{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":546,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":546,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"7bc9a88efed2","filters":{"topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors"}},"results":[{"id":"W2799047820","doi":"10.3847/1538-3881/ab089d","title":"Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astronomical Journal","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1741,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Perimeter Institute","funders":"Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University; Office of Science; Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Science and Technology Facilities Council; European Commission; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center; Aspen Center for Physics; U.S. Department of Energy; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Sky; Observatory; Photometry (optics); Software; Satellite; Telescope; Data archive; Infrared","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01279366716804377,"gpt":0.2180278270240034,"spread":0.2052341598559596,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000548709,0.00008593201,0.0001287617,0.0000191014,0.00005338334,0.00006659314,0.0003665763,0.00001249717,0.0001701753],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001161703,0.00004770005,0.0001286322,0.00006020512,0.00005156531,0.0001324776,0.00005130709,0.0003371971,0.00007360367],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004361114,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000213761,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007855278,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.924428e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993188,0.0001335335,0.0001988767,0.00005389535,0.000103143,0.0001916839],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995847,0.00007430209,0.00005224483,0.0002309531,0.00001750136,0.00004023705],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001989,0.00004736884,0.7173245,0.00005401084,0.00021678,0.000001500181,0.0005362443,0.137918,0.03086607,0.001104716,0.004121956,0.107789],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005243084,0.00001042953,0.9675615,0.0001020264,0.00003377823,0.0001005883,0.0001897838,0.02259052,0.004685219,0.0003591757,0.00369129,0.0001514183],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9964422,0.0005002635,0.000993539,0.0004267988,0.0005712739,0.0000544444,0.000001400231,0.00002020711,0.0009898895],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995109,0.00001593128,0.0001882514,0.00002672909,0.0001548162,3.633979e-7,2.129041e-7,0.00001676761,0.00008603025],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.250237,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1945152,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2120067191","doi":"10.3390/s90100430","title":"CMOS Image Sensors for High Speed Applications","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Sensors","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":195,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; McMaster University","funders":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"CMOS; Image sensor; Pixel; Computer science; Rolling shutter; Frame rate; CMOS sensor; Electronic engineering; Chip; Computer hardware; Electrical engineering; Engineering; Artificial intelligence; Telecommunications; Shutter","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0063311035286572,"gpt":0.2232451986510173,"spread":0.2169140951223601,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007582716,0.0002232477,0.0002200502,0.0001034813,0.0001041777,0.0000562221,0.0001458497,0.00008062657,0.00004805908],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002686845,0.0002354515,0.0001099182,0.0002322675,0.00004489812,0.00007943581,0.000007341019,0.0001429757,0.0002687225],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000544035,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000847807,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009020126,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002146037,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989331,0.00001212916,0.0002417868,0.0002622124,0.000137065,0.0004137373],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993284,0.0000709276,0.00003065641,0.0003879259,0.00006785525,0.0001142127],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001191922,0.000376731,0.0002338135,0.0004161156,0.0003333083,0.00007778127,0.002112143,0.2335183,0.4926107,0.02597983,0.1172473,0.1269749],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003969356,0.0002741755,0.00948752,0.0001043596,0.0002899287,0.0001525586,0.001191505,0.2488054,0.2703722,0.01955695,0.4428023,0.002993649],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9763321,0.0001206419,0.004317114,0.001326737,0.0004810766,0.0009707402,0.0001015705,0.001706477,0.01464359],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9876075,0.00003376656,0.009058008,0.0002020867,0.0004493103,0.00002104754,0.00004502737,0.000065108,0.002518135],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3255551,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9601434,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2278433511","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.1602.04283","title":"Deep Learning on FPGAs: Past, Present, and Future","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":154,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Deep learning; Field-programmable gate array; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Computer architecture; Data science; Embedded system","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02160340889997332,"gpt":0.1541928576340094,"spread":0.1325894487340361,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005728774,0.0003010936,0.0002396276,0.0001618571,0.00009054396,0.00004849868,0.00024659,0.0002322983,0.00006113984],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004214146,0.0003020672,0.0001020959,0.0001181435,0.00006553654,0.00009071486,0.0002409416,0.0006819704,0.00008865925],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009967045,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009963935,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009171891,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003193508,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989889,0.00004842824,0.0001021756,0.0005044094,0.00005577672,0.0003003501],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993294,0.00006001207,0.00005096363,0.0003932734,0.00003459131,0.0001317182],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000534851,0.00003450184,0.005440945,0.0002881074,0.0002635964,0.0003830476,0.0004756887,0.9655988,0.0001423181,0.007021747,0.003664161,0.01663355],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001695774,0.0001047163,0.007949386,0.0005658612,0.0002703,0.00002225758,0.0008705002,0.6875141,0.0004404057,0.0130766,0.2855737,0.001916414],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9267319,0.0007315496,0.01832577,0.000545761,0.001633729,0.0003362719,0.00002087429,0.001379254,0.05029486],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9947822,0.0009920138,0.00003594096,0.0000219699,0.001488474,4.895329e-7,0.000009720588,0.00005275013,0.002616441],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2819095,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999431,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2031601132","doi":"10.1109/tnn.2003.816345","title":"Kerneltron: support vector \"machine\" in silicon","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":141,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Support vector machine; Computer hardware; Massively parallel; Very-large-scale integration; Parallel computing; Artificial intelligence; Embedded system","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008405461851561097,"gpt":0.2069200729740154,"spread":0.1985146111224543,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000646777,0.0001996971,0.0001753204,0.00009864206,0.00005666186,0.00002928242,0.00008866414,0.0000909776,0.0002842855],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001660468,0.0002072138,0.00009522371,0.0002584751,0.00002772124,0.0001084491,2.392748e-7,0.0005250723,0.00003996245],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007071092,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006597557,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002259174,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001381267,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99907,0.00004089638,0.0002144317,0.0001991474,0.0001065944,0.0003689044],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996139,0.00006003319,0.00001348029,0.0002140975,0.000009537371,0.00008890824],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001076737,0.00004121786,0.0001584468,0.000007504629,0.00001141788,0.00002169013,0.00005854308,0.9903166,0.0004048329,0.00001795795,0.0002759651,0.008675063],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00058163,0.00006397337,0.0007919215,0.00001714628,0.00001745337,0.00004824229,0.00002894136,0.9905625,0.005528957,0.00001761662,0.002027368,0.0003142428],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7805527,0.0003826018,0.2075188,0.0001889128,0.004961864,0.0003773524,0.00002013702,0.00101963,0.004977986],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992608,0.00006856772,0.00004803338,0.000161763,0.00005722759,0.00001941775,0.000002418025,0.00004861015,0.0003331548],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2187081,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8449935,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2132293560","doi":"10.1109/ted.2002.806968","title":"Amorphous silicon active pixel sensor readout circuit for digital imaging","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":121,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Sunnybrook Health Science Centre; University of Toronto; University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Noise (video); Amplifier; Pixel; Optoelectronics; Detector; Materials science; Electrical engineering; Image sensor; Linearity; Fixed-pattern noise; Electronic circuit; Electronic engineering; Physics; CMOS; Computer science; Optics; Engineering; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008685714028059954,"gpt":0.2153953439047624,"spread":0.2067096298767024,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006199355,0.0002882893,0.00023052,0.0001756824,0.0001744197,0.0001384206,0.0001176791,0.00006670881,0.00004280818],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000708342,0.0003103696,0.000168337,0.0002317654,0.00004267701,0.0004052155,2.461329e-7,0.0002961568,0.00007425204],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001741036,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003419227,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000988058,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004004271,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987066,0.00002029698,0.0002258143,0.0003215818,0.0001612233,0.0005644367],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999414,0.000147542,0.00003757636,0.0002455365,0.00005618774,0.00009919466],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003271192,0.0008168434,0.0003627628,0.000531089,0.001125258,0.00003771826,0.002731124,0.1461631,0.4882287,0.0009432501,0.001384668,0.3573484],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001386472,0.0001875617,0.0001810188,0.00008044975,0.0001794638,0.0001588097,0.0006773479,0.01707001,0.9384546,0.0004586074,0.04014118,0.001024496],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.596345,0.0003645434,0.3906837,0.000125496,0.0008694555,0.0006278059,0.0001567989,0.001261745,0.009565463],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998807,0.00003380348,0.0001472147,0.0001056861,0.00005584343,0.0000695973,0.000006993278,0.00009327217,0.0006805932],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4502259,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999349,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1819977652","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8659.2011.02073.x","title":"Computational Plenoptic Imaging","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computer Graphics Forum","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":78,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Computational photography; ENCODE; Computer vision; Computer graphics (images); Photography; Function (biology); Artificial intelligence; Process (computing); Visualization; Digital photography; Optics; Physics; Image (mathematics); Image processing; Art","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01113182277658205,"gpt":0.1862493102433258,"spread":0.1751174874667438,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005097042,0.0001446272,0.000114774,0.0001532325,0.00007485694,0.00003707033,0.0001720967,0.00002868446,0.00003655197],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001439051,0.0001551157,0.00007666276,0.0001912737,0.00006285259,0.000131259,0.00004662611,0.000148929,0.00006958905],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001424067,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007031881,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008008183,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002447914,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992557,0.000008934288,0.0001625846,0.0001537271,0.000120606,0.000298418],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996685,0.00002547171,0.00001702725,0.0001740307,0.00004049428,0.00007449313],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002337508,0.0002803016,0.1191505,0.0002699249,0.0004642151,0.0002853481,0.005823871,0.08513317,0.0002102725,0.5587389,0.1103744,0.1192458],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002281611,0.00001481059,0.01277756,0.00002301706,0.00001065908,0.00004818807,0.00002951858,0.9622364,0.0001094961,0.01958931,0.00467963,0.0002532646],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.152475,0.000557622,0.831585,0.0002046553,0.002209941,0.000169556,0.00001313839,0.001776016,0.01100904],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9822491,0.00001073906,0.01713655,0.0004456262,0.0000905706,0.000003561314,0.00001279664,0.00003627825,0.00001474191],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8771032,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6325433,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2937108468","doi":"10.1109/jetcas.2019.2911899","title":"Low-Power Computer Vision: Status, Challenges, and