{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":745,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":745,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"76f6b0e7b71a","filters":{"topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards"}},"results":[{"id":"W3035242205","doi":"10.1038/s41586-020-3006-1","title":"Entanglement on an optical atomic-clock transition","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":250,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Max Planck - University of Ottawa Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics","funders":"","keywords":"Quantum entanglement; Atomic clock; Quantum limit; Noise (video); Quantum metrology; Quantum; Quantum sensor; Quantum noise; Quantum state","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007025010006460067,"gpt":0.2682377973328821,"spread":0.261212787326422,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00002536653,0.00008656776,0.00008214491,0.000009090029,0.00005522229,0.00001252167,0.00006866561,0.0001415532,0.001152387],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001839994,0.00007619074,0.00005039019,0.00006161954,0.00001446499,0.00008863716,0.000005665379,0.0008207242,0.00004966068],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001614529,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001766504,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001304803,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.307264e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999482,0.00001311046,0.00007475889,0.0001719943,0.0001381832,0.0001199407],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997699,0.000008321536,0.00001698649,0.00008572269,0.00002303234,0.00009601172],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002537478,0.0002249818,0.0004607473,0.00001297355,0.00006285006,0.00001482913,0.001539196,0.0003793735,0.002678717,0.9253891,0.008087619,0.06089592],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00598177,0.002207167,0.001472617,0.00009949874,0.0001508183,0.000002966946,0.002365489,0.005271186,0.1909595,0.1191057,0.6710354,0.001347911],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6280334,0.0003490467,0.07387435,0.02702302,0.0008619021,0.0007963041,0.001044724,0.0002528713,0.2677644],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9959217,7.5307e-7,0.00104928,0.001701255,0.001170093,0.000005000089,0.0001096484,0.000009343322,0.00003296633],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8062834,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997607,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2083335046","doi":"10.1088/0026-1394/52/2/301","title":"1 × 10<sup>−16</sup>frequency transfer by GPS PPP with integer ambiguity resolution","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metrologia","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":160,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"U.S. Naval Observatory; Natural Resources Canada","keywords":"Integer (computer science); Ambiguity resolution; Global Positioning System; Ambiguity; Precise Point Positioning; Phase (matter); Algorithm; Resolution (logic); Code (set theory); Point (geometry); Computer science; Statistics; Limiting; Multiple; Mathematics; Physics; Telecommunications; Arithmetic; Engineering; Set (abstract data type); Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01657148293340605,"gpt":0.2433056808517476,"spread":0.2267341979183416,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004024689,0.0002785282,0.0003253254,0.00006973408,0.0001354877,0.00003882761,0.0002380151,0.000105017,0.004490561],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003021546,0.0002117536,0.0001011698,0.0003129698,0.0002046314,0.0003150388,0.00002603599,0.0003723584,0.0003394557],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001520344,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001171735,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003267663,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001340063,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983791,0.0001243261,0.0002732378,0.0004192986,0.0003206334,0.0004833632],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991471,0.00004018296,0.00005611247,0.0003739715,0.0001989738,0.0001837101],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.004958584,0.002341117,0.1477593,0.00009071413,0.001732496,0.00008319714,0.002614775,0.01074892,0.003601544,0.3233982,0.3768037,0.1258674],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01373462,0.00727401,0.001656227,0.0001152627,0.0005724077,0.00002244939,0.002518479,0.002806122,0.0167957,0.1795584,0.7719551,0.002991193],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1321174,0.0005202621,0.4886344,0.0004077283,0.0001481139,0.0003966999,0.0005717704,0.0001955386,0.3770081],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9923069,0.000001691527,0.001553973,0.0000792691,0.0003763454,0.00005569216,0.0001787624,0.00003005641,0.005417269],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8601896,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9964195,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1972445968","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.109.203002","title":"<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi>Sr</mml:mi><mml:none/><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mn>88</mml:mn></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:math>445-THz Single-Ion Reference at the<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>17</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math>Level via Control and Cancellation of Systematic Uncertainties and Its Measurement against the SI Second","year":2012,"lang":"lv","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":156,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Polarizability; Physics; Realization (probability); Ion; Atomic physics; Statistics; Quantum mechanics; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03068298293338161,"gpt":0.2529055482994972,"spread":0.2222225653661156,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","scholarly_communication","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.004422093,0.002676696,0.001611978,0.0005991401,0.00401151,0.002222367,0.003635784,0.002297738,0.008099168],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002224772,0.003649089,0.003670606,0.001682597,0.003753779,0.003433034,0.003013911,0.003786828,0.002078048],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001339579,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001809985,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001768107,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001226685,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9801321,0.001518392,0.004732909,0.003712188,0.00530341,0.004600975],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9841465,0.003088418,0.005946832,0.004164569,0.0007320698,0.001921575],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002167489,0.001037556,0.00001956176,0.01109825,0.004163427,0.0005501104,0.003777536,0.00288497,0.0192447,0.9176365,0.03336351,0.004056411],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005747339,0.003038771,0.0001326983,0.01535718,0.008398445,0.001397841,0.00356572,0.5743986,0.3620837,0.00067467,0.02034354,0.004861516],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9374833,0.01649528,0.003795312,0.002108308,0.004293331,0.0005456082,0.003863383,0.0004566382,0.03095889],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9760977,0.005498211,0.001738502,0.003777623,0.004328196,0.003737921,0.003180013,0.001286225,0.0003556086],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9169618,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9989975,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2094677972","doi":"10.1038/nphys778","title":"Test of relativistic time dilation with fast optical atomic clocks at different velocities","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Physics","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":155,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Time dilation; Physics; Lorentz transformation; Doppler effect; Special relativity; Length contraction; Theory of relativity; Atomic clock; Gravitational time dilation; Relativistic quantum chemistry; Reference frame; Tests of special relativity; One-way speed of light; Spectroscopy; Test theories of special relativity; Ion; Optics; Theoretical physics; Quantum mechanics; Frame (networking); Four-force","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00324732998853465,"gpt":0.2300417051803735,"spread":0.2267943751918388,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005127683,0.0001768084,0.0002265396,0.0000218815,0.0001006612,0.000009015977,0.00008070126,0.00008854982,0.0001223636],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009375364,0.0001337486,0.00006825784,0.0001461898,0.0001384887,0.0001015377,0.00003196553,0.0004278226,0.00002075023],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007522121,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002624193,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001762303,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001274353,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999153,0.000008830343,0.0001782285,0.0001861174,0.0002519511,0.0002218273],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992837,0.000245746,0.0001267738,0.0001785053,0.0001090226,0.00005623444],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004687641,0.0006787924,0.1239104,0.00008112546,0.0003030828,0.000009034841,0.0009930026,0.0007008611,0.01737877,0.7877247,0.0008052752,0.06694623],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004119365,0.000856585,0.1021823,0.0004245775,0.0004105676,0.000006395413,0.0003176325,0.003442222,0.4809501,0.4017935,0.00401562,0.001481138],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6435891,0.00009993472,0.2344521,0.00004718526,0.0001467071,0.0002799799,0.0003143217,0.00005204114,0.1210186],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967043,5.315828e-7,0.001071795,0.0000128651,0.000630637,0.000003518533,0.0001196862,0.00002170824,0.001434979],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4635714,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5454109,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1998006810","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.95.033001","title":"Electric Quadrupole Shift Cancellation in Single-Ion Optical Frequency Standards","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":153,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Zeeman effect; Quadrupole; Physics; Atomic clock; Atomic physics; Ion; Computational physics; Quantum mechanics; Magnetic field","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00992585546436122,"gpt":0.2959707029554678,"spread":0.2860448474911066,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002222788,0.0002272202,0.0004094618,0.00005331265,0.00006776856,0.00002462888,0.0001484409,0.00001239163,0.0004379023],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002455971,0.0002070051,0.0001686673,0.0004211118,0.00005588355,0.0003114618,0.00001948222,0.0003171032,0.00008546979],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000319387,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008736615,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004013152,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001053291,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983905,0.00007445827,0.000355141,0.0003394835,0.0004184445,0.0004219533],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994228,0.00007606333,0.0001114709,0.0002399891,0.00004982193,0.00009983741],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007656351,0.001411898,0.01031107,0.000828971,0.0001269538,0.00002088235,0.0006942175,0.003758941,0.1076719,0.1932126,0.007187166,0.6746989],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006985951,0.001002952,0.01440672,0.01052757,0.0007112474,0.000008670175,0.00007791199,0.009031692,0.08164048,0.1440914,0.7259447,0.005570689],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8207368,0.01701471,0.05183327,0.02136311,0.0003787614,0.001628189,0.0002046012,0.0001579217,0.08668264],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99599,0.0001991036,0.0006521453,0.001396947,0.001649654,0.00005017853,0.00002481096,0.00002321912,0.00001388437],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7187575,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8441424,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2096880771","doi":"10.1007/s10686-008-9118-5","title":"Quantum physics exploring gravity in the outer solar system: the SAGAS project","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Experimental Astronomy","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":128,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Solar System; Physics; Atomic clock; Astronomy; Gravitation; Aerospace engineering; Trajectory; COSMIC cancer database; Systems engineering; Optics; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05244187454018347,"gpt":0.2824903675139233,"spread":0.2300484929737399,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001710647,0.000236955,0.000204227,0.0000249897,0.0004722597,0.0000445688,0.000356024,0.00001913663,0.00006074654],"category_scores_gemma":[9.085643e-7,0.0001461554,0.0001482433,0.0001660666,0.0001738968,0.0004127601,0.00007499896,0.0002976384,0.00004884485],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009901851,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007225506,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002940716,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001504622,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987214,0.0001235868,0.0002504695,0.0002797089,0.0002363842,0.0003885007],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994317,0.00004339684,0.00009182899,0.0003812258,0.00001859853,0.00003321549],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004226477,0.003332119,0.1990245,0.00007634993,0.0005947542,0.0001629751,0.1197556,0.001500752,0.006240675,0.5972142,0.01055433,0.06112109],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008011445,0.001085043,0.0120246,0.0003763698,0.000119316,0.0001128043,0.3611749,0.0013116,0.2542655,0.005836335,0.3528574,0.002824604],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9142824,0.0002939643,0.04750562,0.0001085634,0.0006756879,0.001281685,0.00008141629,0.00007024119,0.03570046],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970541,6.33672e-7,0.0008558421,0.00002162001,0.001303675,0.0006267579,0.00002456125,0.00002064136,0.00009214434],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5913779,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5960045,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2319993681","doi":"10.1103/physreva.87.023806","title":"Evaluation of systematic shifts of the<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>88</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math>Sr<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:math>single-ion optical frequency standard at