{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":613,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":613,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"27298aa7d074","filters":{"topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis"}},"results":[{"id":"W3092164109","doi":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100752","title":"Friction stir welding/processing of metals and alloys: A comprehensive review on microstructural evolution","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Progress in Materials Science","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1012,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"European Research Council; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Russian Science Foundation","keywords":"Friction stir welding; Materials science; Friction stir processing; Microstructure; Welding; Intermetallic; Fusion welding; Context (archaeology); Metallurgy; Grain size; Composite material; Alloy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03130940593607965,"gpt":0.3374280489582154,"spread":0.3061186430221358,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004666245,0.000356522,0.001617541,0.0003757595,0.00007419777,0.00009373904,0.0004479855,0.0001129935,0.00001186472],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008951235,0.0002953373,0.00009309265,0.001296832,0.0003848875,0.0002915532,0.0001719602,0.0001889492,0.000002957413],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002771358,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006464975,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004191391,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.061285e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980232,0.00007169887,0.0007882734,0.0004965206,0.000330305,0.0002899884],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991153,0.00004227412,0.0004177828,0.0002615338,0.00009980741,0.00006329788],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003318749,0.000007458202,0.000004184968,0.1039303,0.00002695123,0.000009384654,0.00003258908,0.00007218229,0.002825103,0.0001361493,0.0000148099,0.8929375],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004204499,0.0003332002,0.0001436546,0.6056567,0.002400345,0.0003256619,0.00005025835,0.003618332,0.03356769,0.001584557,0.3488773,0.003021776],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000704317,0.9977122,0.0004631483,0.00001146863,0.0001938049,0.000689447,0.00003508653,0.0001805745,0.000009972652],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.006036448,0.9791965,0.01455241,0.00001008033,0.00003660351,0.0001193184,0.00001235055,0.00003573708,5.716801e-7],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8899158,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999499,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2076108982","doi":"10.1179/1879139512y.0000000015","title":"Review of tools for friction stir welding and processing","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":527,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Friction stir welding; Materials science; Welding; Metallurgy; Microstructure; Creep; Formability","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02098582907140198,"gpt":0.2592759903858317,"spread":0.2382901613144297,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002503774,0.0001134194,0.0002604575,0.0001156999,0.00005054353,0.00002373454,0.00007306367,0.00006347937,0.00005610152],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005199494,0.0001106411,0.00008020692,0.0001952639,0.00002290992,0.0004152707,0.000002705103,0.00008033025,0.000002198857],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008981227,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001910246,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002915331,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003918353,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992722,0.00001353255,0.0002427048,0.0001058575,0.00006596878,0.0002997138],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999433,0.00005813097,0.00004075906,0.0001235355,0.00004711162,0.0002974556],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007055733,0.00002250706,0.0001133795,0.01318218,0.000194466,0.000006636181,0.0004769281,0.0005386313,0.002504715,0.006672341,0.003364583,0.9729166],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007404676,0.0004773305,0.001377761,0.008548005,0.001088566,0.0001308584,0.0004405816,0.09159334,0.001980153,0.003368499,0.8886143,0.001640114],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04053195,0.1072038,0.8466457,0.0004703863,0.0002568814,0.001039075,0.00007273423,0.0004533986,0.003326144],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9766204,0.001384999,0.02163354,0.0001572821,0.00008292008,0.00006403228,0.00001411538,0.00002573208,0.00001693934],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9712765,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4511813,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2755207071","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2017.1358145","title":"Recent Advances in Friction Stir Welding/Processing of Aluminum Alloys: Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Critical reviews in solid state and materials sciences/CRC critical reviews in solid state and materials sciences","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":384,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Friction stir welding; Materials science; Friction stir processing; Aluminium; Welding; Metallurgy; Mechanical engineering; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05124232162131171,"gpt":0.3719817994571455,"spread":0.3207394778358338,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006371858,0.0004902481,0.001789687,0.0003313869,0.0005664958,0.0008077958,0.0005794202,0.0001434669,0.00006601352],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00424374,0.0003665381,0.0000588787,0.0004509883,0.00342484,0.002294759,0.0003949063,0.0002176958,0.000004957234],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001078542,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006865064,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000868118,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002027854,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9950229,0.0004633732,0.002156849,0.0009566456,0.0004099486,0.0009903137],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987887,0.0002563702,0.0002772766,0.0003369711,0.000121046,0.0002196586],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001026638,0.0001113344,0.0003262414,0.00767187,0.000006017606,0.00003295125,0.0008906729,0.0001856339,0.8438467,0.01004001,0.00005134349,0.1367345],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001397276,0.001183231,0.002492222,0.02827403,0.0001832831,0.0002158041,0.001388009,0.008360432,0.6860892,0.251688,0.01583499,0.002893483],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.850594,0.1427394,0.003918198,0.0005272435,0.0009171256,0.001028622,0.00007370321,0.00004574023,0.0001559777],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6050845,0.3860175,0.008673998,0.00005496691,0.00004252096,0.0001063536,0.000001565556,0.00001411325,0.000004506123],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2455095,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998786,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2006891676","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2007.03.018","title":"Microstructure and tensile properties of friction stir welded AZ31B magnesium alloy","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials Science and Engineering A","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":366,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Welding; Ultimate tensile strength; Friction stir welding; Microstructure; Metallurgy; Rotational speed; Indentation hardness; Grain size; Magnesium alloy; Composite material; Alloy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006182461375636706,"gpt":0.1900624825804521,"spread":0.1838800212048154,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003754583,0.0001104053,0.0001559073,0.0001748077,0.00005934027,0.00005146073,0.00008618271,0.00004699993,0.000005282344],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000454292,0.00009573581,0.000009844818,0.000264367,0.000108534,0.0001934249,0.00004625171,0.00004355274,4.763419e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003049822,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006183944,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002734187,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001491925,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993314,0.000002041857,0.000169866,0.0001469462,0.0001326095,0.0002170939],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997388,0.000006813379,0.00002221149,0.0001192764,0.00005941332,0.00005347774],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003344368,0.000001380692,0.00004383289,0.000129326,0.000002771975,0.000001191825,0.0001164082,0.004246094,0.9950746,0.00005880944,0.000009565624,0.0003126521],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005300358,0.00001803278,0.003005633,0.0000373414,0.00001070277,0.00001804702,0.0000410181,0.006815249,0.9897015,0.00002396418,0.0001563859,0.0001191103],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9914494,0.0001998964,0.007818878,0.0000132524,0.0001810608,0.00007211979,0.000003938081,0.0002378776,0.00002356343],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.989536,0.00005025926,0.0103446,0.00000671989,0.00003521724,0.000003801637,6.567006e-7,0.00001429677,0.000008478747],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005373111,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3903993,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2045487897","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2015.01.008","title":"Friction stir welding joint of dissimilar materials between AZ31B magnesium and 6061 aluminum alloys: Microstructure studies and mechanical characterizations","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials Characterization","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":200,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Intermetallic; Microstructure; Friction stir welding; Welding; Ultimate tensile strength; Ductility (Earth science); Scanning electron microscope; Indentation hardness; Metallurgy; Composite material; Tensile testing; Alloy; Creep","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03201489469956015,"gpt":0.2576703384486689,"spread":0.2256554437491088,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003650533,0.000315198,0.0007007491,0.0002080441,0.00009628839,0.0001282403,0.00009897452,0.000202665,0.00004247425],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001099516,0.0003071164,0.00002901088,0.0002012946,0.00007483266,0.0005359426,0.0001486562,0.00007217174,0.00000212735],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007585061,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001060593,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008508694,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001004903,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984022,0.0000995669,0.0007399773,0.0003288691,0.0001822938,0.000247127],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991678,0.00002700735,0.0002876383,0.0002460156,0.0001584941,0.0001130733],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001767962,0.000006624273,0.0004369045,0.0003781569,0.00006689915,0.000001469865,0.0004666323,0.00002531758,0.9979652,0.0001337588,0.00001677243,0.0004846105],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002710603,0.00006340505,0.02439078,0.0001323318,0.0001757413,0.00001263071,0.0001200935,0.0001946893,0.9734565,0.000666956,0.0002059298,0.000309879],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9684983,0.00007143128,0.02937096,0.0001520347,0.0006688547,0.0003549218,0.0005309906,0.0003491666,0.000003366787],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9933615,0.0005294748,0.004582548,0.0000255904,0.0003641398,0.00004959397,0.0009937595,0.00007321715,0.00002016836],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02486323,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999381,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2113070864","doi":"10.1179/136217109x456960","title":"Joint formation in dissimilar Al alloy/steel and Mg alloy/steel friction stir spot welds","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Technology of Welding & Joining","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":182,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Spot welding; Materials science; Metallurgy; Intermetallic; Alloy; Welding; Cracking; Dual-phase steel; Galvannealed; Composite material; Carbon steel; Galvanization; Microstructure; Layer (electronics); Martensite; Corrosion","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01146842240343622,"gpt":0.244318476174624,"spread":0.2328500537711878,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006512271,0.0001425535,0.0002340721,0.001107075,0.000190369,0.00003538849,0.0001834262,0.0001262835,0.000003045482],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000184233,0.0001464137,0.00002325395,0.001499538,0.000297857,0.0005249175,0.00007945841,0.0002479859,5.806546e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008661243,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001341699,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000697288,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008154834,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988191,0.000007933385,0.0003336,0.000278002,0.0002167466,0.0003446256],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995582,0.00002096833,0.00008619438,0.0002092633,0.00007097696,0.00005439966],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000555931,0.00001957716,0.005239452,0.00002676681,0.000008018884,0.00001065339,0.0004448356,0.007619274,0.9102541,0.007794465,0.00006126746,0.06851602],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007001273,0.0003978505,0.02644904,0.0004221606,0.00003858374,0.0001619664,0.002155408,0.3836417,0.5673898,0.01738169,0.0006917608,0.0005697943],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9845204,0.000257816,0.01214947,0.001909796,0.00004789504,0.0001100267,7.913089e-7,0.0005054344,0.0004983783],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9699687,0.0002035503,0.02972041,0.00008020694,0.000007989135,0.000006609693,4.824761e-7,0.00000828354,0.000003739829],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3760225,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5970576,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2083236904","doi":"10.1007/bf02586110","title":"Stir zone microstructure and strain rate during Al 7075-T6 friction stir spot welding","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":176,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Spot welding; Microstructure; Welding; Strain rate; Friction stir welding; Equiaxed crystals; Metallurgy; Composite