{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":493,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":493,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"91e942cd5edf","filters":{"topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience"}},"results":[{"id":"W2163744914","doi":"10.1126/science.1205106","title":"Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Science","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":4028,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Trophic level; Biogeochemical cycle; Ecosystem; Trophic cascade; Marine ecosystem; Forcing (mathematics); Ecology; Globe; Resilience (materials science); Carbon sequestration; Biology; Environmental resource management; Astrobiology; Environmental science; Food web; Neuroscience; Geology; Carbon dioxide","authors":[{"name":"James A. Estes","is_ca":false},{"name":"John Terborgh","is_ca":false},{"name":"Justin S. Brashares","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mary E. Power","is_ca":false},{"name":"Joël Berger","is_ca":false},{"name":"William J. Bond","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stephen R. Carpenter","is_ca":false},{"name":"Timothy E. Essington","is_ca":false},{"name":"Robert D. Holt","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jeremy B. C. Jackson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Robert J. Marquis","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lauri Oksanen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tarja Oksanen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Robert T. Paine","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ellen K. Pikitch","is_ca":false},{"name":"William J. Ripple","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stuart A. Sandin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marten Scheffer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thomas W. Schoener","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jonathan B. Shurin","is_ca":true},{"name":"A. R. E. Sinclair","is_ca":true},{"name":"Michael E. Soulé","is_ca":false},{"name":"Risto Virtanen","is_ca":false},{"name":"David A. Wardle","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02338683726472213,"gpt":0.2623754426922353,"spread":0.2389886054275132,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006871599,0.0002128255,0.0006216282,0.0001305642,0.0001618802,0.00002969399,0.001434458,0.00009626385,0.000766482],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003320816,0.0001453468,0.0001041691,0.0009758513,0.001164961,0.0001776617,0.000416387,0.0001740299,0.0008766733],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008329497,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000120393,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001660431,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005219775,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981383,0.0000429769,0.0004077222,0.0005537631,0.0004575976,0.0003996141],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989196,0.00004001944,0.0003524754,0.00053248,0.000006433343,0.0001490043],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[9.231702e-7,0.00004006719,0.0001902063,0.002065228,0.000006722766,0.00001039756,0.0001078199,0.00002568961,0.00006846715,0.001011258,0.00005322549,0.99642],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002590569,0.00005033453,0.0001786435,0.001480768,0.00003892216,0.00005112119,0.000005622553,0.0001740552,0.000005639538,0.00007595075,0.9976766,0.0002365057],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000240162,0.9715673,0.00001640147,0.000001024228,0.0003732224,0.0003360311,0.00003822787,0.00001974901,0.02740788],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001332293,0.9977475,0.0004297023,0.000004780915,0.00001866721,0.00001053101,0.000005218592,0.00001202615,0.0004392722],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9976233,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999012,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2094520873","doi":"10.1038/nature11018","title":"Approaching a state shift in Earth’s biosphere","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Nature","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1950,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","keywords":"Tipping point (physics); Biosphere; Forcing (mathematics); Earth system science; Ecosystem; Regime shift; Warning system; Scale (ratio); Global change; Environmental science; Alternative stable state; Critical point (mathematics); Ecology; Astrobiology; Environmental resource management; Climate change; Atmospheric sciences; Computer science; Physics; Biology; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Anthony D. Barnosky","is_ca":false},{"name":"Elizabeth A. Hadly","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jordi Bascompte","is_ca":false},{"name":"Eric L. Berlow","is_ca":false},{"name":"James H. Brown","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mikael Fortelius","is_ca":false},{"name":"Wayne M. Getz","is_ca":false},{"name":"John Harte","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alan Hastings","is_ca":false},{"name":"Pablo A. Marquet","is_ca":false},{"name":"Neo D. Martinez","is_ca":false},{"name":"Arne Ø. Mooers","is_ca":true},{"name":"Peter D. Roopnarine","is_ca":false},{"name":"Geerat J. Vermeij","is_ca":false},{"name":"John W. Williams","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rosemary G. Gillespie","is_ca":false},{"name":"Justin Kitzes","is_ca":false},{"name":"Charles R. Marshall","is_ca":false},{"name":"Nicholas J. Matzke","is_ca":false},{"name":"David P. Mindell","is_ca":false},{"name":"Eloy Revilla","is_ca":false},{"name":"Adam