the<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>17</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math>level","year":2013,"lang":"lv","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review A","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":127,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Polarizability; Black-body radiation; Ion trap; Zeeman effect; Scalar (mathematics); Atomic physics; Order (exchange); Ion; Quantum mechanics; Magnetic field; Radiation; Geometry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02724330638945239,"gpt":0.2727411246792277,"spread":0.2454978182897753,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","scholarly_communication","open_science","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.007407517,0.00459354,0.002894221,0.001077784,0.005209611,0.003519414,0.007351133,0.005321771,0.01192525],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006442036,0.006006913,0.008588026,0.003714397,0.006321063,0.005398071,0.006304917,0.006437985,0.008493504],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002632194,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005984782,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00217624,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001048503,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9646855,0.002344015,0.008520328,0.006337774,0.0109991,0.007113296],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9711808,0.005718833,0.009834985,0.008316278,0.001728336,0.003220786],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002861261,0.00251832,0.00001994867,0.01396196,0.005914799,0.001352398,0.003583172,0.003137776,0.005917936,0.9431702,0.01240003,0.00516224],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005397213,0.004854546,0.0001180192,0.01453523,0.01104845,0.002637589,0.003198486,0.8174178,0.1248221,0.001531438,0.00949274,0.004946381],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9193476,0.01000149,0.003759576,0.002002705,0.005101308,0.0008700452,0.006115143,0.0008756062,0.05192646],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9627458,0.005878148,0.005271712,0.001820838,0.006871235,0.0078546,0.006281224,0.002573523,0.0007028805],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9416387,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996504,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4385328038","doi":"10.1088/1681-7575/ad17d2","title":"Roadmap towards the redefinition of the second","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Metrologia","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":124,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","keywords":"Set (abstract data type); Task (project management); Computer science; Systems engineering; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04972221434398078,"gpt":0.2834268314068937,"spread":0.233704617062913,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004319563,0.0001906295,0.000281067,0.00003874317,0.0001435878,0.00002420761,0.0005819456,0.0001232313,0.001858374],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004089477,0.0001012076,0.0003110404,0.0001767307,0.000200112,0.00002220041,0.0005264686,0.0007425719,0.00003751567],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002976511,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001370144,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000108814,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001666423,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988741,0.0001378383,0.0002877436,0.0002699122,0.0002252194,0.000205242],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987607,0.000101826,0.0003196976,0.0007223447,0.0000753707,0.00002008413],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003080197,0.0003745551,0.07274288,0.0005421411,0.002747758,0.000009365562,0.001996652,0.009362293,0.001792616,0.7431942,0.0835044,0.08342515],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003240312,0.00007501509,0.02529199,0.00006967155,0.0001274028,4.846414e-7,0.0002521756,0.0001279083,0.008569605,0.9264218,0.0384689,0.0002710785],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.299137,0.0006718443,0.02554112,0.00448886,0.008171626,0.001614221,0.006970548,0.000219438,0.6531854],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9940656,0.000003834409,0.0003197231,0.00006382904,0.0006852776,0.00008426787,0.00006347367,0.00002031887,0.004693668],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6949286,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9990541,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2010375556","doi":"10.1139/p08-072","title":"Search for variation of the fundamental constants in atomic, molecular, and nuclear spectra","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":121,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Fine-structure constant; Spectral line; Atomic physics; Constant (computer programming); Physical constant; Quasar; Atomic mass; Variation (astronomy); Atomic clock; Electron; Nuclear physics; Quantum mechanics; Astrophysics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008485492501009464,"gpt":0.2395226663897295,"spread":0.23103717388872,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008081485,0.00004842835,0.000101272,0.00002817257,0.00005230893,0.00001387473,0.00007310868,0.00001293999,0.00003589659],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002767442,0.00004075982,0.00005264283,0.000077328,0.00005666029,0.00008872661,0.000002463474,0.0001048464,2.446788e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005584289,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003695615,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002690857,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007659411,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996214,0.00001544522,0.0001347765,0.00004584849,0.00006410309,0.0001184074],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997031,0.00001320425,0.00008868056,0.00005436831,0.00006082034,0.00007978876],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003627134,0.00003886551,0.01451936,0.000008867421,0.00004960179,0.000006088882,0.0018505,0.0003746219,0.01453505,0.9337898,0.0001121517,0.03467875],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00407928,0.0005170274,0.05746617,0.0002595696,0.00008192347,0.0000155015,0.001841968,0.0008280085,0.04687353,0.8840786,0.003608017,0.0003503974],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9866052,0.00007113811,0.009052168,0.0002504762,0.00009107222,0.0001232139,0.0001478621,5.507391e-7,0.003658281],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992828,7.336914e-7,0.0005270265,0.00004623764,0.0001312359,1.927599e-7,9.596513e-7,0.000004555574,0.000006233014],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04971126,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1662137,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2033799350","doi":"10.1088/0026-1394/42/3/s13","title":"Optical frequency standards","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metrologia","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":121,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies","keywords":"Laser cooling; Reproducibility; Frequency standard; Ion; Atomic clock; Atom optics; Materials science; Microwave; Ultracold atom; Atom (system on chip); Trapping; Atomic physics; Laser; Optics; Physics; Telecommunications; Computer science; Chemistry; Quantum mechanics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007148044071147046,"gpt":0.2748553968623301,"spread":0.2677073527911831,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002867928,0.0001453595,0.0001882331,0.00004909376,0.0001127972,0.00002507366,0.0001627761,0.00004859844,0.008727789],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003285855,0.0001209467,0.00009694514,0.0001481479,0.0001037357,0.0001813791,0.00003136521,0.0002230507,0.0002125724],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000794009,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008215856,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001207725,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002982276,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998935,0.00002694756,0.0001954234,0.0002308828,0.0002715441,0.0003401614],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994782,0.00004449666,0.000047945,0.000234984,0.0001056335,0.00008875001],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003499194,0.0001238385,0.03357686,0.000003399736,0.00008669363,0.000005936337,0.00006301151,0.0002151888,0.001365956,0.740431,0.005644641,0.2184485],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002822216,0.0005834536,0.007713403,0.00001975084,0.0001168898,0.000006672647,0.0002154367,0.0004955709,0.02975186,0.290388,0.6668568,0.001029943],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0777816,0.0002261148,0.1805912,0.0006236204,0.000254003,0.0001256625,0.0002817271,0.0001095617,0.7400066],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9743265,0.00000159983,0.02322363,0.0001154276,0.001544439,0.00001711454,0.00001524081,0.00001318139,0.0007428565],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8965449,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9921784,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2098333921","doi":"10.1155/2008/562878","title":"Precise Point Positioning for TAI Computation","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Navigation and Observation","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":116,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Resources Canada","keywords":"Precise Point Positioning; Global Positioning System; Computer science; Code (set theory); Time transfer; Computation; Point (geometry); Transfer (computing); Phase (matter); Simple (philosophy); Dual (grammatical number); Link (geometry); Real-time computing; Algorithm; Telecommunications; Mathematics; Set (abstract data type); Parallel computing; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02450239291721404,"gpt":0.3092201089042793,"spread":0.2847177159870652,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001569547,0.00006421891,0.00009139944,0.00006534441,0.0001135574,0.00003164291,0.0000652626,0.00002104441,0.00004155449],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002414207,0.00006157589,0.00006384854,0.00005542433,0.00003030948,0.0006633559,0.000007831402,0.00007415775,0.000001247016],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004096491,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004928574,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006878829,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.564611e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993067,0.00001687025,0.0003210298,0.00007259659,0.0002230199,0.00005976051],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985826,0.00007341276,0.0003538973,0.00002642323,0.0009276344,0.00003600773],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001402846,0.0006099324,0.1856004,0.00005453346,0.0008713558,0.00003879024,0.006683363,0.02999908,0.02438379,0.2185916,0.01012517,0.5216391],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01455167,0.001066947,0.1576348,0.0009710698,0.0001876193,0.0004888598,0.00166018,0.0567995,0.04447076,0.6802017,0.04103324,0.0009336717],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4811668,0.00003424384,0.5169899,0.0006465138,0.0004736707,0.00009057562,0.00003564538,0.000005793199,0.000556871],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9808186,0.000009926928,0.01781413,0.00006612355,0.001017235,0.000005156739,0.0001672886,0.000006369698,0.00009515247],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5207055,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2510992,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2142729710","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16227.x","title":"Keck telescope constraint on cosmological variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":110,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Australian Research Council; California Institute of Technology; W. M. Keck Foundation; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Physics; Astrophysics; Redshift; Quasar; Telescope; Lyman limit; Mass ratio; Very Large Telescope; Line (geometry); Galaxy; Intergalactic medium","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006030399197026568,"gpt":0.2245762397604854,"spread":0.2185458405634588,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002586701,0.000174092,0.0002523354,0.000006904955,0.0001771353,0.00002219207,0.0005271102,0.00008468967,0.0002708723],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004562916,0.000101376,0.0003838852,0.00008912157,0.0003361844,0.00005119847,0.000115787,0.0005213793,0.000006633343],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000495729,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001219121,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009521043,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003948914,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988413,0.00007447486,0.0003388883,0.0002421594,0.0002348883,0.0002683221],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990607,0.0001205922,0.0002939398,0.0003747437,0.00007115387,0.00007890319],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002251611,0.0005263303,0.06876498,0.00003053323,0.000272808,4.740066e-8,0.0006460103,0.8768545,0.01184476,0.03565728,0.0008945704,0.004283014],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003459204,0.001200247,0.4999175,0.0001883764,0.0003091971,3.463247e-8,0.0005829304,0.134224,0.333889,0.01601623,0.009254809,0.00095852],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9922584,0.000003257161,0.001770389,0.0008961884,0.0002941194,0.0008606196,0.0001628367,0.00001025583,0.003743981],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9953986,9.330108e-9,0.004017324,0.00005217481,0.0003268153,0.00005183146,0.000005922113,0.00001117775,0.0001361315],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7426305,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4133993,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2066747114","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.112.173002","title":"High-Accuracy Measurement of the Differential Scalar Polarizability of a<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Sr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>88</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>Clock Using the Time-Dilation Effect","year":2014,"lang":"lv","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":104,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Polarizability; Black-body radiation; Physics; Scalar (mathematics); Electric field; Ion; Scalar field; Computational physics; Atomic physics; Optics; Quantum