{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":1977,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":1,"predictions_cover":1977,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"9b87c5ce0f2d","filters":{"topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena"}},"results":[{"id":"W2936095933","doi":"10.3847/2041-8213/ab1141","title":"First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal Letters","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1629,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; University of Toronto; Perimeter Institute; University of Waterloo","funders":"Los Alamos National Laboratory; Office of International Science and Engineering; National Key Research and Development Program of China; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; China Scholarship Council; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; John Templeton Foundation; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; European Southern Observatory; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Nuclear Security Administration; Institut Périmètre de physique théorique; Recruitment Program of Global Experts; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Research Foundation of Korea; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; Nuclear Safety and Security Commission; Generalitat Valenciana; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Vetenskapsrådet; International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology; Smithsonian Institution; U.S. Department of Energy; Leverhulme Trust; National Radio Astronomy Observatory; Toray Science Foundation; National Research Foundation; University of Arizona; Harvard University; Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada; National Science Foundation; Compute Canada; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Associated Universities; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; University of Chicago; National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Government of Canada; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India; Russian Science Foundation; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Academia Sinica","keywords":"Physics; Black hole (networking); Event horizon; Astrophysics; Angular diameter; RADIUS; Shadow (psychology); Horizon; Brightness; Event (particle physics); Astronomy; Stars","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004636628046808018,"gpt":0.1895377964351835,"spread":0.1849011683883755,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001795152,0.0002442151,0.0002793662,0.00001739563,0.0003623126,0.0001302013,0.0008018654,0.00001837993,0.00003167213],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003730338,0.0001143291,0.0003159253,0.0001690327,0.0003770258,0.000130351,0.0002154409,0.0007084026,0.00004392317],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000419796,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004841455,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006530785,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.770075e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983244,0.0001517726,0.0003740582,0.0002288346,0.0004301198,0.0004907937],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987763,0.0001199766,0.0003956001,0.0005532585,0.00004616462,0.0001086803],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008462034,0.000583513,0.01206446,0.00003942875,0.001059321,0.000007738126,0.004026497,0.08030367,0.8119437,0.03997714,0.0102477,0.0389006],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0159856,0.003455133,0.8124842,0.001293014,0.001350413,0.00003242226,0.009559013,0.0380256,0.02504821,0.04419519,0.04569872,0.002872445],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9794054,0.00001770623,0.006516498,0.01299058,0.0002966528,0.0002856315,0.00005304864,0.00000589013,0.0004286103],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998103,0.000005192507,0.0001815001,0.000431462,0.001124243,0.000005163055,0.000003120032,0.00002514254,0.0001212218],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8004198,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4662203,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1530183786","doi":"10.1126/science.1242856","title":"Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at the IceCube Detector","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1625,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Office of Polar Programs; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Marsden Fund; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; U.S. Department of Energy; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Vetenskapsrådet; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; National Research Foundation of Korea; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; National Science Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Science and Technology Facilities Council; National Research Foundation; Western Canada Research Grid; Vlaamse regering; University of Oxford; Compute Canada; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","keywords":"Neutrino; Physics; Extraterrestrial life; Sky; Muon; Neutrino astronomy; Neutrino detector; Energy (signal processing); Detector; Particle physics; Astronomy; Astrophysics; Neutrino oscillation","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02936954295325609,"gpt":0.2555023560427404,"spread":0.2261328130894843,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001543598,0.0001100601,0.0000952674,0.0000234164,0.0005238754,0.0001974798,0.0006202857,0.000009584179,0.0002754552],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008747048,0.00007132442,0.00005977957,0.0002592785,0.0003432356,0.0004324695,0.0001821451,0.00005417606,0.0001074238],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004217105,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001541815,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007338422,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006555238,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989224,0.00001639587,0.0001384548,0.000317928,0.0002262721,0.0003785319],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992435,0.0001348415,0.00008535133,0.000347456,0.00009279919,0.00009604802],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006963109,0.00009737605,0.003442363,0.00000571174,0.00002687822,3.453474e-7,0.0002355841,0.000220508,0.3638481,0.3039825,0.003528324,0.3245427],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00245703,0.0007072109,0.05853033,0.000115214,0.00007684011,0.000001553071,0.0006860336,0.00811036,0.3853975,0.5314879,0.01122294,0.001207034],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9695272,0.00007129197,0.02751656,0.0004894831,0.0005892799,0.0003485504,0.00001461478,0.00001808063,0.001424891],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978389,0.00000152931,0.0002051408,0.000100215,0.0006369538,0.0002241553,0.000002050145,0.000007387139,0.0009837247],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3233357,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4029278,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2888259247","doi":"10.1088/1475-7516/2019/02/056","title":"The Simons Observatory: science goals and forecasts","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1549,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Perimeter Institute; Simon Fraser University; University of British Columbia; McGill University; Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; University of Toronto","funders":"Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; Nuclear Physics; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Stockholms Universitet; Isaac Newton Trust; Science and Technology Facilities Council; University of Toronto; H2020 Research Infrastructures; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales; Economic and Social Research Council; European Commission; Vetenskapsrådet; National Science Foundation; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; University of Cambridge; University of Michigan; National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"Physics; Cosmic microwave background; Planck; Astrophysics; Observatory; Sky; Cosmology; Reionization; South Pole Telescope; Telescope; Astronomy; Galaxy; Angular resolution (graph drawing); Neutrino; Cosmic background radiation; Bolometer; Polarization (electrochemistry); Anisotropy; Galaxy cluster; Redshift; Detector; Optics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009127272010270908,"gpt":0.230805491613922,"spread":0.2216782196036511,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003111731,0.0001066232,0.0001950929,0.00001757796,0.0002860921,0.0000767008,0.0001894211,0.00001171635,0.000007088398],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006079557,0.00007219936,0.00005144445,0.0001421046,0.0004762548,0.0003002276,0.0001100154,0.0001941383,0.000007447314],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001143679,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001103595,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004350408,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.52812e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999162,0.00002836531,0.0002307624,0.000127657,0.0001612945,0.0002899772],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992203,0.0001147787,0.0002504733,0.000146528,0.0001422549,0.0001256452],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001079692,0.000122327,0.5178528,0.000005020761,0.0001031118,0.000002480848,0.0002723227,0.0001916452,0.03309143,0.3245215,0.0001549374,0.1235744],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002566953,0.001220073,0.1929946,0.00004821006,0.0001227324,0.00002825781,0.001923966,0.005335171,0.02184276,0.7712629,0.0022808,0.0003736513],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9964015,0.0001207342,0.002571898,0.0003269435,0.0001619215,0.00007013911,0.000003280637,0.000002956916,0.0003405547],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993403,0.000007239154,0.0003185159,0.00005996232,0.000212899,0.000001939474,2.743013e-7,0.000007475138,0.0000513978],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4467413,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2944205,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2007403924","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.113.101101","title":"Observation of High-Energy Astrophysical Neutrinos in Three Years of IceCube Data","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1168,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; University of Toronto","funders":"Office of Polar Programs; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; U.S. Department of Energy; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Vetenskapsrådet; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; National Research Foundation of Korea; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Marsden Fund; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; National Science Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Science and Technology Facilities Council; National Research Foundation; Western Canada Research Grid; Vlaamse regering; University of Oxford; Compute Canada; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","keywords":"Neutrino; Physics; Nuclear physics; Energy (signal processing); Neutrino detector; Astronomy; Particle physics; Astrophysics; Neutrino oscillation","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02357960432184593,"gpt":0.2529171449666215,"spread":0.2293375406447756,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001169946,0.0001668161,0.0006288653,0.00003243384,0.00001407078,0.000007165539,0.0005804127,0.000006517459,0.00001529319],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008162309,0.0001630569,0.0001403158,0.0003167997,0.00008798082,0.0001926272,0.0002228156,0.0001436055,0.00001105643],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001298344,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002418806,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006255375,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002943,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986768,0.00008000439,0.0004121555,0.00033692,0.0002675312,0.0002265513],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986559,0.0001240557,0.0003010888,0.0008238209,0.00003827084,0.00005685844],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000033408,0.001072878,0.008986325,0.0005007025,0.0001355557,0.000001034664,0.00005264044,0.0008265623,0.04751989,0.5625338,0.0009659523,0.3773713],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005480621,0.000892149,0.6356902,0.006271015,0.0009247766,5.5039e-7,0.00004987275,0.06558673,0.007685431,0.2629418,0.01222733,0.00224956],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9619863,0.0001355271,0.03686222,0.0005472527,0.00005176493,0.0001598847,0.00006498112,0.000008182774,0.0001838875],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981566,0.00004089627,0.0006174192,0.0006276466,0.000353486,0.00002087218,0.0001613956,0.00001937,0.000002302265],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6267038,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6649266,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2845504537","doi":"10.1126/science.aat1378","title":"Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1136,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Los Alamos National Laboratory; Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron; Economic and Social Research Council; Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Ohio State University; Marsden Fund; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; University of Namibia; National Commission on Research, Science and Technology; RWTH Aachen University; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica; High Energy Accelerator Research Organization; Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost; Office of Science; Narodowym Centrum Nauki; College of Engineering, Michigan State University; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Pennsylvania State University; Agenzia Spaziale Italiana; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales; Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Universiteit van Amsterdam; Vetenskapsrådet; Ohio State University; National Research Foundation of Korea; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Smithsonian Institution; Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; U.S. Department of Energy; University of Wisconsin-Madison; European Commission; National Radio Astronomy Observatory; Australian Research Council; Western Canada Research Grid; Laboratory Directed Research and Development; Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações; Marquette University; Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; EGI Federation; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Villum Fonden; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; University of Pennsylvania; Austrian Science Fund; National Research Centre; Associated Universities; European Regional Development Fund; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; University of Leicester; National Research Foundation; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Office of Polar Programs; Michigan State University; Compute Canada; Chiba University; Liverpool John Moores University; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Blazar; Neutrino; Supernova; Cosmic ray; Flux (metallurgy); COSMIC cancer database; Coincidence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01193954570866437,"gpt":0.2208341888552576,"spread":0.2088946431465932,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001080815,0.0001027377,0.0001248063,0.00005694138,0.000245739,0.00004623654,0.0003606102,0.000008390485,0.00006372817],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001892692,0.00008349815,0.00002947474,0.0006087804,0.0005707104,0.0003043645,0.0001288056,0.00005671224,0.00002193421],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002306442,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002068229,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006484123,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001055522,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990209,0.000009415761,0.0001461376,0.0002687911,0.0002854887,0.0002692054],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992118,0.00001797843,0.0001180167,0.0003122135,0.0002534966,0.00008653267],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002399871,0.0002433097,0.03201813,0.000005675043,0.00004183809,0.000001248232,0.0007443985,0.0003990383,0.1764751,0.7773106,0.0001139101,0.01262278],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002208907,0.000852734,0.4212357,0.0001779626,0.0001012186,0.000002132929,0.001829118,0.02209349,0.4548829,0.09116984,0.004328202,0.001117703],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9634289,0.000007326069,0.0295932,0.00006543566,0.000104026,0.00006248568,0.000009266704,0.00001521804,0.00671415],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957567,3.983001e-7,0.003402593,0.00003947928,0.0002081961,0.00001167949,0.000003417665,0.000007950372,0.0005695861],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6861408,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3404956,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2929611936","doi":"10.1126/science.aat2890","title":"Neutrino emission from the direction of the blazar TXS 0506+056 prior to the IceCube-170922A alert","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1106,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Office of Polar Programs; College of