Opportunities","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":76,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Qualcomm (Canada)","funders":"Xilinx; Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute; Nvidia; MediaTek; Google; Facebook","keywords":"Power (physics); Computer science; Electrical engineering; Engineering physics; Engineering; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02543443278363496,"gpt":0.2336127516997575,"spread":0.2081783189161226,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002168875,0.0001639574,0.0002775821,0.0001756516,0.00007461579,0.000156304,0.00004591281,0.00008204412,0.000006418849],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005017971,0.0001422992,0.00001830015,0.00006228475,0.00002240263,0.0001265054,0.000008775221,0.000370827,0.000001616566],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003196333,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001322625,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007310843,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004621283,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990434,0.00005917096,0.0002856447,0.0001658287,0.0001622356,0.0002836938],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996075,0.00005460771,0.00004641692,0.00009481658,0.00005716139,0.0001395139],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004402063,0.0001833977,0.009631291,0.002413032,0.0004514021,0.0006791275,0.02239092,0.02045223,0.005055259,0.01403564,0.004506892,0.9201568],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006611954,0.002051563,0.1230761,0.006248459,0.00007783353,0.004826619,0.00686359,0.3641244,0.0002445854,0.0006508081,0.4826146,0.002609611],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9806015,0.01462282,0.00007483408,0.0002171325,0.001764641,0.00009161698,0.000002558781,0.00005625066,0.002568651],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9774519,0.02175804,0.000008587896,0.00005526137,0.0003427553,0.000001285241,0.000001231097,0.0000211329,0.0003597979],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9175472,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5802793,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4318040552","doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/aca5fa","title":"The DESI Survey Validation: Results from Visual Inspection of Bright Galaxies, Luminous Red Galaxies, and Emission-line Galaxies","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":73,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Perimeter Institute; University of Waterloo","funders":"High Energy Physics; Office of Science; Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives; National Taiwan University; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; National Science Foundation; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy; Ministry of Education, India; Division of Astronomical Sciences; Science and Technology Facilities Council","keywords":"Physics; Redshift; Galaxy; Astrophysics; Luminous infrared galaxy; Astronomy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01669102519076378,"gpt":0.2394759720975229,"spread":0.2227849469067591,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005442851,0.0001829385,0.0002307726,0.00005777283,0.0004815531,0.0001720446,0.000228991,0.00004846448,0.000008165443],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002590925,0.0001102648,0.00008241384,0.0003733326,0.0002151166,0.0001372121,0.00006517622,0.0004678114,0.00001791005],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004950411,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003545517,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001318205,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001574111,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985039,0.0002172809,0.0004390606,0.000158605,0.0003836569,0.0002974753],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987152,0.0006717762,0.0001381184,0.0002448685,0.0001235667,0.0001065031],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003731776,0.0004538753,0.5301253,0.00008970515,0.00154545,0.0001354775,0.008112472,0.03734448,0.2814847,0.0004202361,0.07108923,0.0654674],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005332685,0.000079821,0.9636568,0.00005211752,0.00002778844,0.00003649193,0.00009341384,0.02589976,0.008963285,0.0003955204,0.0001380236,0.0001236917],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9982821,0.0001484764,0.0002612458,0.000503793,0.0004745794,0.00007451072,0.00002201667,0.0001809975,0.00005226883],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983271,0.0004994171,0.0001304987,0.000001557202,0.000746915,0.000002141239,0.00004381148,0.00003265689,0.0002158466],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4335316,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4496467,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1938248414","doi":"10.1109/cicc.1995.518202","title":"A foveated image sensor in standard CMOS technology","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":65,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"CMC Microsystems","keywords":"Image sensor; CMOS; Computer science; Cartesian coordinate system; Application-specific integrated circuit; Computer vision; Artificial intelligence; Process (computing); Polar coordinate system; CMOS sensor; Power consumption; Transformation (genetics); Computer hardware; Power (physics); Electronic engineering; Engineering; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005360458117946564,"gpt":0.1879802365442117,"spread":0.1826197784262652,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00002903327,0.00009788436,0.0001261256,0.0001851691,0.00001387256,0.00001734829,0.00007034401,0.00006407019,0.0008038129],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001977787,0.00009430519,0.00002147366,0.0004330053,0.00003311514,0.00005877941,0.00001297595,0.000146829,0.0003078771],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004942832,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000001515543,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008888887,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002008468,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994555,0.000004982778,0.0001266992,0.0001111727,0.00006669195,0.000235011],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997748,0.00001141547,0.000005967066,0.0001634096,0.00001676843,0.00002771431],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004375207,0.0002348036,0.02301566,0.0002600667,0.0001733428,0.001320354,0.002401749,0.009707246,0.6146646,0.005274037,0.1405907,0.2023137],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0042198,0.0001524884,0.002598248,0.0001389098,0.00002775752,0.0002349275,0.001667637,0.5071892,0.2989033,0.001730173,0.1816209,0.001516706],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8942019,0.0002895379,0.00159735,0.001117002,0.000128586,0.0001307064,0.000008368497,0.001761392,0.1007652],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9942684,0.00004906016,0.003923833,0.00004896083,0.00001685649,0.000005514267,8.114272e-7,0.00002548046,0.001661099],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4974819,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8801188,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2096091194","doi":"10.1109/jssc.2009.2016693","title":"Focal-Plane Algorithmically-Multiplying CMOS Computational Image Sensor","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":62,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Pixel; CMOS; Quantization (signal processing); Computer science; Bit plane; Kernel (algebra); Binary number; Artificial intelligence; Computer vision; Mathematics; Electronic engineering; Engineering; Arithmetic","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01126715457950456,"gpt":0.2471776498252617,"spread":0.2359104952457572,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000260724,0.0002654026,0.0004321168,0.0002344483,0.00008824396,0.00009507722,0.0002391472,0.00007444499,0.00003576221],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004661595,0.0002611163,0.0001798178,0.0002031257,0.00005729546,0.0003754399,0.000006687254,0.000526684,0.0000975828],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001277557,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005326531,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001819042,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.7357e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980973,0.00004156675,0.0007530242,0.0001606225,0.0004920284,0.000455442],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989535,0.0001375659,0.0001951791,0.0001436684,0.0003090187,0.0002611052],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002682357,0.0001401819,0.0001554636,0.00007328013,0.0002063416,0.001238301,0.001380654,0.556604,0.3353902,0.00001569143,0.01088225,0.09388687],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01143188,0.001063301,0.0397623,0.001362244,0.0004043082,0.01336129,0.0009274709,0.7418429,0.1584281,0.009641631,0.01842867,0.003345915],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8774869,0.0003809443,0.1178349,0.0006738608,0.001648097,0.0001875555,0.0001219643,0.000275653,0.001390094],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9933583,0.0001058634,0.005417393,0.000320126,0.0006230227,7.119695e-7,0.000007988252,0.00004865196,0.0001179134],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1852389,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999841,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2791630164","doi":"10.1103/physreva.97.032309","title":"Device-independent point estimation from finite data and its application to device-independent property estimation","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. A/Physical review, A","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":56,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"National Center of Competence in Research Quantum Science and Technology; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; National Center for Theoretical Sciences","keywords":"Estimation; Property (philosophy); Point (geometry); Computer science; Point estimation; Statistics; Mathematics; Engineering; Geometry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0272118878610916,"gpt":0.3481549819193515,"spread":0.3209430940582599,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004940475,0.0005884564,0.001134038,0.00006294453,0.0001494295,0.0001017508,0.0007739979,0.00005860165,0.00004488254],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009672148,0.0004391536,0.000186558,0.000664901,0.00006701947,0.000739451,0.0004099017,0.0004326003,0.002952],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001582042,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000500537,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006112722,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002960195,"domain_scores_codex":[0.996657,0.0001685517,0.0007849791,0.001047686,0.0008230041,0.0005188241],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973292,0.0002985267,0.0002188904,0.001475816,0.0002504871,0.0004270653],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003292941,0.0006768105,0.00009044924,0.01363854,0.0002189145,0.000009745243,0.0005260766,0.001685243,0.05526474,0.001563672,0.008091304,0.9182016],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002756114,0.00009500265,0.0007201039,0.008851063,0.0005772989,0.000007097751,0.000007744626,0.9459379,0.008508567,0.003059719,0.03125602,0.0007038838],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5665337,0.1210465,0.2828057,0.00949438,0.0007073258,0.01319525,0.0007175615,0.001825641,0.003673844],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9730807,0.02052434,0.002305162,0.002253938,0.0007415792,0.0004323908,0.0005249985,0.0001039967,0.0000328838],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9442527,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999806,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4399922932","doi":"10.1093/mnras/stae1450","title":"AstroCLIP: a cross-modal foundation model for galaxies","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":55,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Advanced Research","funders":"Office of Science","keywords":"Physics; Galaxy; Redshift; Astrophysics; Artificial intelligence; Encoder; Pattern recognition (psychology); Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009493810221368994,"gpt":0.2288274259056987,"spread":0.2193336156843297,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001186117,0.0001460831,0.0001576595,0.00001041226,0.00008758848,0.000136342,0.0002296302,0.00006607836,0.00001742531],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001454773,0.0001143092,0.0004214001,0.00004902805,0.0001240141,0.0001308958,0.00005941321,0.0001636787,0.0000102727],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001069003,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002592462,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001915694,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008930147,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992275,0.000007351603,0.0002282822,0.0001778003,0.0001097919,0.0002493285],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996414,0.00008875285,0.00002928049,0.000172554,0.00002536502,0.00004262386],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001033102,0.00001230971,0.002727942,0.0001145555,0.00008341138,1.41393e-8,0.0003681192,0.9940521,0.00009472439,0.0001046366,0.001240107,0.001191727],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001756881,0.0000131822,0.01788885,0.00003495585,0.00004479849,6.966652e-9,0.00004671693,0.9800444,0.0006109287,0.00007678189,0.0009533425,0.000110412],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9907057,0.0001638676,0.007788429,0.0002007785,0.0005019291,0.0001750491,0.00005946029,0.0001852773,0.0002194974],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9899963,1.445918e-7,0.009042921,0.000006870578,0.000205367,0.00002183777,0.00001175887,0.00003408889,0.0006807206],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01516091,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4661392,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2064035035","doi":"10.1118/1.1843353","title":"Ghosting caused by bulk charge trapping in direct conversion flat-panel detectors using amorphous selenium","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Medical Physics","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":53,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan; Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Health Science