B. Smith","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01121551320523939,"gpt":0.2600032617995714,"spread":0.248787748594332,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":["research_integrity"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004096797,0.0002903316,0.0006312333,0.0000414325,0.0000564994,0.00003823365,0.0004978286,0.001542329,0.0004110356],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001124769,0.0001999851,0.0001749367,0.0004075922,0.00004461414,0.0001304146,0.0002651187,0.003387691,0.000761074],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001612768,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002529811,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008437997,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001202922,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984574,0.0001176359,0.0003077239,0.0004153071,0.0002803306,0.0004215531],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993272,0.00004448907,0.000174611,0.0003436274,0.000001520141,0.0001085949],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[6.945944e-7,0.0000403044,0.0007576887,0.002586756,0.00000952148,0.00001819718,0.0001198226,0.00003411244,1.277799e-7,0.0001196776,0.00006322658,0.9962499],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004378098,0.000006063335,0.0006300393,0.001826026,0.00003404943,0.00001528379,0.000005505674,0.0001085048,5.841046e-8,0.00005884869,0.9970006,0.0002711836],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001585369,0.9888433,0.00001397084,0.0000135168,0.0003080304,0.0004488454,0.00003009219,0.00002257686,0.01016109],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.004662391,0.9940458,0.0002908292,0.00004669907,0.00005778092,0.00003023892,0.00002561539,0.00003531185,0.0008053122],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9969375,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997539,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2508512371","doi":"10.1002/fee.1311","title":"Changing disturbance regimes, ecological memory, and forest resilience","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1448,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"U.S. Geological Survey; National Park Service; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Disturbance (geology); Ecosystem; Ecology; Psychological resilience; Environmental resource management; Abiotic component; Ecological resilience; Forest ecology; Climate change; Resilience (materials science); Environmental science; Geography; Biology; Psychology","authors":[{"name":"Jill F. Johnstone","is_ca":true},{"name":"Craig D. Allen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jerry F. Franklin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lee E. Frelich","is_ca":false},{"name":"Brian J. Harvey","is_ca":false},{"name":"Philip E. Higuera","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michelle C. Mack","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ross K. Meentemeyer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Margaret R. Metz","is_ca":false},{"name":"George L. W. Perry","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tania Schoennagel","is_ca":false},{"name":"Monica G. Turner","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004626586475283125,"gpt":0.2026885297367945,"spread":0.1980619432615114,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001058698,0.0003673548,0.001053167,0.00008333241,0.0003111903,0.00002184302,0.0004816126,0.0003533295,0.0001180352],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005119868,0.0001935039,0.0001139101,0.0001140459,0.00216252,0.00007977492,0.0008759809,0.0003507494,0.00008605897],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003558572,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001248055,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001039874,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005839157,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976273,0.0004211564,0.0004558553,0.0007670154,0.0001619856,0.0005666886],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988427,0.0003406384,0.0002929627,0.0004196885,7.508415e-7,0.0001032168],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004699566,0.0001349204,0.05278558,0.0008957855,0.00009226138,0.0001062734,0.0003596308,0.0002190144,1.61569e-7,0.001587258,0.001118814,0.9426533],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001254417,0.000121235,0.02566939,0.001334761,0.0001826324,0.0001219924,0.0001805902,0.001138999,1.825487e-7,0.004665111,0.9646614,0.0006693208],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001762802,0.9933264,0.0006053093,0.0002366085,0.0005824083,0.001191182,0.0000129881,0.00001233092,0.002269935],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.006140387,0.9894457,0.0004383676,0.00007445711,0.00003740798,0.0003068272,0.000004384525,0.00002045256,0.003532005],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9635426,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7967895,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2146073476","doi":"10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0376:assie]2.0.co;2","title":"Alternative stable states in ecology","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1318,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Ecology; Alternative stable state; Theme (computing); Psychological resilience; Ecological systems theory; Environmental change; Population; Resilience (materials science); Subject (documents); Constant (computer programming); Climate change; Sociology; Biology; Psychology; Computer science; Demography; Ecosystem; Social psychology; Physics","authors":[{"name":"Beatrix E. Beisner","is_ca":true},{"name":"DT Haydon","is_ca":true},{"name":"Kim Cuddington","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005318285912505156,"gpt":0.2127426237561489,"spread":0.2074243378436438,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001108456,0.000339212,0.001213163,0.0001119352,0.0001155869,0.0000136011,0.000434166,0.000329989,0.0003776966],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002002247,0.0002221996,0.0001068911,0.0001357528,0.0009824937,0.00006416412,0.0003673217,0.000522514,0.000152431],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008458372,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002143686,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001613052,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008109534,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972926,0.0008667897,0.000575506,0.0006102087,0.0001331561,0.0005217212],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990676,0.0002608549,0.0002814751,0.0003238286,6.923113e-7,0.00006556996],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001156715,0.0009856303,0.4573153,0.001979187,0.0004534485,0.0004297722,0.001897332,0.03641394,1.821597e-7,0.002831132,0.003107472,0.494471],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001414976,0.00009879647,0.006446698,0.0003008285,0.0001248698,0.00003359874,0.0002104813,0.00412175,1.833234e-7,0.01137709,0.9754049,0.0004658917],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.002568909,0.9917367,0.0002730864,0.00007783808,0.001048226,0.001500441,0.00002362499,0.000005572445,0.00276564],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00141329,0.9960955,0.0005659126,0.0001050542,0.00001138971,0.0003604671,0.00001599619,0.00002269226,0.001409661],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9722974,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9061036,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4378905467","doi":"10.1038/s41586-023-06083-8","title":"Safe