material; Slippage","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004791740907786521,"gpt":0.2010748316052353,"spread":0.1962830906974488,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001346233,0.0002182203,0.0003288493,0.0001079469,0.0002125115,0.0001487886,0.00005312528,0.0001213413,0.0004368852],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002605705,0.0002133249,0.00006151629,0.0001616142,0.00006215375,0.0002185193,0.000009403772,0.0001408114,0.000002830368],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003390098,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000297495,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001657938,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007405586,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990268,0.00003612692,0.0003180505,0.0002749055,0.0000877517,0.0002564184],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997239,0.00002352055,0.00003938048,0.0001186256,0.00001881261,0.00007580175],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002506359,0.00001641493,0.00000353327,0.00009002178,0.00006372698,0.00002405461,0.00002330854,0.03266373,0.9662071,0.0001172239,0.00001255008,0.0007532572],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00227835,0.0001075867,0.02348418,0.000177648,0.0007584611,0.0008147252,0.0001276941,0.01968361,0.9306365,0.003725058,0.01664939,0.001556748],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6137833,0.0001200569,0.3853914,0.00005909083,0.0001062606,0.00009823036,0.00008851293,0.0003241266,0.00002902553],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9867513,0.0005093315,0.01231499,0.00001230044,0.00007770946,0.00003057383,0.00003177849,0.00003598492,0.000236093],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3730764,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8699136,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2030321325","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2010.06.012","title":"Tensile properties of a friction stir welded magnesium alloy: Effect of pin tool thread orientation and weld pitch","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials Science and Engineering A","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":169,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Welding; Ultimate tensile strength; Strain hardening exponent; Rotational speed; Hardening (computing); Friction stir welding; Composite material; Magnesium alloy; Metallurgy; Screw thread; Thread (computing); Microstructure; Strain rate; Alloy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004667268629125891,"gpt":0.1987355789715769,"spread":0.194068310342451,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004682792,0.0001103971,0.0002084566,0.0001600718,0.00003811833,0.00003686524,0.00008247855,0.0000469282,0.000006889748],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001329513,0.00009073899,0.00001338105,0.000256997,0.00009951485,0.0002554368,0.00003853187,0.00005401164,4.704468e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001412785,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007686977,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005041456,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002101416,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993505,0.000005656242,0.000191014,0.0001492984,0.0001572223,0.0001462638],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997015,0.00001780823,0.00003739086,0.0001469336,0.00006473585,0.0000316547],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008203259,0.000002709972,0.0001894413,0.0003069747,0.000003886826,3.298752e-7,0.0001006196,0.003598279,0.9950682,0.0001205636,0.000003911922,0.0005969032],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001026785,0.00007513432,0.001773288,0.00005013074,0.00002122019,0.00000586277,0.00001202182,0.01873599,0.9790781,0.00002546286,0.00002362796,0.00009645859],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9958618,0.00004379944,0.003508328,0.00001047302,0.0002462854,0.0001483939,0.000003795719,0.0001662009,0.0000108869],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9946678,0.00003495991,0.005219833,0.000001550751,0.00002556857,0.00003207453,9.069764e-7,0.00001339341,0.000003869322],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01599006,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3700229,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2751239540","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2017.1370193","title":"Review of research progress on aluminium–magnesium dissimilar friction stir welding","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Technology of Welding & Joining","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":159,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang; Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","keywords":"Friction stir welding; Aluminium; Magnesium; Welding; Materials science; Metallurgy; Friction welding; Mechanical engineering; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04004876343236029,"gpt":0.376645477950374,"spread":0.3365967145180137,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002567885,0.0001199598,0.0002898349,0.0009903385,0.0007136801,0.00004097225,0.0007460807,0.0001006024,0.000007218508],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00138557,0.0001140937,0.00003516757,0.001377573,0.001992983,0.0004336337,0.0002762697,0.0003342637,0.000001116339],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005894004,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000375542,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006596867,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.443526e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985001,0.00001619575,0.0003143758,0.0003263553,0.0004507895,0.0003921911],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998634,0.00006264044,0.0001734608,0.0007235357,0.0003501973,0.00005616161],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002794896,0.00013371,0.09396742,0.007956861,0.00008437871,0.00004209775,0.0005177827,0.0008034026,0.2742471,0.06281867,0.001060249,0.5583404],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002771793,0.0004997328,0.003749076,0.01202392,0.00005894362,0.00003282231,0.0007078455,0.008011675,0.9640557,0.008216318,0.001978923,0.0003878466],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9722402,0.01145238,0.004517472,0.004327323,0.0002561264,0.0004250122,0.000003053423,0.000840157,0.005938263],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9794225,0.003315147,0.01718546,0.00001690883,0.00001821108,0.00002134598,2.175879e-7,0.00001309896,0.000007132911],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6898087,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.734323,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2068889308","doi":"10.1007/s11661-009-0152-3","title":"Microstructure and Cyclic Deformation Behavior of a Friction-Stir-Welded 7075 Al Alloy","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":142,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Welding; Friction stir welding; Metallurgy; Hardening (computing); Microstructure; Base metal; Alloy; Heat-affected zone; Dislocation; Composite material; Intergranular corrosion; Rotational speed","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005383641273677792,"gpt":0.2185064941779802,"spread":0.2131228529043024,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007647821,0.0001150861,0.0002222018,0.00007124327,0.00007566952,0.00004096928,0.00004376921,0.0001113796,0.0004355508],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003146587,0.0001043207,0.00004765864,0.00009087364,0.00006160699,0.0001710339,0.000005416952,0.0001207489,0.000001513091],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000006423558,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000235567,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005750573,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005193959,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994351,0.00001152597,0.0002483513,0.0001209021,0.00006974905,0.000114327],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997647,0.00001379502,0.00003591581,0.0001042068,0.00002236809,0.00005898971],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008023649,0.00001782034,0.000006825864,0.00003954687,0.00003455327,0.000001690524,0.0000493542,0.0005441132,0.9974496,0.0001173351,0.000006702396,0.001724404],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009049252,0.00009389583,0.009419888,0.0000376475,0.0007420268,0.0005098973,0.0000747782,0.009444593,0.9649627,0.001148687,0.01207724,0.0005836897],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.831891,0.00003207111,0.1675517,0.00003570653,0.0001530466,0.0001158191,0.00004972124,0.0001498189,0.0000210766],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9832725,0.0002715852,0.01632362,0.00001051932,0.00001662931,0.00004727062,0.00001815973,0.00001486361,0.00002486401],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1513815,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4768976,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2022054354","doi":"10.1007/s11661-006-9067-4","title":"Intermixing in Dissimilar Friction Stir Spot Welds","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":142,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Spot welding; Materials science; Ribbon; Welding; Thread (computing); Dwell time; Metallurgy; Composite material; Mechanical engineering; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007970059221308771,"gpt":0.2328984131991498,"spread":0.224928353977841,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002629435,0.0001143904,0.0002143296,0.0001412972,0.00005136867,0.00004179777,0.00005042784,0.00008973251,0.0005101899],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003835813,0.0001127523,0.00004718695,0.0001921402,0.00002625799,0.0001541832,0.000004850823,0.0001071138,0.000004721678],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003942949,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000001562639,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005407989,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001277854,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992863,0.00001469657,0.0002868975,0.0001470394,0.0000702231,0.0001948366],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997933,0.00002745073,0.00001765581,0.00009141872,0.000008881185,0.00006130678],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002483567,0.0003491806,0.00006940342,0.0005331982,0.0003533197,0.0004451767,0.0007427486,0.1135577,0.7981767,0.001910281,0.00004367463,0.08357021],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002199994,0.00021487,0.01742953,0.000500124,0.0005292882,0.0004378023,0.0005436391,0.07404941,0.8480318,0.007440523,0.04660955,0.002013498],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3662185,0.00004805531,0.6330789,0.00002072374,0.0001148683,0.00005876706,0.000005214845,0.0002175699,0.0002374032],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9890284,0.0003318785,0.01046676,0.000009845962,0.00003146165,0.00001847192,0.000005283991,0.00001869939,0.00008918742],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6228099,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5586221,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2081908748","doi":"10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.08.009","title":"Influence of ultrasonic spot welding on microstructure in a magnesium alloy","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Scripta Materialia","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":132,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Spot welding; Indentation hardness; Metallurgy; Microstructure; Grain size; Welding; Magnesium alloy; Ultrasonic sensor; Ultrasonic welding; Alloy; Composite material; Strain rate","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01146993939915748,"gpt":0.2117008629425163,"spread":0.2002309235433588,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001096949,0.0001760034,0.0002499188,0.0001746835,0.00001644369,0.00001621766,0.0002674749,0.0001062512,0.000219321],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002528873,0.0001776346,0.0000466776,0.0002273565,0.00003974381,0.0001584413,0.00003475347,0.0001113943,0.00001785219],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006789666,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006045821,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002420456,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000261835,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999126,0.00001952465,0.0003068087,0.0001905535,0.0001010717,0.0002560867],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995334,0.000001615207,0.00005541027,0.0003471173,0.00002412124,0.00003829986],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003660794,0.00001185079,0.002622353,0.0001237194,0.00001138858,0.00001512748,0.0003590923,0.00136395,0.9938742,0.0007254212,0.0007897124,0.00006660677],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002203857,0.00005973567,0.04045139,0.0001223719,0.00002226081,0.000007359451,0.00004240184,0.0002938067,0.954604,0.002067477,0.001824568,0.0002842987],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9973622,0.00002836049,0.0002020441,0.000006550396,0.001587543,0.0001158007,0.00002264569,0.0002476872,0.000427198],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9891517,0.00002386194,0.01045042,0.00002980945,0.00002842517,0.00001453073,0.000004805177,0.00003865656,0.0002577511],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03927022,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7243729,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2511346770","doi":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.08.030","title":"On material flow in Friction Stir Welded Al alloys","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Materials Processing Technology","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":127,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"","keywords":"Friction stir welding; Welding; Materials science; Finite element method; Material flow; Flow (mathematics); Optical microscope; Composite material; Metallurgy; Mechanics; Scanning electron microscope; Structural