Centre","funders":"National Cancer Institute; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Ghosting; Trapping; Materials science; Detector; Selenium; Charge (physics); Optics; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01543564078718557,"gpt":0.2165416579687935,"spread":0.2011060171816079,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001736682,0.0002079747,0.0002751987,0.00005269492,0.00006732239,0.00002219284,0.0001450976,0.0001184214,0.000102048],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000715824,0.00021902,0.00006631869,0.0003073524,0.00005826465,0.0001384216,0.00002953242,0.0004398814,0.00005233532],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001738742,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003154382,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009890534,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001059691,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986185,0.00002600405,0.0002678866,0.0002235866,0.0004086036,0.0004553989],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995205,0.0001025087,0.0000341393,0.0001467186,0.00001706892,0.0001790466],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004001627,0.000374067,0.01098689,0.000821825,0.0002418285,0.0002203912,0.008145095,0.02346141,0.7283459,0.0000199976,0.0200223,0.2073203],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009825373,0.00001385705,0.0002451711,0.0002627487,0.00002613748,0.000008333895,0.00004145333,0.5734514,0.4168087,0.00001072591,0.00768587,0.0004631178],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9953433,0.0005021596,0.002443341,0.0001276206,0.0003634409,0.00009618726,0.000007825291,0.0003959435,0.0007201422],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990528,0.0000701422,0.000064815,0.0001779905,0.0005164554,0.000002905595,0.00001241888,0.00005659927,0.00004593573],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.54999,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8931378,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3101726141","doi":"","title":"Extreme Faint Flux Imaging with an EMCCD","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":52,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Telescope; Flux (metallurgy); Noise (video); Optics; Charge-coupled device; Photon counting; Photon; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Materials science; Image (mathematics)","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009278324968882605,"gpt":0.1970939703291021,"spread":0.1878156453602195,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003629847,0.0001128039,0.00008484659,0.00004585538,0.00003170093,0.0000553775,0.00008030728,0.0000135205,0.0002480291],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002219817,0.00009037918,0.00001909494,0.00009319426,0.00001428732,0.0001870359,0.00000380861,0.00008192552,0.00006376494],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002392686,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004683964,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001275831,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001198307,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994798,0.000005004671,0.00008263125,0.0001231611,0.0000932027,0.0002161403],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996961,0.000005348028,0.000006064919,0.0001996459,0.000017566,0.00007525074],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004927449,0.0001961341,0.007916705,0.00005144931,0.00007264835,0.0003521246,0.002825305,0.04217684,0.1641731,0.01039682,0.03452225,0.7372673],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00186284,0.0002961431,0.05154753,0.0001198767,0.00006094805,0.0003643507,0.002140012,0.8196219,0.05868569,0.0031949,0.0602241,0.001881718],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7425584,0.0001731928,0.0201639,0.000813777,0.0001435337,0.0001107368,0.000001598246,0.002272464,0.2337624],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9929835,0.000002629036,0.005456085,0.000330125,0.00007732666,9.805206e-7,0.000004515407,0.00001993365,0.001124963],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.777445,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3685556,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2950598802","doi":"10.1109/socc.2017.8226056","title":"FPGA-based CNN inference accelerator synthesized from multi-threaded C software","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Field-programmable gate array; Parallel computing; Software; Data parallelism; High-level synthesis; Compiler; Embedded system; Parallelism (grammar); Operating system","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05508921485344272,"gpt":0.2842179854319662,"spread":0.2291287705785235,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000971398,0.0006291185,0.0007178172,0.0001226719,0.0001358903,0.0005057354,0.001008955,0.0005019585,0.0009679518],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004529756,0.0006103507,0.0002504704,0.00004007116,0.00008987776,0.0001181996,0.0003080383,0.0009398049,0.0004421993],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000123187,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001580442,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008038156,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001079119,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981821,0.00003912714,0.0004041179,0.0006415778,0.0002778301,0.0004552369],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975449,0.0003284776,0.0001299509,0.001705795,0.0001031691,0.0001877321],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003174903,0.001171608,0.03639706,0.005196917,0.003785174,0.000765541,0.004272103,0.4555576,0.05638594,0.000173896,0.0403441,0.3956326],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003496573,0.00002211037,0.02041755,0.002403917,0.0003939856,0.000002324875,0.0001055301,0.6079358,0.3492261,0.001785667,0.0100975,0.004112852],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6529356,0.001632657,0.3218009,0.0004659941,0.005651447,0.001344368,0.001086936,0.009491841,0.005590234],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.946068,0.00007263655,0.05226979,0.0001298794,0.0002902358,0.00009122363,0.0002092323,0.000148886,0.0007200837],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3915197,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999453,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1975620799","doi":"10.1117/1.3611015","title":"Toward a digital camera to rival the human eye","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Human eye; Computer vision; Artificial intelligence; Human visual system model; Image resolution; Digital imaging; Image sensor; Digital image; Digital camera; Lens (geology); Image processing; Optics; Image (mathematics); Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01099465049807142,"gpt":0.2201823760014404,"spread":0.209187725503369,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002017473,0.000137706,0.0001684995,0.0001198037,0.00007403373,0.0001043663,0.0003245802,0.00001485375,0.00005447628],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002334188,0.0001001783,0.0001276546,0.0001579064,0.00003379214,0.0003143204,0.00002817103,0.0004693593,0.0000292773],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001566543,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004773306,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001161722,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001748414,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989487,0.00001329705,0.0002951811,0.00007976145,0.0001951244,0.0004679521],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996062,0.00001827853,0.0000689115,0.0001518426,0.00006708717,0.0000876673],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003261763,0.0006891597,0.06421994,0.0002672515,0.002589748,0.001743599,0.08509366,0.01767255,0.217046,0.02127179,0.1060976,0.4829825],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00698129,0.001614008,0.06314934,0.0009674087,0.0008525935,0.009664127,0.01030626,0.02897418,0.1071103,0.03667479,0.7294731,0.004232675],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9770987,0.001400804,0.005083573,0.0009808626,0.000377601,0.00008301618,0.0000014141,0.00009562587,0.0148784],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999158,0.00002109943,0.0001630056,0.0001927509,0.0002792293,0.000001102121,3.102252e-7,0.00003474592,0.000149816],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6233754,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4085154,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2164701340","doi":"10.1109/mnnfs.1996.493811","title":"VIP: an FPGA-based processor for image processing and neural networks","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; SIMD; Field-programmable gate array; Multiprocessing; Artificial neural network; Parallel computing; Computer architecture; Image processing; Architecture; Embedded system; Image (mathematics); Computer hardware; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01210903632928531,"gpt":0.2186263407957759,"spread":0.2065173044664906,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004130682,0.0001261134,0.000107126,0.00003590476,0.0000763524,0.000122877,0.00006237085,0.0000387228,0.00004678474],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001010014,0.0001140222,0.00002281377,0.00008499728,0.00003119778,0.0002531637,0.000005267015,0.0000779569,0.000001903526],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001112127,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000225676,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002709376,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005543244,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994227,0.000004531748,0.000110919,0.0001559135,0.00005762247,0.0002482837],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997607,0.00002092469,0.00001304452,0.00009417586,0.00003455384,0.00007656591],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004033128,0.0001689809,0.001202659,0.001316234,0.00002824262,0.00002372953,0.001045767,0.3835647,0.01105565,0.00006782165,0.008219454,0.5932664],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003595452,0.00002837052,0.0001852806,0.00001471254,0.00001036799,0.000007125427,0.00005113819,0.9966331,0.001748635,0.00001842492,0.0007729686,0.0001703102],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6599771,0.001630169,0.3304486,0.0006649052,0.0003233414,0.0005953148,0.000008202188,0.002090849,0.00426153],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9934974,0.000005464768,0.005761608,0.0002205991,0.0001316224,0.00002219527,0.000004915804,0.00004131667,0.0003148664],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6130685,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4649692,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2105888720","doi":"10.1109/55.954914","title":"Readout circuit in active pixel sensors in amorphous silicon technology","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Electron Device Letters","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":49,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Amplifier; Noise (video); Pixel; Linearity; Detector; Fixed-pattern noise; Optoelectronics; Materials science; Electrical engineering; Charge amplifier; Silicon; SIGNAL (programming language); Reading (process); Electronic engineering; CMOS; Physics; Computer science; Engineering; Optics; Operational amplifier; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007513339564672573,"gpt":0.2117428480990158,"spread":0.2042295085343432,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009599129,0.0002640395,0.0003026926,0.0006961694,0.00002578077,0.00002355754,0.0002207116,0.0001576756,0.00001652607],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002118809,0.0003128547,0.00004952238,0.001100801,0.00005954828,0.0001513449,0.00001072733,0.0007568147,0.0001161597],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004709177,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001607111,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001536136,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007295078,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983703,0.00003892812,0.0002886649,0.0003431687,0.0001447485,0.000814174],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995404,0.00005732411,0.00003679179,0.0003015266,0.00001427066,0.00004964827],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002962997,0.00004163959,0.01297733,0.00002676685,0.00002969079,0.0003921894,0.0005966924,0.02026219,0.9557864,0.00005078578,0.0007457706,0.009060881],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004216694,0.0001837157,0.06093277,0.0003551336,0.00006046615,0.000888893,0.0008784803,0.01648211,0.8733122,0.0005681131,0.03956417,0.00255719],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9947999,0.0001570628,0.0001039179,0.002895672,0.0002161949,0.0002047272,0.000001664082,0.0004863208,0.001134504],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983417,0.00008026647,0.00003793576,0.001270436,0.00009239862,0.00003008926,0.000003606352,0.00006634789,0.00007724714],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08247416,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999323,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2086822982","doi":"10.1086/661187","title":"Calibration and Performance of the Photon-counting Detectors for the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) of the Astrosat Observatory1","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":48,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics; University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Detector; Telescope; Observatory; Optics; Centroid; Calibration; Photon counting; Photon flux; Field of