Engineering, Michigan State University; Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University; RWTH Aachen University; Chiba University; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Villum Fonden; National Research Foundation of Korea; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Marsden Fund; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; National Science Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Michigan State University; National Research Foundation; Western Canada Research Grid; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Compute Canada; Marquette University; University of Wisconsin-Madison; U.S. Department of Energy; Vetenskapsrådet","keywords":"Blazar; Neutrino; Physics; Astrophysics; Astronomy; Gamma ray; Particle physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00808225287106972,"gpt":0.2313194755380447,"spread":0.2232372226669749,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002615066,0.00009385119,0.00008267228,0.00001340125,0.0007870413,0.00007371481,0.0009978835,0.000009390511,0.00006596117],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009172104,0.00004202533,0.00006472807,0.0006085826,0.0004549698,0.0001155141,0.0003242767,0.0001085212,0.0000611541],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002259412,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001352306,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003144113,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007897537,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990126,0.00003656343,0.000131274,0.0002528853,0.0003371942,0.0002294851],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990936,0.0000474154,0.0001024163,0.0005935404,0.0001022055,0.00006085349],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004938992,0.0002047096,0.02783384,0.000002762565,0.00003980328,1.272107e-7,0.00693661,0.0001731506,0.5432249,0.0173819,0.008077971,0.3960748],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005272235,0.0002209425,0.3456787,0.0001350238,0.00006286734,5.179103e-7,0.003225306,0.003164769,0.4725219,0.03461622,0.1394071,0.0004395153],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.985546,0.00001971496,0.001221857,0.00201006,0.0006024682,0.0002296341,0.00002042311,0.000009698945,0.01034015],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981798,8.42531e-7,0.00006401144,0.0002956144,0.0007072947,0.00001225267,7.883709e-7,0.000005626045,0.0007337827],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3956353,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6053365,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1971214100","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.111.021103","title":"First Observation of PeV-Energy Neutrinos with IceCube","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":828,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Marsden Fund; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Vetenskapsrådet; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; University of Oxford; University of Wisconsin-Madison; National Science Foundation; Compute Canada; Office of Polar Programs; Vlaamse regering; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Physics; Neutrino; Flux (metallurgy); Neutrino detector; Detector; Energy (signal processing); Nuclear physics; Solar neutrino; Particle physics; Astrophysics; Neutrino oscillation","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0116530986100864,"gpt":0.219189010206558,"spread":0.2075359115964716,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00002499702,0.0001736849,0.0003571657,0.00001488669,0.00004850853,0.00001877973,0.000185205,0.000003352021,0.000129465],"category_scores_gemma":[9.578002e-7,0.0001298183,0.0001430598,0.0002094862,0.00005719544,0.000211179,0.0000417318,0.00009194126,0.00007108328],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001345367,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001670031,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004053051,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.85075e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999142,0.00002580911,0.0002120538,0.000212731,0.0001912057,0.0002161921],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993258,0.000047093,0.0001880169,0.0002941301,0.0000700778,0.00007493687],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000565566,0.002877683,0.04768941,0.003212299,0.001089685,0.000004430838,0.0006234482,0.003512492,0.06835623,0.5742334,0.05907546,0.2392689],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01101419,0.002981324,0.3921179,0.02339716,0.003313448,0.000005679429,0.0006339395,0.05716077,0.02635208,0.1805055,0.293339,0.009178984],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9696547,0.0005270572,0.01966359,0.006303432,0.00004928094,0.0005100856,0.00001550964,0.00003062361,0.003245669],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9958267,0.00007806042,0.0003221014,0.003250491,0.0002869515,0.0001582376,0.00002826559,0.00001940181,0.00002985344],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3937279,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5293837,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2588745414","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/12/03/p03012","title":"The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: instrumentation and online systems","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Instrumentation","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":822,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; University of Toronto","funders":"Office of Polar Programs; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Villum Fonden; National Research Foundation of Korea; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Marsden Fund; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; National Science Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Science and Technology Facilities Council; National Research Foundation; Western Canada Research Grid; Vlaamse regering; University of Oxford; Compute Canada; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; U.S. Department of Energy; Vetenskapsrådet","keywords":"Neutrino; Neutrino detector; Physics; Observatory; Neutrino astronomy; Detector; Software deployment; Instrumentation (computer programming); Cosmic ray; Astronomy; Particle physics; Computer science; Neutrino oscillation; Operating system; Optics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01955173531345427,"gpt":0.2649586839228562,"spread":0.2454069486094019,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001652062,0.00009353471,0.0001325382,0.00002606935,0.0006113405,0.0004304964,0.0002176076,0.00001393163,0.000005433386],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004278078,0.00006622502,0.00005302336,0.00002694513,0.00006963332,0.0006624766,0.00004614821,0.0001325971,0.000002103672],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003718971,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005533813,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001165739,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003198471,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992326,0.00003249827,0.0003398736,0.00007828622,0.0001960677,0.0001207128],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986326,0.00002702338,0.0009905513,0.0001713248,0.0001158271,0.00006272134],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001142673,0.000145338,0.2889268,0.00001678604,0.0002621445,0.000002362518,0.0005206806,0.0001329838,0.005571867,0.05976643,0.0003981396,0.6441422],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005177837,0.0006094807,0.9418661,0.000190543,0.0001984939,0.00002151707,0.01595288,0.003441179,0.003203991,0.02134582,0.007607622,0.0003845505],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9970442,0.0000598234,0.0007672677,0.0004815202,0.0006650907,0.0001020235,0.00001461239,0.000002672165,0.0008627817],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990211,0.00004534364,0.0002473671,0.00002689053,0.0005576897,0.000003805556,0.000009192261,0.000008487547,0.00008016861],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6529393,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4701998,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3137038733","doi":"10.3847/2041-8213/abe4de","title":"First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Magnetic Field Structure near The Event Horizon","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal Letters","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":649,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; University of Toronto; Perimeter Institute; University of Waterloo; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; McGill University","funders":"Los Alamos National Laboratory; Fermilab; Office of International Science and Engineering; National Key Research and Development Program of China; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; National Nuclear Security Administration; Office of Science; Toray Science Foundation; East Asian Core Observatories Association; Institut Périmètre de physique théorique; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Research Foundation of Korea; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; Nuclear Safety and Security Commission; Generalitat Valenciana; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; China Scholarship Council; European Southern Observatory; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; John Templeton Foundation; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; National Science Foundation; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Academia Sinica; Junta de Andalucía; Universiteit van Amsterdam; Vetenskapsrådet; International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology; Smithsonian Institution; U.S. Department of Energy; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; National Radio Astronomy Observatory; Harvard University; Radboud Universiteit; National Research Foundation; University of Arizona; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Universiteit Leiden; Associated Universities; Space Telescope Science Institute; Compute Canada; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; University of Chicago; National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Government of Canada; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Flatiron Health","keywords":"Event horizon; Event (particle physics); Horizon; Physics; Telescope; Astronomy; Geology; Astrophysics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004592618931373581,"gpt":0.2036970200219965,"spread":0.1991044010906229,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000166204,0.0004078595,0.0003852344,0.00002494115,0.001282259,0.0006221134,0.000867656,0.00003986209,0.0002652926],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001523862,0.0002412137,0.0004941332,0.0003169928,0.0002417315,0.0001666254,0.0002939395,0.001435282,0.00009730471],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008395733,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000176119,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008001619,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003694356,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974234,0.0002541188,0.000553436,0.0004160574,0.000640627,0.000712363],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983125,0.0002293074,0.0003431271,0.0007831624,0.0001183998,0.0002134876],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008046054,0.00081329,0.0004238179,0.00002741488,0.0009962455,0.000219188,0.002175298,0.03571093,0.4456831,0.02082665,0.05923558,0.4330839],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.02931759,0.02556001,0.104347,0.002174407,0.004349407,0.0008400536,0.01362742,0.02717654,0.1161483,0.1431351,0.5235335,0.009790616],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9357725,0.0001159216,0.0293296,0.033392,0.0007115392,0.000230097,0.000097839,0.0000217139,0.0003288064],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9934227,0.000009830377,0.00100739,0.00133314,0.00394206,0.000014546,0.00002696202,0.00004790482,0.0001954522],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4642979,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9862232,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2152648017","doi":"10.1086/375301","title":"The Canadian Galactic Plane Survey","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astronomical Journal","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":607,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics; University of Toronto; University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Galactic plane; Telescope; Astrophysics; Radio telescope; Astronomy; Galactic astronomy; Galactic Center; Very-long-baseline interferometry; Interstellar medium; Radio spectrum; Galaxy; Milky Way","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01179683179799504,"gpt":0.2113643767293204,"spread":0.1995675449313253,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008474187,0.0001361947,0.000124106,0.00002038551,0.001383137,0.000362349,0.0004316963,0.00001594181,0.0003549042],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001407764,0.00007492313,0.00009911891,0.000069617,0.0001269204,0.00007339607,0.00002552648,0.000575131,0.0001972629],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00011688,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005536881,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01183235,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005635297,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987143,0.000290846,0.0002227177,0.0001109936,0.0001313413,0.000529842],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990453,0.0002175304,0.0001244791,0.0002584333,0.00004790913,0.0003063191],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001116635,0.000130003,0.699264,8.047576e-7,0.0006114442,0.000002182183,0.000285675,0.001866797,0.000137117,0.2219422,0.01957244,0.05607563],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001343408,0.0001377173,0.8001143,0.00001172917,0.00007900068,0.00003165003,0.0009921477,0.0004448917,0.0002438741,0.07750437,0.1185702,0.0005266512],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9734205,0.00006551071,0.003377136,0.001011716,0.0005796346,0.0001237192,0.00003405341,0.00000621775,0.02138152],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988897,0.000001079726,0.00009998303,0.0000432224,0.000500774,0.000004787276,0.000006948065,0.00001521135,0.0004382301],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1444378,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999169,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2056713841","doi":"10.1016/s0927-6505(02)00185-8","title":"BL Lac objects in the synchrotron proton blazar model","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Astroparticle Physics","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":578,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Blazar; Physics; Proton Synchrotron; Astrophysics; Neutrino; BL Lac object; Synchrotron radiation; Pion; Synchrotron; Proton; Nuclear physics; Gamma ray","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01346222999784383,"gpt":0.2323469966954823,"spread":0.2188847666976385,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001887284,0.0002346975,0.0002121956,0.00001939411,0.0001460222,0.00007406522,0.0002900017,0.00001849797,0.00003669206],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003808288,0.0001852837,0.000115516,0.0003380617,0.00007922282,0.0002266836,0.00004492049,0.0002728902,0.0001113732],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003423815,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009635944,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004718878,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001425671,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984874,0.00009357586,0.0002543127,0.0003147981,0.0002759345,0.0005740016],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992521,0.00003809643,0.0001002985,0.0004874292,0.00004193879,0.00008014376],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003939368,0.001478652,0.03316462,0.00001913186,0.00006972568,0.000004471011,0.003326601,0.05759655,0.01501962,0.8724234,0.0003592832,0.01649861],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002481189,0.0002880265,0.001845182,0.00004264575,0.00007963512,0.000001476946,0.003413246,0.1638658,0.08316722,0.743345,0.0006934002,0.000777197],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9451225,0.00001367118,0.03935626,0.0001083681,0.00004242775,0.0006147363,0.00001023723,0.00002725872,0.01470449],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982853,6.022341e-7,0.0009348946,0.0001233117,0.0002007012,0.0003147806,0.000008631031,0.00003009948,0.0001016942],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1290784,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7555649,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2077744352","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/201116464","title":"<i>Planck</i>early results. I. The<i>Planck</i>mission","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Astronomy and Astrophysics","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":525,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; University of Toronto","funders":"Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; China Scholarship Council; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Tekes; Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales; European Space Agency; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; UK Space Agency; Science Foundation Ireland","keywords":"Planck; Physics; Payload (computing); Satellite; Planck energy; Astrophysics; Sky; Planck's law; Astronomy; Planck scale; Computer science; Quantum mechanics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01241955115761272,"gpt":0.1937501941580839,"spread":0.1813306430004712,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001232178,0.0003996078,0.0003289299,0.00003877089,0.0004754285,0.0001059799,0.0004213109,0.00003987058,0.00012037],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001686424,0.0003028162,0.0001669373,0.0001850407,0.0002082391,0.0003418174,0.0002233889,0.0004224353,0.0001313108],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001519459,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006141894,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003102164,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.57831e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981719,0.00006165879,0.000409389,0.0005249255,0.0002138367,0.0006183021],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988118,0.00005018836,0.0002646851,0.0005852187,0.00006210959,0.0002259884],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003372932,0.0004356224,0.02966816,0.000008833724,0.0002865338,0.00000489858,0.002356055,0.00004629105,0.001218973,0.146095,0.001959952,0.8175824],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0114745,0.0026753,0.2240365,0.000288272,0.0007559304,0.00001503959,0.009342743,0.0004316183,0.01813273,0.283925,0.4447147,0.004207613],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7089676,0.0000816729,0.1583174,0.0002045405,0.000495901,0.0005412216,0.0003996275,0.0001263681,0.1308656],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9876241,0.00000141711,0.01079557,0.00007123841,0.0009386302,0.0000256129,0.00008662839,0.00004214843,0.0004146626],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8133748,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999424,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3048930571","doi":"10.1088/1361-6471/abbd48","title":"IceCube-Gen2: the window to the extreme Universe","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":519,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; Snolab","funders":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","keywords":"Neutrino; Cosmic ray; Universe; Particle acceleration; COSMIC cancer database; Cosmic neutrino background; Event (particle physics); Opacity","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02055388127315523,"gpt":0.2169345086498901,"spread":0.1963806273767348,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001574538,0.00016712,0.0002346922,0.000006931718,0.0003528978,0.0001572457,0.000301148,0.00001427737,0.00008373802],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004852768,0.0001057178,0.0002151887,0.0003361563,0.00007817271,0.0002549675,0.0002203351,0.0003117532,0.00005621892],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001984416,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009384974,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001757112,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.887467e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998915,0.00009356056,0.000261638,0.0001587807,0.0002882287,0.0002828213],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989475,0.00008896112,0.0002203365,0.0003456205,0.0002411369,0.0001564407],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001140212,0.0006690128,0.002713157,0.00001200077,0.0005580504,0.0000195739,0.007061542,0.006252622,0.04191298,0.6023694,0.00790735,0.3304103],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005554935,0.001083442,0.012937,0.0002269937,0.001374732,0.00004616115,0.03843173,0.02067132,0.07077691,0.6226366,0.224522,0.001738255],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9694756,0.000128706,0.02063399,0.004680546,0.0003823934,0.0001544524,0.00003373096,0.0000119847,0.004498661],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968524,0.00001270977,0.0002411367,0.000648328,0.00201696,0.000001725108,0.000001813643,0.00002778909,0.0001971287],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3286721,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4311045,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2496932746","doi":"10.3847/0004-637x/833/1/3","title":"OBSERVATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A COSMIC MUON NEUTRINO FLUX FROM THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE USING SIX YEARS OF ICECUBE DATA","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":510,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; University of Toronto","funders":"Marsden Fund; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; National Research Foundation of Korea; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Science and Technology Facilities Council; National Research Foundation; University of Oxford; National Science Foundation; Compute Canada; Western Canada Research Grid; Vlaamse regering; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Vetenskapsrådet; Villum Fonden","keywords":"Physics; Neutrino; Muon; Muon neutrino; Zenith; Flux (metallurgy); Cosmic ray; Neutrino detector; Neutrino astronomy; Astrophysics; Particle physics; Nuclear physics; Neutrino oscillation","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02328024496186829,"gpt":0.227249767645128,"spread":0.2039695226832597,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000975009,0.0001143733,0.00019988,0.000009104812,0.0001053641,0.00003590854,0.000495127,0.00001480944,0.00003639306],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004038739,0.00006161627,0.00006657091,0.00009825837,0.000139741,0.0002559788,0.0002064702,0.0001535899,0.000004052076],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000153766,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006724691,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001430902,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001401519,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991119,0.00008012977,0.0002849259,0.0001517793,0.0002129408,0.0001583337],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988669,0.0001218623,0.0004294954,0.0004405042,0.00009261558,0.0000486156],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005040412,0.00006784921,0.01291294,0.000001636866,0.00008937292,2.899779e-7,0.0001286389,0.00003254919,0.8461342,0.001130682,0.00001268043,0.1394387],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002445902,0.0002489546,0.9360668,0.0003577581,0.00038833,0.000004684927,0.0006760719,0.007252392,0.02922629,0.02251897,0.0004445854,0.000369259],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9635268,0.00001188103,0.03578272,0.0002411822,0.00005918908,0.00008560019,0.000271936,0.000003093399,0.00001760361],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987162,0.00000557726,0.0003956667,0.00002288826,0.0007712555,0.000001369359,0.00004964233,0.00001561605,0.00002172583],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9231539,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2512639,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1700467429","doi":"10.1088/0004-637x/809/1/98","title":"A COMBINED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD ANALYSIS OF THE HIGH-ENERGY ASTROPHYSICAL NEUTRINO FLUX MEASURED WITH ICECUBE","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":480,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University of Alberta","funders":"Office of Polar Programs; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; U.S. Department of Energy; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Vetenskapsrådet; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; National Research Foundation of Korea; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Marsden Fund; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; National Science Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Science and Technology Facilities Council; National Research Foundation; Western Canada Research Grid; Vlaamse regering; University of Oxford; Compute Canada; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","keywords":"Physics; Neutrino; Flux (metallurgy); Astrophysics; Muon; Spectral index; Zenith; Power law; Astroparticle physics; Particle physics; Nuclear physics; Astronomy; Spectral line; Statistics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00973259751961893,"gpt":0.2017384508083281,"spread":0.1920058532887092,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002363672,0.0004546978,0.0008660451,0.0001190016,0.0004061308,0.0001699249,0.001277676,0.00003983784,0.00007220365],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005688564,0.0002375501,0.0007910374,0.001664404,0.0004425369,0.0002241114,0.0003072681,0.0008134228,0.00002227166],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009408668,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000391191,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003294905,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004805773,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9967106,0.0003670896,0.0005802824,0.0003779203,0.001238212,0.0007259061],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973198,0.00009364483,0.0006879115,0.0009400392,0.0005169474,0.0004416669],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003667898,0.005639279,0.01756246,0.00001328672,0.02193926,0.00003598787,0.001884759,0.04682922,0.08207688,0.7063083,0.003773252,0.1102694],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01924885,0.006770307,0.3315123,0.000238914,0.01882731,0.00003597136,0.00534024,0.01954687,0.02182977,0.5726304,0.001369623,0.002649472],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8548797,0.00001594204,0.1428507,0.0007447013,0.0002404978,0.0001650198,0.00007182836,0.00002294126,0.001008627],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973918,7.31963e-7,0.001140137,0.000103663,0.0011092,0.00002336239,0.00002731792,0.00004951605,0.0001542844],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3139498,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9687012,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2040067310","doi":"10.1088/0004-637x/720/2/1066","title":"A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGN JET POWER AND RADIO POWER","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":472,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Perimeter Institute; University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Radio galaxy; Astrophysical jet; Scaling; Synchrotron; Relativistic particle; Jet (fluid); Electron; Galaxy cluster; Galaxy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01032226736465307,"gpt":0.2318710472215054,"spread":0.2215487798568523,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001839857,0.000217853,0.0002452792,0.00003701721,0.0005254862,0.0002122214,0.0003484687,0.00003253631,0.0002262179],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001121007,0.000140366,0.00017586,0.000136142,0.0002261662,0.0002192745,0.000115275,0.001403784,0.0001053664],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001241827,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000643263,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001171956,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.900809e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988091,0.00007745872,0.0002607303,0.0001964298,0.00027125,0.0003850176],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989662,0.0002188291,0.0001793936,0.0003183342,0.00006498064,0.0002523089],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000618016,0.0002544336,0.4902421,0.000002278852,0.0002305646,0.000007340979,0.0009926758,0.00003134549,0.02105561,0.4622139,0.002188924,0.02271901],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006908243,0.0001752698,0.8274413,0.000008949409,0.00007423442,0.00001470013,0.0002846552,0.00004079011,0.0001835269,0.1692799,0.001563838,0.0002420583],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9775334,0.00001064377,0.01856041,0.0008826897,0.0002297458,0.00009242659,0.00002417122,0.00001607089,0.002650465],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9963759,2.498181e-7,0.001557706,0.00005345169,0.001807803,0.000006049982,0.000005355929,0.00002795776,0.000165577],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3371992,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6098822,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3139022070","doi":"10.3847/2041-8213/abe71d","title":"First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VII. Polarization of the Ring","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal Letters","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":448,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; University of Toronto; Perimeter Institute; University of Waterloo; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; McGill University","funders":"Los Alamos National Laboratory; Office of International Science and Engineering; National Key Research and Development Program of China; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; National Nuclear Security Administration; Toray Science Foundation; East Asian Core Observatories Association; Institut Périmètre de physique théorique; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; UK Research and Innovation; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Research Foundation of Korea; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; Nuclear Safety and Security Commission; Generalitat Valenciana; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; National Science Foundation; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Academia Sinica; Vetenskapsrådet; International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology; Smithsonian Institution; U.S. Department of Energy; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; China Scholarship Council; European Southern Observatory; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; John Templeton Foundation; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; National Radio Astronomy Observatory; Harvard University; Radboud Universiteit; National Research Foundation; Universiteit van Amsterdam; Junta de Andalucía; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Space Telescope Science Institute; Associated Universities; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Universiteit Leiden; Compute Canada; National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Government of Canada; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Flatiron Health","keywords":"Physics; Event horizon; Astronomy; Telescope; Polarization (electrochemistry); Astrophysics; Optics; Horizon; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005932758642900878,"gpt":0.2015347544176631,"spread":0.1956019957747622,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001283466,0.0001817048,0.0002278195,0.00001989579,0.0004490233,0.00009899603,0.000493055,0.00001556525,0.0000308802],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001004856,0.00010861,0.0003320157,0.0002938353,0.0001269701,0.0001369866,0.0002097717,0.0005577631,0.00001835058],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004940057,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008622868,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003861359,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.1031e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985415,0.0001469117,0.0003975023,0.0001932288,0.0004022032,0.0003187025],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989207,0.00007173323,0.0003791987,0.0004413763,0.000105043,0.00008199669],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009578106,0.0002983887,0.001317678,0.000008521236,0.0002759924,0.000008029684,0.0004538104,0.01578799,0.9320289,0.02389523,0.001285151,0.02454456],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01280215,0.001474153,0.5327293,0.001738445,0.001452444,0.0001193915,0.004726554,0.01232145,0.3597934,0.0448246,0.02524016,0.002778007],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9273734,0.00001820189,0.06390299,0.007729999,0.0003379421,0.00009745091,0.00003870614,0.000007481182,0.000493798],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975348,0.0000020818,0.0007230479,0.000280541,0.001302511,0.000004014425,0.000008794554,0.00002247594,0.000121803],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5722355,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4428988,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3004708784","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.124.051103","title":"Time-Integrated Neutrino Source Searches with 10 Years of IceCube Data","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":442,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; Snolab","funders":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Office of Polar Programs; College of Engineering, Michigan State University; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Helmholtz Association; Chiba University; Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University; RWTH Aachen University; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Marsden Fund; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; National Science Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; University of Oxford; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Marquette University; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center; Australian Research Council; Western Canada Research Grid; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; University of Maryland; Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; National Research Foundation of Korea; Villum Fonden; Compute Canada; Vetenskapsrådet; U.S. Department of Energy; University of