engineering; Engineering; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006845176369634043,"gpt":0.2406107255985347,"spread":0.2337655492289007,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003814586,0.0001846398,0.0004377859,0.0008842695,0.00003596104,0.00003975761,0.0003140782,0.0002603147,0.0001129082],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001514826,0.0001312603,0.00004559739,0.0003359533,0.0000580392,0.000276883,0.00004514998,0.0001457235,0.000008915456],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002238838,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002409618,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000134905,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002465137,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986947,0.00002953189,0.0006779421,0.000149022,0.0001723238,0.0002764914],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993738,0.00002901575,0.0002841268,0.0001867003,0.00009157571,0.00003481285],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001104824,0.00002989987,0.00003763527,0.0000376729,0.00002190764,0.00005038861,0.00001612864,0.001222958,0.9612805,0.0002290763,0.0008264261,0.03613688],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005406478,0.0001912807,0.00005559855,0.0005270109,0.00002068464,0.0001276109,0.00001355723,0.0004054681,0.9735758,0.02301364,0.001349396,0.0001793168],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9381893,0.00005681988,0.05929912,0.00120499,0.0006462423,0.00006840339,0.000008806079,0.000482061,0.0000442606],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9653645,0.000166507,0.0342417,0.00003635936,0.0001247077,0.00001078276,9.282277e-7,0.00004401232,0.00001054476],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03595756,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5352641,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2052211769","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2012.03.094","title":"Improvements of strength and ductility in aluminum alloy joints via rapid cooling during friction stir welding","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials Science and Engineering A","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":127,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Base metal; Strain hardening exponent; Alloy; Ultimate tensile strength; Ductility (Earth science); Metallurgy; Welding; Hardening (computing); Composite material; Aluminium; Friction stir welding; Microstructure","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007242653034793317,"gpt":0.2137639512466518,"spread":0.2065212982118585,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007192809,0.0001380145,0.0002175878,0.0002768177,0.00006049219,0.00003946563,0.00009276467,0.00004539369,0.00001113886],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007781495,0.0001450367,0.00001282221,0.000355174,0.00005891311,0.0005968636,0.00008839846,0.00007030239,4.811743e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009907912,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005220822,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006058831,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001385582,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990006,0.000007118796,0.0002727905,0.0001811829,0.0001737467,0.0003645255],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996803,0.00001573693,0.00004065175,0.0001471993,0.00002965783,0.00008643232],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003803765,0.000008661083,0.001130486,0.0001555811,0.000006046734,5.786387e-7,0.0002057184,0.00675441,0.9910565,0.0000158566,8.290713e-7,0.0006615013],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001259273,0.00001278964,0.02972231,0.00007667069,0.000009645938,0.000007125722,0.00005061833,0.0271028,0.9427107,0.00001482941,0.00001628263,0.0001503149],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9956196,0.0001405655,0.003695137,0.000003542253,0.0002771796,0.00009401603,0.0000044192,0.0001541434,0.0000113751],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9927571,0.000149429,0.007007929,0.000001740541,0.00005084636,0.00001399516,0.000001045252,0.00001641703,0.000001510715],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04834584,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5914424,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2000444595","doi":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2014.05.002","title":"Magnetic pulse welding: Interface of Al/Cu joint and investigation of intermetallic formation effect on the weld features","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Manufacturing Processes","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":121,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Chicoutimi","funders":"","keywords":"Intermetallic; Materials science; Welding; Brittleness; Joint (building); Composite material; Amorphous metal; Kirkendall effect; Metallurgy; Alloy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009352822270452019,"gpt":0.2319256598151981,"spread":0.222572837544746,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005055216,0.0001414977,0.0002981729,0.0002314514,0.00003083643,0.0000271145,0.000177218,0.00004891093,0.00001121236],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003475502,0.00009172437,0.00007094777,0.0001047313,0.00005547965,0.0002656112,0.00003524065,0.0002500771,4.344475e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003138166,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006645359,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003840992,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004104179,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991189,0.00004901027,0.0004456682,0.00007394992,0.0002103664,0.0001020604],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990454,0.0002824206,0.0004055249,0.0001384949,0.00009019246,0.00003793696],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004099685,0.00008463374,0.001330531,0.01462959,0.0005993352,0.00000738065,0.004230326,0.4725394,0.3682292,0.0002113941,0.002613233,0.1351151],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001440999,0.0005073256,0.00200587,0.000755421,0.00006935858,0.00003153478,0.00004405033,0.0008678792,0.9937044,0.001565858,0.0002228423,0.0000813371],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9786277,0.0005588325,0.02023221,0.0002861639,0.0000522602,0.00009621735,8.240728e-7,0.00003393124,0.0001118978],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977168,0.0003153589,0.001876193,0.00003309864,0.00002854365,0.000003553352,5.14388e-7,0.00001722078,0.00000872626],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6254753,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3740411,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1978238216","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2012.11.039","title":"Lap shear strength and fatigue behavior of friction stir spot welded dissimilar magnesium-to-aluminum joints with adhesive","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials Science and Engineering A","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":119,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Welding; Adhesive; Composite material; Fatigue limit; Metallurgy; Spot welding; Lap joint; Alloy; Fracture mechanics; Shear (geology); Shear strength (soil); Durability; Friction stir welding; Intermetallic; Layer (electronics)","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01179634175059023,"gpt":0.2307932786422929,"spread":0.2189969368917027,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002959698,0.0001605778,0.0002237504,0.000225479,0.00006364688,0.00005272755,0.0001046998,0.00005680213,0.00002568254],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000457365,0.0001411435,0.00001176617,0.0003810755,0.00007561181,0.0003898948,0.00005606819,0.0000661529,0.000001716764],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005374448,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009466517,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002860551,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001143258,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990942,0.000005656369,0.0001803332,0.0001794211,0.0002146007,0.000325812],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995621,0.00001576986,0.00003064402,0.0001766298,0.00005171546,0.0001631487],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005861564,0.00001382504,0.0008446335,0.00011183,0.000005726705,0.000001955147,0.0003231315,0.005425184,0.9925527,0.00008657622,0.00001539088,0.0006131827],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001071194,0.00008263905,0.02271211,0.00007534221,0.00005234391,0.00001607909,0.00009585319,0.003733659,0.9727911,0.000006117272,0.00009296213,0.0002346452],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9866664,0.00005586218,0.01271926,0.00001528268,0.0001439436,0.0001553169,0.00001974857,0.0002027291,0.00002149785],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9735152,0.0000280602,0.0263303,0.000005328,0.00004447968,0.00004323165,0.000002258487,0.00002377886,0.000007341559],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02186748,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5755665,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2016430233","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.022","title":"Microstructure and mechanical property studies of AA6056 friction stir welded plate","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials Science and Engineering A","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":117,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Microstructure; Materials science; Welding; Ductility (Earth science); Ultimate tensile strength; Friction stir welding; Composite material; Shear (geology); Metallurgy; Creep","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01225585928250441,"gpt":0.2420312355419148,"spread":0.2297753762594104,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005880994,0.0001110556,0.0001988426,0.0001465575,0.00006142114,0.00003283532,0.00008329845,0.00004631367,0.000003304556],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009509485,0.00007986675,0.00001059027,0.0002728357,0.00009877916,0.0001651146,0.00006597702,0.0000514499,3.361963e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004306824,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000502692,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001101952,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000163905,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993058,0.000002589189,0.0001912121,0.0001573634,0.0001345394,0.0002084265],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997342,0.0000209985,0.00002439145,0.0001079976,0.00006056796,0.00005186452],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003835155,0.000001337248,0.00001082343,0.0001035653,0.00001119058,0.000001741557,0.0001355134,0.003145753,0.9955304,0.0001715513,0.00001518085,0.0008691673],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007254902,0.00002889853,0.0007346117,0.00006242838,0.00001474607,0.00001731138,0.00006589774,0.007872764,0.9906078,0.0001920935,0.0002080001,0.0001228874],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9735955,0.0002281923,0.02563648,0.00001652213,0.0002137689,0.00007499626,0.000004473382,0.0002163862,0.00001368249],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9775781,0.0002568953,0.02210603,0.000005638824,0.00003092696,0.00000387498,5.444803e-7,0.0000118746,0.000006089179],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004922528,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3256871,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1978545614","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2015.03.017","title":"Tool geometry, rotation and travel speeds effects on the properties of dissimilar magnesium/aluminum friction stir welded lap joints","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials & Design (1980-2015)","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":106,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Welding; Intermetallic; Friction stir welding; Indentation hardness; Microstructure; Fractography; Ductility (Earth science); Scanning electron microscope; Metallurgy; Ultimate tensile strength; Composite material; Lap joint; Alloy; Creep","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03088502213333196,"gpt":0.238141667112513,"spread":0.207256644979181,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009020695,0.0003003411,0.0004448538,0.0002187967,0.00007900069,0.0001000316,0.0001905495,0.0001468045,0.00003331244],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002212771,0.000219116,0.0000514342,0.0002818721,0.00005999516,0.0001815536,0.00004993445,0.0001039841,0.00003091007],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001109959,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001880492,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005831851,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003146767,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984525,0.0002285635,0.0004376316,0.0002620578,0.0003322957,0.0002869143],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991637,0.0001103435,0.0001416521,0.0004009933,0.0001049531,0.00007829146],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001101924,0.00002959012,0.00006718498,0.0003270005,0.0000560364,0.000004955549,0.0005053694,0.002406851,0.9938135,0.0002297497,0.001240945,0.001208646],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003513211,0.0002884571,0.0009613837,0.0001569197,0.0001224133,0.000006097178,0.0001534248,0.004046109,0.9926973,0.000870558,0.0000763325,0.0002697088],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9424033,0.0003050219,0.05547841,0.0001948953,0.0003725727,0.0008374338,0.00001917384,0.0003337135,0.00005548509],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9931025,0.00004812245,0.006336757,0.00003550644,0.0001431071,0.0001473553,0.00001395256,0.00007038845,0.0001023027],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05069922,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8935292,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2166712812","doi":"10.1179/1362171811y.0000000094","title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar welded Mg–Al joints by ultrasonic spot welding technique","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Technology of Welding & Joining","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":103,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Spot welding; Welding; Microstructure; Ultrasonic welding; Ultrasonic sensor; Composite material; Joint (building); Metallurgy; Structural engineering; Acoustics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00878241782401476,"gpt":0.2284397706039797,"spread":0.2196573527799649,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008873743,0.0001957585,0.0003599664,0.000582926,0.000216578,0.00002248868,0.0003273217,0.0001909449,0.000007252634],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003434529,0.0001767516,0.00003551141,0.00118661,0.001056313,0.0005131299,0.0002011713,0.0003275884,2.650734e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005032049,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002335806,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006844042,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.913716e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985698,0.00001241761,0.0003583157,0.0003006277,0.0002456759,0.0005131051],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993688,0.00003148317,0.0001201095,0.0002855778,0.00009541328,0.00009860905],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003873901,0.000009715829,0.00510734,0.00004935964,0.00001525465,6.634034e-7,0.0001358107,0.00002559883,0.9883241,0.001814855,0.00003509777,0.004478335],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001193205,0.00005849648,0.0002462775,0.000213645,0.00002511445,0.00007869775,0.0005021117,0.0008867409,0.9960844,0.001380175,0.0002127027,0.0001923304],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9789421,0.001764884,0.018145,0.0003783198,0.00006691506,0.0001685937,0.000003712839,0.0004358672,0.00009458385],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9492776,0.0002773089,0.05037107,0.00002434566,0.000009684769,0.00001654668,3.601755e-7,0.00002008325,0.000002949877],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03222606,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.720772,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2085062427","doi":"10.1007/s11661-012-1382-3","title":"Friction