view; Wavelength; Photon; Astronomy; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01280486176024821,"gpt":0.1803209331221267,"spread":0.1675160713618785,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003665572,0.0001326593,0.0001716533,0.00001238124,0.0002940899,0.00002489546,0.001008028,0.00004136182,0.000007261794],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007453686,0.00006469862,0.0003699817,0.000250968,0.0006279605,0.0001641186,0.0001837814,0.000206667,1.755456e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004522723,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004965088,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006523493,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005531882,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990898,0.000045126,0.0003785789,0.0001321199,0.00016077,0.0001936528],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998546,0.0001678141,0.0003325444,0.0008394005,0.00009207673,0.00002216201],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001266717,0.00004903352,0.9123489,0.0001187194,0.0001204158,1.87719e-10,0.002135897,0.005782102,0.0766687,0.0002883549,0.001141943,0.001333301],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001679051,0.00000646358,0.7412336,0.00006181614,0.00006737097,4.948676e-7,0.001209646,0.09087215,0.1659328,0.00006041238,0.0003177853,0.00006952592],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9968907,0.00009705966,0.0007701516,0.001393067,0.0001952235,0.000490996,0.00007213193,0.00001956133,0.00007113468],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984092,0.000009312403,0.001428031,0.00001572515,0.00003055596,0.00003208291,0.000001583144,0.00002059075,0.00005295464],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1711152,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2638333,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2050563626","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07217.x","title":"A highly automated moving object detection package","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics","funders":"","keywords":"Limiting magnitude; Object detection; Limiting; Pipeline (software); Set (abstract data type); Physics; Data set; Magnitude (astronomy); False positive rate; Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Operator (biology); Algorithm; Computer vision; Pattern recognition (psychology); Telescope; Astrophysics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004325606860608004,"gpt":0.180311593550514,"spread":0.175985986689906,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000140502,0.0001629023,0.0001901107,0.00001156671,0.000102302,0.00003622612,0.0001992216,0.00008266247,0.00002272491],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003722916,0.0001301588,0.0003011643,0.0001035476,0.0000803236,0.00006931069,0.00004000036,0.0002198141,0.0000150909],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001302754,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001298903,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008157031,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000218154,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991505,0.00004736041,0.0002330364,0.000157994,0.0001242493,0.000286881],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995416,0.00006758334,0.0000624067,0.0002515402,0.0000183369,0.00005849944],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003661386,0.00002134285,0.002392092,0.0000267216,0.00007104698,7.827239e-8,0.0002129673,0.9941514,0.001991461,0.000009221312,0.0004930068,0.0006270462],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002514249,0.0000149559,0.03681819,0.00001936736,0.00003978615,2.406179e-8,0.0001695084,0.9275734,0.03393188,0.000005631368,0.001035204,0.0001406562],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9973262,0.00009531734,0.0002003917,0.00003734044,0.0004235134,0.0001110796,0.00001176794,0.0004653629,0.001329051],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977643,1.194679e-7,0.002023948,0.00001464031,0.00005695456,0.000005498817,0.000001498501,0.0000297803,0.0001032906],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06657798,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5307721,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2134535409","doi":"10.1063/1.1525869","title":"A low-energy charged particle distribution imager with a compact sensor for space applications","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Review of Scientific Instruments","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":40,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Icon; Computer science; Citation; Information retrieval; Energy (signal processing); Space (punctuation); World Wide Web; Computer graphics (images); Physics; Operating system","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009881974531176006,"gpt":0.2340642052860661,"spread":0.2241822307548901,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002562587,0.0001164738,0.0002054438,0.00002611241,0.0001148021,0.00004575034,0.00008908749,0.00001723727,0.00004168394],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002616482,0.00009656746,0.00006979972,0.000438575,0.00009752258,0.0001102743,0.000005102339,0.00004010378,0.00002231096],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005361377,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002905898,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002152406,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.408046e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991236,0.00002205836,0.0002354552,0.0001919425,0.0001888439,0.000238051],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994404,0.00001465092,0.00006756703,0.0002928035,0.0001108973,0.00007363649],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007315628,0.001592697,0.005888737,0.04890818,0.0006666559,0.00000616956,0.0004738765,0.000755274,0.4499584,0.08351704,0.05911886,0.3490409],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000994083,0.00004375223,0.0003796971,0.003698768,0.0001264429,0.00002180744,0.00006285677,0.009078224,0.5354199,0.0001815017,0.4495918,0.0004011827],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9586588,0.005827235,0.02829881,0.000405707,0.0006400727,0.002157151,0.0005625927,0.0002858635,0.003163836],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972904,0.0007944097,0.001156079,0.00003821809,0.00001363221,0.00008409812,0.000133125,0.00001778308,0.0004723116],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3904729,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3937907,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2088966990","doi":"10.1117/12.469533","title":"<title>Tuning Retinex parameters</title>","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":38,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Color constancy; Computer science; Contrast (vision); MATLAB; Matching (statistics); Computation; Artificial intelligence; Image (mathematics); Computer vision; Algorithm; Mathematics; Statistics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01278695146749997,"gpt":0.2080700913992324,"spread":0.1952831399317324,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001768884,0.000215876,0.000237322,0.00007633954,0.00004076901,0.00007037394,0.000437172,0.0001257016,0.0002160852],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001796641,0.0001953917,0.0003264475,0.0002088681,0.0001028794,0.0001861823,0.00005745365,0.0002383605,0.00006199041],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008874233,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005640221,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":9.446578e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.033828e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988043,8.970098e-9,0.0003392055,0.000203124,0.0003627123,0.0002907068],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993896,0.00005769648,0.00008993359,0.00005316477,0.0003290867,0.00008049602],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001380899,0.00006966735,0.00008645842,0.0005098875,0.0004514853,4.456255e-7,0.0002790947,0.0005002455,0.4134388,0.3734517,0.2076639,0.003534432],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001088098,0.0001772953,0.0002695379,0.0005997844,0.0002414823,0.00005221229,0.0004131838,0.5256817,0.06862475,0.001776435,0.4000601,0.001015388],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8767352,0.0003396009,0.00003896049,0.0006572352,0.0004449978,0.0001697287,0.00001984874,0.0002287747,0.1213657],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8866024,0.0006474816,0.1046491,0.0001904994,0.001112417,0.00008104182,0.00001278865,0.0002221175,0.006482176],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5251815,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7967843,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3019880883","doi":"10.1109/access.2020.2989267","title":"Analysis and Comparison of FPGA-Based Histogram of Oriented Gradients Implementations","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Access","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":37,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Victoria","keywords":"Computer science; Histogram; Field-programmable gate array; Histogram matching; Normalization (sociology); Algorithm; Computation; Histogram of oriented gradients; Pixel; Computer engineering; Artificial intelligence; Computer hardware; Image (mathematics)","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03665021908823723,"gpt":0.3338171250800423,"spread":0.2971669059918051,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00002227736,0.00006405703,0.0002041877,0.0001156165,0.00001807771,0.00001115412,0.00009925781,0.00001409589,0.00003331385],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008873137,0.00006723416,0.00005399417,0.0006818823,0.00003160109,0.00006735197,0.0000104043,0.00004088848,6.147897e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001108801,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005270991,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001920578,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001076273,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994995,0.00000953905,0.0002219352,0.00008745305,0.00009765447,0.00008390081],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997374,0.00002689092,0.00005466572,0.00009342721,0.0000386644,0.00004890897],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001460617,0.00006603415,0.9011008,0.0001901054,0.0004121807,9.975095e-7,0.001537702,0.07896114,0.01082238,0.00002148733,0.001012286,0.005860329],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00102855,0.0000703678,0.1890057,0.0000206177,0.000858078,1.49692e-7,0.0004020814,0.488761,0.3181145,0.00001519096,0.001493826,0.0002300212],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.971505,0.0000525587,0.02804739,0.00005183934,0.00006967795,0.00006051983,0.00004268326,0.00005237422,0.0001179052],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994998,0.000003406328,0.000419129,0.00002955787,0.00001036811,0.000002955114,0.0000249021,0.000007886099,0.000002017434],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7120951,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.274173,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2163923719","doi":"10.1109/tns.2013.2250307","title":"Design of a Real-Time FPGA-Based Data Acquisition Architecture for the LabPET II: An APD-Based Scanner Dedicated to Small Animal PET Imaging","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":36,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Sherbrooke","funders":"","keywords":"Data acquisition; Computer hardware; Field-programmable gate array; Computer science; Detector; Application-specific integrated circuit; Throughput; Real-time computing; Wireless","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02055901194316499,"gpt":0.236080664516319,"spread":0.215521652573154,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000431401,0.00016767,0.0001368496,0.0002458383,0.000483197,0.0001279666,0.0008846244,0.0000252451,0.0001498645],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001354757,0.0001364404,0.00004423955,0.000671456,0.0002875669,0.0003303505,0.000004868784,0.0001525895,0.00004316709],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005951252,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009037569,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001604591,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001381445,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987351,0.00003748195,0.0001903028,0.0003883512,0.0002856827,0.0003631051],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987452,0.0001504353,0.00003563433,0.000792262,0.0001216101,0.0001548781],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004670375,0.00005372608,4.609831e-7,0.00001283398,0.000005542603,8.274566e-7,0.0001798543,0.6492856,0.3421837,0.000001669882,0.0003675811,0.007861541],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002916873,0.000167622,0.0001605047,0.0000428376,0.00002996001,0.000006881294,0.00006357885,0.9459593,0.0529677,0.00000758759,0.0001372698,0.0001650875],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3938898,0.00000401478,0.603442,0.001419261,0.0001485398,0.0006056132,0.0001111898,0.0003439439,0.00003561794],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.957038,0.000001399009,0.042462,0.000379613,0.00002481986,0.00003126163,0.00000314858,0.00004424327,0.00001545556],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5631482,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5563877,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2076702782","doi":"10.3758/bf03195363","title":"Millisecond timing on PCs and Macs","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":35,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Window (computing); Human multitasking; Operating system; OpenGL; Graphics; Real-time computing; Millisecond; Embedded system; Visualization; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1891742799988646,"gpt":0.463740645572073,"spread":0.2745663655732083,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001076418,0.0002545085,0.0002706136,0.0004419847,0.0002408229,0.0002151413,0.0003282127,0.00009468202,0.0001030942],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005378605,0.0002623025,0.00006938029,0.0004354495,0.0001917503,0.0001833502,0.0001739625,0.0006833013,0.00005221644],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001829631,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002143767,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007980176,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005941829,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976305,0.0003592218,0.0002994694,0.0004278694,0.0005199518,0.000762966],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988732,0.0003081877,0.00002566873,0.0004378468,0.00006743937,0.0002876982],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001904299,0.00007314909,0.007477276,0.00004093914,0.00003554206,0.0001096603,0.000318238,0.0002950041,0.008570904,0.0001210201,0.002262706,0.9806765],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007104354,0.001226842,0.1424352,0.001133608,0.0001784996,0.001235063,0.003279211,0.1737902,0.09905726,0.001420735,0.5654815,0.003657594],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9903708,0.0001900211,0.005513382,0.0001321337,0.0007667811,0.0004062099,0.00001237551,0.0002324691,0.002375805],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8015869,0.0007620242,0.1962788,0.0001794113,0.000250881,0.0001050225,0.00002758441,0.0001333428,0.0006760295],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.977019,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999829,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2212854264","doi":"10.1109/led.2015.2410304","title":"Direct-Conversion