Wisconsin-Madison; National Research Foundation; Michigan State University; Carlsbergfondet","keywords":"Physics; Sky; Neutrino; Galaxy; Point source; Astrophysics; Neutrino astronomy; Population; Neutrino detector; Astronomy; Neutrino oscillation; Particle physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02856739173661463,"gpt":0.2645104466428974,"spread":0.2359430549062827,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006311314,0.0001795409,0.000468808,0.00001147608,0.00002838566,0.00001905493,0.0006039609,0.000003807698,0.0002364291],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005382186,0.000145368,0.0001101885,0.0003190026,0.0001262849,0.0001428434,0.0002223917,0.0002086026,0.0003558555],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008710022,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005090773,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003944619,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.807791e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988676,0.00006385032,0.0001972736,0.0003699561,0.0002563704,0.0002449295],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999059,0.00006733795,0.0001397101,0.0005467006,0.00004047188,0.0001467484],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003258376,0.001499815,0.00197097,0.002189666,0.001655471,0.00002218957,0.001483332,0.002102814,0.1203448,0.00443532,0.1548037,0.709166],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004665627,0.001627766,0.003292034,0.005538165,0.002073864,0.000002457749,0.000601332,0.1015353,0.006915437,0.0009727928,0.8694353,0.003339886],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9735028,0.001077035,0.01016253,0.01124826,0.00002175365,0.0007903159,0.0004028153,0.00008344458,0.002711014],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9947495,0.00005311265,0.0002910384,0.004117738,0.0003909577,0.00001630805,0.000299757,0.00003503352,0.00004651504],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7146316,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5927936,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W805782642","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/201732098","title":"The H.E.S.S. Galactic plane survey","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Astronomy and Astrophysics","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":440,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; University of Namibia; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; University of Adelaide; EGI Federation; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Science and Technology Facilities Council; National Research Foundation; Grantová Agentura České Republiky; Australian Research Council; Univerzita Karlova v Praze; Austrian Science Fund; National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"Galactic plane; Physics; Astrophysics; Sky; Astronomy; Cherenkov radiation; Angular resolution (graph drawing); Point source; Active galactic nucleus; Flux (metallurgy); Range (aeronautics); Galaxy; Optics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008828057465171938,"gpt":0.2101109142848923,"spread":0.2012828568197203,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001835996,0.0002631548,0.0002127971,0.00002078888,0.0008912103,0.0002107201,0.0002909049,0.00002068839,0.00009990479],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003499235,0.0001983827,0.00007708633,0.0001624386,0.0004087446,0.0001950571,0.0001621705,0.0002285058,0.0001780194],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001505378,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006797602,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002392603,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009117892,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986345,0.00008711752,0.0002401152,0.000343065,0.0001600747,0.0005351771],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990276,0.0001564394,0.0001522572,0.0004036605,0.0001058848,0.0001542076],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000865202,0.0001002105,0.03978777,0.000001948809,0.0001698053,4.073869e-7,0.0001290306,0.000009722383,0.0003909321,0.03807522,0.001327978,0.9199204],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002817274,0.001395726,0.3694654,0.00005082786,0.0001803502,0.000004124748,0.002167027,0.000773509,0.004928729,0.04966093,0.5669119,0.001644192],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6834232,0.00005777111,0.3034566,0.000171267,0.0004414025,0.0002534814,0.0001417349,0.00005098157,0.01200361],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9945166,0.000002442803,0.003506652,0.00003285674,0.001382723,0.00002200455,0.00007451438,0.00002881609,0.0004334207],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9182763,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8089809,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2042039095","doi":"10.1126/science.1224768","title":"Jet-Launching Structure Resolved Near the Supermassive Black Hole in M87","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":426,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Perimeter Institute; University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Astrophysics; Supermassive black hole; Accretion (finance); Schwarzschild radius; Active galactic nucleus; Astrophysical jet; Jet (fluid); Accretion disc; Black hole (networking); Astronomy; Spin-flip; Intermediate-mass black hole; Galaxy; Mechanics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008575938631356986,"gpt":0.2323762331512941,"spread":0.2238002945199371,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002240777,0.0001016379,0.00009014984,0.00002692122,0.0004037428,0.0001656764,0.0004549635,0.00001007023,0.00009167768],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000540464,0.00006508408,0.00003353932,0.0004368721,0.0006298977,0.0004385877,0.0001525348,0.0001980863,0.00004442283],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003311578,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001441863,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008532932,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003021178,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989868,0.00002290201,0.0001060242,0.0001847081,0.0002355162,0.0004640179],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995278,0.00002390746,0.00004691631,0.0002797146,0.00002995531,0.00009167965],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002007244,0.000247722,0.6171861,0.000007902343,0.00002722219,0.000001475141,0.03978571,0.006404238,0.1218628,0.1348345,0.0006288621,0.07899342],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00168861,0.0001286508,0.7586277,0.00008973583,0.00004149786,9.50102e-7,0.021295,0.04035359,0.03160919,0.1085538,0.03625686,0.001354444],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9940398,0.00003637576,0.0009045705,0.000181983,0.0001711192,0.00009819605,0.00001364921,0.00000710381,0.004547254],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992425,2.310893e-7,0.0002870527,0.000104007,0.0002920118,0.000004532458,0.000002725537,0.00000626448,0.00006066341],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1414416,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3105304,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2059001712","doi":"10.1088/0004-637x/702/2/1230","title":"A ROTATION MEASURE IMAGE OF THE SKY","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":422,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Astrophysics; Sky; Halo; Galactic plane; Galactic halo; Magnetic field; Scale height; Field (mathematics); Declination; Galaxy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005914726486006074,"gpt":0.2118028540883053,"spread":0.2058881276022992,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001119052,0.000133348,0.0001694788,0.00001455137,0.0002854923,0.0000664789,0.0004894419,0.00001114246,0.00005253804],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003960127,0.00006781138,0.0002779558,0.0001818196,0.000113052,0.0001365686,0.00004738849,0.0004327188,0.0000220656],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001875224,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007311148,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008330744,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.782789e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998979,0.00009911439,0.0002327977,0.0001014306,0.0003542814,0.0002333484],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992315,0.00002641328,0.0002629925,0.000288696,0.0001238976,0.00006651061],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001056408,0.0005459714,0.0007411625,0.000002126151,0.0001611829,0.000001463463,0.0007769212,0.0008626818,0.5264341,0.1570169,0.001556048,0.3117959],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002262456,0.000702467,0.2009673,0.0001330167,0.0002766896,0.00001808017,0.001717799,0.002339465,0.03448238,0.7560663,0.0005528631,0.0004811269],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9096754,0.00001337926,0.08421907,0.001936952,0.0001453157,0.0001387419,0.00001123738,0.000007983465,0.003851905],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978107,4.564773e-7,0.0009720515,0.00009222983,0.001019457,0.000002528956,0.00000118882,0.000009105256,0.000092327],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5990494,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2765268,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3102221314","doi":"","title":"The Motion of Point Particles in Curved Spacetime","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":405,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Point particle; Classical mechanics; Quantum field theory in curved spacetime; Spacetime; Equations of motion; Electric field; Field (mathematics); Quantum electrodynamics; Quantum mechanics; Quantum","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02754387881659293,"gpt":0.2266849159771711,"spread":0.1991410371605782,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002272098,0.0002021119,0.0007104901,0.00007859597,0.00009430054,0.000007988634,0.0004748873,0.00005839369,0.0004778738],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002582084,0.000181151,0.0004060738,0.0001949814,0.0001986533,0.00008063082,0.0002604715,0.0002384664,0.0001301641],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003750687,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009716742,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009622681,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001734736,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990268,0.0001120001,0.0002637763,0.0002543551,0.0001195882,0.0002235128],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99883,0.00005771934,0.0005671028,0.0004357538,0.00005139232,0.00005802121],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001287608,0.0001462637,0.0007111177,0.0003186147,0.0001597011,8.087134e-7,0.001210678,0.000002926695,0.00000267849,0.0149941,0.00002921433,0.982411],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002698383,0.0002127134,0.005965153,0.008770551,0.001303733,0.000001416029,0.022062,0.0002947698,0.000101742,0.07340225,0.8834363,0.001750958],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.07073463,0.8370904,0.03085924,0.000139856,0.0006279332,0.004042518,0.0007304347,0.00009489318,0.05568011],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.364482,0.6326877,0.0007814472,0.000002713488,0.0001255408,0.000007162079,0.0001023066,0.00006564966,0.001745407],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9806601,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7387124,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3098322373","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.104.022002","title":"IceCube high-energy starting event sample: Description and flux characterization with 7.5 years of data","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. D/Physical review. D.","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":373,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; Snolab","funders":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Office of Polar Programs; College of Engineering, Michigan State University; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University; RWTH Aachen University; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Carlsbergfondet; Marsden Fund; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; National Science Foundation; UK Research and Innovation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; University of Oxford; Marquette University; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center; Australian Research Council; Western Canada Research Grid; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; University of Maryland; Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; National Research Foundation of Korea; Villum Fonden; Chiba University; Royal Society; Compute Canada; Vetenskapsrådet; U.S. Department of Energy; University of Wisconsin-Madison; National Research Foundation; Michigan State University","keywords":"Characterization (materials science); Event (particle physics); Sample (material); Flux (metallurgy); Environmental science; Computer science; Astrophysics; Physics; Materials science; Optics; Thermodynamics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02067412475901566,"gpt":0.3497726521836927,"spread":0.3290985274246771,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001982035,0.0003798038,0.00120327,0.00002437197,0.00009239498,0.00005235676,0.0004194769,0.00001699669,0.00005762665],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006638724,0.0003300093,0.0002196463,0.0006011784,0.000108027,0.0006096639,0.0004472852,0.0002603218,0.00002815665],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003206804,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001486096,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001138158,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002282871,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997434,0.0002188168,0.000615897,0.0007954951,0.0005282285,0.0004076181],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976738,0.0001920058,0.0005683899,0.001102333,0.0002469275,0.0002165055],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002917573,0.001718565,0.00284265,0.002988354,0.0003340677,0.000006635431,0.00008897276,0.000008114766,0.1108452,0.1939044,0.00083784,0.6863959],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004115777,0.001843028,0.05243671,0.0563588,0.006835593,0.00001095894,0.0002311825,0.01705554,0.0402979,0.690036,0.1258379,0.004940622],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9624135,0.007580014,0.02723048,0.0006907333,0.00007668956,0.0006102352,0.0007630221,0.00004133418,0.0005939697],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9849187,0.009632967,0.0008125981,0.0007389181,0.0006974128,0.00008952864,0.003012677,0.00005494436,0.00004222306],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6814553,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999152,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1931086765","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.115.081102","title":"Evidence for Astrophysical Muon Neutrinos from the Northern Sky with IceCube","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":359,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University of Alberta","funders":"Office of Polar Programs; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; U.S. Department of Energy; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Vetenskapsrådet; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; National Research Foundation of Korea; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Marsden Fund; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; National Science Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas; National Research Foundation; Western Canada Research Grid; University of Oxford; Vlaamse regering; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Center of Educational Studies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Overseas Shipholding Group; Compute Canada; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","keywords":"Physics; Neutrino; Muon; Sky; Astronomy; Neutrino astronomy; Particle physics; Nuclear physics; Neutrino detector; Astrophysics; Neutrino oscillation","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04221989523405673,"gpt":0.2850082494115088,"spread":0.242788354177452,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001147152,0.000319894,0.0004962636,0.00000849613,0.0001238487,0.00007047177,0.0005334263,0.000005771431,0.00001453686],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001416894,0.0001920768,0.0003024028,0.0002023543,0.0001361012,0.0002357711,0.0001007324,0.0002592502,0.0001563408],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004929039,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009757327,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002689369,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003971683,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983815,0.00009440778,0.0002435361,0.0004649406,0.0003903997,0.0004252068],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984081,0.0004588763,0.0001914971,0.0006096689,0.000125211,0.0002066467],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001644692,0.004199747,0.07633697,0.001024408,0.002922071,0.00002768351,0.004294406,0.008037491,0.04201361,0.08425517,0.1164579,0.6587859],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.03430317,0.01042418,0.108987,0.04947036,0.0152252,0.00001209949,0.003876837,0.05672013,0.01025494,0.2021926,0.4915231,0.01701034],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9357859,0.002015822,0.04699788,0.01308647,0.0001360268,0.001397255,0.0001143602,0.00005269096,0.0004135614],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9901673,0.00003777302,0.0005204554,0.006369836,0.002400286,0.0003851323,0.00006045178,0.00004389879,0.00001482697],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6417755,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7832664,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4281555333","doi":"10.3847/2041-8213/ac6675","title":"First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. EHT