Stir Welded AZ31 Magnesium Alloy: Microstructure, Texture, and Tensile Properties","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":102,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Friction stir welding; Microstructure; Ultimate tensile strength; Welding; Magnesium alloy; Composite material; Alloy; Metallurgy; Strain rate; Grain size","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01119297953331678,"gpt":0.1990233582314609,"spread":0.1878303786981441,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001022892,0.0001774492,0.0002720313,0.00006793446,0.0001318438,0.00008535659,0.00004311056,0.0001201141,0.0004339842],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003770376,0.0001453079,0.00004608577,0.0001021672,0.00006866997,0.0002901043,0.00000892562,0.00009698657,0.000007209402],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001653452,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000002236504,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006042742,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001019588,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992679,0.00002690762,0.0002157275,0.0001611671,0.00008001208,0.0002482604],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997178,0.00001086841,0.00002376937,0.0001156196,0.00002205064,0.000109856],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002919176,0.0000385736,0.00001106986,0.000182242,0.00009000818,0.000003502959,0.0001301531,0.001068519,0.9952258,0.0002044544,0.00005249029,0.002964024],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001204592,0.0001531051,0.008519564,0.00008800302,0.001274553,0.0009211951,0.0002402179,0.009049308,0.8950378,0.001564352,0.08043504,0.001512322],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7260447,0.001497689,0.2710314,0.00006945105,0.0003509589,0.0002259191,0.00003894954,0.0006231863,0.0001177372],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9907721,0.0006285803,0.008078837,0.00002552978,0.00008385462,0.0000561162,0.000009306366,0.00003168146,0.0003139946],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2647274,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5925485,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2132149106","doi":"10.1179/136217110x12665778348380","title":"Constants for hot deformation constitutive models for recent experimental data","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Technology of Welding & Joining","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":99,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; Colorado School of Mines; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Materials science; Forging; Welding; Metalworking; Metallurgy; Constitutive equation; Friction stir welding; Creep; Titanium alloy; Deformation (meteorology); Alloy; Composite material; Structural engineering; Finite element method; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04191086032921534,"gpt":0.3143326471061067,"spread":0.2724217867768913,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005713489,0.00007577606,0.0001308266,0.0003326788,0.0002210469,0.00001970468,0.0003420575,0.00007003456,0.000001994123],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002877658,0.00007595878,0.00001219158,0.0004868519,0.0007730226,0.0007105026,0.0001236129,0.00009487972,1.423144e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002802301,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004351039,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001489138,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002649837,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992997,0.000001296866,0.0001747161,0.0002098707,0.00009716932,0.0002172605],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994404,0.00004426123,0.00005731241,0.000282857,0.0001441498,0.00003100263],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001234934,0.00001430741,0.0003065432,0.00002310097,0.00001863078,3.340806e-7,0.0002115382,0.002218002,0.7734956,0.1590693,0.00008167599,0.06454861],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002072001,0.00004802707,0.000003530935,0.00002398591,0.00001067696,0.00001092107,0.0007424792,0.3549258,0.6296264,0.01370088,0.0006056388,0.00009439465],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4210313,0.0001340778,0.5774335,0.0001635053,0.0001410503,0.000257155,0.00002446214,0.000328095,0.0004868019],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7608475,0.00003040023,0.2390724,0.0000100282,0.000006184049,0.00002585669,0.00000228708,0.000004787536,5.725713e-7],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.3527079,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3097509,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4390782621","doi":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2024.118294","title":"Toward understanding the fractured mechanism in laser welded–brazed Al/steel interface by in–situ SEM tensile observations","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Materials Processing Technology","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":98,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Welding; Ultimate tensile strength; Joint (building); Brazing; Composite material; Laser; Coupling (piping); Thermal; Ternary operation; Filler metal; Thermal expansion; Metallurgy; Alloy; Structural engineering; Thermodynamics; Arc welding","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02869078485258078,"gpt":0.2755405774185876,"spread":0.2468497925660068,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005995645,0.0002038193,0.0004403117,0.000752218,0.00005236632,0.0001556012,0.0004257924,0.0002733048,0.0000221314],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001236271,0.000154248,0.00005555692,0.0009412823,0.00006380029,0.0003908632,0.00008586473,0.0005781328,0.000002551879],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004535077,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000458956,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005006798,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002548113,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985986,0.00003831335,0.0007231596,0.0001791803,0.0001711422,0.0002895439],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994718,0.0000714908,0.000183081,0.0001872469,0.00005955034,0.00002677736],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001924004,0.00002065967,0.00002251205,0.0001582316,0.00005228748,0.00008795894,0.0004454399,0.0040296,0.9906154,0.001157062,0.002134324,0.001257248],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002489986,0.00004626287,0.00001750775,0.0009168473,0.00004502534,0.0001400009,0.000932626,0.005076586,0.8913883,0.09919966,0.001790346,0.0001978559],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5567489,0.00207504,0.4319665,0.007840905,0.0005594213,0.0001588494,0.000007334677,0.0005960472,0.00004706699],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9871724,0.0003105322,0.0122859,0.0001011411,0.00003868856,0.00001671483,0.000002383546,0.00005261612,0.00001968923],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4304235,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6290052,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2171328252","doi":"10.1007/s11661-010-0333-0","title":"The Mechanisms of Resistance Spot Welding of Magnesium to Steel","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":98,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"AUTO21 Network of Centres of Excellence; Networks of Centres of Excellence of Canada","keywords":"Spot welding; Materials science; Metallurgy; Welding; Brazing; Soldering; Magnesium; Joint (building); Scanning electron microscope; Magnesium alloy; Welding joint; Alloy; Composite material; Structural engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004699037706156046,"gpt":0.2059513596257903,"spread":0.2012523219196343,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002247327,0.00008521905,0.000218941,0.00004580584,0.00006981723,0.00002239621,0.0001056511,0.00005489216,0.0003313266],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000918558,0.00006542954,0.00005471526,0.0001394194,0.00005143546,0.00005327627,0.00000700182,0.0000701867,0.000001924637],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004496817,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000002897162,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001777478,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001389109,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993961,0.0000146015,0.0002742646,0.0001013928,0.00009382667,0.0001197541],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996617,0.00004863543,0.00003553914,0.0001746998,0.00003224417,0.00004720886],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002168872,0.00001086248,8.925799e-8,0.00006560245,0.00002514126,0.000001047044,0.00002119084,0.002019372,0.9911828,0.006074118,0.000004208781,0.0005738724],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000938102,0.00002251328,0.0000796433,0.00001485775,0.00007530473,0.000005769575,0.00003247355,0.0003731859,0.9899457,0.005105692,0.004151766,0.00009927066],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2735906,0.00003103074,0.7257929,0.00009468669,0.0001629348,0.00009806614,0.00002331511,0.00007382451,0.0001325881],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.953991,0.00008186675,0.0455575,0.000003948307,0.00001155992,0.00003078538,8.276731e-7,0.00001344896,0.0003090446],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6804004,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3627793,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2053596733","doi":"10.1007/s11661-007-9155-0","title":"Strain Rates and Grain Growth in Al 5754 and Al 6061 Friction Stir Spot Welds","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":97,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Spot welding; Metallurgy; Welding; Friction stir welding; Grain boundary; Grain size; Grain growth; Microstructure; Composite material","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008580716878560072,"gpt":0.2421849975846167,"spread":0.2336042807060566,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003821858,0.0001557469,0.000272171,0.0001477808,0.00007775259,0.00007161112,0.00003402619,0.00009832957,0.0001659472],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006014954,0.0001500102,0.00003152421,0.0001695598,0.00006996297,0.0001835681,0.000006777605,0.0001173395,0.000001096693],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002023123,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000002079222,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001565454,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001692528,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991782,0.00002357018,0.0002850269,0.0002178944,0.00007908593,0.000216167],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997657,0.00004190193,0.00002218353,0.00006455469,0.00001319719,0.00009249307],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002570105,0.0002200117,0.0001790155,0.0003585096,0.0003422684,0.0002170249,0.0005548041,0.003670068,0.9576634,0.004717213,0.0001046337,0.03171605],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009740677,0.001110989,0.1393465,0.0005887252,0.001442335,0.001941403,0.001597581,0.09253316,0.6185926,0.05968016,0.06835546,0.005070393],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5490522,0.0001403364,0.4502577,0.0001637908,0.00007341134,0.00009456283,0.00002706664,0.0001411332,0.0000497801],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9884984,0.001391832,0.009930673,0.00004553694,0.00002003659,0.00002051115,0.00001134917,0.00001969172,0.00006191332],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.440327,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6117238,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2173382502","doi":"10.1179/174329308x283910","title":"Material flow and intermixing during dissimilar friction stir welding","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Technology of Welding & Joining","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":96,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Friction stir welding; Material flow; Welding; Metallurgy; Flow (mathematics); Composite material; Mechanics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006911473418495209,"gpt":0.2133387409796461,"spread":0.2064272675611509,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003257667,0.0001331057,0.0002101588,0.0008118814,0.0005142007,0.0000300892,0.0001922193,0.00009127194,0.000007154104],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001521939,0.0001388689,0.00001995189,0.001054498,0.0006680098,0.0005247001,0.0001860468,0.0001726605,4.274437e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005625342,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001364174,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005056076,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.572682e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989666,0.000005564989,0.0002400489,0.0002889275,0.0001728849,0.0003260227],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999612,0.00002038274,0.00006122515,0.000188082,0.00006138417,0.00005694827],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007563799,0.000007781313,0.02754392,0.00006076501,0.00002133951,0.00003196186,0.0006177758,0.003067212,0.9416153,0.0009768023,0.00001276551,0.02603682],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002100636,0.00006165793,0.004098474,0.0001867504,0.00001964298,0.0003274885,0.0006375156,0.03314811,0.9592948,0.001659025,0.00009830682,0.0002581512],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9769453,0.0001553668,0.02157163,0.0001349232,0.0001304467,0.00005806642,0.000001249333,0.0007453788,0.0002576216],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9412828,0.00024667,0.05841686,0.000005734452,0.00002346388,0.000006204511,2.460118e-7,0.00001390351,0.000004120857],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03684523,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5662908,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3004377998","doi":"10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154045","title":"The role of tool offset on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Cu friction stir welded joints","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Alloys and Compounds","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":95,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions; China