730977673708292,"spread":0.3026301073273178,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["research_integrity"],"category_scores_codex":[0.01012504,0.0003722814,0.0005988737,0.00036473,0.0007415189,0.00006272156,0.0009392517,0.003770832,0.004479318],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01025679,0.0004151451,0.00008995248,0.0003049996,0.0006198218,0.0002501758,0.0002124173,0.08268486,0.00002376442],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.008304462,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.1067913,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9789165,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9964723,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9944722,0.001878884,0.0008679116,0.0006649764,0.00150559,0.0006104335],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9905548,0.008258021,0.0003270081,0.0002262757,0.0003738333,0.000260027],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000255648,0.00004312972,0.009097901,0.00007747599,0.00001813072,0.00001119627,0.03515561,0.00000254209,5.882376e-7,0.7642313,0.1887026,0.002634022],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001567535,0.00001381024,0.005338553,0.0004050227,0.000009638226,0.0000045944,0.01056574,0.00001687036,5.944262e-7,0.2802334,0.7028822,0.0003728217],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.009226362,0.009263117,0.000006118977,0.2149533,0.005126247,0.0008935442,0.00057761,0.00002740641,0.7599263],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.290975,0.01410122,0.000114427,0.01481331,0.001964227,0.0001965664,0.0006913702,0.00005580458,0.6770881],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5141796,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998301,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2071606217","doi":"10.5455/aim.2013.21.148-155","title":"The Importance of Proper Citation of References in Biomedical Articles","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Informatica Medica","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":79,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Citation; Listing (finance); Style (visual arts); Medical journal; Computer science; Library science; Order (exchange); Writing style; Information retrieval; History; Linguistics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02506240120262836,"gpt":0.2902448487225701,"spread":0.2651824475199417,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002399064,0.00004921218,0.000127201,0.00006268572,0.0001133579,0.00001704615,0.0003556722,0.0002191544,0.0005100588],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004201471,0.0000280108,0.00002392598,0.000321059,0.0009747428,0.0004537243,0.00003114198,0.0003733567,0.00003296505],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002050695,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002513362,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001417302,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004908716,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983897,0.0001128189,0.0005784231,0.00004664001,0.0006688717,0.0002035321],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987221,0.0007216939,0.0002350951,0.0001097039,0.000132403,0.00007903078],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004872999,0.0001669835,0.05109905,0.000247679,0.00006725051,0.00000118915,0.3947387,7.374427e-7,0.001012251,0.1984252,0.08032823,0.2738639],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00125578,0.0003861515,0.1128281,0.0008672637,0.00004256556,0.000004022922,0.4255429,0.005333697,0.002310038,0.1181758,0.3327861,0.000467459],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.930973,0.00006705533,0.00006316775,0.02062138,0.0001172157,0.0002868913,0.000002432006,0.0000123458,0.04785654],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988586,0.0002689487,0.0004624145,0.000233052,0.00003345569,0.00002108411,0.000002896648,0.000001533551,0.0001180481],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2733965,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5584787,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2890784557","doi":"10.1007/s40979-018-0030-0","title":"Effectiveness of tutorials for promoting educational integrity: a synthesis paper","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal for Educational Integrity","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":77,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Academic dishonesty; Cheating; Academic integrity; Psychological intervention; Psychology; Context (archaeology); Medical education; Misconduct; Intervention (counseling); Academic achievement; Pedagogy; Medicine; Social psychology; Political science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04367702663746247,"gpt":0.4205006072596121,"spread":0.3768235806221496,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01000176,0.0002324767,0.0003780075,0.0003261509,0.0009431287,0.0002370387,0.001171999,0.0006201745,0.00175536],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03671377,0.0002160427,0.0004335032,0.0002196996,0.000650953,0.001085108,0.00005776222,0.001306656,0.00003694424],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008866439,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004178625,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001319988,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002350391,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9965827,0.0006990369,0.0008397916,0.0003804024,0.001061443,0.0004365693],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9785208,0.01269022,0.0006474013,0.0001478706,0.007763244,0.0002304456],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009264963,0.000707671,0.003956334,0.0001402939,0.0005014469,3.85573e-7,0.006064281,0.000002500314,0.004593648,0.9441814,0.03148729,0.007438239],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008256388,0.0002112754,0.008258171,0.001075897,0.0001497877,0.00006421227,0.00276112,0.0001227994,0.01473346,0.7533047,0.2180709,0.0004220777],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5218893,0.0007333875,0.04316691,0.296418,0.1040785,0.00466009,0.002327201,0.0001290386,0.02659754],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.964341,0.0000836806,0.01342023,0.0005073521,0.01914341,0.0004649184,0.0001185063,0.00003142002,0.001889512],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4424516,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991572,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2586731707","doi":"10.1145/3024906.3024910","title":"Negotiating the Maze of Academic Integrity in Computing Education","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":76,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Mount Royal University; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Academic integrity; Confusion; Teamwork; Negotiation; Computer science; Coding (social sciences); Best practice; Engineering ethics; Knowledge management; Mathematics education; Psychology; Political science; Sociology; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03324475420055018,"gpt":0.3556579219469971,"spread":0.3224131677464469,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002822238,0.00004534377,0.00007890055,0.00004116585,0.000113384,0.000009617896,0.0003006381,0.0003586866,0.0001420295],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001844413,0.00002368575,0.00002381543,0.0001960538,0.0002021493,0.0001601957,0.00003815391,0.001129189,0.00002185852],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007983227,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000390799,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01471348,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008970912,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989792,0.0003274657,0.000226301,0.00009450956,0.0001979686,0.0001745293],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986779,0.001042216,0.0001058819,0.00006881014,0.00007521512,0.00002996534],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004067234,0.00001827038,0.1026884,0.0000046641,0.000002892497,7.248286e-8,0.03051486,0.00000398788,0.0006058256,0.7312143,0.003767333,0.1311754],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008195002,0.00005603819,0.198247,0.001440963,0.00002960543,0.000005399425,0.3117324,0.002186712,0.004042098,0.2277019,0.2530407,0.000697719],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8561291,0.0002109835,0.004593447,0.02970135,0.000641386,0.0001966839,0.000001567909,0.00003451088,0.108491],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970098,0.0001317161,0.0003737678,0.0004299032,0.0002732501,0.000001774996,3.208931e-7,0.000002285475,0.001777164],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5035124,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9918476,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1969795835","doi":"10.1145/1227310.1227324","title":"Plagiarism