mechanics; Radiation; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01724699491849832,"gpt":0.2514265229149236,"spread":0.2341795279964253,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","scholarly_communication","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00437061,0.002141491,0.00107013,0.0006782738,0.003122231,0.002060715,0.004850848,0.002486066,0.5518989],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00419033,0.00358152,0.005607984,0.00237104,0.004527233,0.003111388,0.003824729,0.004067106,0.001796978],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006153909,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002366983,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003967952,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007412656,"domain_scores_codex":[0.979269,0.002227031,0.004283894,0.003641566,0.00606548,0.004513033],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9833494,0.003501989,0.005473576,0.005255396,0.0005843906,0.001835239],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003810103,0.001471025,0.00008147898,0.007095914,0.006174594,0.0007174044,0.002947131,0.005417437,0.04492663,0.5389475,0.3769457,0.01146503],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003640077,0.002401933,0.0003926471,0.0051888,0.005480881,0.0006007233,0.0008208167,0.07934566,0.8924246,0.000140399,0.006556842,0.003006657],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5087102,0.005217107,0.006354506,0.002469074,0.006286677,0.0002436932,0.001634092,0.0003714966,0.4687132],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9803466,0.002134466,0.002578418,0.002879861,0.005564422,0.002352028,0.002449398,0.001470831,0.0002239626],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8474979,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991326,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2887998689","doi":"10.1038/s41467-019-09768-9","title":"Femtosecond time synchronization of optical clocks off of a flying quadcopter","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Communications","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":99,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"Advanced Research Projects Agency; Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; National Institute of Standards and Technology","keywords":"Time transfer; Physics; Retroreflector; Optics; Femtosecond; Synchronization (alternating current); Doppler effect; Optical communication; Computer science; Laser; Satellite; Telecommunications","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006365861798108222,"gpt":0.2772512380281695,"spread":0.2708853762300613,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009842608,0.00007760837,0.0001728943,0.00004581129,0.00007114741,0.000005734956,0.0003993615,0.00009028379,0.001250272],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001714991,0.00007486187,0.00007096412,0.0001687548,0.00009985387,0.0001160634,0.0001098115,0.0003726263,0.00004535298],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000169521,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006495321,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006357754,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003282095,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994309,0.0000371144,0.0002326528,0.00009772303,0.0001079368,0.00009368778],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985759,0.0001539207,0.0001459129,0.0009073734,0.0001920246,0.00002489393],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003139098,0.0004445034,0.04895198,0.00005852908,0.0002251759,1.231001e-7,0.0008296685,0.0003284687,0.0160183,0.8407753,0.001267348,0.09106927],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01118902,0.001204709,0.04564351,0.00194382,0.0009087059,0.00001117347,0.003872967,0.0896318,0.1751937,0.1356906,0.5313919,0.003318137],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1992364,0.005025541,0.02433648,0.0008086161,0.0003133198,0.0008799425,0.0006790379,0.00005538926,0.7686653],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9917333,0.00001569047,0.007556627,0.00001599753,0.00004926229,0.000007027585,0.0001652541,0.000009935563,0.0004469182],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7924969,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996627,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2982362750","doi":"10.1093/mnras/stz3071","title":"A pulsar-based time-scale from the International Pulsar Timing Array","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":96,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research; European Research Council; National Key Research and Development Program of China; Science and Technology Facilities Council; National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka; Observatoire de Paris, Université de Recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres; Jet Propulsion Laboratory; International Max Planck Research School for Advanced Methods in Process and Systems Engineering; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; ASTRON; Universities Space Research Association; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Flatiron Health; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; Australian Government; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Pulsar; Physics; Astrophysics; Observatory; Scale (ratio); Atomic clock; Gravitational wave; Stability (learning theory); Astronomy; Millisecond pulsar; Noise (video); Static timing analysis","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006092618230338908,"gpt":0.2118843431230244,"spread":0.2057917248926855,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001596139,0.0001860218,0.0002380774,0.000005206894,0.0001593803,0.00005367971,0.0008311761,0.00005544949,0.003223002],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007676284,0.0001167013,0.0005338897,0.00005426261,0.0001733762,0.0001103532,0.0001399696,0.0003109396,0.0001242067],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007723426,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000726939,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003774275,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005432179,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988522,0.00004608594,0.0002839204,0.0002858819,0.0002652472,0.0002666891],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990044,0.0002385515,0.0002381221,0.0004140425,0.00005115262,0.0000537764],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007673636,0.0001479551,0.1583747,0.000004774764,0.0002972095,2.560969e-8,0.0003698661,0.8338334,0.0008775654,0.0001319769,0.003190517,0.002695285],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002232464,0.00008614115,0.06145602,0.0001320311,0.0001991937,3.743399e-9,0.001087177,0.8842465,0.01780907,0.001204601,0.03102915,0.0005176581],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9839774,0.00003686772,0.0009868911,0.001370066,0.0005080794,0.0002624963,0.0008377256,0.00001540396,0.01200504],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9924747,1.40729e-8,0.005219324,0.0001061162,0.0007919319,0.00001179885,0.00008986217,0.00001873876,0.001287487],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09691869,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9976882,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2940570551","doi":"10.1038/s41467-020-18264-4","title":"Quantum clocks observe classical and quantum time dilation","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Communications","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":92,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Dartmouth College","keywords":"Time dilation; Wave packet; Superposition principle; Quantum; Gravitational time dilation; Quantum algorithm; Quantum superposition; Quantum state; Open quantum system","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02355881872777358,"gpt":0.2958848362463133,"spread":0.2723260175185397,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006752721,0.0001167381,0.0001462541,0.0000189857,0.0002979558,0.00003520713,0.0003755182,0.0001099815,0.00020135],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004415175,0.0001108537,0.00006014183,0.0002105631,0.0001338907,0.0002216024,0.0001743035,0.0008206753,0.000063075],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001435577,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004315048,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005625584,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003406396,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993318,0.00007307348,0.0001721746,0.000175552,0.0001123306,0.00013507],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989796,0.0001702623,0.00007818206,0.0005763145,0.00008933609,0.0001063263],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001171329,0.00005730582,0.004979936,0.000004158174,0.00004062407,2.975073e-7,0.0002710717,0.00001140263,0.0007797455,0.9812309,0.006982048,0.005630761],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000812717,0.0001128103,0.007118326,0.0000368646,0.00009361723,0.000001363347,0.0002217599,0.06609808,0.0003970792,0.1204806,0.8041653,0.0004614946],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1154613,0.0273945,0.1315638,0.3051639,0.001091006,0.002771745,0.003156572,0.001186552,0.4122106],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9960839,0.00003801311,0.002820997,0.0003109522,0.0003154613,0.00001672069,0.0002619054,0.00001434385,0.0001376757],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8806226,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4520484,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2530475650","doi":"10.1063/1.4963130","title":"Synchronization of clocks through 12 km of strongly turbulent air over a city","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics Letters","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":79,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"Defense Sciences Office, DARPA; National Institute of Standards and Technology","keywords":"Physics; Turbulence; Time transfer; Adaptive optics; Optics; Optical communication; Femtosecond; Laser; Meteorology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008495757891481803,"gpt":0.2312271933581477,"spread":0.2227314354666659,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004409908,0.0001737201,0.000261017,0.00001630633,0.00004757804,0.0000037477,0.0001437485,0.00003048496,0.0002885833],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000115872,0.0001363097,0.000111927,0.0001161875,0.0001773983,0.0001745299,0.00003635748,0.00008441718,0.000007616753],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004232006,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003897114,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003237652,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.55063e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990283,0.00001379641,0.0002699648,0.0002307331,0.0002348173,0.0002224214],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992951,0.00005388887,0.0002638162,0.0003065021,0.00004903857,0.00003164725],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001169652,0.0003391338,0.01330773,0.00006974391,0.0003649077,9.068254e-7,0.0008399897,0.006643908,0.3812648,0.5473281,0.00311758,0.04660622],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004336725,0.0001257427,0.00375202,0.0002122857,0.0001750526,3.723813e-7,0.000162476,0.00009906739,0.8869514,0.09418303,0.009167508,0.0008342759],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4159079,0.000007552807,0.5717385,0.0001519772,0.00007200265,0.0002108312,0.0002052425,0.00001830201,0.01168774],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980838,0.000001727419,0.00117405,0.00011228,0.0005139454,0.00002102368,0.0000376887,0.00002169246,0.00003380375],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5821759,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5558549,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2763561992","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.120.050801","title":"Comparing Optical Oscillators across the Air to Milliradians in Phase and <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:msup><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>17</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> in Frequency","year":2018,"lang":"lv","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":69,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"Defense Sciences Office, DARPA; National Institute of Standards and Technology","keywords":"Phase (matter); Physics; Quantum mechanics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01860722205919373,"gpt":0.2800509399186414,"spread":0.2614437178594476,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","scholarly_communication","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.002106002,0.001507837,0.0009352184,0.0004003228,0.001931481,0.001260836,0.00259733,0.001130767,0.03956949],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001147968,0.002294045,0.00230456,0.001897012,0.003236772,0.001908413,0.001930009,0.002913758,0.002061263],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006057749,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001200155,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001422918,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009751158,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9877046,0.0006644279,0.002659818,0.002710987,0.002613841,0.003646299],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9917814,0.001830483,0.001863628,0.002697438,0.0002328881,0.001594235],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001092828,0.0008612696,0.00007926091,0.0022418,0.001464665,0.001140769,0.003754685,0.001389998,0.003348538,0.8866887,0.09066744,0.007270041],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007729524,0.004642114,0.0005464547,0.01121543,0.003892575,0.001169506,0.00342562,0.1878383,0.710975,0.0009962609,0.06142878,0.00614043],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8590262,0.004155547,0.002221031,0.00354129,0.001969746,0.0002021813,0.001675748,0.0002096755,0.1269986],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9813792,0.00224539,0.002398064,0.005604896,0.004513833,0.001588154,0.001418561,0.0007396926,0.0001122861],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8856924,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997759,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2009964459","doi":"10.1007/s10291-014-0377-5","title":"Monitoring of UTC(k)’s using PPP and IGS real-time products","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"GPS Solutions","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Resources Canada","keywords":"Time transfer; Precise Point Positioning; Latency (audio); Real-time computing; GNSS applications; Computer science; Transfer (computing); Geodesy; Satellite; Atomic clock; Global Positioning System; Environmental science; Physics; Geology; Telecommunications; Parallel