and just Earth system boundaries","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1254,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Future Earth","funders":"Tiina ja Antti Herlinin säätiö; Vetenskapsrådet; Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas; Stockholms Universitet; Porticus Foundation; Oak Foundation; Australian Government; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Global Environment Facility; Open Society Foundations","keywords":"Biosphere; Environmental science; Earth system science; Resilience (materials science); Earth (classical element); Safeguarding; Natural resource economics; Environmental resource management; Ecology; Biology; Physics; Economics","authors":[{"name":"Johan Rockström","is_ca":false},{"name":"Joyeeta Gupta","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dahe Qin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Steven J. Lade","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jesse F. Abrams","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lauren Seaby Andersen","is_ca":false},{"name":"David I. Armstrong McKay","is_ca":false},{"name":"Xuemei Bai","is_ca":false},{"name":"Govindasamy Bala","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stuart E. Bunn","is_ca":false},{"name":"Daniel Ciobanu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Fabrice DeClerck","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kristie L. Ebi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lauren Gifford","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christopher Gordon","is_ca":false},{"name":"Syezlin Hasan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Norichika Kanie","is_ca":false},{"name":"Timothy M. Lenton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sina Loriani","is_ca":false},{"name":"Diana Liverman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Awaz Mohamed","is_ca":false},{"name":"Nebojša Nakićenović","is_ca":false},{"name":"David Obura","is_ca":false},{"name":"Daniel Ospina","is_ca":false},{"name":"Klaudia Prodani","is_ca":false},{"name":"Crelis Rammelt","is_ca":false},{"name":"Boris Sakschewski","is_ca":false},{"name":"Joeri Scholtens","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ben Stewart‐Koster","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thejna Tharammal","is_ca":false},{"name":"Detlef P. van Vuuren","is_ca":false},{"name":"Peter H. Verburg","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ricarda Winkelmann","is_ca":false},{"name":"Caroline Zimm","is_ca":false},{"name":"Elena M. Bennett","is_ca":true},{"name":"Stefan Bringezu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Wendy Broadgate","is_ca":false},{"name":"Pamela Green","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lei Huang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lisa Jacobson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christopher E. Ndehedehe","is_ca":false},{"name":"Simona Pedde","is_ca":false},{"name":"Juan Rocha","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marten Scheffer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lena Schulte‐Uebbing","is_ca":false},{"name":"W. de Vries","is_ca":false},{"name":"Cunde Xiao","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chi Xu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Xinwu Xu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Noelia Zafra‐Calvo","is_ca":false},{"name":"Xin Zhang","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003494790175330189,"gpt":0.2107092487211088,"spread":0.2072144585457786,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001384439,0.00006212344,0.00007081324,0.00001866842,0.0002555331,0.00008548625,0.0001044693,0.0002842716,0.00007752638],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001495302,0.00004675258,0.00001653946,0.0002257871,0.0001189926,0.00006896272,0.0001224116,0.0003676611,0.0006155021],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002866146,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000676301,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005471644,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002899275,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994127,0.00001428643,0.00006768213,0.0001760322,0.0001756611,0.00015367],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997804,0.00001773892,0.00002255457,0.0001234667,0.000003231962,0.00005262135],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008507882,0.00009683926,0.5768172,0.001481387,0.00008971788,0.000745551,0.006106848,0.003775194,0.02795359,0.1690116,0.1673495,0.04648761],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002837908,0.00004743084,0.4312384,0.0001000696,0.00001280865,0.00007954351,0.001275447,0.03621611,0.0003214398,0.0002879569,0.5298292,0.0003078236],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9505231,0.0002516305,0.00001414747,0.0005017144,0.0004562689,0.0001010655,0.00001402807,0.0001027722,0.04803528],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9953908,0.00002158557,0.0001303235,0.0001004656,0.00002970533,0.000003349538,0.000003803881,0.000005822177,0.004314119],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3624798,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7911239,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2093124572","doi":"10.1038/nature04887","title":"Structural asymmetry and the stability of diverse food webs","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1003,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Food web; Biodiversity; Stability (learning theory); Ecosystem; Ecology; Food chain; Persistence (discontinuity); Productivity; Biology; Environmental science; Computer science; Economics; Geology","authors":[{"name":"Neil