and Multiwavelength Observations, Data Processing, and Calibration","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal Letters","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":359,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; University of Toronto; Perimeter Institute; University of Waterloo; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; McGill University","funders":"Army Research Office; National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Institut Périmètre de physique théorique; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Junta de Andalucía; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Office of Science; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; National Key Research and Development Program of China; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; European Southern Observatory; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Universitat de València; Generalitat Valenciana; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; University of Chicago; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Smithsonian Institution; U.S. Department of Energy; John Templeton Foundation; National Radio Astronomy Observatory; National Natural Science Foundation of China; China Scholarship Council; Compute Canada; Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science; University of Arizona; International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Netherlands eScience Center; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; National Science Foundation; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; East Asian Core Observatories Association; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Academia Sinica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; European Commission; Flatiron Health","keywords":"Telescope; Sagittarius; Calibration; Event (particle physics); Astronomy; Physics; Horizon; Sagittarius A*; Event horizon; Astrophysics; Remote sensing; Geology; Galactic Center; Milky Way; Stars","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01988936008844229,"gpt":0.2290026882668985,"spread":0.2091133281784562,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002465035,0.000209469,0.0002112084,0.00003556784,0.001979273,0.0002286091,0.0005341942,0.00001029849,0.00001691185],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006618287,0.0001588252,0.00005335519,0.0001655806,0.0001360665,0.0004744498,0.0009022371,0.00066975,0.000001455966],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004742314,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006975247,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009983827,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001337809,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984885,0.0001226871,0.0003470849,0.0003568757,0.0003691052,0.0003157118],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990588,0.00006310373,0.0003055319,0.0004117033,0.00003367038,0.0001271225],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001062171,0.001322649,0.004984481,0.00005209961,0.0007413277,0.00004842934,0.006229077,0.02186876,0.1693828,0.02220566,0.04307949,0.7290231],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01526547,0.004652537,0.1773839,0.0003565923,0.001120923,0.0002081352,0.01009917,0.6128842,0.0009310655,0.0217116,0.1519383,0.003448127],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9540568,0.00008084415,0.03090687,0.01431322,0.0001185237,0.0001993996,0.0002725125,0.00001749859,0.00003434738],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957194,0.000008084041,0.002603629,0.0005049886,0.000889514,0.00002243174,0.0001550884,0.00002622934,0.00007063404],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.725575,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99932,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2599910184","doi":"10.1088/1475-7516/2017/04/038","title":"Combined fit of spectrum and composition data as measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":353,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso; Nuclear Physics; FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Universidad de Granada; Universität Hamburg; Universidade de Lisboa; Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii; Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo; European Regional Development Fund; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Università di Catania; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca; Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; York University; Radboud Universiteit; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Grantová Agentura České Republiky; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; Comunidad de Madrid; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Strong; Case Western Reserve University; Xunta de Galicia; Ohio State University; Michigan Technological University; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Colorado School of Mines; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie; Instituto Superior Técnico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS; Universität Siegen; Universitatea din București; Institut \"Jožef Stefan\"; Colorado State University; Louisiana State University; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II; Gran Sasso Science Institute; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; Agence Nationale de la Recherche","keywords":"Physics; Pierre Auger Observatory; Auger; Spectral line; Astrophysics; Rigidity (electromagnetism); Energy spectrum; Observatory; Atomic physics; Astronomy; Quantum mechanics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03639795260033429,"gpt":0.272272987628114,"spread":0.2358750350277797,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002279535,0.0001202813,0.0002833767,0.000009384476,0.0003160679,0.00005940201,0.0004268262,0.0000194995,0.00001169341],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006596636,0.00008880386,0.00005010213,0.00002886602,0.0003753353,0.0003487496,0.000221999,0.0002186323,0.000001783954],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000006098991,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005191504,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004115334,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.535288e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992069,0.00005557996,0.000280417,0.0001343586,0.0001474659,0.0001752553],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987073,0.00005827186,0.0006108411,0.0004572058,0.00008232726,0.00008408668],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001262201,0.001628817,0.5241718,0.00003968535,0.001246291,0.00001630786,0.0008392978,0.0001805247,0.1925572,0.1238411,0.006251237,0.1479655],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006779063,0.001844858,0.3045151,0.0001480866,0.0006579529,0.00003927547,0.0008110905,0.004681861,0.07491983,0.6041545,0.0009343837,0.0005140662],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9929181,0.0001789854,0.00552504,0.00101039,0.0001010847,0.0000680885,0.00004807577,0.000002254948,0.0001479619],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994822,0.00001052853,0.0001790321,0.00006128297,0.0002267007,0.000001370277,0.000007124619,0.00000902696,0.00002274396],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4803134,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3621317,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2034876749","doi":"10.1126/science.1200083","title":"Discovery of Powerful Gamma-Ray Flares from the Crab Nebula","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":349,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Crab Nebula; Pulsar; Nebula; Astrophysics; Luminosity; Supernova remnant; Astronomy; Flux (metallurgy); Flare; Pulsar wind nebula; Particle acceleration; Emission nebula; Observatory; Gamma ray; Vela; Supernova; Acceleration; Stars; Galaxy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01222830837008571,"gpt":0.2115232019382765,"spread":0.1992948935681908,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001175401,0.00007726459,0.00008854551,0.00001531683,0.0001214793,0.00004911761,0.0006139737,0.000005790845,0.0001382099],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003538865,0.00004844724,0.00005144531,0.000222388,0.0004822967,0.0003266463,0.0001487758,0.00006689624,0.0000413824],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007731418,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001161624,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006168282,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001811192,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992703,0.00001196647,0.000112068,0.000196483,0.000210174,0.0001989706],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994586,0.00002768348,0.00008116849,0.0003516451,0.00004445308,0.00003642013],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006515272,0.0005622456,0.2772863,0.000005092035,0.00009937409,0.000002333464,0.01430319,0.00008946689,0.2915733,0.3438605,0.001386118,0.07076695],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004505311,0.0001389524,0.5469099,0.00004934259,0.00003844794,1.481153e-7,0.00556242,0.0005012293,0.1125642,0.3313864,0.00199536,0.000403184],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9631054,0.0000357321,0.01049794,0.0000509036,0.0001759466,0.000058231,0.00004826286,0.000005757832,0.02602186],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991494,6.740877e-7,0.0004137979,0.00005436957,0.0001232352,0.0000026507,0.000002510862,0.000004342065,0.0002490448],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2696236,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1975621,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2130478293","doi":"10.1126/science.1113764","title":"Discovery of Very High Energy Gamma Rays Associated with an X-ray Binary","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":345,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Institute of Particle Physics","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Astrophysics; Active galactic nucleus; Gamma ray; Neutron star; Black hole (networking); High energy; Pulsar; Astronomy; Binary number; Galaxy; Atomic physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005447527857973184,"gpt":0.199878201139425,"spread":0.1944306732814518,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001243428,0.0001041244,0.000134369,0.0000515984,0.0001369108,0.00005778435,0.000344107,0.000007978675,0.00002690307],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001928027,0.0000815146,0.00003195703,0.0004369367,0.0003507129,0.0008812728,0.00007154154,0.00005664474,0.000004562985],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003736856,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002166696,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001347267,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004571067,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990373,0.00001648694,0.0001221676,0.0002565324,0.0002928392,0.0002747222],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994692,0.00001746757,0.0001147624,0.000259026,0.0000703005,0.00006926381],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000149272,0.002269113,0.03414251,0.000006380238,0.0001355257,0.000005976922,0.000924637,0.01291228,0.2707242,0.5542286,0.0002737229,0.1242277],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005640519,0.004423474,0.5561388,0.0003596757,0.0001903586,0.000001734288,0.003447698,0.03491464,0.2370294,0.1520486,0.003004094,0.00280092],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9873435,0.00001068984,0.008845549,0.00004279228,0.00005619448,0.00003292249,0.00002816828,0.00001268707,0.003627477],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987976,6.422068e-7,0.0005006904,0.00004137081,0.0001455608,0.0000059715,0.00001607267,0.0000082389,0.0004838735],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5219963,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3324069,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1997702548","doi":"10.1093/mnras/stt753","title":"A simulation-calibrated limit on the H i power spectrum from the GMRT Epoch of Reionization experiment","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":333,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; McGill University; University of Toronto","funders":"Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Ontario Innovation Trust; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Reionization; Physics; Limit (mathematics); Redshift; Astrophysics; Spectral density; Singular value decomposition; Dark Ages; Lyman limit; Measure (data warehouse); Spectral line; Galaxy; Astronomy; Algorithm; Intergalactic medium; Statistics; Mathematical analysis","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008149632549440641,"gpt":0.1961153096144156,"spread":0.1879656770649749,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009416851,0.0001818327,0.0002141827,0.000004300011,0.0002076967,0.00006200288,0.0005629336,0.00003582332,0.0007467989],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008143568,0.00009246954,0.0003516695,0.00009753743,0.0001866834,0.00008246525,0.0002108462,0.0002051819,0.00002889765],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004187867,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003962852,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001260146,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001612234,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988945,0.00009511843,0.000349135,0.0002169903,0.0002214929,0.000222729],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985908,0.0004505184,0.0003522835,0.0005064947,0.00005443634,0.00004550803],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002061146,0.0001906232,0.0149181,0.000001181763,0.0001921421,3.609734e-9,0.0007066632,0.9790689,0.0001544972,0.003333415,0.001122984,0.0002908645],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003768748,0.00008057737,0.1007633,0.00002938608,0.0000545304,2.565662e-10,0.001836211,0.8893271,0.003572293,0.003607495,0.0002105013,0.0001417916],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9948192,0.00002157196,0.001025798,0.002363996,0.0001168168,0.000422137,0.00006995864,0.000009204433,0.001151284],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999173,2.368946e-8,0.000297463,0.0001182549,0.0002190643,0.00003446524,0.00002074461,0.00001840131,0.0001185424],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08974183,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8176925,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2130343731","doi":"10.1016/j.astropartphys.2012.01.004","title":"The design and performance of IceCube DeepCore","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Astroparticle Physics","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":325,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Marsden Fund; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Vetenskapsrådet; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Office of Polar Programs; Vlaamse regering; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; University of Oxford; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; U.S. Department of Energy; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Physics; Neutrino; Neutrino detector; WIMP; Neutrino astronomy; Air shower; Cosmic ray; Muon; Observatory; Supernova; Dark matter; Photomultiplier; Astronomy; Astroparticle physics; Pierre Auger Observatory; Astrophysics; Neutrino oscillation; Detector; Particle physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0144987703229588,"gpt":0.2146135360837869,"spread":0.2001147657608282,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001380814,0.0001104835,0.0001173544,0.000005173673,0.0001905813,0.00002149787,0.0001184895,0.000007584287,0.000009584855],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001379172,0.00008004913,0.0000409223,0.0001036277,0.0001294121,0.0002181117,0.00007415496,0.00008281369,0.00002022739],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000006711779,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000186553,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001056123,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.489921e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992434,0.00002764132,0.0001542188,0.00009625248,0.0001208621,0.0003576095],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994766,0.00007991042,0.00009670454,0.0002137448,0.00004016851,0.00009291866],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009337757,0.0002894876,0.3871094,0.000009562214,0.0001074709,6.708709e-8,0.0007904371,0.0009685123,0.0163807,0.2134697,0.0001840842,0.3805972],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00260549,0.001266964,0.2612006,0.00006667538,0.0003090966,0.000002575396,0.00301209,0.1304632,0.5107058,0.08739049,0.001841413,0.001135623],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9393898,0.00007193158,0.05972555,0.00002572065,0.0000580722,0.0001068745,0.0000032882,0.000009901021,0.000608849],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977086,0.00000411957,0.001901642,0.00001218025,0.0003008165,0.0000225415,0.000001648594,0.00001361032,0.00003480852],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4943251,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3264309,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2523731583","doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/151","title":"All-sky