computing; Optics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02342109558362075,"gpt":0.2741832092148788,"spread":0.2507621136312581,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001027536,0.00007581677,0.0001176609,0.00002871292,0.0001963968,0.000009251581,0.00004495089,0.00001887557,0.00009312428],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001476427,0.00007611174,0.00002804078,0.0001015654,0.00007929645,0.0001188411,0.00003141575,0.00006334361,0.000008906194],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001585358,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004047109,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001281849,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.051523e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994615,0.00002221803,0.0001250458,0.0001389467,0.00007405084,0.0001782633],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996349,0.00002590423,0.00006195735,0.000160932,0.00007650777,0.00003979605],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000360691,0.0003444169,0.109671,0.0001331944,0.0002527861,0.000001361249,0.001607124,0.003765285,0.2991795,0.4801252,0.001285715,0.1035983],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005123903,0.0006215004,0.07432699,0.001331157,0.0007888718,0.00002334367,0.001792899,0.02228535,0.2464295,0.5764037,0.06798521,0.002887568],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.827417,0.0002651572,0.07107043,0.0002021545,0.0005101637,0.0002924278,0.0002024915,0.00007770401,0.09996249],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9907081,0.000005400902,0.008087739,0.000001004179,0.000793926,0.000004341357,0.000005936288,0.00000897468,0.000384626],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1632911,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3103747,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2336385023","doi":"10.1364/optica.3.000441","title":"Tight real-time synchronization of a microwave clock to an optical clock across a turbulent air path","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Optica","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"Defense Sciences Office, DARPA; National Institute of Standards and Technology","keywords":"Clock synchronization; Master clock; Synchronization (alternating current); Self-clocking signal; Microwave; Computer science; Atomic clock; Clock drift; Optical communication; Real-time computing; Physics; Clock signal; Clock skew; Optics; Telecommunications; Jitter","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005510858942997262,"gpt":0.2624744290089813,"spread":0.2569635700659841,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001165923,0.0001765034,0.0002451946,0.00002697905,0.00009498914,0.00001776555,0.0001654759,0.00005858006,0.0007468739],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001532386,0.0001282499,0.00008254507,0.0001382725,0.0001061234,0.0001814741,0.00005992125,0.00006916771,0.0002280024],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006393281,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008763163,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001891598,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001610947,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987857,0.00002913501,0.0002840499,0.0003285244,0.0001929077,0.0003796752],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991138,0.00005240066,0.00008211154,0.0003821373,0.0001715465,0.0001980304],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004844771,0.00107949,0.002547236,0.00005881974,0.0002453304,0.00003179579,0.002834081,0.000658833,0.3295809,0.431796,0.002883191,0.2277999],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009623169,0.005049495,0.007762404,0.001613363,0.0003505191,0.00004269092,0.001068759,0.00389723,0.77101,0.05879975,0.1371932,0.003589399],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6386749,0.00003262408,0.3019771,0.0009832344,0.0001579419,0.0005673291,0.0005312063,0.00008389983,0.0569918],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9797078,0.000005015599,0.01811356,0.00002757638,0.0004277734,0.00002293426,0.00003219395,0.00002895091,0.001634211],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4414291,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8177745,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2060556168","doi":"10.1007/s00340-009-3390-6","title":"A narrow linewidth and frequency-stable probe laser source for  the 88Sr+ single ion optical frequency standard","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":61,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences; National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Laser linewidth; Laser; Atomic clock; Frequency drift; Physics; Atomic physics; Optics; Resonance (particle physics); Quantum optics; Materials science; Phase noise","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01038790037224407,"gpt":0.236947000490954,"spread":0.2265591001187099,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001905075,0.0003268785,0.0003338059,0.00002202527,0.0004965391,0.0001179203,0.0002258375,0.0000729812,0.0001016532],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009197912,0.0002519774,0.0001250048,0.0002095054,0.0001815748,0.0002184078,0.00003383033,0.0002996286,0.00001408709],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000544478,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001069135,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000248251,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002553749,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984216,0.00001615656,0.000291735,0.0004592348,0.0002755844,0.0005356953],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990144,0.000180111,0.0001361596,0.0004153652,0.0001282002,0.0001257306],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000122464,0.000229397,0.0002498289,0.00002315862,0.00008797296,8.880004e-7,0.0004860231,0.001035438,0.03286025,0.8374949,0.001363264,0.1260465],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00149392,0.0003236264,0.00006192228,0.00002916852,0.0001196119,0.000001096897,0.0002637378,0.0004536785,0.06011738,0.9132119,0.02343244,0.0004914523],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01811371,0.0004153574,0.9045483,0.0007113102,0.0001938406,0.001481604,0.0003742163,0.0001273889,0.07403423],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9767301,0.00000330048,0.02041894,0.0002379483,0.001917368,0.0001680971,0.00007623052,0.0000450769,0.000402909],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9586164,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999933,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2015160894","doi":"10.1155/2008/175468","title":"GPS Time and Frequency Transfer: PPP and Phase‐Only Analysis","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Navigation and Observation","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":57,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Resources Canada","keywords":"Global Positioning System; Precise Point Positioning; Time transfer; GPS disciplined oscillator; Phase (matter); Code (set theory); Atomic clock; Computer science; Transfer (computing); Assisted GPS; Gps receiver; Geodesy; Control theory (sociology); Physics; Telecommunications; Geography; Optics; Set (abstract data type)","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01601645822711736,"gpt":0.2883845275594625,"spread":0.2723680693323451,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001519039,0.00009126789,0.000165538,0.0001337438,0.00009835559,0.00004083838,0.00006336817,0.00003028807,0.0002005727],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001116832,0.00008306324,0.00006369713,0.0001507516,0.00007682641,0.0006434019,0.000008833388,0.000114158,0.00000130786],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002023935,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004625634,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003194671,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001781108,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992059,0.00002735006,0.0003346376,0.000109375,0.0002537428,0.00006901965],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993011,0.00004914855,0.0001600341,0.00004124563,0.0003815079,0.00006691171],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002922523,0.0003179533,0.6851653,0.00001503003,0.002213211,0.00005708509,0.002805649,0.0003872238,0.0148902,0.0678262,0.0002635021,0.2257664],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01638576,0.001084757,0.8002918,0.0003574422,0.001544047,0.0006622168,0.0007571853,0.01927876,0.008422311,0.1351388,0.01498558,0.001091357],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9674612,0.0002003856,0.03091014,0.0005434302,0.0001001483,0.00004869276,0.00008391011,0.000005411395,0.000646694],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973894,0.0001033161,0.001821251,0.00006364993,0.0003707419,0.000001078251,0.000112207,0.000005343597,0.0001330156],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.224675,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3387221,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2566281077","doi":"10.1103/physreva.92.042119","title":"<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">Sr</mml:mi><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mn>88</mml:mn></mml:mmultiscripts><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>single-ion optical clock with a stability approaching the quantum projection noise limit","year":2015,"lang":"lv","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review A","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University; National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Metastability; Stability (learning theory); Ground state; Algorithm; Ion; Statistics; Atomic physics; Machine learning; Quantum mechanics; Computer science; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03403568654242652,"gpt":0.2625855162689594,"spread":0.2285498297265329,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","scholarly_communication","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["metaepi_narrow","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.003000918,0.001586354,0.0008621119,0.0003447464,0.002511872,0.001871678,0.002600868,0.001627886,0.03482728],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001986523,0.002298553,0.002733663,0.001632896,0.002555673,0.002905499,0.002230373,0.003574986,0.00191693],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006735246,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002356568,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002071997,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004384111,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9865112,0.001125666,0.002668624,0.002854399,0.003543048,0.003297086],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9904205,0.001487168,0.002687365,0.003326746,0.0004805787,0.00159765],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002344103,0.001468216,0.00001983549,0.003349555,0.001950721,0.0005556068,0.003448343,0.001171198,0.002851143,0.9197825,0.05103306,0.01202576],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004454835,0.005312477,0.00008685046,0.006370119,0.005218272,0.00149502,0.004744251,0.2747531,0.6665397,0.001954405,0.02532461,0.003746401],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6068543,0.008158337,0.01102103,0.001752134,0.004069741,0.0003816174,0.001167035,0.0005241698,0.3660717],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9834358,0.002163241,0.004022866,0.001037473,0.004384985,0.00248546,0.001367113,0.0008940455,0.0002090161],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9178281,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996884,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4254846361","doi":"10.1088/1681-7575/ab7c54","title":"First accuracy evaluation of the NRC-FCs2 primary frequency standard","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metrologia","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":46,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"Division of Physics","keywords":"Atomic clock; Fountain; Frequency standard; Research council; Stability (learning theory); Term (time); Statistics; Mathematics; Environmental science; Physics; Geodesy; Computer science; Optics; Geology; Geography; Quantum mechanics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02986446479223081,"gpt":0.2794521428939447,"spread":0.2495876781017138,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006478813,0.0001315371,0.0002225643,0.00002028574,0.0001428588,0.00001339257,0.0002917303,0.00004068246,0.002260773],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003519766,0.00008922772,0.0001367019,0.0003002862,0.0001070223,0.0001539429,0.00007140109,0.0002049826,0.00001977979],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009208486,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002542048,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002862717,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003702494,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985117,0.0001337095,0.0002595926,0.0002161877,0.0006941089,0.000184741],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989944,0.0001112212,0.0002068451,0.0002818335,0.0003563255,0.00004941901],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005059307,0.0003009861,0.5359832,0.0001844429,0.0007485012,0.000003365879,0.002261088,0.01234733,0.01318986,0.1710451,0.01757263,0.2458576],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01120929,0.001685731,0.2007808,0.0001594455,0.001451734,0.000002161981,0.001031304,0.006368929,0.06714262,0.5964747,0.1121479,0.001545365],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5684891,0.001212771,0.08146543,0.005812792,0.0009336406,0.001532227,0.001131926,0.0001133656,0.3393087],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977903,0.000002643536,0.001544988,0.000207469,0.0003766865,0.00002840899,0.00001423483,0.00001076766,0.00002453162],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4293011,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9986513,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3157816815","doi":"10.1103/prxquantum.2.040333","title":"Gravitational Redshift Tests with Atomic Clocks and Atom Interferometers","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PRX Quantum","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":45,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, Texas A&M University; Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie; Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Texas A and M University; Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; Texas AgriLife Research","keywords":"Gravitational redshift; Atom interferometer; Astronomical interferometer; Redshift; Physics; Atomic clock; Gravitation; Atom (system on chip); Astrophysics; Astronomy; Atomic physics; Interferometry; Galaxy; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009248399529000069,"gpt":0.2558729110166014,"spread":0.2466245114876013,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000482588,0.0001132718,0.0001316423,0.00002800433,0.00009289895,0.00003795995,0.00005031743,0.00001917748,0.0003537986],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004870717,0.00009765121,0.00003334433,0.000116089,0.00007868864,0.0001345307,0.00002864216,0.0001214125,0.00001776362],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000146378,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008711467,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001211591,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005324179,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993538,0.00002326454,0.0001207773,0.0002222214,0.0001143209,0.0001656697],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996178,0.00006271797,0.00004761749,0.0001300602,0.00007691215,0.00006484801],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009605692,0.0001252723,0.1325762,0.00003240463,0.0002009606,0.00004165236,0.0007473121,0.00003786452,0.001935162,0.8444346,0.0009548992,0.01881768],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003050885,0.000417685,0.04225494,0.0002587949,0.0001181214,0.00005374803,0.001691161,0.0006478787,0.01347636,0.8699745,0.06713269,0.0009232334],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9603997,0.0002141781,0.03006975,0.0003045205,0.0001466479,0.00009363831,0.0001431152,0.0000285718,0.008599913],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9961665,0.00000315638,0.003199284,0.00004198959,0.0001515596,0.00001330337,0.00006648269,0.00001368484,0.0003440715],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09032122,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3982101,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2605202969","doi":"10.1088/1681-7575/aa66e9","title":"On-line