detection using feature-based neural networks","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":75,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Plagiarism detection; Computer science; Feature (linguistics); Relevance (law); Detector; Artificial neural network; Similarity (geometry); Artificial intelligence; Feature engineering; Code (set theory); Similarity measure; Feature extraction; Measure (data warehouse); Pattern recognition (psychology); Machine learning; Data mining; Deep learning; Programming language","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02383288585388381,"gpt":0.3070886043220694,"spread":0.2832557184681856,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002452533,0.00009363863,0.00009666618,0.00007852547,0.000715593,0.00005964297,0.0001640747,0.00126747,0.0001945828],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002064851,0.00008664904,0.00006747726,0.0003289897,0.0001515271,0.0001821843,0.00001408086,0.001710086,0.00001238635],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001432949,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000620642,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00745536,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007079286,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987832,0.0001461457,0.000138822,0.0001657557,0.0003158797,0.0004501967],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993285,0.0003102544,0.00006299621,0.00008368657,0.00008025499,0.0001343184],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001100178,0.000340942,0.05598838,0.00004624467,0.0001567172,0.0002338711,0.02209204,0.07192818,0.01051118,0.1639439,0.02233171,0.6513266],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005912604,0.00006350077,0.003806548,0.00002617864,0.00004995465,0.00001184466,0.004466736,0.8310791,0.006111513,0.002086733,0.1510987,0.0006079465],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1276132,0.0001034087,0.8149264,0.001150742,0.001423162,0.0001690488,7.59314e-7,0.0002041872,0.05440903],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9938959,0.000005602993,0.001944957,0.001675096,0.001080118,7.769521e-7,0.000002293808,0.000007820102,0.001387472],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8662826,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991541,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["research_integrity"],"domain":null,"study_design":"simulation_or_modeling","genre":"methods","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"bench_or_experimental","genre":"methods","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"medium"}],"label_agreement":"split"},{"id":"W3013202718","doi":"10.1007/s10805-020-09363-4","title":"The Paradox of Faculty Attitudes toward Student Violations of Academic Integrity","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Academic Ethics","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":73,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; Assiniboine Community College","funders":"","keywords":"Academic dishonesty; Academic integrity; Context (archaeology); Psychology; Medical education; Dishonesty; Cheating; Political science; Public relations; Medicine; Social psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2376150711559044,"gpt":0.4779997630386497,"spread":0.2403846918827453,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":["research_integrity"],"category_scores_codex":[0.01383504,0.0001624992,0.0005008241,0.000079063,0.0004999166,0.00002221212,0.0017625,0.002873051,0.00004289726],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01771754,0.0001116081,0.0002891229,0.0004830364,0.001136555,0.0004267396,0.0001573242,0.03214277,0.00000786966],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001292576,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001680428,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002719165,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005931436,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9946056,0.001211569,0.001608523,0.0001619202,0.002068571,0.0003437915],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9920526,0.004557796,0.001808249,0.0001150103,0.001184637,0.0002817477],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002949778,0.00008770444,0.1998421,0.0002083697,0.0004076288,0.000006968275,0.4819394,0.0002782512,0.004843006,0.2880574,0.01997204,0.004062162],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002229536,0.001042765,0.121256,0.002523121,0.000826569,0.0000589702,0.2629843,0.000446134,0.01175544,0.138855,0.4570153,0.00100685],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6756201,0.006064434,0.004148555,0.3099207,0.001086334,0.0003882164,0.00007756685,0.00003312869,0.00266098],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.972701,0.02394647,0.0006345583,0.001690891,0.0009159562,0.000001528863,0.000001760048,0.00001004545,0.00009781657],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4370432,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9984214,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1844909686","doi":"10.47678/cjhe.v41i3.2488","title":"Academic Dishonesty in the Canadian Classroom: Behaviours of a Sample of University Students","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Higher Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":73,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Regina","funders":"University of Regina","keywords":"Academic dishonesty; Cheating; Psychology; Academic integrity; Dishonesty; Sample (material); Perception; Psychological intervention; Higher education; Medical education; Academic achievement; Social psychology; Pedagogy; Political science; Medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04821132634013943,"gpt":0.3213603262574466,"spread":0.2731489999173072,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001542148,0.00005003851,0.000111,0.0003384732,0.000179179,0.000009712874,0.0006828999,0.0002951672,0.0004007055],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001821183,0.00004493454,0.00004571633,0.0003489534,0.0002327415,0.0002026116,0.000003866722,0.0007805451,0.000001725525],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005752648,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.009525647,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9757518,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9868354,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989201,0.0003362577,0.0002247176,0.00005542509,0.0002554829,0.00020797],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989843,0.000110809,0.0002466794,0.00007587829,0.0002339334,0.0003483919],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006349333,0.00002265946,0.92049,0.000002645455,0.000007283783,0.000005236949,0.06038773,4.920562e-7,0.00000178501,0.01110127,0.007551764,0.0004227382],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008988809,0.00002542163,0.8969457,0.00005305188,0.00003224147,0.000003742802,0.02582287,7.77585e-8,0.00001339833,0.003079699,0.07388258,0.0000513397],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9894409,0.0003223367,0.000002835237,0.002547658,0.0007739328,0.00009508905,0.00003335963,7.313864e-7,0.006783145],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986869,0.00003453606,0.00008627227,0.0002328075,0.0001149773,2.811068e-7,0.00000334406,0.000002874312,0.0008379884],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06633081,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9960894,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2587511691","doi":"10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0371","title":"Predatory