Scholarship Council; Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","keywords":"Materials science; Microstructure; Welding; Ultimate tensile strength; Friction stir welding; Composite material; Alloy; Offset (computer science); Butt joint; Aluminium; Metallurgy; Tensile testing; Transverse plane; Structural engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01045385079599192,"gpt":0.1990543457838466,"spread":0.1886004949878547,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000148152,0.00007748915,0.0001867071,0.0000254412,0.00006141573,0.00002347649,0.0001143562,0.00003585146,0.00000319834],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003615849,0.00004000782,0.0000633891,0.00007495144,0.00004412761,0.00005521657,0.00003475182,0.0001988279,8.045453e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001194509,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006791446,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003747757,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002203294,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999432,0.00002416983,0.0002808954,0.00005147103,0.0001439512,0.00006752816],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996285,0.00004949945,0.0001422827,0.00008311068,0.00006644168,0.00003015912],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001091348,0.000008908045,0.0001558428,0.0000280608,0.0001509242,0.000001205153,0.0003420178,0.0009853126,0.9934739,0.001569849,0.00107458,0.002100288],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000702366,0.001006046,0.001899178,0.0003522727,0.0002164032,0.000119312,0.001704032,0.1131267,0.8414446,0.0165479,0.02261722,0.0002640693],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9956715,0.0009461698,0.001570998,0.001653081,0.00003863849,0.00005488174,0.000003178906,0.00001424591,0.00004735622],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979809,0.0008232828,0.001057005,0.00008732524,0.00003904416,8.215669e-7,2.181399e-7,0.000008617121,0.000002816142],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1520293,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1631472,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2046468000","doi":"10.1179/1362171812y.0000000013","title":"Improving weld strength of magnesium to aluminium dissimilar joints via tin interlayer during ultrasonic spot welding","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Technology of Welding & Joining","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":93,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Metallurgy; Welding; Tin; Intermetallic; Aluminium; Brittleness; Ultimate tensile strength; Spot welding; 5052 aluminium alloy; 6063 aluminium alloy; Composite material; Alloy; 6111 aluminium alloy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00611696762081121,"gpt":0.229639982522459,"spread":0.2235230149016478,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001016266,0.0002336332,0.0003949601,0.001398642,0.0002319575,0.00002591617,0.000514544,0.0001437274,0.00003113675],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005121446,0.0002424898,0.00005823091,0.002153882,0.0004799066,0.0007073986,0.0003303067,0.0003100792,0.000003417317],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001089687,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002595078,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001872946,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003565752,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979879,0.00001161907,0.0005087968,0.0003795121,0.0003357358,0.0007763823],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990239,0.00006215934,0.0001694187,0.0004465702,0.000133186,0.0001647544],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005738759,0.00002033564,0.0384268,0.00009962865,0.00001557748,0.000002050753,0.0004346337,0.0005315911,0.9397608,0.000647275,0.000005967915,0.0200496],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001528705,0.00008673353,0.003766429,0.0001619383,0.00003508011,0.0000392772,0.001069438,0.003485585,0.990676,0.00021897,0.00004451174,0.0002632018],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9705179,0.0002583094,0.02777437,0.0001888071,0.0001945026,0.0001346712,0.000002220322,0.0005397992,0.0003893957],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9402224,0.00002569869,0.05964955,0.00001368443,0.00003580315,0.00001316974,2.90948e-7,0.00002942753,0.00001001277],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05091517,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9888446,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2082970697","doi":"10.1179/026708301101509674","title":"Characterisation of microstructure and texture in friction stir welded joints of 5754 and 5182 aluminium alloy sheets","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials Science and Technology","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":93,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems","keywords":"Materials science; Welding; Microstructure; Metallurgy; Texture (cosmology); Composite material; Formability; Heat-affected zone; Indentation hardness; Electron backscatter diffraction; Grain boundary; Aluminium; Alloy; Friction stir welding","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005186970141383123,"gpt":0.2169594375791261,"spread":0.211772467437743,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000214129,0.00008338552,0.0002105655,0.0004348007,0.00003324747,0.00001508705,0.00008743778,0.0001356741,0.00001354601],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004954134,0.00007733174,0.000004943538,0.0005162545,0.0003557526,0.0001633412,0.00007300123,0.00005571298,1.437574e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001913039,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000721431,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002324,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001075929,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999409,0.000006564144,0.0002043949,0.0001719292,0.00007601832,0.0001320772],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997246,0.000007426206,0.00007108871,0.0001278616,0.00005141086,0.00001762868],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004958433,0.000003542074,0.004451174,0.00003425466,0.000002491189,0.000001292929,0.00007540623,0.0000107396,0.9896539,0.0001833317,0.000003824704,0.005575126],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001281935,0.0000467945,0.0397748,0.00003862728,0.000007689398,0.00003759887,0.00007818597,0.0006076159,0.9572452,0.001859079,0.00009759711,0.00007861972],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9992241,0.00008877979,0.0002890494,0.000135015,0.0000539994,0.00009459687,0.000008178525,0.00008241169,0.00002390565],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968542,0.0005876884,0.002526964,0.000006692754,0.000007981113,0.00000607481,0.000002000049,0.000005976731,0.000002350501],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03532362,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3153497,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2910789532","doi":"10.1016/j.jmst.2019.01.001","title":"Interfacial bonding mechanism in Al/coated steel dissimilar refill friction stir spot welds","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Material Science and Technology","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":91,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada; University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Intermetallic; Eutectic system; Welding; Metallurgy; Layer (electronics); Alloy; Spot welding; Coating; Composite material","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005510248863896307,"gpt":0.2338401128022338,"spread":0.2283298639383375,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005526051,0.0001006654,0.0002383916,0.0009533081,0.00004877133,0.00004414672,0.0002901582,0.0001289866,0.00004726154],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005985109,0.0000866763,0.00002139464,0.0009292481,0.0001017374,0.0004126821,0.00009923858,0.0002204057,0.000003758921],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000179373,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002311847,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005348546,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004843263,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990892,0.000008341484,0.0003253377,0.0001386949,0.000204444,0.0002339801],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99961,0.000008073675,0.0001199567,0.000126889,0.00009366746,0.00004141842],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001667648,0.000007925316,0.0004948682,0.000008635395,0.000006216253,0.00001603821,0.00002877527,0.0001843217,0.9928497,0.004205718,0.00007944427,0.002101651],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003365192,0.0002880943,0.0004698698,0.000117024,0.00001564441,0.0001460198,0.0002278191,0.004789972,0.9739416,0.01479003,0.004691476,0.00018595],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959806,0.00002282526,0.00259717,0.0003860416,0.0006231891,0.00006582675,0.000002326701,0.0001288461,0.00019316],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968643,0.00008931691,0.002970248,0.00001785911,0.00002877393,0.00000177964,2.954199e-7,0.000009981025,0.00001748138],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01890814,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3534557,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2025870951","doi":"10.4236/eng.2011.32017","title":"Taguchi Optimization of Process Parameters in Friction Stir Welding of 6061 Aluminum Alloy: A Review and Case Study","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Engineering","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":87,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Okanagan University College; University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Taguchi methods; Friction stir welding; Rotational speed; Orthogonal array; Welding; Transverse plane; Alloy; Mechanical engineering; Finite element method; Design of experiments; Materials science; Process (computing); Structural engineering; Metallurgy; Engineering; Computer science; Mathematics; Composite material; Statistics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02849131430416236,"gpt":0.2966696363748651,"spread":0.2681783220707027,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002929595,0.000377189,0.001648805,0.0005673449,0.00001289979,0.000006763584,0.0001570446,0.0001509753,0.000006884748],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009884029,0.0003866697,0.0001506898,0.0008804007,0.00001264948,0.0001494102,0.00004887337,0.0003256496,2.481719e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001010904,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000014784,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005942629,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006756609,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984639,0.00003460851,0.0009207269,0.0002745775,0.0001109068,0.0001952449],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992491,0.00007829867,0.0002514791,0.00032853,0.00004361445,0.00004899477],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[5.000813e-7,0.00003360347,0.00001241659,0.07931718,0.0002195284,0.00007539847,0.0002503889,0.8823648,0.000001027587,0.000005246477,0.00000457267,0.03771533],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009510236,0.0005469259,0.000007361582,0.2733429,0.01579886,0.002078285,0.0008230791,0.6815977,0.0003108976,0.00002703405,0.020576,0.003939943],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0007119213,0.9413208,0.05661145,3.891949e-7,0.00005573482,0.001053498,0.00000820185,0.000224267,0.00001374483],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.006156858,0.9673489,0.02615146,6.982958e-7,0.000008972874,0.0002168281,0.000009881224,0.0001045221,0.000001918434],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2007671,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998585,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1968022559","doi":"10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.01.037","title":"Diffusion bonding of Al7075 to Ti–6Al–4V using Cu coatings and Sn–3.6Ag–1Cu interlayers","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Alloys and Compounds","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":87,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Differential scanning calorimetry; Scanning electron microscope; Alloy; Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; Coating; Composite material; Metallurgy; Diffusion bonding","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008575179287058704,"gpt":0.248066139280036,"spread":0.2394909599929773,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002568976,0.000133442,0.0003278822,0.0002486464,0.00006147997,0.00005059669,0.0001320121,0.0000677294,0.00001039886],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000354732,0.0001192863,0.00007862809,0.0001534926,0.00004102348,0.0001847189,0.0000816434,0.0003147785,1.960091e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003592777,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008462851,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002919975,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001850377,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991634,0.0000101835,0.0004093389,0.00009610043,0.0001693464,0.0001516192],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994243,0.00005594215,0.0001869372,0.0001155492,0.00008796377,0.0001293306],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002065027,0.00001695065,0.004714737,0.00004352071,0.00005408358,0.0000102636,0.0004210229,0.001617698,0.9896252,0.0004453096,0.0004055278,0.002625026],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004682204,0.002498655,0.01966353,0.003658968,0.001235197,0.003185108,0.00331818,0.5458348,0.347968,0.01799546,0.04722405,0.002735763],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9562662,0.0001429888,0.04301431,0.0001001925,0.0001607632,0.00004105434,0.000001387479,0.00003174163,0.0002414218],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9393044,0.00008740399,0.06043679,0.00003830135,0.00008726008,4.895635e-7,3.781806e-7,0.00002241555,0.0000225739],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6416572,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4864354,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2766710602","doi":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.10.034","title":"Effects of tool design on the microstructure and mechanical properties of refill friction stir spot welding of dissimilar Al alloys","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Materials Processing Technology","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":86,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Queen's University; University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Spot welding; Microstructure; Materials science; Metallurgy; Welding; Friction stir welding; Composite