Search for Time-integrated Neutrino Emission from Astrophysical Sources with 7 yr of IceCube Data","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":320,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; University of Toronto","funders":"Office of Polar Programs; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Villum Fonden; National Research Foundation of Korea; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Marsden Fund; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; National Science Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Science and Technology Facilities Council; National Research Foundation; Western Canada Research Grid; University of Oxford; Vlaamse regering; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Compute Canada; Vetenskapsrådet; U.S. Department of Energy; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","keywords":"Physics; Neutrino; Sky; Angular resolution (graph drawing); Astrophysics; Neutrino detector; Point source; Flux (metallurgy); Muon neutrino; Astronomy; Muon; Neutrino astronomy; Event (particle physics); Astroparticle physics; Event reconstruction; Detector; Particle physics; Neutrino oscillation","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02556542421195019,"gpt":0.2753443604477234,"spread":0.2497789362357732,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002240269,0.0003886162,0.0006214982,0.00003765565,0.00101908,0.0004773033,0.002877745,0.00004126039,0.0001245935],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008420407,0.0002308355,0.0002731777,0.00008922064,0.0005015745,0.0005329509,0.0007104086,0.0008198774,0.00004911286],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003229382,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002509218,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004173294,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.13044e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976661,0.0001274454,0.0004420188,0.0005039496,0.0006117213,0.0006487318],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9967186,0.0002035393,0.0006694658,0.00182044,0.0002791612,0.0003087381],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.004028191,0.00245803,0.007786403,0.00002526403,0.0029535,0.00002252655,0.0008425327,0.002105136,0.6937283,0.01938577,0.005643464,0.2610209],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.03962837,0.01212196,0.2159669,0.002149021,0.005638343,0.00006264425,0.008342878,0.2484209,0.3240264,0.1121444,0.02563638,0.005861881],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8934648,0.00001330609,0.1041225,0.0007701706,0.0001030373,0.0002899998,0.0007689848,0.00001717725,0.0004500112],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9903173,0.000002358935,0.006202925,0.00003538527,0.002845432,0.00001389637,0.0002541353,0.00006030492,0.000268209],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3697019,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9413198,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1990071130","doi":"10.1126/science.aaa3350","title":"Multiple images of a highly magnified supernova formed by an early-type cluster galaxy lens","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":310,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Institute of Particle Physics","funders":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Physics; Astrophysics; Supernova; Galaxy; Galaxy cluster; Astronomy; Gravitational lens; Redshift; Cluster (spacecraft); Spiral galaxy; Brightest cluster galaxy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01927872077908322,"gpt":0.2453855575721341,"spread":0.2261068367930509,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002116125,0.0001130492,0.0001401283,0.00004502897,0.00009400328,0.00006461615,0.0004256598,0.00001237092,0.0000246209],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009770452,0.00009673496,0.00003430895,0.0003582593,0.0003435954,0.0007078078,0.0001185626,0.00007765308,0.00003954641],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002462254,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00021124,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000350124,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002086245,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988857,0.0000146697,0.0001575206,0.0002802507,0.0003249976,0.0003368672],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992007,0.00001551424,0.00007514537,0.0003102115,0.0002317359,0.0001666825],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001358946,0.0005437311,0.3339456,0.00001195071,0.00002933698,9.524473e-7,0.002949655,0.0001945403,0.6281762,0.007510341,0.003695779,0.02280603],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008317878,0.003317883,0.2505004,0.00008106281,0.0000901196,0.000002020829,0.007070674,0.01309869,0.6190675,0.08758637,0.008774761,0.002092738],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9880277,0.00001442002,0.003480323,0.00006321568,0.0001562705,0.0001155451,0.00004611542,0.00001580512,0.008080613],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979585,4.027758e-7,0.001218514,0.00003669611,0.00008910899,0.000005847639,0.00001293524,0.0000095974,0.0006684404],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08344523,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3944737,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2873976311","doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/aad59a","title":"A Multimessenger Picture of the Flaring Blazar TXS 0506+056: Implications for High-energy Neutrino Emission and Cosmic-Ray Acceleration","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":309,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Blazar; Neutrino; Cosmic ray; Astrophysics; COSMIC cancer database; Astroparticle physics; Neutrino detector; Gamma ray; Nuclear physics; Neutrino oscillation","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009921930287623481,"gpt":0.2333763453916099,"spread":0.2234544151039864,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008494432,0.0001823783,0.0002170508,0.00002385898,0.0007259072,0.0001029626,0.0003868947,0.00002857991,0.00001993],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000394144,0.0001021972,0.00016142,0.000143743,0.0001947044,0.0001459992,0.0001562821,0.000281614,0.000002190578],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002355681,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007017518,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002252049,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.413932e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990315,0.00006805638,0.0002824111,0.0001923384,0.0001515153,0.0002741303],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989669,0.00008017265,0.0003066153,0.0003355475,0.0002103552,0.0001004287],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001137908,0.0002317513,0.001044833,0.000005882501,0.0001694629,1.061003e-7,0.0003850677,0.0003249327,0.688527,0.2331985,0.0009872676,0.07501138],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003691046,0.0008616209,0.1566381,0.0001616651,0.0004402311,0.00001198254,0.00071346,0.009529362,0.1344711,0.6906561,0.002151912,0.0006733594],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7894569,0.00001644328,0.2085462,0.001407976,0.00015431,0.0001822605,0.00003943693,0.000008569688,0.0001878686],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9958665,0.000002883551,0.001474786,0.00009456922,0.002300235,0.00002447542,0.000008938296,0.00002276223,0.00020484],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5540559,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5583164,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4210997258","doi":"10.1007/s11214-005-3824-3","title":"The Foreshock","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Space Science Reviews","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":305,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of New Brunswick","funders":"","keywords":"Foreshock; Geophysics; Geology; Physics; Astrobiology; Seismology; Aftershock","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01271519294980811,"gpt":0.271277107022538,"spread":0.2585619140727299,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005781402,0.00008936385,0.0001153129,0.00001586989,0.0005745477,0.000125766,0.0004976103,0.000004085162,0.00008029281],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007559048,0.00004948482,0.00008015632,0.0003623829,0.0002799417,0.0002200297,0.0000925686,0.00008257416,0.0006401708],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002904991,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000092748,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001145932,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002874696,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991289,0.00001690373,0.0001466293,0.0001870332,0.0001821847,0.0003383348],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994001,0.00001645057,0.00009203733,0.0003689167,0.00003444899,0.00008802697],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[5.805666e-7,0.0000129747,0.0004937267,0.000001035036,0.000001879554,2.036841e-8,0.00006881682,0.00001332844,0.001129488,0.2234911,0.004230644,0.7705564],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004885711,0.00001017987,0.0002196976,0.00001074911,0.000003943631,1.26342e-7,0.00009615424,0.0004770479,0.0006209319,0.01083794,0.9875939,0.00008046129],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.06773142,0.01582984,0.0497971,0.01447282,0.0008827672,0.001728556,0.00001218378,0.00007576207,0.8494695],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9928133,0.0003198051,0.002113451,0.0001399679,0.0006340572,0.00004629675,7.117449e-7,0.000006580077,0.003925771],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9833633,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8228314,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4382520426","doi":"10.1126/science.adc9818","title":"Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":298,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; Queen's University","funders":"Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Office of Polar Programs; College of Engineering, Michigan State University; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University; RWTH Aachen University; Chiba University; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Villum Fonden; National Research Foundation of Korea; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Marsden Fund; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; National Science Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Michigan State University; National Research Foundation; Western Canada Research Grid; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; University of Oxford; Compute Canada; Marquette University; University of Wisconsin-Madison; U.S. Department of Energy; Vetenskapsrådet","keywords":"Galactic plane; Neutrino; Astronomy; Astrophysics; Physics; Energy (signal processing); Stars; Nuclear physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01651863399867598,"gpt":0.2193103452873658,"spread":0.2027917112886898,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009372626,0.00004731931,0.0000610655,0.00001964095,0.0001274853,0.00002811604,0.0003089192,0.000004398823,0.00004163595],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002492856,0.00003285448,0.00002062188,0.0006019627,0.0001364464,0.0001316075,0.00007797767,0.00003866705,0.00003665256],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007587638,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007483212,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001375633,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002560456,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994333,0.000009364369,0.00008533547,0.0001388476,0.0001903637,0.0001427377],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995991,0.00006280113,0.00006585173,0.0002078982,0.00003688057,0.00002749738],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001071528,0.00006021436,0.07450091,0.000001864136,0.00002013486,5.461168e-7,0.0004758224,0.0007333092,0.0569578,0.7833216,0.001019652,0.08289743],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000203187,0.00003120834,0.7334424,0.00001125516,0.000009732397,3.576769e-8,0.0004389281,0.002255729,0.01844845,0.2437137,0.001342167,0.0001031789],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9945434,0.000005819773,0.003346154,0.0002779373,0.000171433,0.00003066738,0.00003139146,0.00001407992,0.001579142],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995021,0.000001075812,0.00006848412,0.0000468816,0.0001534467,0.000005905721,0.00002158655,0.000003046143,0.0001975224],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6589414,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2079554,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2034586306","doi":"10.1088/0004-637x/738/2/192","title":"DERIVING THE GLOBAL STRUCTURE OF THE GALACTIC MAGNETIC FIELD FROM FARADAY ROTATION MEASURES OF EXTRAGALACTIC SOURCES","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":296,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Sky; Astrophysics; Galactic plane; Halo; Spiral galaxy; Faraday effect; Galactic halo; Disc; Astronomy; Magnetic field; Field (mathematics); Rotation (mathematics); Spiral (railway); Galaxy; Galaxy formation and evolution; Geometry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01238340558808406,"gpt":0.202923439207517,"spread":0.1905400336194329,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007996216,0.0001791049,0.0002313346,0.00001121462,0.0002798389,0.00004998925,0.0007377263,0.00002302904,0.0002490666],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001416308,0.00008406831,0.0002610311,0.0001790011,0.0002198262,0.0001173365,0.0001187319,0.0004705122,0.000003276784],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002225444,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009034252,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004442059,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005138339,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998657,0.0002189047,0.0003344326,0.0001328058,0.0004158753,0.0002409682],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987855,0.000148921,0.0005052789,0.0003954269,0.0001063064,0.00005857072],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006177604,0.0008087821,0.2132131,0.00002151983,0.001217033,0.000003037668,0.009976629,0.00188227,0.3967776,0.05623583,0.0002730772,0.3189733],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007019672,0.0004461503,0.6643354,0.00009053174,0.0004622369,0.000009169324,0.003229589,0.0008401086,0.03580958,0.2937962,0.00004342194,0.0002356252],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9675341,0.00007912315,0.03125786,0.000238761,0.0001969222,0.0001255875,0.00003220151,0.000004182984,0.0005312403],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987935,0.000001538478,0.0005971084,0.00004552207,0.0005336777,0.000002602975,0.000001075399,0.00001206173,0.000012931],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4511223,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3428206,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2056832236","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.91.022001","title":"Atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos above 1 TeV interacting in IceCube","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":292,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University of Alberta","funders":"Office of Polar Programs; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; National Research Foundation of Korea; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Marsden Fund; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; National Science Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas; National Research Foundation; Australian Research Council; Western Canada Research Grid; Vlaamse regering; University of Oxford; U.S. Department of Energy; Vetenskapsrådet; Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; Compute Canada; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","keywords":"Physics; Neutrino; Astronomy; Particle physics; Astrophysics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01957383585032682,"gpt":0.3156138902691702,"spread":0.2960400544188435,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005960563,0.0007674225,0.001745038,0.00006092618,0.0003222173,0.0001377854,0.0003813661,0.0001366643,0.000002254095],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003229885,0.0007166768,0.0003165022,0.0007648941,0.0005557046,0.0005202693,0.0002595737,0.0009417304,0.00007766396],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006193419,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001767471,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000517322,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005471389,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9951585,0.0007990168,0.001292857,0.001251203,0.0004502473,0.001048184],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9964788,0.001108505,0.0006371348,0.0006345586,0.0004315581,0.0007094219],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000403823,0.002961972,0.1672148,0.0016958,0.0004374699,0.00005476916,0.004343052,0.0001346812,0.005418072,0.6215743,0.005369377,0.1903919],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001661056,0.0008928315,0.008583948,0.0007776002,0.0004418429,0.0000204742,0.0007856812,0.000421947,0.0003726313,0.9833969,0.001893773,0.0007513295],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9824662,0.01062596,0.001618747,0.003757538,0.0002233048,0.001168062,0.00004227276,0.00006332358,0.00003465685],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9911199,0.003486507,0.000932535,0.003231619,0.0005675354,0.0004759465,0.0001053884,0.00006200567,0.00001859563],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3618226,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995284,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2161023838","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/201116474","title":"<i>Planck</i>early