CMOS X-Ray Imager With <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$5.6 ~\\mu \\text{m} \\times 6.25~\\mu \\text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Pixels","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Electron Device Letters","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; CMC Microsystems","keywords":"Pixel; CMOS; Dot pitch; Physics; Noise (video); Image sensor; Optoelectronics; Materials science; Electrical engineering; Optics; Computer science; Engineering; Image (mathematics); Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007546501820405006,"gpt":0.2123202988784446,"spread":0.2047737970580396,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001126826,0.002138144,0.001813592,0.0009688046,0.0005841791,0.0006639539,0.001437058,0.0006362374,0.0001424775],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001851351,0.001995664,0.0006396166,0.001921937,0.000375595,0.002229111,0.0001694604,0.001583745,0.002264308],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001345824,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003879155,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001027528,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002002377,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9906144,0.000281545,0.00177379,0.001940856,0.002146272,0.003243109],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9952778,0.0004922063,0.0006336116,0.001919113,0.0006753757,0.00100189],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005167226,0.0004382601,0.0007648827,0.0006950914,0.001167066,0.0005212485,0.003235012,0.07205122,0.822723,0.001155733,0.09056882,0.006162901],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00972636,0.001075435,0.002772897,0.00102481,0.001290344,0.0005842246,0.0002283784,0.2362991,0.2454671,0.0001482537,0.4948852,0.006497953],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9764935,0.002173836,0.005380025,0.005362662,0.002008881,0.001600885,0.0001102272,0.002593797,0.004276205],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9814368,0.0003288526,0.005647031,0.005895193,0.001622952,0.0001870632,0.0004058128,0.0007379425,0.00373831],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.577256,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999136,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1989524605","doi":"10.1086/605449","title":"Extreme Faint Flux Imaging with an EMCCD","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Noise (video); Flux (metallurgy); Charge-coupled device; Luminosity; Charge (physics)","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01015419967524199,"gpt":0.1953776999000058,"spread":0.1852235002247639,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001307524,0.0001138064,0.0001344992,0.00001823319,0.000120392,0.00003853847,0.0006568789,0.00002644049,0.0000282538],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001319003,0.00007139378,0.000219431,0.0002382268,0.0002151291,0.0001648536,0.00004956432,0.0001683132,0.000003424451],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006882165,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002746575,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009291177,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001394521,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992974,0.00002477945,0.0002100897,0.0001346723,0.0001335537,0.0001994655],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989799,0.00002695129,0.00008739286,0.0007942179,0.0000587828,0.00005278802],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004001192,0.0008819109,0.4905421,0.0000938989,0.0004852558,1.3561e-8,0.006053421,0.2021768,0.1512775,0.01066822,0.09376563,0.0440152],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004060788,0.00002662697,0.8594467,0.00004536328,0.00006397536,0.000003113382,0.0021657,0.1159138,0.01371265,0.001043895,0.006926519,0.0002455714],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9812225,0.00005931418,0.002755545,0.01386396,0.00007841321,0.0001890151,0.00002172834,0.0001186117,0.00169099],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9923981,0.000001454315,0.007200496,0.00002378951,0.00004112603,0.000005999049,0.000006106985,0.00001466987,0.0003082699],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3689046,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2911354,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2106690679","doi":"10.1109/tip.2009.2028926","title":"3-D Brain MRI Tissue Classification on FPGAs","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Field-programmable gate array; Computer science; Speedup; Algorithm; Volume (thermodynamics); Gate array; Artificial intelligence; Pattern recognition (psychology); Parallel computing; Computer hardware","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01279946514607935,"gpt":0.2590029498526244,"spread":0.246203484706545,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008012193,0.0001999901,0.0001401019,0.000181524,0.0002131036,0.0001530438,0.0001152442,0.00007309541,0.00005901683],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004718726,0.000210509,0.00005252798,0.0003147485,0.0000399608,0.000337674,1.674877e-7,0.0003299367,0.0002069719],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009535363,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002009457,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002379922,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002670336,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999069,0.00001797125,0.0002057509,0.0002469416,0.0001916214,0.000268689],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995908,0.00003684274,0.00002910467,0.0002200775,0.00004528471,0.00007790849],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001851017,0.0001094084,4.619219e-7,0.00005124625,0.000008968891,0.000008183853,0.0004669335,0.04460621,0.2488027,0.00001943189,0.001621715,0.7042863],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006323826,0.0001640096,0.0003516506,0.0002685479,0.00004299884,0.00003758252,0.0002222844,0.265372,0.7230918,0.0003883494,0.008839959,0.0005884338],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01553047,0.00009795215,0.9683052,0.002876393,0.0003320222,0.0001539472,0.000008794549,0.001094893,0.01160032],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9939764,0.00002553847,0.004471804,0.0005474731,0.00008879797,0.00001278443,0.000002933739,0.00004232857,0.0008320077],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9784459,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8584307,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2069115996","doi":"10.1118/1.3483096","title":"A solid‐state amorphous selenium avalanche technology for low photon flux imaging applications","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Medical Physics","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Health Sciences Centre; Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute; University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Health Science Centre","funders":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health","keywords":"Avalanche photodiode; Single-photon avalanche diode; Optoelectronics; Materials science; Avalanche diode; Avalanche breakdown; Amorphous solid; Optics; Electric field; Photon; Voltage; Breakdown voltage; Physics; Electrical engineering; Chemistry; Engineering; Detector","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003435680581323426,"gpt":0.2358937997533067,"spread":0.2324581191719833,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008313115,0.0001541326,0.0001877653,0.00004900065,0.00007512071,0.00002294458,0.0002543037,0.00009359691,0.00005334254],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005114674,0.0001527669,0.00006757518,0.0002435619,0.0001637929,0.00005395302,0.00003537753,0.0005406528,0.0001207899],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002126601,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003779871,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000425523,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007995756,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990495,0.000003674764,0.0001814932,0.0002028584,0.0002003338,0.0003620955],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994125,0.00006336653,0.00002565309,0.0003096032,0.00005479086,0.0001340991],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000111522,0.000261764,0.001852178,0.0003845356,0.00009165968,0.0000183903,0.0004001563,0.0004961201,0.3444703,0.002750877,0.02631311,0.6229498],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001194304,0.00002097555,0.0001147138,0.00007128222,0.00005057118,0.00005738755,0.00007246623,0.1763069,0.6637607,0.04389828,0.1138208,0.0006316141],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3514166,0.0001675168,0.637472,0.002201854,0.001397065,0.0009521534,0.00007051251,0.002783549,0.003538688],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974508,0.0000161936,0.001273388,0.0002129726,0.0005875649,0.0002416765,0.00002735669,0.00006103278,0.0001290155],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6460341,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6229652,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2082568223","doi":"10.1117/12.788929","title":"CCCP: a CCD controller for counting photons","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Photon Etc (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Photon counting; Controller (irrigation); Pixel; Frame rate; Frame (networking); Physics; Noise (video); Photon; Computer science; Clock rate; Optics; Computer hardware; Image (mathematics); Optoelectronics; Artificial intelligence; CMOS; Telecommunications","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01101529523615223,"gpt":0.2140529058927557,"spread":0.2030376106566034,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004420259,0.0003895896,0.000548946,0.0001161717,0.0001512208,0.0000895389,0.0007357544,0.0001911373,0.00001141794],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004807405,0.0003477318,0.0008472854,0.0002924434,0.0002368799,0.0004537243,0.00007600392,0.000324727,0.000002696014],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001651163,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002693621,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007602731,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.444198e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977798,7.042133e-9,0.0007305451,0.0003546102,0.0005731557,0.0005619233],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980258,0.0002256758,0.0002172902,0.00005853585,0.001342237,0.0001304423],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000115694,0.000117379,0.000469913,0.0008122814,0.0008486161,2.177484e-7,0.0005339562,0.00146147,0.8163998,0.1585936,0.02028219,0.000364921],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005572621,0.0003663741,0.001144938,0.0005808103,0.0004169967,0.000112359,0.0019358,0.6041669,0.3378431,0.001888099,0.04475389,0.001218191],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9936063,0.0001933376,0.0001973201,0.0007897532,0.0003801204,0.0007598797,0.00008790038,0.0002926638,0.003692771],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9206409,0.000187009,0.07725635,0.0001539262,0.0007548526,0.0003598435,0.00001181679,0.0001569878,0.000478332],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6027054,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998975,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4382394974","doi":"10.18280/ts.400332","title":"Deep Learning Based Compression with Classification Model on CMOS Image Sensors","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Traitement du signal","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"CMOS; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Image compression; Compression (physics); Computer vision; Deep learning; Image (mathematics); Data compression; Pattern recognition (psychology); Electronic engineering; Engineering; Image processing; Materials science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01865920198610464,"gpt":0.2233479964484642,"spread":0.2046887944623595,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001198095,0.0001766403,0.000129221,0.0001389332,0.0001184625,0.0000517991,0.00008960844,0.00004009502,0.0001151934],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005745777,0.000154587,0.00004345494,0.00023303,0.00003193653,0.00009349102,0.000008327297,0.0002088187,0.0001764848],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005693715,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009361169,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002307571,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001545656,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990116,0.00003385894,0.0001699586,0.0002094846,0.0003012616,0.0002738583],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999665,0.00006100076,0.00003218054,0.0001364249,0.00003243122,0.00007291335],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003771645,0.00002658451,0.0001990581,0.00003768432,0.00001529915,0.00001140887,0.0002846643,0.9177766,0.0773839,0.00006710618,0.0009225704,0.003237339],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006375416,0.00006211592,0.004374901,0.00007124148,0.00001621563,0.0000012687,0.0001955802,0.9864316,0.007362725,0.00001762238,0.0006281719,0.0002010175],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8788709,0.00001039241,0.1150982,0.000273473,0.00006681439,0.0002407913,0.000006876611,0.001551562,0.003881013],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981164,0.000006840737,0.001395038,0.00006312193,0.00005943863,0.00002730383,0.00007470752,0.00005375224,0.000203412],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1192455,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6303877,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1969038832","doi":"10.1016/j.aca.2005.05.005","title":"Spectral filtering of light-emitting diodes for fluorescence detection","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Analytica Chimica Acta","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Chemistry; Fluorescence; Light-emitting