estimation of local oscillator noise and optimisation of servo parameters in atomic clocks","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metrologia","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":40,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; European Commission; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","keywords":"Noise (video); Stability (learning theory); Measure (data warehouse); Atomic clock; Control theory (sociology); Servo; Scaling; Atom (system on chip); Function (biology)","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01685292283253412,"gpt":0.2893912195206864,"spread":0.2725382966881522,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000158647,0.00007443498,0.0001840056,0.00004335392,0.00004648205,0.000007499507,0.00008243395,0.00003698157,0.00003545087],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003798949,0.00006501698,0.00003127517,0.0000363625,0.0001505412,0.00009883018,0.00002296353,0.00007541903,0.000001462246],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000173963,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001911774,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001284668,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003236342,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995057,0.00002062415,0.0001840581,0.0001209438,0.00007836099,0.00009032718],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999475,0.00006256663,0.0002077473,0.0002040847,0.00002945945,0.00002114207],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004391953,0.0002068083,0.2546313,0.00006111852,0.00008993651,0.00000199408,0.0001993193,0.4995033,0.00208066,0.05416376,0.0000437795,0.1885789],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00601548,0.001317934,0.2427635,0.0001777539,0.00009994562,9.835671e-7,0.000320431,0.3332837,0.165934,0.2495235,0.00006271003,0.0005000992],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8910257,0.00001421858,0.1076753,0.0000301441,0.00004632931,0.00007733464,0.00003860065,0.000003470123,0.001088892],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9934058,0.000001580216,0.006538886,0.000006560023,0.00001786793,0.000005100565,0.00000842564,0.000004316781,0.00001151724],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1953598,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2651316,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1999687236","doi":"10.1109/tuffc.2009.1228","title":"Further Characterization of the Time Transfer Capabilities of Precise Point Positioning (PPP): The Sliding Batch Procedure","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":33,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Time transfer; Precise Point Positioning; Global Positioning System; GNSS applications; GLONASS; Geodetic datum; Computer science; Satellite; Real-time computing; Transfer (computing); Geodesy; Engineering; Telecommunications; Geography; Aerospace engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003600560776777769,"gpt":0.1963384328382538,"spread":0.192737872061476,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002490127,0.0002308966,0.0003150332,0.00007575309,0.0003434747,0.00003237837,0.0002013593,0.0000823919,0.0001937737],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009795928,0.0001545463,0.0002163816,0.0004193547,0.0001145407,0.0002225289,4.645957e-7,0.0003680409,0.000001223033],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004492718,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001378744,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003330317,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005884904,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986389,0.0001087499,0.0004482379,0.0002520384,0.0002727992,0.0002792227],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991035,0.0001988141,0.0001487348,0.0002906366,0.0002082304,0.00005010366],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003061585,0.0006175418,0.0007233993,0.00006200747,0.0003377734,5.846943e-7,0.004270264,0.004262807,0.8782811,0.03784892,0.000007110952,0.0732823],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006390519,0.002263792,0.005966466,0.0006070883,0.001169771,0.00002187037,0.0007551853,0.03835278,0.8601381,0.08292301,0.0001500391,0.001261444],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3196598,0.0001673233,0.6755351,0.001099415,0.0001765464,0.0009470221,0.0006387315,0.00002979521,0.001746316],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994575,0.00004135815,0.0001159316,0.00008904399,0.00007991482,0.00004200764,0.000008530322,0.00001952192,0.0001461356],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6797978,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6302215,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2105451763","doi":"10.1109/tuffc.2010.1445","title":"The Allan Variance - challenges and opportunities","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Microsemi (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Allan variance; Phase noise; Estimator; Noise (video); Spurious relationship; Aliasing; Noise floor; Electronic engineering; Bandwidth (computing); Computer science; Variance (accounting); Noise measurement; Telecommunications; Statistics; Engineering; Standard deviation; Mathematics; Noise reduction; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01532836225383043,"gpt":0.2308543489015896,"spread":0.2155259866477592,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003247032,0.0002618528,0.000236777,0.00006795194,0.0008407775,0.0001123785,0.0001642548,0.00009808913,0.0001012688],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000954433,0.0002013563,0.00008125061,0.00008881755,0.0003074449,0.0001859082,7.500791e-7,0.0007544111,0.00000363812],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000156612,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001147504,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004413763,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001153318,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987231,0.00005955636,0.0002572286,0.0003380348,0.0001932281,0.0004288321],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988099,0.0005070095,0.00009681832,0.000302818,0.0001140656,0.0001693462],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004003874,0.00006488994,0.00002686927,0.000006585522,0.0001210949,0.000003175279,0.0001866286,0.00003105374,0.002600768,0.3992679,0.00002029593,0.5976307],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0090944,0.001892204,0.001029461,0.0001020789,0.0007071598,0.0001527357,0.001368052,0.01630191,0.009667563,0.8558424,0.1011821,0.002659985],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01515086,0.01197909,0.9056513,0.006697081,0.002062532,0.0009685378,0.0006064502,0.0001748293,0.0567093],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9926568,0.00612,0.0003106353,0.000114891,0.0002483402,0.00008662393,0.000002822848,0.00002727038,0.0004326717],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9775059,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8211071,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1990380746","doi":"10.1007/s10291-011-0222-z","title":"Methodology for comparing two carrier phase tracking techniques","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"GPS Solutions","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Western Economic Diversification Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; General Motors of Canada; Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung","keywords":"Phase-locked loop; Extended Kalman filter; Control theory (sociology); Bandwidth (computing); Kalman filter; Tracking (education); Loop (graph theory); Transient (computer programming); Transient response; Computer science; Electronic engineering; Engineering; Phase noise; Mathematics; Telecommunications; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2644045091754432,"gpt":0.4177497344867262,"spread":0.153345225311283,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002251527,0.0000954016,0.0001638491,0.00004298844,0.0003294335,0.000008958622,0.00009246281,0.00002587606,0.0005023379],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001451075,0.00009609345,0.0001014746,0.00007335919,0.00008651827,0.0001361746,0.00002410895,0.0001092511,0.00000653757],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002167587,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004141332,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001243476,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001578467,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993169,0.00004279544,0.0001580612,0.0001604696,0.0000412696,0.0002804613],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995889,0.0000672753,0.00006053815,0.0001538691,0.00007839755,0.00005103937],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004938507,0.0002013293,0.001605033,0.00001041926,0.00009873036,9.285936e-7,0.001298081,0.0000343274,0.00472128,0.8787905,0.0013221,0.1118679],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002857444,0.0002720009,0.0001581651,0.00005568299,0.0002094392,0.000005679758,0.001100585,0.001193714,0.1314142,0.7521146,0.1100192,0.0005992624],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.00233833,0.00007051985,0.9234428,0.0000212353,0.0001600291,0.000211971,0.0003432203,0.00007770136,0.07333417],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.872476,9.531026e-7,0.1267509,0.00001567861,0.0004077891,0.0001359237,0.000049039,0.00001013314,0.0001535317],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8701377,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5500247,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2515178219","doi":"10.1103/physreva.94.032504","title":"Highly charged<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">W</mml:mi><mml:none/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>13</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi>Ir</mml:mi><mml:none/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>16</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:math>, and<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi>Pt</mml:mi><mml:none/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>17</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:math>ions as promising optical clock candidates for probing variations of the fine-structure constant","year":2016,"lang":"lv","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. A/Physical review, A","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Ion; Energy (signal processing); Atomic physics; Quantum mechanics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01657985555292811,"gpt":0.2650031013623315,"spread":0.2484232458094034,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow","sts","scholarly_communication","open_science","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","open_science","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.006905322,0.00503456,0.002650894,0.00175372,0.007963945,0.005200044,0.009125748,0.006871496,0.1320502],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008548273,0.008180209,0.009907937,0.004954704,0.008460578,0.006714221,0.008138186,0.008518303,0.005533785],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001855622,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.006522111,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006148987,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002975335,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9615228,0.002751633,0.008859488,0.008053388,0.009000087,0.009812614],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.968938,0.006327787,0.01023061,0.008010386,0.001488471,0.005004727],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003784413,0.002044548,0.00002566475,0.007037233,0.006541766,0.001763341,0.003495158,0.00149271,0.02037539,0.70925,0.2341599,0.01002992],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008240552,0.00523646,0.0001102592,0.0145807,0.0109717,0.003896921,0.003147926,0.08265482,0.8286103,0.003930134,0.03078121,0.007839043],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6525357,0.02080544,0.009634301,0.00446429,0.0129591,0.001068842,0.01042701,0.001872322,0.2862329],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9437539,0.01374807,0.008752685,0.004352194,0.008331806,0.009556425,0.006901891,0.003783737,0.0008192735],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8082349,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998838,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2901125539","doi":"10.1088/1367-2630/ab3871","title":"Robust optical clock transitions in trapped ions using dynamical decoupling","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"New Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":28,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","keywords":"Algorithm; Physics; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02317754689949079,"gpt":0.2784122319057188,"spread":0.255234685006228,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009303754,0.000116418,0.0002618683,0.00004897757,0.00005279693,0.00002198366,0.0001107918,0.00003709855,0.0002908231],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003016722,0.0001097787,0.0001857105,0.0001976721,0.00003221043,0.0003082664,0.000009031953,0.0004313479,0.00001033056],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006108229,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002493027,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001168504,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002617763,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999137,0.0000167226,0.0003419109,0.0001067143,0.0001853136,0.0002122949],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995299,0.00004229735,0.0001328387,0.0001009967,0.00007952054,0.0001144762],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001088362,0.0004494282,0.009911518,0.00001609303,0.0001435619,0.00001694324,0.0006919574,0.7368936,0.01459965,0.1985915,0.0001020095,0.03847485],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01504318,0.0008878642,0.004134872,0.001305154,0.0005964457,0.000103938,0.003802341,0.3803508,0.01596954,0.5735173,0.002677764,0.00161078],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4239663,0.00004665514,0.5730041,0.0001090882,0.000197168,0.00006528632,0.00001582402,0.000003588635,0.002591971],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9805481,0.000001413463,0.01818448,0.000016384,0.001188468,3.609257e-7,0.000004336861,0.00001551809,0.00004095608],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5565818,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4476647,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3128126894","doi":"10.1103/physreva.103.022804","title":"Probing