results. VII. The Early Release Compact Source Catalogue","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Astronomy and Astrophysics","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":288,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; University of Toronto","funders":"Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; China Scholarship Council; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Tekes; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; UK Space Agency; Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales; California Institute of Technology; Science Foundation Ireland","keywords":"Physics; Astrophysics; Planck; Astronomy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01131641336617044,"gpt":0.1870033015544928,"spread":0.1756868881883224,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001160304,0.0004521063,0.0003852434,0.00004274679,0.0005201014,0.0001517734,0.0005007365,0.00004115949,0.0000606921],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001955304,0.0003547624,0.0002085763,0.0002034413,0.0003087876,0.0003919577,0.0001814915,0.0005186967,0.0001703213],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002180676,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007338411,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002558231,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002958646,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980071,0.00008095897,0.0004318714,0.0005533142,0.0002252162,0.0007015114],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985726,0.00006547861,0.0003099067,0.0007065373,0.00007213526,0.0002733802],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007185577,0.0009239917,0.06451894,0.00001497731,0.0007613137,0.000009347338,0.007411122,0.000295147,0.0009231085,0.08179144,0.00273928,0.8398928],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01286706,0.003694961,0.5871028,0.0002681699,0.001081509,0.00001507241,0.01129864,0.0007597649,0.01240523,0.07483597,0.2908607,0.004810163],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8523221,0.00003536278,0.1300952,0.0001116312,0.0001716279,0.0003331856,0.0005037601,0.00007385552,0.01635329],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9951676,0.000001220805,0.003235853,0.00006601324,0.0008408686,0.00002657595,0.0002099557,0.00005451968,0.0003973999],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8350826,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998904,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2120971141","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/9/03/p03009","title":"Energy reconstruction methods in the IceCube neutrino telescope","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Instrumentation","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":281,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; University of Toronto","funders":"Office of Polar Programs; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Marsden Fund; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; U.S. Department of Energy; Vetenskapsrådet; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; National Research Foundation of Korea; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; National Science Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Science and Technology Facilities Council; National Research Foundation; Vlaamse regering; University of Oxford; Compute Canada; Western Canada Research Grid; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","keywords":"Physics; Cherenkov radiation; Neutrino; Muon; Neutrino detector; Nuclear physics; Particle physics; Measurements of neutrino speed; Neutrino astronomy; Neutrino oscillation; Muon neutrino; Detector; Solar neutrino; Optics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01074975429888754,"gpt":0.2793603068200092,"spread":0.2686105525211217,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004189856,0.00007245598,0.0001250078,0.00007715837,0.00004983324,0.00004628112,0.0001382946,0.00001277378,0.00004135112],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001780207,0.00005105531,0.00007093375,0.0001493883,0.00002099354,0.0002599962,0.00001079359,0.0001341926,0.000001997146],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002919689,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003177508,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006799654,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001713652,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991708,0.0002007343,0.0003353714,0.00006519385,0.0001288784,0.0000990011],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994124,0.00005831731,0.0003706923,0.00008345446,0.00004916453,0.00002601615],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001523824,0.00004412232,0.004508473,0.000001379926,0.000017653,2.126291e-7,0.0002025165,0.00009954037,0.005031691,0.02978916,0.00005188547,0.9602382],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007315379,0.00145545,0.05549041,0.0002359266,0.0002095182,0.0001313745,0.01560495,0.00911519,0.08832586,0.7961901,0.02520485,0.0007209181],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.719964,0.00001328764,0.2675549,0.0001910602,0.0003357974,0.00004012955,0.000001057851,0.000001974383,0.01189774],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.986237,0.000005827848,0.01313542,0.0001254959,0.0004710944,0.000003715683,0.000002835707,0.000005342149,0.00001320609],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9595172,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2081975,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2152943162","doi":"10.1088/2041-8205/785/2/l29","title":"MAGNETOROTATIONAL CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE IN THREE DIMENSIONS","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal Letters","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":277,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph; Perimeter Institute","funders":"","keywords":"Axial symmetry; Supernova; Toroid; Instability; Plasma; Magnetic field; Shock (circulatory); Shock wave; Equation of state; Jet (fluid)","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009622918381088407,"gpt":0.2128794452931172,"spread":0.2032565269120288,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001790288,0.0002160456,0.0002465909,0.00005459818,0.0002788982,0.000102731,0.0004215211,0.00001498144,0.0001320622],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005314233,0.0001495094,0.0001822533,0.0002186631,0.0001549864,0.0001612336,0.00009415102,0.0005901197,0.0001446304],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004980053,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004334281,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007212948,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002561367,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985731,0.00009007123,0.0003145837,0.0002083967,0.0003618417,0.0004519553],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992763,0.0001149298,0.0001400844,0.0002767467,0.00005012179,0.0001418167],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001091466,0.0003628316,0.01853708,0.000002854329,0.0001265697,0.00001071641,0.0003740472,0.007123092,0.6753842,0.2678957,0.001957217,0.02811656],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005971594,0.0006431807,0.7108709,0.0001581128,0.0001836,0.00003568127,0.000570171,0.0233624,0.001465431,0.2511483,0.004200202,0.001390467],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9532894,0.00000790127,0.04315992,0.00269615,0.0002148541,0.0001181471,0.000009044295,0.00001138623,0.0004932106],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957272,4.931733e-7,0.001534424,0.0009561825,0.00169648,0.00001718988,0.000007262681,0.00002539141,0.00003531174],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6923338,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6096815,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1901416078","doi":"10.1134/s1063772913030025","title":"“RadioAstron”-A telescope with a size of 300 000 km: Main parameters and first observational results","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Astronomy Reports","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":274,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Foundation for Basic Research; National Radio Astronomy Observatory; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Physics; Astronomy; Radio telescope; Astrophysics; Supermassive black hole; Telescope; Galaxy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009515717949512637,"gpt":0.1919133292550907,"spread":0.182397611305578,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001292157,0.0002744723,0.0003708282,0.00003961142,0.0001126114,0.00008262748,0.0001190886,0.00002693206,0.0002819626],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007230859,0.0002371293,0.00008513554,0.0001401174,0.0001765774,0.0003333713,0.00008450685,0.0001517278,0.000008471539],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003154926,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001463183,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001358778,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007005671,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982673,0.00002385599,0.0006074767,0.0004728904,0.0002332527,0.000395253],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985914,0.0001150384,0.000553089,0.00046432,0.0001029085,0.0001732403],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001559391,0.0004022041,0.8903853,0.00002957342,0.0005490673,0.00002001396,0.0004081804,0.002166109,0.0007543364,0.003726523,0.003205575,0.09819724],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00321097,0.0008623532,0.9534556,0.000236864,0.0001853285,0.00005099536,0.001766262,0.0005695862,0.00207335,0.009477948,0.02700663,0.001104124],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9862366,0.00001552705,0.006704912,0.0002562084,0.00005806161,0.0004855535,0.00009841778,0.00001967869,0.006125051],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9666561,4.560162e-7,0.03236939,0.00002669004,0.0001274181,0.0001488614,0.0001008508,0.00002390396,0.0005462927],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09709311,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9669854,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3001421204","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.125.121104","title":"Characteristics of the Diffuse Astrophysical Electron and Tau Neutrino Flux with Six Years of IceCube High Energy Cascade Data","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":269,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; Snolab","funders":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Office of Polar Programs; College of Engineering, Michigan State University; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Stony Brook University; Helmholtz Association; Chiba University; Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University; RWTH Aachen University; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Marsden Fund; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; National Science Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; University of Oxford; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Marquette University; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center; Australian Research Council; Western Canada Research Grid; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; University of Maryland; Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; National Research Foundation of Korea; Villum Fonden; Compute Canada; Vetenskapsrådet; U.S. Department of Energy; University of Wisconsin-Madison; National Research Foundation; Michigan State University; Carlsbergfondet","keywords":"Physics; Neutrino; Cascade; Nuclear physics; Flux (metallurgy); Electron; Materials science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01036020753530697,"gpt":0.2238447330317538,"spread":0.2134845254964468,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003162666,0.0002098629,0.0006018906,0.000009418404,0.00003600909,0.00001436391,0.0005623362,0.000006553478,0.000009312014],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004920223,0.0001490363,0.0001195786,0.0002368616,0.0001854687,0.000113558,0.0003440209,0.0002171305,0.000003677532],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009163669,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004048536,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001058454,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.919054e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987666,0.00007162482,0.0002813589,0.0003575909,0.0002750144,0.0002478318],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988596,0.00006801624,0.0003142924,0.0006135964,0.00003285844,0.0001115937],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003238728,0.002423061,0.00854547,0.002161436,0.001289191,0.0000124596,0.0007212491,0.0001069294,0.5936894,0.1844596,0.007588685,0.1986787],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01662746,0.005777487,0.6962616,0.01042181,0.009951139,0.00001251863,0.0003132578,0.01839781,0.1429168,0.01138116,0.08086421,0.007074705],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9952078,0.0001933166,0.001853064,0.002261407,0.00002252737,0.0001852554,0.00022426,0.000008408278,0.00004394472],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971207,0.0001158607,0.0001033283,0.002076185,0.0004341129,0.00001384757,0.0001049541,0.00002696428,0.000003987429],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6877162,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6077525,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2164948292","doi":"10.1086/498335","title":"Arecibo Pulsar Survey Using ALFA. I. Survey Strategy and First Discoveries","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":268,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies; Princeton University; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Goddard Space Flight Center; Universities Space Research Association; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Pulsar; Astronomy; Survey research; Physics; Geology; Remote sensing; Sociology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02158993184789137,"gpt":0.2411238812339337,"spread":0.2195339493860424,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003703504,0.0002972519,0.0003525602,0.00003256987,0.0007352027,0.0004617861,0.0003420904,0.00002447327,0.00007770522],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005949805,0.0002023393,0.0001360271,0.0002200264,0.0002697736,0.0003192048,0.0001460909,0.000497826,0.00001799103],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003834125,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001055514,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004763326,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008934303,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982458,0.0003023841,0.0003602071,0.0002619047,0.00031305,0.000516642],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989894,0.0001998749,0.0002640667,0.0002764112,0.0001267069,0.0001435433],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007727061,0.00167435,0.8132272,0.00001921198,0.0008808036,0.00003097283,0.0003782866,0.04599361,0.02390854,0.0612214,0.004913548,0.04697938],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005698629,0.0001378719,0.9672067,0.00002104498,0.00004805068,0.00001054689,0.0001669129,0.002344668,0.0001844821,0.02877406,0.0002203717,0.00031539],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9541557,0.00005538212,0.04467617,0.00007688445,0.0001358397,0.00009691848,0.0003578082,0.000007540481,0.0004377911],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976671,0.000004108394,0.0004437618,0.0000179575,0.001499885,0.000003403862,0.000101948,0.00003525869,0.0002265826],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1539795,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8251159,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2041216266","doi":"10.1038/nature08557","title":"A connection between star formation activity and cosmic rays in the starburst galaxy M82","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":268,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Science Foundation Ireland; U.S. Department of Energy; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Smithsonian Institution; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Physics; Cosmic ray; Astrophysics; Supernova; Galaxy; Star formation; Astronomy; Stars; Interstellar medium; COSMIC cancer database; Active galactic