diode; Diode; Optoelectronics; Optics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008744368340428311,"gpt":0.2197860795614745,"spread":0.2110417112210462,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007541813,0.0001276088,0.0001780429,0.00008831835,0.00004860267,0.00002612966,0.0001320214,0.00004327564,0.0000243216],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005673971,0.0001289304,0.0001101327,0.0001386737,0.00002343537,0.0001342667,0.00001666275,0.0001051271,0.000007467027],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004705576,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006055443,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002545975,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001417352,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992536,0.000005391723,0.0002349785,0.000152662,0.00009388754,0.000259472],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996372,0.00005537815,0.00003645885,0.0001914807,0.00002697231,0.00005254549],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008959973,0.00001481119,0.000104304,0.00006291993,0.00004471901,3.598882e-7,0.0002008973,0.0002158336,0.9929357,0.00004724054,0.0003944266,0.005969787],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001502599,0.00001960757,0.000695006,0.00004229821,0.00003816133,0.000006249654,0.00003418939,0.2239572,0.7715239,0.00005318637,0.003338909,0.0001410818],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9949063,0.00001622998,0.0009413747,0.000399688,0.0001279361,0.0001205868,0.000009091402,0.0002165243,0.003262277],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9936869,0.00002349387,0.005863482,0.00001682246,0.0002785831,0.000005023243,0.000002816304,0.00002884624,0.00009410241],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2237413,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5257631,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2908219441","doi":"10.3390/jimaging5010007","title":"Optimized Memory Allocation and Power Minimization for FPGA-Based Image Processing","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Imaging","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Defence Science and Technology Laboratory","keywords":"Computer science; Field-programmable gate array; Embedded system; Frame (networking); Memory management; Realization (probability); Power (physics); Minification; Power consumption; Computer hardware; Parallel computing; Computer engineering; Semiconductor memory","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004161259729730555,"gpt":0.2174061625311636,"spread":0.213244902801433,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002136867,0.0000964616,0.0001625623,0.0001412024,0.00003493169,0.00009942381,0.00006185035,0.00001914032,0.00002028254],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000050049,0.00009033051,0.00005425946,0.00007721489,0.0000189515,0.0004574787,0.00000548691,0.00009723852,0.000002216619],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004344055,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003524873,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":5.738746e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.993292e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993941,0.0000113204,0.0002668753,0.00007575115,0.0001189217,0.0001330841],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995254,0.00005145848,0.000124476,0.00006805686,0.0001849184,0.00004574613],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003038852,0.0000910106,0.002216517,0.001079035,0.0001025235,0.00002551418,0.002438057,0.4297194,0.4468167,0.00002756786,0.005397377,0.1117824],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002539976,0.00002923784,0.000696658,0.0002768866,0.00005135854,0.00007801065,0.0005239031,0.9494139,0.04471445,0.00006003145,0.001417276,0.0001983259],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4907976,0.001619554,0.5033011,0.001535884,0.0007280851,0.0003026411,0.00000301855,0.0001144908,0.00159763],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9177877,0.00001328168,0.08189135,0.0001420167,0.00007776317,0.00000160182,0.000002245084,0.00003259519,0.00005148313],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5196944,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3683571,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3116460607","doi":"10.3390/electronics9122200","title":"CNN2Gate: An Implementation of Convolutional Neural Networks Inference on FPGAs with Automated Design Space Exploration","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Electronics","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Polytechnique Montréal","funders":"Institut de Valorisation des Données; CMC Microsystems","keywords":"Computer science; Field-programmable gate array; Convolutional neural network; Design space exploration; Reconfigurability; Computer architecture; Artificial intelligence; Deep learning; Inference; Machine learning; Embedded system; Computer engineering; Operating system","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02282250566289341,"gpt":0.2610508908972426,"spread":0.2382283852343492,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004821947,0.0001053678,0.00009605336,0.00002595633,0.00003356491,0.00002103732,0.00006140443,0.00002921905,0.00002002955],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006207285,0.0001026346,0.00001398011,0.0001900125,0.00001675755,0.0002119259,0.00000458551,0.0001373599,0.000003625217],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006098792,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004649413,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005250354,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002901234,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993896,0.0000343198,0.0001267534,0.0001164846,0.0001271559,0.0002056294],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997619,0.0000280662,0.00003735333,0.0000795565,0.00004210071,0.00005102595],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003876707,0.000008540317,0.0001756705,0.000008334842,0.00001780737,0.00000112529,0.000376128,0.9910741,0.004572387,0.0009802779,0.0003950192,0.002351775],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003376032,0.0005085603,0.0006783367,0.000006094955,0.0000123213,0.000001676493,0.0001224312,0.980266,0.01771435,0.0000500902,0.0001906883,0.0001118533],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6886376,0.0003437509,0.3092669,0.0004986768,0.00006216764,0.0002432736,0.000005270299,0.0008875869,0.00005471344],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989358,0.0000594222,0.0007776536,0.00008299348,0.00005069409,0.000008834787,0.00006063849,0.00002156259,0.000002421433],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3102981,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4185317,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1997777072","doi":"10.1117/12.604523","title":"<title>CCD sensor and camera for 100 Mfps burst frame rate image capture</title>","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Dalsa Corporation","funders":"","keywords":"Pixel; Frame rate; Microlens; Time delay and integration; Charge-coupled device; Physics; Frame (networking); Image sensor; Reset (finance); Microsecond; Optics; Computer science; Telecommunications","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007274331271152602,"gpt":0.2144473504972346,"spread":0.207173019226082,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002342452,0.0002418029,0.000265442,0.00007252977,0.00004851105,0.00009226296,0.0003049672,0.0001423701,0.00005873802],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001843431,0.0002163847,0.0002788362,0.0001329531,0.0001277339,0.0002382567,0.00005014141,0.0002275062,0.00002077405],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000995177,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001391068,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001991614,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.297583e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988598,1.270616e-8,0.0003262205,0.0002337995,0.0002513808,0.0003287595],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992413,0.00008106849,0.00008857839,0.00004724526,0.0004512847,0.00009051203],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000315431,0.00005149297,0.00003350273,0.0006061401,0.000369576,1.919206e-7,0.0002425485,0.0003041442,0.6513938,0.2769401,0.06804582,0.001981059],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001840501,0.0001877294,0.0003969522,0.0004529268,0.0003356047,0.00005860835,0.0007650287,0.2989462,0.10795,0.002286308,0.5856217,0.001158507],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9721932,0.0004176633,0.0001639835,0.001686633,0.0003361077,0.0003456566,0.00008812488,0.0001965973,0.02457207],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6787617,0.0008414508,0.3078232,0.000484414,0.002921052,0.0002159806,0.00004051256,0.0003668341,0.008544816],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5434439,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.882391,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2160559300","doi":"10.1109/jssc.2011.2157254","title":"CMOS Technology Scaling Considerations for Multi-Gbps Optical Receivers With Integrated Photodetectors","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"University of Toronto; Intel Corporation","keywords":"Photodetector; CMOS; Responsivity; Photodiode; Electronic engineering; Bandwidth (computing); Computer science; Equalization (audio); Scaling; Optical communication; Optoelectronics; Materials science; Telecommunications; Engineering; Channel (broadcasting)","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05069765439284393,"gpt":0.2568603904432476,"spread":0.2061627360504037,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001736865,0.0002217884,0.0003720487,0.0003265233,0.0001035462,0.00003545223,0.0001563436,0.0001148083,0.00003484914],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001515619,0.0001879916,0.0001036365,0.000279337,0.000160279,0.0002573722,0.000006019195,0.0004611086,0.000009225669],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001105566,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001010659,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007520538,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002744912,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987779,0.00001885642,0.0005141568,0.0001544112,0.0001569096,0.000377745],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999008,0.0001047974,0.0001521046,0.0001556398,0.0004425731,0.0001368763],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002735036,0.0005021536,0.002284543,0.0003194984,0.001864422,0.001209778,0.01810653,0.1067067,0.8348883,0.0004389454,0.003846792,0.02955887],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003322341,0.000434198,0.0004632841,0.0004278615,0.0002122136,0.001520851,0.002163338,0.02708267,0.9611731,0.001859899,0.0007381053,0.0006021781],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8800796,0.00009964047,0.118182,0.00005199877,0.0008678499,0.000230173,0.0000411003,0.0001886631,0.0002589247],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9770814,0.00006241222,0.02262951,0.0000503378,0.00006526086,0.000008842943,9.804071e-7,0.00006018558,0.00004111143],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1262848,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7666076,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1978196841","doi":"10.1007/s10854-007-9455-6","title":"CMOS photodetector systems for low-level light applications","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Comparator; Integrator; Photodetector; Context (archaeology); CMOS; Detector; Pixel; Computer science; Noise (video); SIGNAL (programming language); Image sensor; Electronic engineering; Metric (unit); Optoelectronics; Electrical engineering; Physics; Engineering; Voltage; Bandwidth (computing); Telecommunications; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00965715376545513,"gpt":0.2456376971670599,"spread":0.2359805434016047,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0042093,0.0001972944,0.0004606171,0.0004011198,0.0001090751,0.000329721,0.0005807827,0.00008801154,0.00002588412],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009955157,0.0001741306,0.00004823147,0.0004168125,0.00009739731,0.0003592725,0.00002985252,0.0001080772,0.00001104366],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004577444,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001983953,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008172513,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007412986,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975941,0.00002934478,0.001050021,0.0001909303,0.0003842448,0.0007513804],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990257,0.00007521979,0.0003095332,0.000239973,0.0002368267,0.0001127712],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006045363,0.00002888658,0.000004215987,0.0001467366,0.000009379367,0.000004373661,0.0000905017,0.001868184,0.9967337,0.0005298388,0.00008841184,0.0004352719],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004104948,0.0001038098,0.00008806962,0.00009899631,0.00001388506,0.000121369,0.00009144949,0.0001696856,0.9920743,0.0004368814,0.006193897,0.0001972263],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9869067,0.0006842234,0.007976622,0.00003481243,0.003712464,0.0005016435,0.00005151441,0.00005498005,0.00007705078],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976705,0.0002096981,0.001375571,0.00002267047,0.0006203786,0.00003597716,0.000002216547,0.00003941605,0.00002359261],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01076379,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7100838,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2030888861","doi":"10.1088/0004-6256/137/2/3172","title":"THE WFC3 GALACTIC BULGE TREASURY PROGRAM: A FIRST LOOK AT RESOLVED STELLAR POPULATION TOOLS","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astronomical Journal","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":28,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Bulge; Treasury; Stellar population; Population; Stellar