multiple electric-dipole-forbidden optical transitions in highly charged nickel ions","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. A/Physical review, A","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":28,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of New Brunswick","funders":"National Key Research and Development Program of China; National Science Foundation; Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Hubei Provincial Department of Education","keywords":"Atomic physics; Quadrupole; Physics; Dipole; Ion; Wavelength; Electron; Optics; Quantum mechanics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01434864672921932,"gpt":0.3401044358731116,"spread":0.3257557891438923,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003196469,0.0006279579,0.001842258,0.0000612108,0.0002361531,0.00004809195,0.0004166223,0.00005003781,0.000422978],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003702486,0.000549102,0.001166347,0.00166717,0.0001364942,0.0004435601,0.0001091027,0.001100526,0.0007962761],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001385216,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003658097,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001794731,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006647896,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9960988,0.0003567869,0.0009182704,0.0009860455,0.0006548442,0.0009853104],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977998,0.0004126831,0.0002429499,0.0008379141,0.0002981562,0.0004085106],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000531951,0.007043801,0.001064053,0.006676674,0.0004358008,0.000110137,0.0004415301,0.00005563242,0.1947293,0.6497791,0.00498038,0.1346304],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00630601,0.0008793949,0.001770445,0.07270169,0.003719575,0.00004540395,0.0002252464,0.01259265,0.1953398,0.4575966,0.24298,0.005843215],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4564455,0.291642,0.06998516,0.02415232,0.0008909283,0.01189267,0.001434708,0.0007002662,0.1428565],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9798724,0.01520207,0.0006956477,0.001096217,0.001581543,0.0008820175,0.0003305293,0.00008513373,0.000254468],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5234269,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999817,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1623952460","doi":"10.1007/3-540-44991-4_7","title":"Single-Ion Optical Frequency Standards and Measurement of their Absolute Optical Frequency","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Topics in applied physics","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Laser cooling; Ion; Laser; Realization (probability); Work (physics); Atomic physics; Physics; Materials science; Optoelectronics; Optics; Statistics; Quantum mechanics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03593244080538623,"gpt":0.2672415196955071,"spread":0.2313090788901209,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005575712,0.0006334096,0.0009031265,0.000104519,0.00009475809,0.00003475886,0.0002802065,0.0003481531,0.0002597874],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009187919,0.0006181551,0.0002035881,0.00008766253,0.0004853826,0.00008715622,0.0001239807,0.0009819331,0.000007753328],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004022877,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003271309,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000195073,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002055799,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969329,0.00001278478,0.0008408347,0.000643388,0.001049091,0.0005210497],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984736,0.00008087244,0.0003429695,0.000592297,0.0003475145,0.0001627835],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003540219,0.000111823,0.00005016106,0.00008815419,0.0001181533,0.000006038757,0.0001336454,0.0000188677,0.001434047,0.8525165,0.00004832817,0.1454389],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000892136,0.0001490763,0.00004191586,0.0003277604,0.0001017455,0.000001168437,0.00004546565,0.00001974447,0.01057712,0.9614256,0.02571742,0.0007008556],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0006229843,0.000513066,0.03469191,0.00002858335,0.000268447,0.0005355161,0.0005299858,0.00003386075,0.9627756],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.934166,0.0002352446,0.04129869,0.000136567,0.01087774,0.0001226258,0.0004100094,0.0004793934,0.01227378],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9505019,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999627,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2415528173","doi":"10.6028/jres.120.017","title":"Toward Continuous GPS Carrier-Phase Time Transfer: Eliminating the Time Discontinuity at an Anomaly","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Resources Canada; National Institute of Standards and Technology","keywords":"Anomaly (physics); Discontinuity (linguistics); Global Positioning System; Residual; Polynomial and rational function modeling; Anomaly detection; Geodesy; Curve fitting; Boundary (topology); Computer science; Algorithm; Polynomial; Mathematics; Geology; Physics; Mathematical analysis; Data mining; Statistics; Telecommunications","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04994700158940053,"gpt":0.3891867313536506,"spread":0.3392397297642501,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003448755,0.0001222787,0.0003699301,0.0002672534,0.0002718401,0.00002576706,0.0005638336,0.00008880137,0.0001198678],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000572882,0.00007174158,0.0001178347,0.0004875583,0.001661878,0.0003748031,0.0001627038,0.0005576297,8.595957e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001734927,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001035117,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002614957,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009765462,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975382,0.0001322499,0.0005102091,0.0001418614,0.001439223,0.0002382514],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9955019,0.0001210301,0.0002870497,0.0001700733,0.003822199,0.00009776515],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003820183,0.001651773,0.01411146,0.0001695626,0.001527271,0.00006126967,0.004122622,0.0008478676,0.08887093,0.6230394,0.01533491,0.2464428],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01598935,0.00710347,0.0007535376,0.0007583743,0.0002585881,0.0002749441,0.004548415,0.001568068,0.219155,0.4824331,0.2665136,0.0006436001],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9800068,0.0006118533,0.002244226,0.004918885,0.0001739859,0.0003206474,0.002496365,0.00001020781,0.009217042],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987814,0.00001624555,0.0005837309,0.000006557201,0.0002147444,0.000004240539,0.000006394466,0.000007638479,0.0003790754],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2511787,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6123258,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2618962632","doi":"10.1103/physreva.96.022704","title":"Collisional frequency shift of a trapped-ion optical clock","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. A/Physical review, A","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; Branco Weiss Fellowship – Society in Science","keywords":"Atomic clock; Atomic physics; Physics; Ion; Quantum; Scattering; Helium; Frequency shift; Quantum defect; Quantum mechanics; Optics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01667443316218184,"gpt":0.3835196611612702,"spread":0.3668452279990884,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000460313,0.0006445449,0.002170584,0.0000359224,0.0004407556,0.00006215511,0.001143742,0.00005050998,0.0006371544],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000510433,0.0004991685,0.001465562,0.000314136,0.0006258742,0.0006208532,0.0002574625,0.000717258,0.0004435501],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005865302,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002452885,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004403263,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001818026,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9962691,0.000192137,0.0009604743,0.0008456447,0.001023061,0.0007095762],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9962978,0.0003729279,0.0008870273,0.001687808,0.000315437,0.0004389648],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003729215,0.001726575,0.001552171,0.004546868,0.0002012356,0.00001176827,0.00005839306,0.00000332554,0.007545109,0.9021906,0.003122377,0.07900431],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001347135,0.0006429719,0.00385703,0.02907642,0.001272407,0.000004074799,0.00001090509,0.000400364,0.01905704,0.8573434,0.08554235,0.001445877],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4078074,0.1609439,0.02899654,0.009676336,0.001236966,0.007850199,0.002067311,0.0002628542,0.3811585],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9810089,0.01496206,0.000675865,0.0003524924,0.002481989,0.0002772638,0.00007484956,0.00006299388,0.0001035941],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5732015,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999746,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2896609340","doi":"10.1109/tuffc.2018.2874550","title":"Cs Fountain Clocks for Commercial Realizations—An Improved and Robust Design","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, UK Government; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Redundancy (engineering); Reliability (semiconductor); Computer science; Noise (video); Electronic engineering; Electrical engineering; Engineering; Reliability engineering; Physics; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01978739276635465,"gpt":0.2650335497483158,"spread":0.2452461569819611,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003836376,0.0003362391,0.0003554919,0.0001544447,0.001020277,0.0001235126,0.0001516631,0.0001537401,0.00012737],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001920126,0.0003334589,0.0001033029,0.0003200624,0.0002088706,0.0003310987,7.160141e-7,0.0003390315,0.000002300015],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007251203,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001928287,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001802786,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001347701,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983036,0.0001118847,0.0003800943,0.0005170816,0.000156696,0.000530626],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985858,0.0004133349,0.00013415,0.0002909891,0.0003488655,0.0002268889],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001664406,0.001203149,0.001047336,0.00006142997,0.0007835627,0.000003463172,0.001326379,0.01039333,0.01489204,0.1223753,0.0004463003,0.8458033],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01677393,0.009770551,0.000297175,0.0000904871,0.001083618,0.00003163535,0.0003773023,0.7853847,0.01797961,0.1621173,0.003813931,0.002279813],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.00260022,0.0001388329,0.9940575,0.0001608165,0.0003608382,0.001010214,0.0006677919,0.00006979236,0.0009340258],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9847226,0.00007706173,0.01396127,0.0002146797,0.0005602322,0.0002438674,0.00003221791,0.00005413996,0.000133916],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9821224,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999117,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2172450949","doi":"10.1109/freq.2007.4319104","title":"Precise Point Positioning for TAI computation","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Resources Canada","keywords":"Global Positioning System; Computer science; Computation; Precise Point Positioning; Code (set theory); Time transfer; Link (geometry); Point (geometry); Simple (philosophy); Dual (grammatical number); Point-to-point; Phase (matter); Transfer (computing); Real-time computing; Algorithm; Telecommunications; Computer network; Parallel computing; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007280631042548887,"gpt":0.2695115556642635,"spread":0.2622309246217147,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004472602,0.0001623391,0.0001868915,0.00008456445,0.0001778114,0.00005351621,0.0003874763,0.00004505181,0.00006966801],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003666573,0.0001330501,0.0002225082,0.0001182512,0.00008695582,0.0004654029,0.00002024201,0.0001378598,0.000003428132],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000111542,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000431178,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004514559,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001490666,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987138,0.000004353047,0.0004643406,0.0002335101,0.000336029,0.0002479727],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983616,0.0001331772,0.0004191827,0.000064428,0.0009686588,0.00005290683],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003604399,0.0001828926,0.01973359,0.00004033431,0.0003752513,3.389027e-7,0.0004197246,0.001251116,0.595596,0.3750199,0.001619449,0.005400978],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004945969,0.0002366695,0.002034929,0.0003058447,0.0001929994,0.00001089924,0.0002858083,0.007637228,0.3689893,0.6128719,0.001961364,0.0005270464],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1247132,0.00005659191,0.5686799,0.003991525,0.004090055,0.001611816,0.0006169721,0.00008103842,0.2961589],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9934289,9.103348e-7,0.004436198,0.00008241557,0.001493866,0.00005746807,0.00001429327,0.00002069704,0.0004652738],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8687156,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5425627,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2145389528","doi":"10.1139/p10-051","title":"Atomic parity violation in a single trapped radium ionThis paper was presented at the International Conference on Precision Physics of Simple Atomic Systems, held at École de Physique, les Houches, France, 30 May – 4 June, 2010.","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Physics","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Atomic physics; Parity (physics); Ion; Electroweak interaction; Excited state; Atomic coherence; Spectroscopy; Physics beyond the Standard Model; Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy); Nuclear physics; Laser; Particle physics; Quantum