material","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01394795263863184,"gpt":0.2392715910147055,"spread":0.2253236383760737,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005228731,0.0001503555,0.0005415385,0.0002305905,0.0001051969,0.00003157771,0.0004325294,0.0002120336,0.000003422101],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000642461,0.00009611589,0.0000524178,0.0000936231,0.0002019178,0.000165484,0.00009923445,0.0001872753,5.653585e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000320355,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002047429,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002260556,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.97675e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989589,0.00004308628,0.0005937231,0.0001058799,0.0001600962,0.0001383519],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985113,0.0000556365,0.0009843623,0.0002694548,0.0001627304,0.00001657578],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001221164,0.0000153486,0.00001853195,0.0005238694,0.00006512552,0.000005207578,0.00006039075,0.0005272501,0.9960793,0.0002321987,0.00003711827,0.002313596],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002122226,0.0002361212,0.0001089217,0.001190119,0.0001000309,0.00005146526,0.00004265923,0.0005403084,0.9923005,0.005101566,0.00002987549,0.00008617427],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.971926,0.000451374,0.02692247,0.0003840468,0.0001173856,0.0001349484,0.000003285758,0.0000577506,0.000002751439],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9651055,0.0003025688,0.03452724,0.000007819131,0.00002603849,0.000005137996,1.308688e-7,0.00002416661,0.000001429774],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007604768,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3919492,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2106904458","doi":"10.1007/s11661-009-9923-0","title":"Effect of Friction Stir Processing Procedures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Al-Zn Casting","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":85,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Friction stir processing; Materials science; Microstructure; Ultimate tensile strength; Metallurgy; Precipitation; Grain size; Ductility (Earth science); Elongation; Alloy; Particle size; Phase (matter); Creep; Chemical engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007137699592842003,"gpt":0.2265147979063347,"spread":0.2193770983134927,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001369871,0.0001341559,0.0003433184,0.00006808296,0.00006303553,0.0000271966,0.00003605447,0.00007838284,0.00002241196],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001644792,0.0001005848,0.00004267588,0.0001093717,0.00004239538,0.00009575132,0.000003276689,0.00007706413,1.38132e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009788187,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004009757,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001044521,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002689228,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993641,0.0000321768,0.0002586412,0.0001476532,0.00008726443,0.0001101855],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998048,0.0000188936,0.00005141941,0.00006474494,0.00002465673,0.00003547519],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009719142,0.00001653484,3.506611e-7,0.0005355228,0.00002721518,0.000001397973,0.00005040767,0.004240647,0.9860842,0.00002958872,9.469515e-7,0.008915961],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002419373,0.0003379557,0.000117547,0.0002687819,0.0001452452,0.00005257374,0.00001276729,0.007799057,0.9907101,0.0001558311,0.00004268318,0.0001155298],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8841293,0.0002719159,0.1152385,0.00003034609,0.00002925669,0.0001578497,0.000008967903,0.000121249,0.00001270476],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9961804,0.0001922823,0.003570033,0.000007705663,0.00001226441,0.00001481523,0.000001745947,0.00001224373,0.000008489889],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1120512,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4101728,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2028992300","doi":"10.1007/s10853-006-1103-7","title":"Effect of welding parameters on the strain rate and microstructure of friction stir spot welded 2024 aluminum alloy","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Materials Science","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":84,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Spot welding; Welding; Microstructure; Rotational speed; Strain rate; Friction stir welding; Alloy; Composite material; Texture (cosmology); Metallurgy; Slippage; Mechanical engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007482919514733623,"gpt":0.2526046506092702,"spread":0.2451217310945366,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003898381,0.00008618162,0.0002138006,0.0001886143,0.00004982275,0.00003462158,0.000209138,0.00003161621,0.00002143582],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002273928,0.00005433258,0.00004177347,0.0003110226,0.0001706078,0.0001812663,0.00002489998,0.00008607324,2.315072e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004145625,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009374224,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005085421,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.781318e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991421,0.00005043681,0.0003661185,0.00007851502,0.0002149177,0.0001479692],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993194,0.0002184636,0.000243576,0.0001166995,0.00005962431,0.0000422829],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005464532,0.000002566259,0.000092986,0.00003048929,0.00001142544,0.000003603483,0.00007747608,0.01170825,0.9871244,0.00009595005,0.00001502043,0.0007832276],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001091049,0.0002384948,0.002690531,0.00009126717,0.0000240087,0.00002979237,0.00005265814,0.0003983492,0.9959916,0.0003162016,0.000009371632,0.00004861478],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9931715,0.00002958425,0.00629628,0.00004270476,0.000344051,0.00007115387,0.000005682568,0.00001271077,0.00002631894],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9928461,0.00003605992,0.007071714,0.000009292317,0.00002754024,3.771566e-7,8.021161e-8,0.000006340083,0.00000255],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0113099,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2215618,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2209495898","doi":"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2015.12.046","title":"Mechanical properties and microstructural evaluation of AA1100 to AZ31 dissimilar friction stir welds","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials Chemistry and Physics","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":84,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Intermetallic; Materials science; Microstructure; Welding; Ultimate tensile strength; Friction stir welding; Rotational speed; Indentation hardness; Metallurgy; Tensile testing; Composite material; Alloy; Mechanical engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03624211813623784,"gpt":0.2575876998869454,"spread":0.2213455817507075,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001472242,0.00009195931,0.0001467546,0.000004002528,0.00002227691,0.00002360176,0.00003907559,0.00005410177,0.00001359929],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002344696,0.00008293955,0.00001187709,0.00004866995,0.0000196449,0.00007162642,0.00003654061,0.00003234426,4.661622e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002823697,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006733636,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007233291,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.541806e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999559,0.00001281177,0.0001299937,0.000104888,0.0001165909,0.00007667788],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997424,0.000004157857,0.00002840362,0.000105712,0.0000688093,0.00005051564],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000013731,0.000003495132,0.00001330043,0.0001046649,0.00001362016,1.073485e-7,0.0001258454,0.002293329,0.9947338,0.00001144128,0.000057036,0.002629628],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001190919,0.00001135285,0.00005455976,0.0000320632,0.00005614391,0.000002335514,0.00003548109,0.007024542,0.9902346,0.00227053,0.00006281074,0.00009644646],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9961436,0.00005805401,0.003475621,0.0000195041,0.00004972105,0.00008284085,0.0000297839,0.00007029011,0.00007057564],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967639,0.00001603052,0.003069951,0.000004646209,0.00008999795,0.00001561522,0.00002167894,0.00001148937,0.00000669988],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004731213,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3382177,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1987311829","doi":"10.1007/s11661-013-2123-y","title":"Ultrasonic Spot Welding of Aluminum to High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel: Microstructure, Tensile and Fatigue Properties","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":82,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Eutectic system; Metallurgy; Spot welding; Ultimate tensile strength; Microstructure; Welding; Fatigue limit; Intermetallic; Galvanization; Composite material; Alloy; Layer (electronics)","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009698654293413558,"gpt":0.2001485701204428,"spread":0.1904499158270292,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007283771,0.0001831795,0.0004117318,0.00009159869,0.00007196362,0.00008477862,0.0000744526,0.000092111,0.0006339771],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008562287,0.000151895,0.00005006275,0.0001362071,0.00007690301,0.0001358567,0.00001143044,0.00007995364,0.000004963426],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001510907,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003528814,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003384844,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002786595,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991368,0.00002284161,0.0003226297,0.0002142353,0.00009290325,0.0002106027],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996421,0.00002507283,0.00003383938,0.000146779,0.00004445861,0.0001078054],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001050998,0.00001755323,0.000002313804,0.000150458,0.00008605747,0.00000204183,0.00009406915,0.01151321,0.9867875,0.00005135764,0.00001393738,0.001270975],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002474521,0.00005945447,0.001029168,0.0001099387,0.0001287401,0.00004277629,0.00008420023,0.002063798,0.9949565,0.0002272665,0.0007657657,0.0002849183],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9254775,0.0001427251,0.0736937,0.00006370129,0.00009209388,0.0002708152,0.00004723974,0.0001950391,0.00001717401],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.980211,0.0002966959,0.01920205,0.0000179292,0.00002181159,0.00008396823,0.000006425522,0.00002924248,0.0001308683],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05473349,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6941604,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3157019777","doi":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.03.047","title":"Mechanical properties and failure behavior of resistance spot welded third-generation advanced high strength steels","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Manufacturing Processes","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":82,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Weldability; Materials science; Spot welding; Welding; Composite material; Metallurgy; Indentation hardness; Failure mode and effects analysis; Shear (geology); Microstructure","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01751473798485295,"gpt":0.2261987703512863,"spread":0.2086840323664333,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001380855,0.0001694872,0.0003799604,0.0001164679,0.00005473468,0.00004469159,0.0001502822,0.0000863168,0.00001798395],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001584116,0.0001437721,0.0000668082,0.0001417778,0.00002841321,0.0004273624,0.00004138395,0.0002505174,2.678981e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005379511,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005695054,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001630721,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007899188,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988564,0.00002379051,0.0005240804,0.000150566,0.0002890379,0.0001561536],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991446,0.0000472805,0.0002662342,0.0001676725,0.0003111309,0.0000631516],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001733105,0.0002281225,0.0001365612,0.003725471,0.0003927149,0.0002381334,0.0006496683,0.1952067,0.7861055,0.0001275415,0.0006552602,0.01236105],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002636266,0.00005117879,0.0001508725,0.0003519506,0.0001192598,0.00004934371,0.0001802429,0.00007471706,0.9975151,0.0003321743,0.0007596418,0.000151831],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9870503,0.002161272,0.01036996,0.000142662,0.00009090222,0.00007731329,0.000006387304,0.00007828794,0.00002294386],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9451898,0.001306165,0.05326463,0.000009049364,0.00009128962,0.000008532495,0.000002685049,0.00002801122,0.00009981978],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2114097,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5862854,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2890926923","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2018.1518363","title":"Impact of liquid metal embrittlement cracks on resistance spot weld static strength","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Technology of Welding & Joining","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":82,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; International Zinc Association","keywords":"Materials science; Liquid metal embrittlement; Embrittlement; Ultimate tensile strength; Welding; Metallurgy; Microstructure; Fracture (geology); Composite material; Spot welding; Zinc; Grain