Invitations from Journals: More Than Just a Nuisance?","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Oncologist","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":73,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Translational Research in Oncology; Institute of Cancer Research; University of Alberta; Ottawa Public Health; Ottawa Hospital; University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Family medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1468007951579398,"gpt":0.4417819558064314,"spread":0.2949811606484916,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00207461,0.00007707935,0.0001292075,0.00001862064,0.0039082,0.0002878146,0.001298014,0.0004153607,0.0006691541],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003212161,0.00005217419,0.00006593126,0.00004687191,0.001758361,0.0003269786,0.0001052633,0.001079143,0.0002186453],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001323398,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002873968,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0233953,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0173866,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988056,0.0003483093,0.000155319,0.0001367363,0.0003105969,0.0002433951],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985413,0.0006280849,0.0002738083,0.0003776024,0.00009268196,0.00008654264],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000836543,0.0001652025,0.07630448,0.000007420978,0.0001388641,0.00004680063,0.2236773,0.00002994425,0.0003824538,0.1404559,0.528881,0.02982686],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002637058,0.00003097584,0.1483503,0.00005510341,0.00005450442,0.000001904541,0.04946883,0.00006928159,0.00006641406,0.07244872,0.7290161,0.0001741941],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3998292,0.001026245,0.0005570987,0.1823023,0.001986413,0.000374099,0.0001700646,0.0001125751,0.413642],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9900746,0.0005233685,0.0003341273,0.001598298,0.001446285,0.00001717784,0.000004640254,0.000005481482,0.005995976],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5902454,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9973886,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2001217603","doi":"10.1080/02664760050120588","title":"Detecting excessive similarity in answers on multiple choice exams","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Applied Statistics","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":72,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Cheating; False accusation; Bonferroni correction; Simple (philosophy); Computer science; Econometrics; Similarity (geometry); Statistics; Mathematics; Artificial intelligence; Psychology; Social psychology; Epistemology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02290021767480872,"gpt":0.3088394722427678,"spread":0.285939254567959,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001496302,0.00009904635,0.0002187742,0.00009315489,0.000260712,0.00004506846,0.0002551801,0.0003198166,0.0004984227],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002053487,0.00009284901,0.00003519063,0.0002018591,0.0001327733,0.0001067642,0.000008537924,0.00180717,0.00002304492],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001738341,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001781315,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007999705,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001893631,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985365,0.000128117,0.0004232738,0.0001106402,0.0005213401,0.0002800821],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9963887,0.003045793,0.0002838135,0.00006451561,0.00009147761,0.0001257369],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00120146,0.0004260921,0.01944984,0.00005750421,0.00009737416,0.0003213067,0.0971502,0.009136831,0.0006278098,0.05062998,0.01837601,0.8025256],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00764833,0.0009213325,0.09757487,0.0006032636,0.0001975556,0.00003780781,0.06617571,0.007829263,0.003419595,0.1781055,0.6357927,0.001694071],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8959935,0.00004765583,0.008348178,0.0006624587,0.0004592636,0.0002372186,0.00008236842,0.00002109566,0.09414823],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9918231,0.0002024911,0.006787441,0.0005306621,0.0004521057,0.000001419328,0.000001866547,0.000008354255,0.0001925612],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8008315,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7851356,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2107418313","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1001406","title":"Policies and Initiatives Aimed at Addressing Research Misconduct in High-Income Countries","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"letter","venue":"PLoS Medicine","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":71,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Health Canada; Research Councils UK; National Institutes of Health; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Misconduct; Scientific misconduct; High income countries; Research integrity; Political science; Developing country; Public relations; Medicine; Psychology; Economic growth; Law; Alternative medicine; Economics; Pathology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.175147443283836,"gpt":0.4147393244350316,"spread":0.2395918811511956,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["research_integrity"],"category_scores_codex":[0.003539074,0.0002831012,0.0007299602,0.000685634,0.0008453421,0.00008496534,0.0005331307,0.002563853,0.002400054],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00497316,0.0002173163,0.00002988664,0.0004541031,0.00476356,0.0003772844,0.0001976724,0.008643341,0.0001597652],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004433721,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003623668,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04130245,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002412538,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9944239,0.001833949,0.0004847689,0.0004552583,0.001846573,0.0009555485],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9940858,0.0049365,0.000201633,0.0002306638,0.000395019,0.0001503795],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001354378,0.000007512983,0.004241462,0.000304173,0.00004699385,0.0001364891,0.05935288,3.276666e-8,0.00007189712,0.002486861,0.9332545,0.00008369761],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005157662,0.00008815138,0.004612332,0.003750851,0.00004520237,0.000006246373,0.008066765,0.000004819348,0.0001018221,0.00675955,0.975727,0.0003215108],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"commentary","genre_scores_codex":[0.1089971,0.00465672,5.211765e-7,0.8552002,0.0004328917,0.0005467175,0.00003911866,0.00005203751,0.03007467],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2138923,0.02291935,0.0001262147,0.6849661,0.03500445,0.0002169825,0.000312227,0.0001153358,0.04244695],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":"commentary","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1702341,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.998731,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"evaluation","study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"commentary","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"commentary","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"agree"},{"id":"W2076457796","doi":"10.1016/j.acalib.2009.08.001","title":"Chinese Graduate Students and the Canadian Academic Library: A User Study at the University of Windsor","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Journal of Academic Librarianship","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":69,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor","funders":"","keywords":"Windsor; Academic library; Graduate students; Perception; Information literacy; Library science; Medical