mass","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01154356162725714,"gpt":0.2182736821562954,"spread":0.2067301205290382,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003127835,0.0001506946,0.0001410969,0.00002638342,0.0004437694,0.0003245215,0.00027,0.00004118521,0.00004192662],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003730152,0.0000897853,0.0001300024,0.00006399378,0.00005084219,0.0001400585,0.00002370891,0.0004249599,0.00007262707],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002497416,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001239588,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005381219,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000131132,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990053,0.00005943646,0.0002923005,0.00009941313,0.000163462,0.000380082],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993992,0.0001445038,0.0000675335,0.000253788,0.00001951797,0.0001153902],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004448137,0.0001454103,0.02626722,0.00001056747,0.0002182438,0.00001261602,0.0007141639,0.1041495,0.002594122,0.0001527466,0.01106189,0.8542287],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001585826,0.0002886169,0.8927267,0.00009589804,0.0001524745,0.0004538191,0.0003317258,0.03901349,0.00109659,0.0009430388,0.0628036,0.0005081868],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9960067,0.0003591173,0.0002300228,0.002293283,0.0002453186,0.0001718312,0.000001690092,0.00013125,0.0005608455],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987723,0.0000359498,0.0004497674,0.00002694907,0.0005150655,0.000003678454,0.00000359227,0.00002162392,0.000171126],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8664595,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3661338,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2117370575","doi":"10.1109/nssmic.2005.1596926","title":"Real-Time Coincidence Detection System for Digital High Resolution APD-based Animal PET Scanner","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":28,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Sherbrooke","funders":"","keywords":"Timestamp; Coincidence; Computer science; Scanner; Coincidence detection in neurobiology; Coincidence counting; Computer hardware; Real-time computing; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003731533271361153,"gpt":0.1756864921223171,"spread":0.171954958850956,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006867062,0.000126737,0.0001200749,0.000067915,0.00007312329,0.00009235881,0.00005921102,0.00003800652,0.00001302989],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001168474,0.0001250378,0.00005954659,0.0001150169,0.0000207127,0.0002028976,0.000006400705,0.00004731635,0.00007996405],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001960973,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001137936,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004152128,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004716381,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992905,0.000007230978,0.0001808818,0.000163885,0.0001240351,0.0002334662],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996973,0.00004736028,0.00002443295,0.0001415846,0.00005223899,0.00003712278],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000164833,0.00004476714,0.0002624746,0.0003973299,0.00002579388,0.00004112793,0.00001851307,0.182713,0.8028895,0.001527159,0.010126,0.001789526],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005045664,0.00007810692,0.0025649,0.0000650316,0.0000199074,0.00006858155,0.00003667741,0.8674288,0.127864,0.0000477761,0.001048946,0.0002727942],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9344755,0.00001595146,0.05272561,0.00004906715,0.000238992,0.0002468872,0.00004737553,0.00170898,0.0104916],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9965347,4.680137e-7,0.002211718,0.000004354003,0.0002019784,0.00002206914,0.0000401236,0.00003504051,0.000949567],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6847158,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5098893,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2127106059","doi":"10.1109/ted.2008.926744","title":"Two-Transistor Active Pixel Sensor Readout Circuits in Amorphous Silicon Technology for High-Resolution Digital Imaging Applications","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":27,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Pixel; Dot pitch; Transistor; Image resolution; Image sensor; Materials science; CMOS sensor; CMOS; Noise (video); Optoelectronics; Electronic engineering; Computer science; Optics; Electrical engineering; Physics; Voltage; Engineering; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006820580533054084,"gpt":0.214825373057025,"spread":0.2080047925239709,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003442902,0.0002685279,0.0002727034,0.0004382649,0.0002073736,0.0000334348,0.0001657806,0.00009891942,0.000007066209],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003577191,0.0003144743,0.0000996099,0.0006272317,0.0001033364,0.0003316859,6.039622e-7,0.0004005013,0.00004541925],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002952362,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004504213,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004260254,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002218198,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986674,0.00001417439,0.0002941149,0.0003875202,0.0001407468,0.0004960454],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994844,0.00008982971,0.00004819035,0.0002409104,0.00006166407,0.00007497428],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002544353,0.0006897568,0.0004816308,0.0002503509,0.0003102477,0.00003193004,0.001442894,0.2012847,0.5372595,0.0005652661,0.0001998511,0.2572294],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004975237,0.0004202905,0.001973241,0.0001465576,0.0002455456,0.000429572,0.0009945516,0.08823443,0.8838108,0.0007897927,0.01601639,0.001963552],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4973926,0.0003372783,0.4990356,0.0005611877,0.0001779563,0.0008272253,0.0001481057,0.001080287,0.0004397417],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987881,0.00007886528,0.0004137623,0.00007142806,0.00006978955,0.0004103763,0.00001993694,0.00007372993,0.00007398988],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5013955,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999307,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2150060182","doi":"10.3389/fncom.2013.00021","title":"Local field potentials reflect multiple spatial scales in V4","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":27,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University Health Centre; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; McGill University","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies","keywords":"Local field potential; Field (mathematics); Neuroscience; Psychology; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007648711472084798,"gpt":0.2172204671646094,"spread":0.2095717556925246,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007445495,0.000101483,0.000122462,0.0001886435,0.0000398295,0.00005776102,0.0001866334,0.00003518477,0.000008974198],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009573858,0.0001091595,0.00002670726,0.0003401586,0.00009962499,0.0002178513,0.00002916795,0.000157975,0.0000145555],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005033864,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001726142,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001547471,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006647781,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990841,0.0000294621,0.0002068231,0.0002217939,0.0002138363,0.0002439856],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997332,0.00009331895,0.0000182653,0.00008441805,0.00002117307,0.00004962576],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003662373,0.00002195974,0.0356335,0.000009064014,6.73605e-7,0.00001295185,0.00005252594,0.9423232,0.002127458,0.00002928552,0.004291939,0.01549376],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001978499,0.00001779425,0.1481492,0.00001335306,5.142634e-7,0.000005012976,0.00002795565,0.8483912,0.0005627432,0.002369609,0.0001599781,0.0001047861],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3596049,0.00004897644,0.6382948,0.000313904,0.001308025,0.0001222497,0.000002869497,0.00007221755,0.000232057],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9882761,0.00001040737,0.01124629,0.000393677,0.000028758,0.00001155646,0.000002920824,0.00001068316,0.00001960249],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6286712,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4451396,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2096185181","doi":"10.1109/jsen.2010.2089447","title":"CMOS Active-Pixel Sensor With In-Situ Memory for Ultrahigh-Speed Imaging","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Sensors Journal","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":27,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Image sensor; Frame rate; Computer science; Pixel; Computer hardware; CMOS; CMOS sensor; Frame (networking); Chip; Data acquisition; Electronic engineering; Artificial intelligence; Engineering; Telecommunications","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006358290346777379,"gpt":0.2162180088780567,"spread":0.2098597185312793,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002934365,0.0003581179,0.0003699341,0.0003284085,0.0002086003,0.0001704472,0.0002313161,0.0001044373,0.00005840352],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005857576,0.0003138382,0.0001493369,0.0002430687,0.0001130651,0.0003799554,0.000007853881,0.00130034,0.00003721043],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009690943,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005242796,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001015027,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00009794952,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982326,0.00003769307,0.0004047462,0.0002849508,0.0003114745,0.0007285379],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990169,0.0001704408,0.0001030919,0.0002931601,0.0001608544,0.0002555946],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001463196,0.00005267398,0.0007905227,0.00004285201,0.00008690372,0.0002484126,0.001346602,0.01604336,0.9664739,0.00001750623,0.002691086,0.01205988],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007966526,0.0001418097,0.01226989,0.0002998161,0.0001730253,0.01030395,0.003123369,0.057413,0.8744932,0.0003495791,0.03151275,0.001953051],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9891038,0.00006719547,0.001379186,0.0003950052,0.003351211,0.0002597076,0.00001491521,0.0002393606,0.005189647],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9932729,0.00002927519,0.004503493,0.0001076899,0.001328051,0.000004948472,0.000002892228,0.0001294914,0.0006212806],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09198065,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999314,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2124747642","doi":"10.1109/jsen.2010.2058846","title":"A Novel, High-Dynamic-Range, High-Speed, and High-Sensitivity CMOS Imager Using Time-Domain Single-Photon Counting and Avalanche Photodiodes","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Sensors Journal","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Avalanche photodiode; Photon counting; Dynamic range; Single-photon avalanche diode; Detector; High dynamic range; CMOS; Photon; Wide dynamic range; Sensitivity (control systems); Photodiode; Optoelectronics; Optics; Image sensor; Physics; Electronic engineering; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007396460431392396,"gpt":0.2046772114731493,"spread":0.1972807510417569,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008531639,0.0005328504,0.0006251863,0.0002973151,0.0004520599,0.0005858744,0.0001290362,0.0002474176,0.00009525756],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009642197,0.0005265967,0.0001080569,0.0002366199,0.0003072101,0.0005273601,0.00004963815,0.001368712,0.00002515666],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001305394,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003525788,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002469635,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008698591,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976556,0.0001037832,0.0005331817,0.0004541361,0.0004570893,0.0007961795],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987013,0.0002579467,0.0001977011,0.0003218206,0.0001806067,0.0003405852],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000403728,0.00005427406,0.0005087684,0.00005800691,0.0001089918,0.0003585984,0.0004427567,0.003995901,0.9929644,0.00001322644,0.0003111303,0.001143588],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005782738,0.0001428524,0.01318528,0.0005402332,0.0004112519,0.02912153,0.0004780444,0.5226631,0.4228104,0.0007461202,0.001654892,0.002463553],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9948056,0.0001597766,0.002413941,0.000165185,0.001717631,0.0002043443,0.00007288543,0.0002645735,0.0001960374],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.972329,0.00007350675,0.02645325,0.00009565786,0.0007580378,0.000001053753,0.000005318543,0.0001484351,0.0001357742],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.570154,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997185,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2124693169","doi":"10.1109/ted.2003.809029","title":"UV-responsive CCD image sensors with enhanced inorganic phosphor coatings","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Dalsa Corporation; University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Phosphor; Materials science; Optoelectronics; Coating; Ultraviolet; Irradiation; Absorption (acoustics); Laser; Radiation; Degradation (telecommunications); Optics; Nanotechnology; Electronic engineering; Composite material","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003704717040385878,"gpt":0.2004649710959973,"spread":0.1967602540556114,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009034973,0.0003204077,0.0002510039,0.0001622696,0.0001809797,0.00007261341,0.0001257536,0.00008360974,0.0002300702],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006667938,0.0003010296,0.00008079275,0.0005307809,0.00006367068,0.0002367542,2.829339e-7,0.0004517108,0.0001946463],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000142464,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005800605,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002335148,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002299897,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986324,0.00005801442,0.0002264022,0.0003157197,0.0002330861,0.0005343632],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993639,0.0001223793,0.0000466262,0.0002772259,0.00008378574,0.0001060896],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001790349,0.0001214103,0.00001526168,0.00007300659,0.0001727247,0.00001871395,0.001225474,0.04348617,0.9519227,0.00004790816,0.0002333705,0.002504241],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005660527,0.0002396701,0.00006035122,0.000045016,0.00007279984,0.00005373355,0.0003889776,0.001335075,0.9955,0.00001765147,0.001325599,0.00039512],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.901219,0.0001702302,0.0951836,0.00007425671,0.0002148577,0.000222472,0.00001036392,0.0006196626,0.0022856],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977163,0.00009181231,0.001162449,0.0001248182,0.00002272569,0.00003663789,0.000001756585,0.00009217887,0.0007513138],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09649735,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999442,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1987250404","doi":"10.1109/tcsi.2006.883161","title":"Adaptive