boundary","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009444024699343755,"gpt":0.2851896720861592,"spread":0.2757456473868155,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005843502,0.0001291401,0.0002526076,0.0008048482,0.0001445104,0.00001208992,0.0003165981,0.00006347766,0.00002392882],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003090667,0.000118679,0.00004535299,0.001606296,0.001048059,0.0002157477,0.00009256282,0.0001473686,0.000001456756],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008232082,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004328538,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001088856,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000078616,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988478,0.000007180047,0.0002968301,0.0002549732,0.0002665917,0.0003266039],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992781,0.00004918374,0.0001141834,0.0003370623,0.0001722343,0.00004919071],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000840696,0.00008230531,0.01023235,0.00008910776,0.0001704414,0.00001038254,0.0006233286,0.002753556,0.9240028,0.02696133,0.0002430962,0.03474722],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002116365,0.001128459,0.001280064,0.0002288596,0.00003391472,0.000006359016,0.0003881526,0.004959193,0.9873859,0.004029649,0.0001470917,0.0002006674],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9888747,0.0001192418,0.009018332,0.0001549259,0.00004569232,0.00007050327,0.000004282528,0.0002805834,0.001431767],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9602975,0.00005081878,0.03960613,0.000008229834,0.00001142443,0.000004597736,2.603977e-7,0.00001088251,0.00001013005],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06338314,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4839587,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2095513054","doi":"10.1088/0022-3727/37/14/017","title":"A study of dynamic resistance during small scale resistance spot welding of thin Ni sheets","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Physics D Applied Physics","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":81,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Spot welding; Resistance (ecology); Materials science; Welding; Scale (ratio); Composite material; Metallurgy; Geography; Cartography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008604373797634861,"gpt":0.2269471198445397,"spread":0.2183427460469049,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002496789,0.0003297563,0.0008909401,0.000123165,0.00008327774,0.00002029314,0.0005513775,0.0000793978,0.000002265567],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001090477,0.0003469669,0.0002648256,0.0008428906,0.00007902195,0.0002353035,0.00008468153,0.0005432667,0.000001136082],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003248938,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004599213,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006584867,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005876298,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978201,0.00002343688,0.001020038,0.0002395519,0.0005768817,0.0003199696],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981264,0.00006399558,0.0009472631,0.0005381841,0.0002379343,0.00008617681],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001473121,0.0005676202,0.00009175995,0.0004284288,0.0003315484,0.00001841655,0.002181289,0.7576219,0.2344253,0.003415479,0.00001916983,0.00075172],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002864581,0.0001575857,0.001409524,0.0009660223,0.0004556974,0.000004890752,0.001616081,0.001195229,0.8728595,0.1177852,0.00001465459,0.000671069],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8946661,0.0001430569,0.1038039,0.00001091973,0.00008070629,0.0002358281,0.0000117495,0.00008497729,0.0009627425],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9607946,0.00008425557,0.03882486,0.000004757618,0.0001666761,0.00001010573,0.000001767489,0.00008700506,0.00002594888],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7564268,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998983,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2043989758","doi":"10.1179/1362171814y.0000000253","title":"Influence of processing parameters on microstructure and mechanical performance of refill friction stir spot welded 7075-T6 aluminium alloy","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Technology of Welding & Joining","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":80,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; China Scholarship Council","keywords":"Spot welding; Materials science; Welding; Microstructure; Optical microscope; Metallurgy; Aluminium; Alloy; Scanning electron microscope; Composite material; Friction stir welding; Joint (building); Shear (geology); Shear strength (soil); Structural engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005998938115218924,"gpt":0.2220177655717851,"spread":0.2160188274565662,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005888874,0.0001197024,0.0002645532,0.0005686619,0.0001224325,0.000009996535,0.0002283694,0.0001245053,6.470448e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003120621,0.0001134994,0.00001834085,0.00108527,0.0007366661,0.0002834982,0.00009192135,0.0001978126,1.037332e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000244137,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001802314,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005901829,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.921639e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990075,0.000007998878,0.0003018712,0.0002567977,0.0002026473,0.0002232143],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994,0.00004292721,0.0001660667,0.0002167499,0.0001377296,0.00003652491],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001014976,0.000005776914,0.007974763,0.0001050642,0.000007514649,3.052231e-7,0.0001411411,0.01878556,0.9445863,0.001398529,0.000001330009,0.0269836],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001403332,0.000288431,0.004751849,0.0003121,0.00001947329,0.0000163175,0.0001487584,0.06121677,0.9316958,0.001268119,0.00002021334,0.000121885],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9962687,0.00006514984,0.003261967,0.00008875609,0.00002470923,0.00006277103,8.55876e-7,0.000168918,0.00005818711],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9478255,0.00006721649,0.0520773,0.00001314471,0.000003714148,0.000003328004,1.729329e-7,0.000008773463,8.835456e-7],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04881533,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4628373,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2495756689","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2016.1211583","title":"Bonding mechanism and interface characterisation during dissimilar friction stir welding of an aluminium/polymer bi-material joint","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Technology of Welding & Joining","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":79,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo; Natural Resources Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Friction stir welding; Welding; Joint (building); Aluminium; Mechanism (biology); Metallurgy; Composite material; Friction welding; Interface (matter); Polymer; Structural engineering; Wetting","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008207694455671759,"gpt":0.2307257628505711,"spread":0.2225180683948993,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006027924,0.000151888,0.0002696992,0.0009890898,0.0002240809,0.00003016505,0.0001856672,0.0001178498,0.00001139115],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001433801,0.0001316807,0.00002272105,0.0007489148,0.0004526307,0.0009247528,0.0001697229,0.0001046112,2.996942e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006862804,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001371354,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007614789,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001143046,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998779,0.00001199921,0.000367382,0.0003345399,0.0002008644,0.0003062332],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994243,0.00002414853,0.000169511,0.0002398502,0.0000791816,0.00006300314],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006322068,0.000005800832,0.001445992,0.00003072061,0.00001084356,0.000001340717,0.0002284724,0.00003595188,0.9836818,0.004552868,5.618402e-7,0.009999328],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001746652,0.00009955253,0.001260366,0.0002638662,0.00001951929,0.00003209162,0.0005858871,0.002216027,0.9917955,0.003391312,0.000007879761,0.0001533639],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9615143,0.00006993097,0.03749675,0.0002249125,0.0001438952,0.00008183495,0.000003941039,0.0004225022,0.00004196792],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9882456,0.00009928317,0.01159794,0.000003310531,0.00002160061,0.000008437845,3.423373e-7,0.00001810321,0.000005394165],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02673132,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5369781,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2762417579","doi":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.10.006","title":"Refill friction stir spot welding of dissimilar aluminum alloy and AlSi coated steel","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Manufacturing Processes","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":78,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Eutectic system; Intermetallic; Spot welding; Welding; Coating; Metallurgy; Alloy; Joint (building); Composite material; Shear strength (soil); Structural engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01648786055303482,"gpt":0.2592090625096994,"spread":0.2427212019566646,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002744368,0.0001794439,0.0003874267,0.0002032128,0.0001708462,0.00008880207,0.000343023,0.00009017386,0.00001692657],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002674652,0.0001562494,0.00007562647,0.00005576967,0.00005622556,0.0006881703,0.00007335311,0.0002612721,4.935872e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005485641,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002022778,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001138455,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001014608,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989451,0.00001160891,0.0004790701,0.0001263362,0.0002525112,0.0001853999],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987879,0.00007538767,0.0006253581,0.0002610151,0.0001643748,0.00008591662],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005708919,0.0003684627,0.02014946,0.01215748,0.002594511,0.000512025,0.002977052,0.6981314,0.1920735,0.00006479945,0.004995255,0.06540509],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002652938,0.00007432775,0.006264859,0.000472356,0.0001274312,0.00006649565,0.00009915319,0.0005922102,0.9882497,0.0004706951,0.00313586,0.0001816496],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9901607,0.000611963,0.008487458,0.0001212253,0.0001458738,0.00006108436,0.000005701274,0.00009548666,0.0003105162],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9887645,0.002054214,0.008970944,0.000007082457,0.0001045214,0.00000195672,9.861141e-7,0.00003441195,0.00006142169],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7961761,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6371664,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2179682555","doi":"10.1179/136217109x12489665059384","title":"Influence of tool design on mechanical properties of AZ31 friction stir spot welds","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Technology of Welding & Joining","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":78,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; China Scholarship Council","keywords":"Materials science; Friction stir processing; Spot welding; Metallurgy; Composite material; Mechanical engineering; Microstructure; Welding; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01309207779691982,"gpt":0.2293129327160332,"spread":0.2162208549191134,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007372143,0.00009264284,0.0002077434,0.0006411818,0.00009055046,0.000006596773,0.0002958231,0.0001226672,0.000002547389],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006240002,0.00008345105,0.00002219161,0.001223878,0.0006779519,0.0002508594,0.0000830032,0.0002475975,4.075157e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001793995,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003129946,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008818048,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001256054,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999109,0.000006366402,0.0002811046,0.0001886913,0.0002226795,0.0001921405],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994007,0.00003817275,0.0001037142,0.0002655984,0.0001671998,0.00002459305],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005503436,0.00000837673,0.0008193974,0.00002188833,0.000006507911,5.270895e-7,0.0000682328,0.01684928,0.9644443,0.01022806,0.000001740781,0.007546168],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007030852,0.0001521639,0.0003977118,0.0001217265,0.00001137381,0.000007406371,0.000128652,0.0148266,0.9809252,0.003265246,0.00001184682,0.00008176907],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9727743,0.00003535554,0.02665156,0.00009497159,0.000041507,0.00008385246,4.455713e-7,0.0002466067,0.00007140687],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.944047,0.0000304101,0.05589717,0.000005312026,0.000004654153,0.000006923974,3.375241e-8,0.000007185147,0.000001367889],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02924561,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3403035,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2033319518","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2012.06.057","title":"Comparative study on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded–brazed Mg/mild steel and Mg/stainless steel joints","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials & Design (1980-2015)","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":78,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Waterloo","keywords":"Materials science; Brazing; Microstructure; Welding; Metallurgy; Alloy; Layer (electronics); Base metal; Shear strength (soil); Ultimate tensile strength; Composite material; Filler metal; Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; Scanning electron microscope; Arc welding","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04197942426477745,"gpt":0.2792667871407888,"spread":0.2372873628760113,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006364943,0.000441852,0.000954756,0.0001646171,0.000103992,0.0001054799,0.0002052703,0.0001903534,0.00004398579],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003726926,0.0003575724,0.00004879808,0.0001497471,0.0001082319,0.0003017252,0.0001618766,0.0001739728,0.00001042037],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007875049,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001388981,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003932539,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001091258,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980194,0.0003085712,0.0005721074,0.0003648834,0.0002672584,0.0004677626],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990685,0.00008414273,0.0001618508,0.0004419861,0.00009248789,0.0001510085],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002043046,0.0001119052,0.0003061106,0.0001497863,0.0002040684,0.000003975758,0.001953023,0.0004516528,0.995971,0.0001989871,0.0003885736,0.00005661898],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008985117,0.0002925851,0.003349107,0.0001447908,0.0001745311,0.00001036598,0.001311591,0.0003883649,0.992626,0.0002658559,0.0001129536,0.0004254127],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9931113,0.0004302499,0.004767496,0.00003133359,0.0002212032,0.00108603,0.00006574984,0.0002659808,0.00002068364],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9920321,0.00005727296,0.007538462,0.00003159532,0.00009452816,0.0001054559,0.000009034428,0.00007513304,0.00005646097],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003345063,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998876,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2470706328","doi":"10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.06.033","title":"Comparison