education; Psychology; Post graduate; Sociology; Pedagogy; Computer science; Medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04089685402032089,"gpt":0.3041141778425129,"spread":0.263217323822192,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.009910535,0.0001882011,0.0003701714,0.0001338533,0.001875578,0.00008702099,0.003336103,0.0006911675,0.0001869022],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007375422,0.00008953991,0.0001300279,0.0006286993,0.001361878,0.001430682,0.0002315773,0.006394915,0.00001702185],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001055372,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009278344,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02027759,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01041867,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9947026,0.00308539,0.0005196525,0.0001434042,0.001118984,0.0004299793],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9968408,0.001855982,0.0006572388,0.0002411722,0.00007334232,0.0003315129],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001936188,0.00005284632,0.5189479,0.000007536726,0.0002718073,0.0000287436,0.3785185,0.00004798112,0.000037757,0.02070937,0.0777933,0.001648077],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003316869,0.0002267776,0.8094187,0.000137897,0.0004461876,0.00008607305,0.08110197,0.00003471566,0.00003051466,0.04876593,0.05616811,0.0002662901],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8546305,0.00167847,0.000008722146,0.138132,0.0002201317,0.0005200578,0.00001429282,0.0000146176,0.004781194],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9868717,0.004222346,0.00001506711,0.003714978,0.0006413144,3.189959e-7,0.00000103474,0.00001156236,0.004521672],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2974165,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994239,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2884678906","doi":"10.1007/s40979-018-0028-7","title":"Strengthening the research agenda of educational integrity in Canada: a review of the research literature and call to action","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"International Journal for Educational Integrity","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":68,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"University of Calgary","keywords":"Context (archaeology); Research integrity; Political science; Educational research; Action (physics); Work (physics); Public relations; Engineering ethics; Medical education; Sociology; Pedagogy; Medicine; History; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.3320215011370241,"gpt":0.5686972580840289,"spread":0.2366757569470049,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02293491,0.000262422,0.0007154303,0.0006797324,0.0008960346,0.000175537,0.002840755,0.0006353482,0.0004630934],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04046047,0.0001614513,0.0003952279,0.001584344,0.0008649003,0.0003288283,0.000333374,0.01015173,0.000007745125],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004293728,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.04272426,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.4252277,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.5277353,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9903163,0.003999397,0.001536364,0.0004327333,0.003196767,0.0005184683],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9759377,0.01314313,0.0008767908,0.0003342949,0.009503279,0.0002048185],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008120543,0.000278443,0.0007002048,0.009189255,0.0003680875,0.000001493723,0.009708596,9.859036e-7,0.000001863142,0.1678251,0.6490984,0.1627464],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006835796,0.00002783526,0.0004066605,0.06953029,0.00004991955,0.00006972926,0.001888173,0.000003685381,0.000004015193,0.02164544,0.9061692,0.0001367334],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0005772864,0.8775184,0.000009175494,0.1128658,0.005101975,0.001460617,0.0006576926,0.000001974954,0.001807103],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001915581,0.9900864,0.0003776076,0.0006169753,0.003552515,0.0002263695,0.0001109112,0.00002115153,0.003092488],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2570708,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995286,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2474558075","doi":"10.1302/2046-3758.56.bjr-2016-0047","title":"Retractions in orthopaedic research","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bone and Joint Research","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Juravinski Cancer Centre; Hamilton Health Sciences; McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Scientific misconduct; Scrutiny; Misconduct; Impact factor; Medicine; Cochrane Library; MEDLINE; Data extraction; Meta-analysis; Alternative medicine; Political science; Pathology; Law","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.257422106957606,"gpt":0.4771097084864145,"spread":0.2196876015288086,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.03282303,0.00005063262,0.0001230433,0.0006476461,0.0009934165,0.00006965034,0.0001210469,0.0004726849,0.00079377],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007145543,0.00003513767,0.00003283239,0.0009348821,0.001176571,0.0002629986,0.0001224541,0.002708121,0.0003801442],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001909355,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005055295,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01486594,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0102258,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99546,0.001913537,0.0002119749,0.0002620417,0.001366584,0.0007858348],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973536,0.001851108,0.00001832658,0.0001512746,0.0004183694,0.0002073424],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001092525,0.0001546489,0.03266975,0.00003372767,0.0000105557,0.0001668056,0.01672745,7.076844e-8,0.01002748,0.5528023,0.1881237,0.1991743],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003627955,0.00008834717,0.0301172,0.000211344,0.000001017796,0.000007733132,0.01115922,0.000005902195,0.000366308,0.07882831,0.8787443,0.0001075586],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5721458,0.0008645496,0.0000550042,0.09889764,0.0001316241,0.0004330394,0.000007153319,0.0000382339,0.327427],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9616273,0.004837307,0.00007495941,0.00004948468,0.0003835338,0.00003253341,6.888166e-7,0.000005913338,0.03298825],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6906205,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995927,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"evaluation","study_design":"observational","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"evaluation","study_design":"observational","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"agree"},{"id":"W4226520937","doi":"10.1007/s40979-022-00105-0","title":"New priorities for academic integrity: equity, diversity, inclusion, decolonization and Indigenization","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal for Educational Integrity","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Indigenization; Scholarship; Equity (law); Inclusion (mineral); Decolonization; Diversity (politics); Sociology; Public relations; Political science; Pedagogy; Engineering ethics; Social