nucleus","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006588537895544077,"gpt":0.2304587293499162,"spread":0.2238701914543721,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000107017,0.00009654595,0.0001076355,0.00003190239,0.00009354527,0.00004696695,0.00008895928,0.00009260059,0.000008649622],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000155442,0.00007175218,0.00003098739,0.0001328243,0.00001455382,0.0002309322,0.00001212193,0.00085455,0.00000321085],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002645951,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001535456,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004286612,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003861303,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994912,0.00003844599,0.00008244372,0.00012266,0.0001186938,0.0001465921],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997387,0.00003208816,0.00006144196,0.0001218308,0.00002095437,0.00002499335],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002189556,0.0005190611,0.05776566,0.00003622535,0.0001118776,0.000003984403,0.006176061,0.0001187929,0.01677554,0.09891798,0.006930976,0.8124249],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001270534,0.0002381812,0.8339539,0.00003126343,0.0000390069,8.823277e-7,0.001354984,0.001287607,0.001793178,0.1562885,0.003452616,0.000289402],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9936559,0.00005296256,0.002274966,0.000939931,0.00003589681,0.0001789256,0.00003392761,0.00001098209,0.002816568],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993851,0.000002478979,0.00006020919,0.0002167061,0.0002657776,0.000006427433,0.00004442094,0.000004247166,0.00001458593],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8121355,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3712642,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2565963586","doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/835/1/45","title":"THE CONTRIBUTION OF FERMI-2LAC BLAZARS TO DIFFUSE TEV–PEV NEUTRINO FLUX","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":267,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; University of Toronto","funders":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","keywords":"Blazar; Physics; Neutrino; Astrophysics; Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope; Flux (metallurgy); Spectral index; Neutrino detector; Astronomy; Neutrino astronomy; Cosmic ray; Neutrino oscillation; Particle physics; Spectral line; Gamma ray","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008454698440240625,"gpt":0.2415029386104546,"spread":0.2330482401702139,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002433819,0.0002263153,0.0003168141,0.00002294982,0.002064072,0.000472563,0.001357697,0.0000213407,0.00003730898],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001904084,0.0001249877,0.0003194209,0.00008068046,0.0003329119,0.0002051246,0.0003492525,0.000554204,0.0001132505],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004138871,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009801815,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005328514,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.254073e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984,0.0001034604,0.000377709,0.0001891175,0.0003999134,0.0005298415],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980106,0.0001217176,0.000547522,0.0008634063,0.000227027,0.0002297718],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005772408,0.0008954153,0.007446888,0.000003219579,0.0005967869,0.000008335005,0.0004127133,0.0006787941,0.1602141,0.5275895,0.003990249,0.2975867],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009306181,0.002104685,0.4781955,0.000249713,0.0006277012,0.00002800079,0.001720506,0.002738676,0.07592362,0.4024614,0.02522984,0.001414142],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9664693,0.00001825187,0.02890925,0.00257223,0.0003659828,0.0002228695,0.00002775007,0.000009515653,0.001404863],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972092,0.000004086893,0.0001904916,0.00005538933,0.001991214,0.00001656948,0.000004432334,0.00002229667,0.0005063425],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4707486,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992351,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2175792479","doi":"10.1088/2041-8205/813/2/l41","title":"MULTIWAVELENGTH EVIDENCE FOR QUASI-PERIODIC MODULATION IN THE GAMMA-RAY BLAZAR PG 1553+113","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal Letters","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":260,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Institute of Particle Physics","funders":"Science Mission Directorate; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; National Radio Astronomy Observatory; Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; U.S. Department of Energy; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Durham University; Smithsonian Institution; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Vetenskapsrådet; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Blazar; Physics; Astrophysics; Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope; BL Lac object; Oscillation (cell signaling); Flux (metallurgy); Gamma ray; Wavelength; Telescope; Active galactic nucleus; Modulation (music); Period (music); Galaxy; Optics; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03798839771758417,"gpt":0.2734207186925462,"spread":0.2354323209749621,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006104918,0.0002688965,0.0002871968,0.00005196217,0.0003351683,0.0002575887,0.000766881,0.00002195389,0.00001247904],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002379594,0.0001570441,0.0002744418,0.0002111435,0.0001686103,0.0003912513,0.000054456,0.0006424803,0.00005838812],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009864841,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001014778,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005969297,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.466518e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979956,0.0002909857,0.000395638,0.0002602511,0.0005217301,0.0005358101],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987482,0.0003292868,0.0002710604,0.000406083,0.0000935327,0.0001518265],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001938693,0.002407491,0.009999701,0.00003763504,0.0006764083,0.00005189746,0.0262531,0.1034356,0.3996803,0.05253705,0.02699097,0.3759912],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.02581057,0.005936068,0.3222418,0.001175678,0.001052077,0.00009884176,0.03434628,0.4215049,0.003249604,0.1570558,0.02267354,0.004854837],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7989548,0.00002152917,0.193688,0.006720085,0.0001723483,0.0003470469,0.00001428502,0.0000100637,0.00007190738],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9941151,0.000001813002,0.002048532,0.001046556,0.002640161,0.00006854827,0.00001190288,0.00002961923,0.00003776727],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3964307,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6404072,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2124351681","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2012.10.067","title":"IceTop: The surface component of IceCube","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":259,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Marsden Fund; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Vetenskapsrådet; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Office of Polar Programs; Vlaamse regering; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; University of Oxford; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; U.S. Department of Energy; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Air shower; Detector; Cosmic ray; Component (thermodynamics); Physics; Muon; Observatory; Neutrino; Calibration; Range (aeronautics); Energy (signal processing); Shower; Remote sensing; Nuclear physics; Astronomy; Optics; Aerospace engineering; Engineering; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0475906089500675,"gpt":0.3603652200910804,"spread":0.3127746111410129,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001858752,0.0002452857,0.0003843533,0.0001305881,0.0004299168,0.0001333406,0.0002035223,0.00006320448,0.00009850233],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001628457,0.000193387,0.00009645836,0.0007040366,0.0002472417,0.0003084103,0.0003228525,0.000686208,0.000002314161],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002232145,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003414701,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006299728,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002909919,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997331,0.0006979301,0.0003992156,0.0003289692,0.0004858164,0.0007570872],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990492,0.0002103213,0.0002158251,0.0002369066,0.00009027666,0.000197422],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001514345,0.001774034,0.1433921,0.00006067146,0.000853149,7.182648e-7,0.00669303,0.00004481801,0.4506745,0.02181622,0.0001697269,0.3743696],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01325019,0.004093946,0.4106467,0.0006748909,0.0004280005,0.000008487925,0.04395481,0.01485387,0.3782938,0.1143807,0.01586607,0.003548492],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959835,0.00008092713,0.000742789,0.00006027508,0.0003017307,0.000396933,0.00002050755,0.00001741989,0.002395853],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9962276,0.00008293657,0.003330445,0.00003038181,0.0002267332,0.00002286513,0.000007283984,0.00003551289,0.00003619308],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3708211,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7886095,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2810678360","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.98.062003","title":"Differential limit on the extremely-high-energy cosmic neutrino flux in the presence of astrophysical background from nine years of IceCube data","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. D/Physical review. D.","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":258,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Snolab; University of Alberta","funders":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Office of Polar Programs; College of Engineering, Michigan State University; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Helmholtz Association; Chiba University; Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University; RWTH Aachen University; Villum Fonden; National Research Foundation of Korea; Marsden Fund; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; National Science Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Marquette University; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Australian Research Council; Western Canada Research Grid; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; University of Maryland; U.S. Department of Energy; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Vetenskapsrådet; Compute Canada; National Research Foundation; Michigan State University","keywords":"Physics; Neutrino; Flux (metallurgy); Cosmic ray; Particle physics; Energy (signal processing); Nuclear physics; Energy spectrum; Astrophysics; Quantum mechanics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03403594622232235,"gpt":0.3584364034639886,"spread":0.3244004572416662,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003360611,0.0006422685,0.001851775,0.00004416152,0.0001265879,0.00005248246,0.003168424,0.00003349074,0.0002331398],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009268534,0.0004028445,0.0006945687,0.0009982246,0.0007040997,0.0002907049,0.0009179278,0.0007389367,0.0002174381],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003602647,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001245673,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006282055,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008036041,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9952611,0.0007837807,0.001048404,0.001040288,0.001187187,0.0006792461],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9940421,0.001633549,0.0008303279,0.003107721,0.000210218,0.0001760579],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001814362,0.006163512,0.0008146006,0.0007995383,0.0004846919,0.000005859805,0.0002418706,0.00001215987,0.04863175,0.7457114,0.0161483,0.1808049],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004812948,0.004699673,0.07462607,0.03322587,0.004840785,0.000002732296,0.0004533335,0.01591573,0.04214204,0.7627072,0.05266254,0.003911022],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9908694,0.002423261,0.0009146895,0.001086625,0.0001611372,0.00106902,0.0006653685,0.00002010614,0.002790397],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9932252,0.002567857,0.00007604845,0.0009399595,0.002458967,0.0001798464,0.0004547577,0.00006173002,0.00003565961],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1768939,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998423,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2133828255","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08954.x","title":"Polarization and structure of relativistic parsec-scale AGN jets","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":252,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Astrophysical jet; Lorentz factor; Polarization (electrochemistry); Relativistic beaming; Synchrotron radiation; Relativistic plasma; Relativistic particle; Active galactic nucleus; Astrophysics; Electron; Plasma; Relativistic speed; Synchrotron; Lorentz force; Lorentz transformation; Relativistic quantum chemistry; Blazar; Magnetic field; Nuclear physics; Classical mechanics; Galaxy; Quantum mechanics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004169477377385608,"gpt":0.1846486871122344,"spread":0.1804792097348488,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004807328,0.0001460137,0.0002388395,0.000006964416,0.0001030477,0.00001686516,0.0002170444,0.00004019059,0.00007165808],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002432983,0.000109823,0.0001975315,0.00005764558,0.0001954946,0.00008545854,0.0001611831,0.0001773319,0.000001558729],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002663801,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002880085,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001258235,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000333156,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991882,0.00003238269,0.000276731,0.0001881761,0.0001264736,0.0001880609],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993635,0.00004881732,0.000278521,0.0002153789,0.00003452267,0.00005928104],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003302985,0.0002121146,0.349148,0.00002576103,0.0002227077,6.798494e-9,0.0009526145,0.6274386,0.0022597,0.003100166,0.0002222128,0.01638506],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007620624,0.00007124805,0.6308073,0.00003682142,0.0001543809,3.203261e-9,0.0004464503,0.3610533,0.004091426,0.002082193,0.0002762499,0.0002184641],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9979458,0.00003730609,0.0007743452,0.0001638482,0.00005332967,0.0001295183,0.0001754261,0.000006189434,0.0007142299],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9955278,1.994282e-8,0.003991335,0.00001406455,0.000204992,0.000002077405,0.00001922956,0.00001299259,0.0002274891],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2816594,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4478453,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2089454179","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09953.x","title":"Detecting shock waves in cosmological smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":251,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Mach number; Astrophysics; Shock wave; Thermalisation; Particle acceleration; Structure formation; Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics; Halo; Acceleration; Mechanics; Classical mechanics; Galaxy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006896920356417189,"gpt":0.201747184478321,"spread":0.1948502641219038,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001067281,0.0001720782,0.0002621055,0.000008013681,0.0001495605,0.0000346931,0.0003219515,0.00004389748,0.00005545676],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004701878,0.0001314847,0.0003206051,0.0001246448,0.0001556146,0.00007190656,0.0001946615,0.0002421949,0.000004656382],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007868532,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000295966,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001239331,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004984966,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988054,0.00005711473,0.0003884933,0.0002502632,0.0001340499,0.0003647024],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993387,0.0001385048,0.0001967302,0.0002542276,0.00002390141,0.00004790867],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001074842,0.0001781707,0.256374,0.000002115329,0.00002381962,2.497466e-8,0.00006062243,0.7416456,0.0001781164,0.0008014832,0.00001942892,0.0007059005],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004537997,0.00002198023,0.2125833,0.000008523675,0.00002356897,1.003357e-9,0.0002030144,0.783881,0.000546172,0.002129893,0.00003373406,0.0001149854],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9979855,0.00001423032,0.0006926015,0.0001470219,0.00006682534,0.0001746907,0.00006192106,0.00001597124,0.0008412796],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982566,5.115823e-9,0.001384236,0.00001257071,0.0001892078,0.00001080983,0.00001440333,0.00001559912,0.0001166017],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04379066,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5361791,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}