mechanics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03016755215192249,"gpt":0.2518689812866251,"spread":0.2217014291347026,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002310972,0.0002117956,0.0003497176,0.00006878126,0.0001976818,0.00003465936,0.0003587074,0.00007643205,0.0005956647],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001540103,0.0001778057,0.0001685351,0.0001677074,0.0001749622,0.0003317357,0.00002980009,0.0003675802,0.00001383006],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004780399,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005984762,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008480166,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005621096,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986018,0.0001265732,0.0004865547,0.0001956281,0.0002721351,0.0003173068],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985958,0.00009551772,0.0005727634,0.0002583717,0.0002865459,0.0001910393],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001677154,0.001652979,0.4845593,0.0002383899,0.001303992,0.00007378819,0.01178649,0.02952483,0.07272615,0.235282,0.06299033,0.09818457],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01371495,0.001361197,0.1441577,0.003170536,0.0005392296,0.00004697883,0.003943834,0.03820324,0.3257902,0.3497621,0.1165754,0.002734728],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9794951,0.0002807322,0.0113121,0.0002230477,0.000705287,0.0003847409,0.0006277413,0.000007091657,0.006964179],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984478,0.00001956018,0.0001233756,0.00004594636,0.0005987521,0.00001174616,0.00005563719,0.0000251511,0.0006720186],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3404016,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9981225,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2312241430","doi":"10.1103/physreva.90.052502","title":"Isotope shifts in francium isotopes<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">Fr</mml:mi><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>206</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>213</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">Fr</mml:mi><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>221</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:math>","year":2014,"lang":"lv","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review A","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission; U.S. Department of Energy; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Physics; Isotope; Atomic physics; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Chemistry; Nuclear physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0177383555056014,"gpt":0.2508775397076937,"spread":0.2331391842020923,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","scholarly_communication","open_science","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.006660355,0.004295864,0.002225491,0.001600336,0.005610007,0.005002894,0.007904852,0.006002879,0.1793244],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004545482,0.007465139,0.007169469,0.003927634,0.005594312,0.006941568,0.007270643,0.008006313,0.009872328],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000127509,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004453132,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008240196,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002925539,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9672855,0.002382969,0.007341712,0.00684115,0.00738861,0.008760074],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9758897,0.003670954,0.007328963,0.008026479,0.0008871077,0.004196749],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003296271,0.001804589,0.00002564107,0.005664259,0.004334494,0.002784329,0.004380688,0.001550003,0.006029886,0.7330235,0.2260417,0.01106468],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009430345,0.005144619,0.0002322862,0.01161669,0.007614648,0.002978551,0.004216093,0.1875928,0.6705158,0.001841414,0.09044787,0.008368829],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4861861,0.01800039,0.006784025,0.002390457,0.01273702,0.0006044628,0.00513272,0.00140569,0.4667591],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9504272,0.01116743,0.007638691,0.005236741,0.008175496,0.007106504,0.005752631,0.003260597,0.001234659],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.731182,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.998364,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3098466237","doi":"10.15488/1728","title":"On-line estimation of local oscillator noise and optimisation of servo parameters in atomic clocks","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Institutional Repository of Leibniz Universität Hannover (Leibniz Universität Hannover)","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; European Commission; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","keywords":"Noise (video); Atomic clock; Local oscillator; Physics; Stability (learning theory); Control theory (sociology); Servo; Line (geometry); Scaling; Atom (system on chip); Function (biology); Spectral line; Computer science; Computational physics; Mathematics; Phase noise; Atomic physics; Quantum mechanics; Optics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0107772403438293,"gpt":0.2389072157840892,"spread":0.2281299754402599,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001940397,0.0003364261,0.0005792119,0.0003815703,0.000576665,0.00002915294,0.0004579512,0.000175806,0.00005565414],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003774375,0.0003862361,0.0001959259,0.0002844243,0.001536399,0.002780963,0.0002066459,0.0002833813,0.000003491082],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003716966,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005904624,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001247374,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001602635,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980032,0.00006584624,0.0005777282,0.0004947797,0.0005654591,0.0002929241],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977162,0.0001450102,0.0009872264,0.0005833544,0.000437846,0.0001303057],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001324908,0.000523769,0.01221214,0.0001677485,0.0004167919,0.00009940993,0.0006033482,0.3847246,0.006786289,0.5894471,0.00007413995,0.003619785],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.05175258,0.004523525,0.1042758,0.007224949,0.002171217,0.0001825189,0.01170417,0.1338966,0.5517081,0.1157465,0.01134769,0.005466351],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9117114,0.00004953469,0.05506441,0.00007081645,0.0004039209,0.0002996427,0.0003754505,0.00001780731,0.03200701],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971607,0.000007612021,0.002242346,0.00001067608,0.00007186752,0.000001255322,0.00006166917,0.00001352016,0.0004302957],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5449218,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999859,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2619312086","doi":"10.1098/rspa.2017.0773","title":"Quantum stopwatch: how to store time in a quantum memory","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Advanced Research","funders":"Microsoft Research Asia; Kayamori Foundation of Informational Science Advancement; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; National Research Foundation Singapore; Croucher Foundation; National Research Foundation; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Kayamori Foundation of Informational Science; Centre for Quantum Technologies; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Microsoft Research; John Templeton Foundation","keywords":"Stopwatch; Computer science; Quantum; Measure (data warehouse); Quantum network; Quantum error correction; Physics; Quantum algorithm; Statistical physics; Algorithm; Quantum mechanics; Mathematics; Quantum computer; Statistics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008177481042111487,"gpt":0.2281820671584416,"spread":0.2200045861163301,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002475372,0.0001397927,0.0002363391,0.00001724678,0.000143426,0.0000516848,0.000273159,0.00002545672,0.00003129306],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005109095,0.00008869995,0.0001199332,0.0003532002,0.0004088664,0.0001516751,0.0001263005,0.0001404482,0.000008183888],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001595303,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001628375,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006973099,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.968642e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991018,0.000002387174,0.000128088,0.0002228154,0.0002669023,0.0002779769],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996862,0.00006885281,0.00005032728,0.00005609296,0.0000581302,0.00008040193],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000215652,0.0004442768,0.001229289,0.0004227607,0.00007987449,1.631682e-7,0.0158639,0.002196852,0.03113336,0.9434584,0.003262397,0.001887153],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002851498,0.0002868689,0.0009410792,0.0003679773,0.0000279177,6.283385e-7,0.001831684,0.7198163,0.01045059,0.2653108,0.0003237369,0.0003572619],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9930973,0.000009517853,0.002052228,0.000772955,0.00004806008,0.000150535,0.000007748077,0.00002455789,0.003837088],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9969562,1.805289e-7,0.002356347,0.00001791905,0.0003739764,0.0000139907,1.0645e-7,0.000008115396,0.0002731738],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7176194,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3617079,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4304112907","doi":"10.1088/1681-7575/ac98cb","title":"Achieving traceability to UTC through GNSS measurements","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metrologia","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"GNSS applications; Traceability; Metrology; Computer science; Global Positioning System; Telecommunications; Frequency offset; Synchronization (alternating current); Offset (computer science); Standardization; UTC offset; Satellite system; Systems engineering; Remote sensing; Real-time computing; Engineering; Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing; Geography; Software engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04423548764262893,"gpt":0.3080389056329565,"spread":0.2638034179903276,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005445929,0.0001313704,0.0001914374,0.00003469988,0.0004205001,0.00001633601,0.0002471768,0.00001565202,0.005764793],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003202426,0.0001248475,0.00009807147,0.0002953889,0.00003110931,0.0001152929,0.0001474831,0.0002655099,0.00004568323],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001143076,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003685152,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006623132,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000196343,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987271,0.0001453673,0.0001907125,0.0003115633,0.000318715,0.0003065024],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995016,0.00004355824,0.00006177388,0.000297299,0.00004105109,0.00005469672],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003028744,0.0007422619,0.861037,0.00001532492,0.0002926346,0.000007229612,0.001450506,0.01207426,0.00721666,0.02907768,0.009541375,0.07824225],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00385862,0.00233718,0.09916139,0.00001579992,0.0002093875,0.000004645619,0.002863731,0.0001729175,0.01311662,0.1773641,0.6991303,0.00176535],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7599943,0.0001343681,0.1101753,0.0008033283,0.000828357,0.0005298203,0.0003043032,0.0001599169,0.1270702],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9944381,1.209433e-7,0.004498302,0.0002516469,0.000266439,0.0001248876,0.00001551194,0.00001217798,0.0003928066],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7618756,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9951441,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4206332499","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-34.2.201","title":"Advances of relativity theory","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physics Essays","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Theory of relativity; General relativity; Classical mechanics; Lorentz covariance; Theoretical physics; Lorentz transformation; Doubly special relativity; Spacetime; Negative energy; Sagnac effect; Tests of special relativity; Length contraction; Metric expansion of space; Quantum mechanics; Dark energy; Test theories of special relativity; Four-force; Cosmology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00855194576552933,"gpt":0.2638679264582179,"spread":0.2553159806926886,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008844013,0.00009335099,0.0001691737,0.000007170525,0.00006624783,0.000006471316,0.00007088474,0.00001514359,0.0006796827],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001026111,0.00008958509,0.00009681776,0.0001554536,0.00008530745,0.0002519356,0.00003495595,0.0001142477,0.00001811384],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007688262,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006651704,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002974705,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.657822e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994041,0.00005554053,0.0001273421,0.000156334,0.0001226609,0.0001340707],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994287,0.0001156189,0.00009072675,0.0002222502,0.0001125442,0.00003008894],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006962088,0.00008036347,0.002789177,0.00001174769,0.00002469105,0.000001160946,0.0001203893,0.0002059795,0.0008171836,0.8698699,0.00004438435,0.1260281],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001934053,0.00001036441,0.0000419144,0.00002058518,0.00001708165,1.94269e-7,0.0001444014,0.00003891431,0.04338994,0.953523,0.002523487,0.00009673181],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.001700005,0.0002682413,0.2974799,0.00001616892,0.0001149484,0.00003190063,0.00008998938,0.00001199559,0.7002869],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971929,0.00001281374,0.00152708,0.00000940444,0.0004843469,0.000006318305,0.00002806452,0.00001080396,0.000728237],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9954929,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7442049,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2320697431","doi":"10.6028/jres.116.005","title":"The SIM time network","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","keywords":"Metrology; Traceability; International System of Units; Global Positioning System; Standardization; Computer science; Telecommunications; Systems engineering; Operations research; Engineering; Mathematics; Statistics; Software engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04158823211241092,"gpt":0.3665713157836361,"spread":0.3249830836712252,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002495117,0.0000663033,0.0001856777,0.0001558453,0.0003280504,0.000009639217,0.00046587,0.00005700498,0.0001130147],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003726339,0.00003569416,0.00008176682,0.0005346554,0.001625438,0.0001532245,0.0001449355,0.000467023,5.477979e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005018592,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006545204,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008291378,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003163977,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983917,0.0000525243,0.0003589155,0.0000709782,0.0009403436,0.0001855696],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9964365,0.0001360562,0.0003384849,0.0001250785,0.002931024,0.00003280735],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001957518,0.00006533349,0.002394417,0.00001179593,0.0002084241,0.000001899839,0.00006374217,0.00009532283,0.0007633438,0.9636908,0.008992931,0.02351627],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004928192,0.0002756538,0.0003721794,0.0001174371,0.00001354157,0.00001359043,0.000128189,0.00003360003,0.008389923,0.7926385,0.1974769,0.00004772632],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4372281,0.01082237,0.01536288,0.02301092,0.002978994,0.001451754,0.002090555,0.00004373215,0.5070107],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975772,0.0001192961,0.001577548,0.000004577561,0.0003153352,0.000002352611,4.950192e-7,0.00000516075,0.0003980389],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5603491,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5988993,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2037521452","doi":"10.1117/12.788128","title":"Performance of the pre-production band 3 (84-116 GHz) receivers for ALMA","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics","funders":"","keywords":"Millimeter; Submillimeter Array; Frequency band; Computer science; Extremely high frequency; Telecommunications; Remote sensing; Physics; Bandwidth (computing); Optics; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009363107731436188,"gpt":0.2214378060501113,"spread":0.2120746983186751,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003066587,0.0002264193,0.0003027659,0.00004225779,0.0001847689,0.00001893175,0.0006079127,0.00008589937,0.00002427219],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001662269,0.0001660038,0.0005707248,0.0002362453,0.0003413178,0.0005053045,0.00006708939,0.0002180633,4.437092e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008249964,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004895395,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007541457,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.478846e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984801,1.357219e-8,0.000486119,0.0002901795,0.0004603772,0.0002831976],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980484,0.00006748441,0.0004029426,0.0000663607,0.001358374,0.00005640951],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004313941,0.0002287278,0.01026652,0.0006995349,0.0007756083,1.853473e-8,0.0008421407,0.001635062,0.5722883,0.4034649,0.00782722,0.001540517],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001915233,0.0004839543,0.005270842,0.0004974603,0.0002383476,0.00001051173,0.001205192,0.0134991,0.9598429,0.005333859,0.01121903,0.0004835373],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9928745,0.00003503272,0.00008642852,0.0007727554,0.0003985784,0.0006160802,0.0001168426,0.0000239434,0.005075821],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9730766,0.00005025609,0.02489771,0.00001840594,0.0009209306,0.0001329538,0.000007717077,0.00003676792,0.0008586215],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.398131,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.676944,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4386761750","doi":"10.1088/1681-7575/acfa04","title":"GPS PPP-AR frequency transfer and its application for comparing atomic fountain primary frequency standards between NRC and PTB","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metrologia","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada; National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Algorithm; Computer science; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Artificial intelligence; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02045658910379744,"gpt":0.2876129360021548,"spread":0.2671563468983574,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000890743,0.0002667214,0.0004762388,0.0001391088,0.0003158576,0.00004310827,0.0001655568,0.0001078075,0.00006156539],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003430136,0.0002526946,0.00008751051,0.0003148798,0.0001139307,0.0002620551,0.00004732193,0.000234786,0.00001215426],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001411858,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001243616,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006207697,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001200424,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983016,0.00005709299,0.000358737,0.0005098056,0.0003069373,0.0004658408],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992003,0.0001980919,0.00007449422,0.0002201662,0.0001913774,0.0001155622],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000130306,0.0000587029,0.6399316,0.0002609884,0.0003633308,0.000004706206,0.0004103845,0.00005559107,0.01595226,0.2643336,0.0003912616,0.07810728],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007192451,0.0008933953,0.185619,0.0001002038,0.0005318794,0.000004968751,0.0005134114,0.002781576,0.0112859,0.7725559,0.01690899,0.001612296],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7747865,0.0006637689,0.2154537,0.0001740586,0.00009196726,0.0008438801,0.00152691,0.0001540913,0.006305166],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972841,0.00003777361,0.001571853,0.00003699086,0.0004432991,0.0002511991,0.0002749131,0.00003632134,0.00006357702],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5082223,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999925,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2108870672","doi":"10.1109/freq.2007.4319105","title":"Further Characterization of the Time Transfer Capabilities of Precise Point Positioning (PPP)","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada","funders":"Natural Resources Canada; Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","keywords":"Precise Point Positioning; Time transfer; Global Positioning System; GNSS applications; Computer science; Geodetic datum; GLONASS; Real-time computing; Satellite; Geodesy; Telecommunications; Engineering; Geography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0037756195092153,"gpt":0.2127972776455277,"spread":0.2090216581363124,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003822134,0.0001585195,0.0002489072,0.0000670312,0.00007648402,0.00001628227,0.0005401774,0.00005086055,0.0002968706],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002546299,0.0001070034,0.0002704651,0.0001542409,0.0002369516,0.0003862933,0.00002379387,0.0001454319,0.000001782826],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006359183,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005336424,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007837248,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001612238,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985678,0.00001321179,0.0006165707,0.0001768729,0.0004501513,0.0001754233],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998538,0.00007314917,0.0004032298,0.0001286406,0.0008276852,0.00002925378],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001087679,0.00009083426,0.02025088,0.00003004108,0.0001485166,3.857328e-8,0.0008928323,0.00007104517,0.9336116,0.04436691,0.000008799644,0.0004196795],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009990729,0.00006787223,0.007669178,0.0002667384,0.00009231249,0.000001665171,0.0001260118,0.0003777369,0.9616783,0.02848056,0.000095483,0.0001450265],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9407771,0.00001646969,0.006406522,0.001379031,0.0007830492,0.0005442829,0.0005677206,0.00001380845,0.04951199],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987194,0.000001822833,0.0001749314,0.00003487101,0.0004075659,0.00001865906,0.000006896592,0.00001775868,0.0006180786],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05794229,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4363473,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4293795945","doi":"10.1142/s0217732322501553","title":"Varying coupling constants and their interdependence","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Modern Physics Letters A","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Gravitational constant; Planck constant; Constant (computer programming); Coupling constant; Fine-structure constant; Variation (astronomy); Planck; Boltzmann constant; Planck mass; Gravitation; Theoretical physics; Quantum mechanics; Mathematical physics; Quantum; Astrophysics; Electron","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01114802906276433,"gpt":0.2278980047843671,"spread":0.2167499757216028,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007705979,0.0001473319,0.0001542501,0.00001980587,0.000431456,0.00003552184,0.0001373785,0.000007476091,0.0002118892],"category_scores_gemma":[8.293813e-7,0.0001457391,0.00005555153,0.00008222455,0.00007525318,0.0001704027,0.000178155,0.0002792604,0.000003207449],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003635558,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002428292,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001646438,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.417265e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992269,0.00001776731,0.0001217384,0.0002626293,0.0001405432,0.0002304552],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996528,0.00004420422,0.00007113036,0.000172794,0.0000164946,0.00004255513],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001792306,0.0003727576,0.02489258,0.00005373094,0.0004979269,0.00004632808,0.01393927,0.1585854,0.3726476,0.1072312,0.001310695,0.3202433],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002842054,0.0001445717,0.0001212518,0.00008701922,0.0000659736,0.00001804003,0.002259961,0.3311851,0.03197286,0.6237916,0.00597685,0.001534781],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3728342,0.00007836671,0.622244,0.0002046208,0.0001531793,0.0001179725,0.000204733,0.00003437522,0.004128536],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988486,8.403308e-7,0.0003030135,0.0004037011,0.0003190023,0.0000374908,0.00002014366,0.00002081637,0.00004643716],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6260143,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5943069,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2200696647","doi":"10.1364/ol.40.001822","title":"Broadband, unpolarized repumping and clearout light sources for Sr^+ single-ion clocks","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Optics Letters","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"Academy of Finland; European Commission","keywords":"Doppler effect; Optical fiber; Ion; Limit (mathematics); Atomic clock; Semiconductor; Stray light; Optical amplifier","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01911128997230408,"gpt":0.2494643847267386,"spread":0.2303530947544346,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001560982,0.0001495954,0.0001822798,0.00003955131,0.0001493715,0.000087498,0.00008239035,0.00004022103,0.00001980312],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002038864,0.0001424654,0.00006786835,0.00006265131,0.00006785955,0.0001753986,0.00003402706,0.0001246328,0.000006349936],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003152039,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002418162,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001040917,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.353486e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991605,0.00002086338,0.0001826418,0.0002395149,0.0001293726,0.0002670533],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995046,0.00005235905,0.00009519094,0.0001704061,0.00006167782,0.0001158],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001594549,0.0007185414,0.0549299,0.0002767102,0.001173464,0.00004184394,0.01777756,0.00510309,0.578817,0.1691813,0.03234901,0.1380371],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01075034,0.0007087084,0.0002066451,0.0002653923,0.0003171121,0.00001342066,0.002702498,0.003612359,0.1136062,0.03685488,0.8292221,0.001740371],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7191415,0.0002219952,0.2542422,0.004398955,0.0007259225,0.0005225555,0.00009918732,0.00008504774,0.02056263],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.977362,0.000002941856,0.01969609,0.0005574439,0.001639808,0.00002241767,0.00004762509,0.00004083974,0.0006308692],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.796873,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5809571,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2043186076","doi":"10.1109/tuffc.2012.2226","title":"Near real-time comparison and monitoring of time scales with precise point positioning using nrcan ultra-rapid products","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Time transfer; Global Positioning System; Precise Point Positioning; Computer science; Real-time computing; Latency (audio); Atomic clock; Scale (ratio); Telecommunications","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009782011894940575,"gpt":0.2418454150421627,"spread":0.2320634031472222,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003081848,0.0003516275,0.0005307281,0.0001425317,0.000531511,0.00007901794,0.000126367,0.00009426499,0.0000899438],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001177726,0.0003219842,0.00008292437,0.0004248338,0.0002071858,0.0005274847,0.000001033112,0.0004056552,0.000004001743],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009355185,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001315397,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001839779,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002010752,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998192,0.00009796225,0.0004460128,0.0003857239,0.000301265,0.000577085],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987273,0.0002501769,0.0002484802,0.0003252085,0.0002317971,0.0002170047],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001038379,0.001784927,0.05772135,0.0001879725,0.001276475,0.000005609464,0.002833541,0.02188787,0.8149351,0.002914145,0.00003099014,0.09538359],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01464655,0.005357621,0.009933997,0.001330397,0.002946065,0.0002112349,0.0009330041,0.1083382,0.8464859,0.005642029,0.0001788706,0.003996126],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7065541,0.001072624,0.2890718,0.00006225078,0.0001762484,0.0006579484,0.0003146502,0.00006646541,0.002023914],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9891225,0.0001302029,0.0103828,0.000005998048,0.0002250517,0.00003058398,0.00001050019,0.00004814932,0.00004428455],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2825683,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999232,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}