of fatigue behavior in Mg/Mg similar and Mg/steel dissimilar refill friction stir spot welds","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Fatigue","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":76,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada; University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Spot welding; Metallurgy; Welding; Brazing; Ultimate tensile strength; Fracture (geology); Microstructure; Composite material; Shear (geology); Alloy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04325671802069348,"gpt":0.3537512191397808,"spread":0.3104945011190873,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002515998,0.0001791267,0.000390381,0.0005313949,0.00002279686,0.00002558416,0.0003535309,0.0001181091,0.00008030273],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001528822,0.0001428285,0.000132384,0.000164313,0.00005395566,0.0004573558,0.00005478214,0.0002613196,0.000001191854],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002697575,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001961162,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002227662,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003206116,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982855,0.00003776002,0.0008738716,0.0001428528,0.0004991251,0.0001609151],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988916,0.0001482479,0.0003903885,0.0001538816,0.0003308012,0.00008506009],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002962072,0.000518107,0.45647,0.0000877378,0.0006532674,0.000224756,0.0009663257,0.07424728,0.3741871,0.001713222,0.003202584,0.08743346],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006898477,0.001093682,0.4712349,0.004252174,0.0006138201,0.0003591689,0.001072848,0.08470678,0.4099237,0.006436739,0.01170893,0.001698813],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8156013,0.0003327332,0.1825905,0.0005601678,0.0004304722,0.00009333657,0.00004398519,0.00005342856,0.0002939933],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9858671,0.0005101056,0.01341574,0.00001514729,0.0001197343,0.000007670376,0.000005687044,0.00002753118,0.00003125547],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1702658,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5824377,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1999578050","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.035","title":"Ultrasonic spot welding of Al/Mg/Al tri-layered clad sheets","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials & Design (1980-2015)","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":75,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Chongqing Science and Technology Commission","keywords":"Welding; Materials science; Spot welding; Weldability; Electric resistance welding; Composite material; Ultrasonic welding; Heat-affected zone; Metallurgy; Cold welding; Failure mode and effects analysis; Gas metal arc welding","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0161817377500593,"gpt":0.2584756464567406,"spread":0.2422939087066814,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009358292,0.0003625905,0.0007226071,0.0002540688,0.00006651084,0.0000728684,0.0004459223,0.0001961424,0.0004423277],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001490332,0.0003597925,0.0001339051,0.0002772872,0.00005076723,0.0002085896,0.00006309771,0.0001516802,0.0000901938],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001206301,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002363439,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005598096,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004656809,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979691,0.0001581579,0.0006709393,0.0003749204,0.0003044903,0.0005223773],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987628,0.0001924405,0.0001851592,0.000677368,0.0000712166,0.0001109844],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003023504,0.00001903696,0.00002941727,0.00006770599,0.00007565875,0.000005790503,0.00005617583,0.011969,0.9709886,0.0005496372,0.01492416,0.001284601],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003973573,0.00008869174,0.00009641556,0.0001043174,0.00007865186,0.00001276336,0.00001449399,0.003599966,0.9810569,0.001872206,0.01221971,0.000458481],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3083235,0.0003157253,0.6866789,0.0002595101,0.000915475,0.0005337715,0.00005403239,0.002072623,0.0008464381],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.93672,0.0001478433,0.06253601,0.0001247533,0.0001656447,0.00006932602,0.00003064941,0.0001274872,0.00007825536],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6283966,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998854,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1999233378","doi":"10.1179/136217104225012256","title":"Image analysis of electrode degradation in resistance spot welding of aluminium","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Technology of Welding & Joining","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":74,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Spot welding; Materials science; Electrode; Welding; Degradation (telecommunications); Aluminium; Metallurgy; Composite material; Electronic engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005922739885785917,"gpt":0.2424358360591153,"spread":0.2365130961733294,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007998864,0.00009973483,0.0003624529,0.002819528,0.00006151511,0.00000731403,0.000288693,0.00007886712,0.000002894079],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003134962,0.0001092821,0.00004650822,0.007906346,0.0006217362,0.0003279717,0.00006356621,0.0001437759,1.051624e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009064023,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003986161,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003187829,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007171883,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988379,0.000006281818,0.000421328,0.0002396934,0.0002308527,0.0002639329],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993523,0.00003952418,0.0001658286,0.0002729682,0.0001442723,0.00002504247],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005621534,0.00001531515,0.01724176,0.00003891908,0.00005933029,0.000002382526,0.0001936451,0.01934048,0.9485067,0.01221897,0.000001452944,0.002375436],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001546685,0.00003968022,0.003493943,0.0001198808,0.00009286674,0.000001875149,0.0004354941,0.007799363,0.9821863,0.005562685,0.000007435005,0.0001058532],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9284675,0.0002541873,0.07041505,0.0001521703,0.00001583795,0.00005268576,0.00000142621,0.0001336652,0.0005075174],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8610502,0.0001076509,0.1388244,0.00000349158,0.000001958138,0.000003550529,4.935884e-7,0.000006541869,0.000001765596],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06840931,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4456394,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2049436157","doi":"10.1007/s11664-004-0270-z","title":"Weldability of thin sheet metals during small-scale resistance spot welding using an alternating-current power supply","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Electronic Materials","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":72,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"University of Waterloo","keywords":"Weldability; Spot welding; Materials science; Welding; Brass; Metallurgy; Composite material; Sheet resistance; Electrode; Electrical resistivity and conductivity; Sheet metal; Electric resistance welding; Copper; Electrical engineering; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01025201613237168,"gpt":0.2572776591687519,"spread":0.2470256430363803,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001323549,0.0002682439,0.0007772792,0.0002128476,0.00007489524,0.00006663093,0.0004574351,0.00009230655,0.001379916],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005806929,0.0002526138,0.0001895755,0.000244063,0.0000417208,0.0004535005,0.00003332617,0.0003234487,0.000001646494],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004754407,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006797961,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002757321,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003565418,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974507,0.0001476588,0.001292622,0.0002191346,0.0003458212,0.0005440643],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987779,0.00004930619,0.0005255954,0.00040068,0.0001406241,0.0001058671],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001653172,0.0000811159,0.0001733421,0.0002047956,0.0001604323,0.00001111276,0.0001755849,0.1249922,0.8734667,0.0001007942,0.00002061489,0.0004480026],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000382729,0.0001191976,0.0006651222,0.0003373745,0.0001453856,0.0000698453,0.00002351102,0.001162609,0.9938589,0.00248012,0.0004694891,0.0002857446],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9933904,0.001258642,0.004759808,0.00001980122,0.0002183161,0.0001378154,0.00002259748,0.00009438195,0.00009817581],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9888774,0.0006376209,0.01019889,0.000004904668,0.0001827913,0.000003554263,0.000002756559,0.00005660101,0.00003551992],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1238295,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999926,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2124283996","doi":"10.1007/s11665-012-0244-x","title":"Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of Friction Stir Spot-Welded Aluminum-5754 Sheets","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":71,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; University of Waterloo","keywords":"Materials science; Spot welding; Welding; Microstructure; Composite material; Bending; Keyhole; Metallurgy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005769169913490409,"gpt":0.1984603074807054,"spread":0.192691137567215,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003765991,0.0001710188,0.0003629981,0.0001561786,0.00003516753,0.00002060653,0.00009022096,0.0001085703,0.00002458151],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001910847,0.0001491474,0.00003681847,0.0001035402,0.00001924033,0.0004550515,0.00003266045,0.0001710973,6.344379e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003351911,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004834707,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001221867,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.54456e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991129,0.000009335485,0.0004456175,0.00007025121,0.0001358179,0.0002260957],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995798,0.0000219606,0.0001414465,0.0001094418,0.00005049847,0.000096863],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006092987,0.000009836211,0.001464272,0.0006944769,0.00006845369,0.000001325238,0.0002676809,0.03353496,0.9605336,0.00002709628,0.00005676645,0.003280594],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002878683,0.0001847197,0.01916059,0.0002949215,0.00007492143,0.000341793,0.00001593313,0.03716029,0.9417098,0.000007154939,0.0005417999,0.0002202561],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9957283,0.000761904,0.002847461,0.000008145034,0.0005288846,0.00004816862,0.00000712847,0.00005984199,0.00001020404],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9842261,0.002541175,0.01293287,0.000004391121,0.0002579402,0.000002098575,0.00000173149,0.0000279739,0.000005701721],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01882385,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6082053,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4365509189","doi":"10.3390/met13040768","title":"Effect of Alloying Elements on Intermetallic Formation during Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Metals: A Critical Review on Aluminum/Steel","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Metals","topic":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":71,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Intermetallic; Welding; Materials science; Metallurgy; Friction stir welding; Brittleness; Aluminium; Joint (building); Base metal; Alloy; Structural engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05783452632033616,"gpt":0.3805920341500144,"spread":0.3227575078296783,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00197086,0.0006931514,0.003624071,0.0008748446,0.00006441934,0.00002305721,0.000433919,0.0002383674,0.00006348337],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001374426,0.0005653405,0.001444286,0.0009709058,0.00003851663,0.000304853,0.0001369188,0.0005040845,0.00005097239],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003437598,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001021305,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000204683,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.737942e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9959446,0.0005042254,0.00210429,0.0004409485,0.0006094493,0.0003964815],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973871,0.001013177,0.0006970797,0.0007496401,0.0000679159,0.00008505873],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001904697,0.00005898185,5.383106e-7,0.6070358,0.002141414,0.00001825061,0.00003041901,0.003534079,0.0004005097,0.0001692317,0.0002199147,0.3863719],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005024945,0.00119148,0.000002049128,0.6874705,0.02405776,0.00003935114,0.00001516106,0.007502838,0.051875,0.0001251715,0.2254709,0.001747359],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":"systematic_review","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000376887,0.9891563,0.007719604,0.000008715645,0.0002133098,0.001640444,0.00009777606,0.0005380936,0.0002488687],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.002480757,0.9948922,0.001677449,0.000007952343,0.00005979297,0.0005272898,0.0001296101,0.0001765309,0.00004841453],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3846245,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996798,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}