science; Law; Anthropology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07299590899366233,"gpt":0.4307373877076325,"spread":0.3577414787139702,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004397091,0.0001774976,0.0001995163,0.0004189822,0.008015049,0.0002694399,0.001410509,0.0004352092,0.001052269],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004463096,0.0001966367,0.0001604966,0.0002608532,0.0001721145,0.001122626,0.002574037,0.003054339,0.000004663962],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001764823,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003932314,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002696287,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007358727,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9970061,0.0002904022,0.0005234901,0.0003196563,0.001482567,0.0003777404],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.995863,0.001468729,0.0004364011,0.00007994958,0.001869406,0.000282492],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003064294,0.0001051715,0.03052045,0.00001541947,0.000143321,0.000001531537,0.03571483,0.00007054966,0.00006482976,0.7830201,0.1228946,0.02714282],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006685202,0.00009927808,0.00360348,0.00003392161,0.00004752008,0.00008746046,0.005978766,0.0003215957,0.00005561965,0.6615596,0.3273179,0.0002262734],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2200767,0.001909287,0.2255291,0.5075222,0.03616425,0.002790584,0.001306201,0.0001704145,0.004531265],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9636251,0.0008480894,0.01243731,0.004414258,0.006496505,0.0001411097,0.0004548154,0.00003046962,0.01155238],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7435484,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998609,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1999935843","doi":"10.1136/bmj.38968.611296.f7","title":"Role of systematic reviews in detecting plagiarism: case of Asim Kurjak","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"BMJ","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Sveučilište u Zagrebu; Ryerson University","keywords":"Sanctions; Audience measurement; Face (sociological concept); Systematic review; Psychology; Political science; Internet privacy; Computer science; Sociology; Law; Social science; MEDLINE","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1071014461526957,"gpt":0.4176863635685728,"spread":0.3105849174158771,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01368724,0.0002627364,0.003189482,0.0002548545,0.0001091331,0.00001616936,0.0004960718,0.002053035,0.00005323018],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007421446,0.0002053652,0.0005457435,0.0006805941,0.0001398898,0.00008725431,0.0000606547,0.001947811,0.00004638594],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001704639,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004569276,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01713082,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006672072,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9930174,0.003475046,0.002550817,0.0002558497,0.0003865449,0.0003142868],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.994943,0.002075009,0.002481266,0.0003413061,0.0001002241,0.00005925843],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001732791,0.00004313855,0.00001051294,0.5624787,0.00005320389,0.0001393666,0.006151502,0.000001112219,5.810045e-7,0.003527644,0.002669628,0.4249229],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004647675,0.00001123995,2.402239e-7,0.21595,0.0003962795,0.0001859639,0.002670081,0.0000107536,0.000001470746,0.0003883599,0.7801188,0.0002203768],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00001828358,0.9706821,0.00002228854,0.00002188749,0.0001857461,0.003505893,0.00002711568,0.00001490824,0.02552179],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0002328523,0.9982618,0.0003448763,0.00001095202,0.0003170352,0.0001948757,0.00000761601,0.00001844521,0.0006115281],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7774492,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992425,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"evaluation","study_design":"systematic_review","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"systematic_review","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"agree"},{"id":"W2902813639","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v19i5.3698","title":"Interaction of Proctoring and Student Major on Online Test Performance","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":65,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Academic dishonesty; Cheating; Academic integrity; Test (biology); Online learning; Psychology; Mathematics education; Medical education; Computer science; Medicine; Multimedia","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1171474368318858,"gpt":0.5079182663745356,"spread":0.3907708295426498,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006363311,0.00004188578,0.0001179221,0.00006370602,0.000212912,0.00004989589,0.0004847602,0.00004958816,0.0001117543],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004545227,0.0000290418,0.00001272686,0.0002220781,0.000346223,0.0001787279,0.0002755457,0.0008169506,0.00000429787],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007174874,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008813397,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001360941,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001633249,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986845,0.0003230863,0.0002177,0.0001081901,0.0005456665,0.0001208338],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983258,0.001099182,0.000111099,0.00005746004,0.0003733048,0.00003319186],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004130282,0.0005242533,0.7346469,0.001946102,0.00007795408,0.000004495478,0.0105783,0.00001784107,0.0005442734,0.04517886,0.002889172,0.2031789],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001374312,0.001361703,0.2674999,0.05924344,0.00002681396,0.00001361774,0.05815209,0.002623752,0.001841038,0.002007836,0.6055707,0.0002848286],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9682288,0.001920912,0.00001766223,0.009051706,0.00009383129,0.0004319084,0.00002472299,0.000004237362,0.02022625],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9679127,0.03148988,0.00003554575,0.00007133566,0.0001122909,0.000009859724,0.00001838226,0.000002064842,0.0003479829],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6026815,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.544139,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4376611400","doi":"10.1007/s40979-023-00130-7","title":"Faculty members’ use of artificial intelligence to grade student papers: a case of implications","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal for Educational Integrity","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":65,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Brock University","funders":"","keywords":"Dilemma; Principle of legality; Field (mathematics); Discretion; Computer science; Engineering ethics; Psychology; Mathematics education; Engineering; Political science; Law; Epistemology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2369344825770243,"gpt":0.5090555197410058,"spread":0.2721210371639815,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001871548,0.0001278585,0.0002024582,0.0004272113,0.0003917794,0.0001244348,0.0007506749,0.0002524965,0.0004782405],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004771715,0.0001219833,0.0002453901,0.0005445746,0.0002378913,0.0004829093,0.0000825513,0.0007931855,0.00003489571],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003333956,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008602299,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003967347,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002122809,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978322,0.0001580718,0.0007720159,0.0002186592,0.0007532649,0.000265776],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9949694,0.001738707,0.0003880195,0.0001294379,0.002546507,0.0002279115],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007001476,0.0003701398,0.002870387,0.000008590338,0.000185178,0.00001003991,0.02259952,0.000461013,0.0007776296,0.9410871,0.01960804,0.0119524],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002206496,0.0002209879,0.02123514,0.0002982338,0.0001287089,0.0007200406,0.1039839,0.0006104343,0.004010038,0.5987996,0.269197,0.0005752203],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.827856,0.00002632237,0.009500485,0.1531359,0.005494066,0.000728371,0.001687016,0.00004715173,0.001524728],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9896929,0.00007612512,0.007129916,0.0005382017,0.001138123,0.00006768112,0.0001348724,0.00001177927,0.001210356],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3422874,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5997468,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2747279489","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v18i5.3103","title":"Using