Multiple-Resolution CMOS Active Pixel Sensor","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Fundamental Theory and Applications","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Pixel; CMOS; Computer science; Image sensor; Bottleneck; Chip; Data compression; Block (permutation group theory); Image resolution; Dissipation; Electronic engineering; Computer hardware; Artificial intelligence; Engineering; Mathematics; Embedded system; Telecommunications","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0121204018710828,"gpt":0.2084973935512623,"spread":0.1963769916801795,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001307194,0.0002006117,0.0001800058,0.00009821458,0.0004286462,0.00008035605,0.00005301349,0.00008132233,0.00001371982],"category_scores_gemma":[9.101203e-7,0.0001997107,0.00005246647,0.0001419252,0.0001392656,0.0001350669,9.717876e-7,0.0001813799,0.00002509699],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007579022,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007089468,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005648905,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001958368,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999107,0.0000712145,0.0002272882,0.0002687715,0.000112656,0.0002130471],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994554,0.0002263001,0.00003798102,0.0001680097,0.00002621089,0.00008609233],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002453909,0.001043207,0.0001742344,0.0005008603,0.0006311632,0.000009045315,0.002481636,0.2374199,0.2437509,0.209337,0.0003323932,0.3040742],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01305253,0.001144947,0.01046881,0.001277594,0.001435392,0.001610572,0.05455026,0.6325178,0.127924,0.03200205,0.1169128,0.007103281],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1743436,0.0005668336,0.8176182,0.00002057986,0.0002818238,0.0008701112,0.0004533339,0.0003567824,0.00548873],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986403,0.00006942881,0.00003912631,0.00002214808,0.0001210725,0.0003450606,0.00001147821,0.00003135487,0.0007200337],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8242967,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8143964,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2949641106","doi":"10.26421/qic6.6-1","title":"Near-perfect simultaneous measurement of a qubit register","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Quantum Information and Computation","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Qubit; Hyperfine structure; Physics; Quantum computer; Context (archaeology); Scalability; Fidelity; Photon; High fidelity; Quantum; Computer science; Quantum mechanics; Telecommunications","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00841151625109927,"gpt":0.1992975510209865,"spread":0.1908860347698872,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009207943,0.00006601208,0.00007798839,0.00005226396,0.00003753588,0.00005474748,0.00002224418,0.00002394289,0.000004188107],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001334003,0.00006506989,0.0000190344,0.00007866277,0.0000204875,0.0002594555,0.000004341,0.00003838816,0.00001865337],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002706445,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008723745,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005427975,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005695197,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994746,0.000008132313,0.0002432749,0.00003469974,0.0001658405,0.00007346572],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997718,0.00002104378,0.00005036894,0.00004683858,0.00009321261,0.00001670455],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001387783,0.00001227203,0.0002506645,0.0001955321,0.00001160408,6.620744e-7,0.0009087354,0.9363362,0.0007443721,0.001818518,0.001453297,0.05825433],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002721836,0.00002418559,0.001811937,0.00002394743,0.000006189281,0.000006949473,0.00008763459,0.9919845,0.0005942729,0.0003439451,0.004764981,0.00007929542],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8824425,0.0001254499,0.1124796,0.00005798795,0.0001379551,0.0001245055,0.00000360201,0.0001800916,0.004448297],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994306,0.000006262774,0.0004798032,0.00003245957,0.00001508272,0.000002240643,0.00002197301,0.000004625834,0.000006970129],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1169881,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2653473,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3121771384","doi":"","title":"Faint flux performance of an EMCCD","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Photon Etc (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Frame (networking); Dark current; Spurious relationship; Noise (video); Pixel; Flux (metallurgy); Charge (physics); Optics; Electron; Detector; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Telecommunications; Materials science; Image (mathematics); Particle physics; Nuclear physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.002768628201925848,"gpt":0.1652678774693443,"spread":0.1624992492674185,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00002360214,0.00004505624,0.00005346856,0.00002339862,0.000009668624,0.000005799851,0.00004429171,0.00001424725,0.0001621825],"category_scores_gemma":[7.895836e-7,0.00004049622,0.00001441179,0.00004930397,0.00001169985,0.00006769136,0.000004033971,0.00003138217,0.00003543137],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008018322,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000001930743,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004527818,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001271641,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997395,0.000001918927,0.00007902834,0.00004307703,0.00004954443,0.00008688017],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998657,0.000003608496,0.000005026968,0.0001007622,0.00001030166,0.00001467787],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001630119,0.0001636198,0.02474077,0.0003655546,0.00003997229,0.00001211164,0.0005827576,0.4762258,0.3695317,0.007280772,0.02625645,0.09478422],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002207306,0.00004164913,0.04588699,0.00001456505,0.000005923052,0.000008945767,0.00007530585,0.5356032,0.408011,0.0001271821,0.009813223,0.0001912788],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9232605,0.00002186291,0.0002056371,0.000009831299,0.00006001128,0.00001766244,8.596277e-7,0.0001731514,0.07625054],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9969648,0.000002015122,0.001232752,0.000009784068,0.00004717897,6.924309e-7,0.000004016097,0.000009208226,0.001729588],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09459294,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1775785,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1972516288","doi":"10.1116/1.582238","title":"Photoresponse of photodiode arrays for solid-state image sensors","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A Vacuum Surfaces and Films","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Photodiode; Photocurrent; Optoelectronics; Dark current; Optics; Substrate (aquarium); Current density; Diffusion; Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution; Materials science; Photoconductivity; Image sensor; Physics; Photodetector; Computer science; Telecommunications","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00526629941108884,"gpt":0.2380828629053597,"spread":0.2328165634942709,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008783038,0.0002370112,0.0005089861,0.0007801436,0.0001916096,0.00006459811,0.0005495291,0.0001322196,0.00009126279],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007872157,0.0001978302,0.0001335103,0.001061058,0.00103985,0.0004445964,0.00003970075,0.0003540244,0.000005916687],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003850912,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000101958,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004907079,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001983627,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982742,0.00001769919,0.0006207222,0.0002446864,0.000307619,0.0005350902],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990201,0.0001044268,0.0002043124,0.0002805204,0.0002496846,0.0001409414],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001532167,0.00004797385,0.0005843003,0.00004693481,0.00004652593,0.00003211376,0.0006126608,0.004342151,0.9909573,0.00004421941,0.0005019217,0.002630742],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001278909,0.0005479744,0.001894439,0.0001405314,0.00006512076,0.0006711754,0.001052297,0.05169757,0.9349527,0.001847318,0.00544243,0.0004095022],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9973392,0.0008110913,0.0006187935,0.0004202584,0.0002724749,0.0001716216,0.00004372878,0.0001159342,0.0002068894],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9848474,0.0009142385,0.01391159,0.00002946067,0.00002131675,0.000004299176,3.91809e-7,0.000026731,0.0002446369],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05600451,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8067279,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2112116115","doi":"10.1109/tim.2007.903581","title":"Characterization and Simple Fixed Pattern Noise Correction in Wide Dynamic Range “Logarithmic” Imagers","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"University of Oxford","keywords":"Dynamic range; Pixel; Logarithm; High dynamic range; Fixed-pattern noise; Noise (video); Contrast (vision); Range (aeronautics); Computer science; Wide dynamic range; Computer vision; High-dynamic-range imaging; Artificial intelligence; Image quality; Dark-frame subtraction; Image sensor; Mathematics; Image (mathematics); Image restoration; Image processing; Engineering; Mathematical analysis","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01131775445830994,"gpt":0.2180646542200622,"spread":0.2067468997617523,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002238376,0.0001327322,0.0001042895,0.0002195166,0.00008351158,0.00004084511,0.00002251781,0.00004550156,0.00002469245],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000279685,0.0001500663,0.000022257,0.0001382773,0.00002652717,0.000197051,4.167105e-7,0.0001305206,0.000004592682],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002281185,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007977285,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009570294,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001089902,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992233,0.00002063567,0.0002277398,0.0001630703,0.0001990025,0.000166235],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997831,0.00001875653,0.00002936727,0.0000712492,0.00003373265,0.00006377476],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005648138,0.00007026227,0.004211367,0.00005385627,0.00002899229,0.000003457094,0.001162948,0.002692386,0.2470325,8.033395e-7,0.00001768484,0.7446693],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005173154,0.0001760955,0.507085,0.000234743,0.00009704218,0.00004009811,0.002046868,0.1607057,0.3226598,0.00001872418,0.001045715,0.0007170409],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5950209,0.00001086935,0.4040242,0.00005988187,0.0005685221,0.0001680876,0.000007845345,0.00007754715,0.00006220472],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994899,0.0001611288,0.0001036843,0.0001389939,0.0000112529,0.00002071683,0.00001562108,0.00001933089,0.00003938086],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7439522,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6119528,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2142416773","doi":"10.1109/asmc.2011.5898219","title":"Recent innovations in CMOS image sensors","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Chipworks (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Image sensor; Computer science; Pixel; Electronics; CMOS; Semiconductor device fabrication; Electrical engineering; Wafer; Artificial intelligence; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02242677057407435,"gpt":0.2141278237500018,"spread":0.1917010531759274,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004783198,0.00006893677,0.00006458408,0.0001010609,0.00001216676,0.000009004434,0.00005193078,0.00002421948,0.0008968701],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001611026,0.00006744319,0.00001248127,0.0003503739,0.00001569889,0.00008470122,0.000009111036,0.000092031,0.000226441],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002754988,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004657234,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003804492,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003845342,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995908,0.000005338093,0.0001328785,0.00007510169,0.00004782087,0.0001480238],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998093,0.000007996702,0.000006088278,0.0001267435,0.00002640481,0.00002351834],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005235591,0.0007988481,0.06656487,0.000251066,0.0002217052,0.0004496766,0.02898671,0.008378085,0.2008702,0.06833448,0.1865161,0.4385759],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002251602,0.0000624863,0.238923,0.0001048306,0.00002830133,0.00007529355,0.0035983,0.10289,0.3014075,0.005029214,0.3436991,0.001930384],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6816538,0.0000349786,0.0004888257,0.0001240321,0.0001757373,0.00006376459,0.000001672109,0.0003713827,0.3170858],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9926044,0.0001014941,0.006306151,0.00009816481,0.00002466918,0.000005557189,0.000003111433,0.00002136921,0.0008350796],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4366455,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9820099,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}