Learning Analytics for Preserving Academic Integrity","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":61,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Learning analytics; Academic integrity; Computer science; Baseline (sea); Analytics; Data integrity; Accountability; Class (philosophy); Process (computing); Data science; Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Database","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.383567900773702,"gpt":0.5714244209153055,"spread":0.1878565201416036,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","sts","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0288645,0.00008305464,0.0002493141,0.00009023338,0.001953735,0.0003853181,0.002757398,0.0002227212,0.0001339729],"category_scores_gemma":[0.05010363,0.00006375561,0.00006176615,0.0001878992,0.0006125539,0.0005634464,0.00115734,0.004535006,0.000003411365],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001801177,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004520708,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01030182,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002984138,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971595,0.001097956,0.0003742505,0.0002205634,0.0007984362,0.0003492763],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9963281,0.002359531,0.0003482675,0.0001949454,0.0006849965,0.00008421174],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003585413,0.00009615075,0.4807711,0.002877445,0.0001792501,0.00001367693,0.005022137,0.0007883721,0.0002904685,0.4338978,0.010441,0.06526405],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000954485,0.00008717952,0.009756181,0.0261741,0.00004608824,0.000007988698,0.0250193,0.04953163,0.000113499,0.04196587,0.8460433,0.0003004072],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3403426,0.06064697,0.02208765,0.3092049,0.001344442,0.007999294,0.0003085494,0.00009243772,0.2579731],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.935756,0.06171786,0.0005378859,0.0001355606,0.0002420518,0.00003589766,0.00004637961,0.000008308298,0.001520111],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8356023,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999884,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2070194843","doi":"10.1145/611892.611952","title":"Effectiveness of online assessment","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":60,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Competence (human resources); Online assessment; Online course; Online learning; Multimedia; Mathematics education; Medical education; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02070792609383993,"gpt":0.366306607268277,"spread":0.345598681174437,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002185772,0.00002903143,0.00007274044,0.00001736952,0.00007931645,0.000004267108,0.00007579848,0.0001675138,0.000574673],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003302608,0.00002400713,0.00002620318,0.00009892992,0.0000858586,0.00005143815,0.000005084562,0.0002446437,0.000008344955],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003476529,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001848555,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001174991,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002849977,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990171,0.0005867649,0.00007126188,0.00006047547,0.0001682247,0.00009618309],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994142,0.0004299037,0.00002330305,0.00004363797,0.00005752814,0.00003142599],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002212611,0.00004561695,0.007296835,0.00001129453,0.00000595719,3.568255e-7,0.0006895118,0.000002769758,0.0004774602,0.9903734,0.0002553932,0.0008392265],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001115991,0.0001872774,0.1583805,0.0002132642,0.00004751373,0.000002536417,0.0344199,0.00007676592,0.037616,0.2270512,0.5403999,0.0004891491],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2856285,0.00003375258,0.008036679,0.0003042877,0.000212727,0.0001140071,0.000003195511,0.00002331498,0.7056435],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9956927,0.00003256349,0.002718047,0.00005230548,0.00002120243,0.000001457906,0.000001700887,0.000001500739,0.001478544],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7633221,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6292266,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2185708658","doi":"10.1002/j.0022-0337.2007.71.8.tb04369.x","title":"Faculty and Student Perceptions of Academic Integrity at U.S. and Canadian Dental Schools","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Dental Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":58,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Cheating; Academic integrity; Medical education; Dental education; Psychology; Academic dishonesty; Perception; Higher education; Medicine; Political science; Social psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02458497628589747,"gpt":0.3890338217338619,"spread":0.3644488454479645,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001679849,0.00006399999,0.0001213449,0.0001934467,0.0002981775,0.00002890166,0.0001440283,0.0003350648,0.0001693217],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002989404,0.00005880387,0.00004164721,0.0001195881,0.0001735031,0.0003587356,0.00002598291,0.001391348,0.000009970304],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000668887,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008511749,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.07098524,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1858071,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990019,0.00008024967,0.0003263918,0.00007755026,0.0003482551,0.000165721],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999125,0.00006352871,0.0002312436,0.00003303224,0.000169456,0.0003777503],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001710985,0.00004564006,0.9607303,0.000006409332,0.00001574233,0.000001646431,0.02340655,1.859081e-7,0.001124655,0.001519584,0.005587675,0.007544471],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001398976,0.00003600841,0.7916848,0.00006803592,0.00002965251,0.0001284849,0.1996618,9.076183e-7,0.0002159213,0.000399682,0.007571876,0.00006289357],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9945139,0.0005683319,0.00002214396,0.001529688,0.0006596482,0.00009804675,0.00001635027,0.000002452517,0.002589461],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976428,0.0006955704,0.000323048,0.0002067993,0.0003772221,6.005229e-7,0.000006436901,0.000003262518,0.0007442608],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1762553,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9352012,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3003877329","doi":"10.1145/1227504.1227324","title":"Plagiarism detection using feature-based neural networks","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":58,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Plagiarism detection; Feature (linguistics); Relevance (law); Computer science; Detector; Artificial neural network; Similarity (geometry); Artificial intelligence; Code (set theory); Feature engineering; Measure (data warehouse); Pattern recognition (psychology); Natural language processing; Machine learning; Data mining; Deep learning; Programming language; Linguistics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02276400814018628,"gpt":0.2937078578585832,"spread":0.270943849718397,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":["research_integrity"],"category_scores_codex":[0.003364227,0.0001714602,0.0001744391,0.0001054986,0.0009298486,0.00008549496,0.000511174,0.001520884,0.0005739043],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001882436,0.0001731522,0.0001122974,0.0003335614,0.0002427333,0.00007544096,0.00006809972,0.002413736,0.00009312084],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001893251,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000072898,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005230187,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001152847,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980099,0.0003154592,0.0002374402,0.0002967288,0.0004618161,0.0006786991],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982427,0.001028002,0.000142482,0.0002706193,0.0001187093,0.0001974839],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003119211,0.0007368583,0.03409246,0.0001185065,0.0003023529,0.0009296937,0.02970461,0.04937646,0.01213811,0.01873458,0.253836,0.5969112],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006703114,0.00007302253,0.00160424,0.00004755921,0.00005682033,0.00001519145,0.001926803,0.02207999,0.003689965,0.001040263,0.9682235,0.000572364],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6236551,0.0008662242,0.3117082,0.02956501,0.004523175,0.0008673683,0.000007944262,0.0006760844,0.02813092],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9906035,0.00001877358,0.00325556,0.003188491,0.001629478,0.000003415601,0.000006485292,0.00002023632,0.001274075],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7143875,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998878,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["research_integrity"],"domain":null,"study_design":"bench_or_experimental","genre":"methods","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"medium"},{"model":"gpt","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"design_other","genre":"methods","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"split"},{"id":"W3004819416","doi":"10.1017/iop.2019.121","title":"Supporting robust, rigorous, and reliable reviewing as the cornerstone of our profession: Introducing a competency framework for peer review","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Industrial and Organizational Psychology","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":58,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Society of Consulting Psychology","keywords":"CLARITY; Technical peer review; Cornerstone; Peer review; Psychology; Quality (philosophy); Publishing; Work (physics); Engineering ethics; Peer feedback; Medical education; Public relations; Knowledge management; Computer science; Political science; Pedagogy; Medicine; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1128287664019387,"gpt":0.4071861006104671,"spread":0.2943573342085283,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002890744,0.00009218496,0.0002926416,0.00001815766,0.0004646932,0.00001931479,0.0001862952,0.0004930529,0.0002710723],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0168596,0.00006686648,0.00002962358,0.0004038916,0.0001450443,0.00008830933,0.00005471821,0.0008742679,0.000006597269],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001198302,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002347088,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009136579,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005160107,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985657,0.0002767112,0.0004146787,0.0002613488,0.0002835056,0.0001980899],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986891,0.0004047451,0.00027756,0.00008238275,0.0004556493,0.00009052417],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00013005,0.00004398239,0.01514807,0.0004009857,0.00006679119,0.000003087817,0.01537979,0.000009928823,0.0001407411,0.3932376,0.5659616,0.009477386],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001094292,0.000258247,0.0004549703,0.002130787,0.0002009728,0.00003621786,0.01041399,0.00006184339,0.00006943256,0.06144808,0.9234996,0.0003314944],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.006218704,0.009678601,0.00698845,0.9729431,0.00114337,0.001127356,0.00002800762,0.00003809028,0.001834314],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7098975,0.0454259,0.03195262,0.1852272,0.02253769,0.00008948171,0.0002668122,0.00009757308,0.004505247],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7877159,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9914218,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2025597927","doi":"10.1007/s11218-011-9166-y","title":"What behaviours do students consider academically dishonest? Findings from a survey of Canadian undergraduate students","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Social Psychology of Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":57,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; University of Regina","funders":"","keywords":"Academic dishonesty; Psychology; Situational ethics; Cheating; Academic integrity; Perception; Dishonesty; Sociology of Education; Sample (material); Social psychology; Academic achievement; Psychological intervention; Medical education; Mathematics education; Pedagogy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1179131311699954,"gpt":0.4451605630114494,"spread":0.327247431841454,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001947088,0.0001234929,0.0002730777,0.0002890029,0.0003068004,0.00003887442,0.0008043052,0.001134507,0.0004219522],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005066912,0.0001407872,0.00006995838,0.0005430661,0.0008051025,0.0003406082,0.0000370894,0.0007899429,0.00002942038],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001282516,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000955907,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.7559291,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.4989822,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976521,0.0007853858,0.0004239865,0.0002871879,0.0005169527,0.0003344516],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988244,0.0001946235,0.0002853617,0.0001363256,0.0003689844,0.0001902579],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003280861,0.0002938375,0.8930609,0.000002011052,0.0000577308,5.353758e-7,0.08687364,9.090289e-9,0.00004275083,0.003473042,0.01497302,0.001189776],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002238935,0.00002631817,0.9575696,0.00004363091,0.00004834466,3.522702e-7,0.01676361,2.349353e-8,0.00003383194,0.02460519,0.0005639187,0.0001212725],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9872276,0.0001751077,0.000007001162,0.004798611,0.00355381,0.0002706102,0.00007238618,0.00001167866,0.003883227],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976633,0.0005551861,0.00009208149,0.0009649484,0.0001596736,0.00001201982,0.00009288942,0.00001129276,0.0004485956],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.256947,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8750361,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2908407460","doi":"10.1002/ieam.4119","title":"Scientific integrity issues in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Improving research reproducibility, credibility, and transparency","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":56,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","funders":"Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK","keywords":"Credibility; Transparency (behavior); Scientific integrity; Scientific misconduct; Misconduct; Research integrity; Engineering ethics; Rigour; Political science; Medicine; Engineering; Law; Epistemology; Alternative medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1077068157427161,"gpt":0.4216945087595341,"spread":0.313987693016818,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01198113,0.0006024936,0.001234033,0.0003707069,0.0007793737,0.0004612892,0.0006009215,0.001275267,0.0005135778],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001145091,0.0005373326,0.0001326273,0.0003607779,0.0029507,0.0004054659,0.001076779,0.003952737,0.00002764406],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001600344,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001979678,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001793457,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005836898,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9928867,0.001507247,0.0009437273,0.00280376,0.0009683234,0.0008902551],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981963,0.0003872832,0.0002449534,0.0008987946,0.00001314957,0.0002595434],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002083318,0.0004842509,0.005676142,0.006297775,0.0001499169,0.00004655236,0.002798836,2.848465e-7,0.00009456882,0.00179649,0.000566368,0.982068],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004195078,0.0001278515,0.002440179,0.002059024,0.0003214238,0.00001303064,0.01242378,0.00008045056,0.00001096957,0.001524113,0.9799237,0.0006560067],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.02957774,0.9595389,0.00002711683,0.0007438918,0.0004522531,0.003723773,0.0002468271,0.00005691754,0.005632581],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.03048781,0.9626685,0.000495391,0.00002685228,0.0001030558,0.0002341109,0.000355398,0.00003784183,0.005591086],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.981412,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997627,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2606622294","doi":"10.1016/j.wneu.2017.04.014","title":"Retraction of Neurosurgical Publications: A Systematic Review","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"World Neurosurgery","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":53,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Hospital for Sick Children; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Medical physics; General surgery","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1983967056150376,"gpt":0.4359178452412505,"spread":0.237521139626213,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007149249,0.0003660683,0.003628759,0.0005774342,0.0006368819,0.0001736746,0.001182748,0.001071918,0.0003190439],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02124418,0.0003025641,0.001275215,0.0010829,0.0003961476,0.0003954602,0.00009220614,0.00320578,0.0002242156],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001112344,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008649607,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001156169,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005947244,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9928511,0.003240393,0.002024649,0.0005123936,0.0009502571,0.0004212023],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9909487,0.003999677,0.003505489,0.001109942,0.0002432374,0.0001930069],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001107744,0.00004505333,0.000004902614,0.8784114,0.00004510441,0.00001609745,0.00004213936,8.056714e-9,3.00702e-8,0.008817095,0.07308352,0.03953357],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000009491111,0.000002670574,7.186721e-7,0.351714,0.0007662855,0.00002714158,0.000003245622,1.613305e-7,3.697217e-8,0.00004133514,0.6472807,0.0001542597],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[5.919977e-8,0.9568718,0.000004194071,0.001460872,0.002266077,0.002035701,0.00004404976,0.0001142303,0.03720298],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.000003546899,0.9661994,0.000007160917,0.00056412,0.0004686866,0.0003078537,0.00004379641,0.0000391534,0.03236627],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5741972,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999427,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"evaluation","study_design":"systematic_review","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"systematic_review","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"agree"},{"id":"W2914199159","doi":"10.1007/s10459-019-09876-7","title":"Salami-slicing and plagiarism: How should we respond?","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"editorial","venue":"Advances in Health Sciences Education","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Impact; McMaster University; University of Toronto; University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Slicing; Computer science; Academic integrity; Medical education; Medicine; World Wide Web; Library science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02658491930630287,"gpt":0.4158786635765499,"spread":0.389293744270247,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":["research_integrity"],"category_scores_codex":[0.01133799,0.0003137124,0.0005516114,0.0006206413,0.001309293,0.000322485,0.0009409025,0.002245704,0.0000351448],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006780889,0.0002990751,0.00005212962,0.001188011,0.001167607,0.001930831,0.00009115485,0.004071039,0.00002378792],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009165566,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01284997,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01366034,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01160172,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9945643,0.001087678,0.0006096279,0.0009621192,0.001841163,0.000935112],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9935592,0.004860129,0.0007955937,0.0002643098,0.0002583938,0.0002623077],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002166305,0.00004367852,0.001484977,0.0005373029,0.000002614096,4.860309e-7,0.02335099,0.00003572614,0.000001094543,0.01748996,0.8761643,0.08086716],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001084277,0.0001152769,0.00007365568,0.001173761,0.00000508527,7.690825e-7,0.02200688,0.00006342118,0.000001577679,0.01014852,0.9659988,0.0003038107],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"editorial","genre_gemma":"editorial","genre_scores_codex":[0.0004763429,0.05497865,0.0001319948,0.05131352,0.8741233,0.0009620667,0.00003637078,0.00007156493,0.01790615],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.006226241,0.3213483,0.003352588,0.001860567,0.6518889,0.0001228741,0.000108198,0.00003848619,0.01505387],"genre_candidate":"editorial","genre_consensus":"editorial","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2663696,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999909,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3175444759","doi":"10.1080/08989621.2021.1947810","title":"What difference might retractions make? An estimate of the potential epistemic cost of retractions on meta-analyses","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Accountability in Research","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Ottawa Hospital; University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Meta-analysis; Sample size determination; Statistics; Psychology; Publication bias; Epistemology; Econometrics; Confidence interval; Philosophy; Medicine; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.4799070722051362,"gpt":0.5656053467790647,"spread":0.08569827457392848,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.009877126,0.0001149035,0.0004003299,0.000169062,0.0006536634,0.0001394398,0.0007623197,0.0005894023,0.001367611],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005506287,0.00008181314,0.0002707014,0.001563595,0.001316921,0.0006118213,0.0001305622,0.003138441,0.00001491179],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000311684,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008689714,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03098436,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.06109786,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9928186,0.003949954,0.0005657758,0.0003957195,0.001848766,0.00042121],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9948234,0.002763957,0.0001736181,0.0008027286,0.001341681,0.00009460321],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002000653,0.01452978,0.275624,0.001183257,0.004387444,0.0001112713,0.1400471,0.004142243,0.222483,0.2718139,0.008045426,0.05563194],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005821118,0.0001996008,0.6015941,0.0003614793,0.001042052,0.00002159283,0.2300313,0.001597612,0.05071883,0.1036803,0.009637693,0.0005333899],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9727046,0.0003739653,0.00005205635,0.02091399,0.0006886643,0.0004786614,0.000100514,0.00001333697,0.004674234],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978712,0.0006340441,0.0001062962,0.00007215408,0.0001171989,0.00004143891,0.00001217102,0.000006490508,0.00113903],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3259701,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995453,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}