Rooney","is_ca":true},{"name":"Kevin S. McCann","is_ca":true},{"name":"Gabriel Gellner","is_ca":true},{"name":"John C. Moore","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.002537035686892495,"gpt":0.184555988130615,"spread":0.1820189524437225,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000149503,0.00005008101,0.00007409915,0.00000584456,0.00007036279,0.00000862887,0.0001289118,0.0001725948,0.0001167546],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001960651,0.00002656673,0.00002791794,0.00008992207,0.000251149,0.00004822018,0.0001122545,0.0003192677,0.000003469695],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002169067,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000002352394,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000156949,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009523875,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995274,0.00003032383,0.00008035514,0.0001204744,0.0001587159,0.00008274413],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997513,0.00004544919,0.00004437394,0.0001375613,0.00000477013,0.00001655561],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003291856,0.00001415257,0.9867045,0.0000213818,0.000005769387,9.381029e-7,0.0001405404,0.0001892325,0.001041957,0.01075994,0.0003664496,0.0007221942],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004970278,0.00002805149,0.9889365,0.000004845749,0.000007954292,0.000004898243,0.0001618192,0.004662701,0.0009496697,0.004295915,0.0003811602,0.00006949405],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9910082,0.000316189,0.000005671148,0.0001917751,0.00008774478,0.0001029983,0.00001933734,0.000005238754,0.008262849],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997662,0.000004538337,0.0001066851,0.00004857314,0.00001510553,8.953427e-7,0.000001265609,0.000002004156,0.0000547717],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008757966,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1387077,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2265312118","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2015.2592","title":"Interactions among ecosystem stressors and their importance in conservation","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":877,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Wildlife Conservation Society Canada; Simon Fraser University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Griffith University; John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation","keywords":"Stressor; Psychological resilience; Popularity; Biodiversity; Environmental resource management; Ecosystem; Organism; Ecology; Adaptive management; Biodiversity conservation; Ecosystem services; Conservation science; Psychology; Biology; Environmental science; Social psychology","authors":[{"name":"Isabelle M. Côté","is_ca":true},{"name":"Emily S. Darling","is_ca":true},{"name":"Christopher J. Brown","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0247185706153162,"gpt":0.2610423542215839,"spread":0.2363237836062678,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009824957,0.0002421573,0.0005895244,0.00001819004,0.0002751586,0.00005879741,0.0008525681,0.0002019203,0.0001013579],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001187486,0.0000939536,0.0003064763,0.0005040932,0.001162549,0.0001587641,0.0006161829,0.0002163399,0.000007164692],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001701294,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001972624,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00012786,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001577969,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998422,0.00003274268,0.0005161724,0.0005361221,0.0001974364,0.0002955756],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989283,0.00022385,0.0006936205,0.00007856294,0.00001561307,0.0000600598],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000189798,0.00006001653,0.9224467,0.00134285,0.00002655532,1.611796e-7,0.0002794441,0.00001014846,0.00004773993,0.0006569296,0.0004253834,0.07470216],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000734417,0.0007073567,0.2929924,0.06697745,0.0002003698,0.00006033493,0.006059815,0.03768377,0.0001058674,0.005902756,0.5853316,0.003243893],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.6593592,0.3341068,0.000004582582,0.0001788355,0.000188355,0.0009262247,0.00005873738,0.00002918066,0.005148072],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2490354,0.7505458,0.00009789293,0.00002679326,0.00002976352,0.0000633309,8.672701e-7,0.000006563824,0.0001936009],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6294543,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4283462,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4389656036","doi":"10.2307/j.ctt5vm5bn.29","title":"Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems (1973)","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Yale University Press eBooks","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":692,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Resilience (materials science); Stability (learning theory); Environmental science; Ecology; Computer science; Geography; Environmental resource management; Biology; Materials science","authors":[{"name":"C. S. Holling","is_ca":true},{"name":"Libby Robin","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01231638546879056,"gpt":0.1680192463229959,"spread":0.1557028608542053,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001719779,0.0002208422,0.0003614172,0.00003594384,0.0001299819,0.00002257701,0.0004588974,0.0003133622,0.0003884632],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009465442,0.0002036382,0.00007646067,0.000007534668,0.0008244773,0.00008276145,0.0007532486,0.0002238073,0.00003760132],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001733678,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001850816,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001444942,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001711348,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986897,0.00005293829,0.0002259001,0.000523173,0.0002938282,0.0002144703],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999024,0.00009845066,0.0002604405,0.0004378479,0.00002753942,0.0001516897],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001587167,0.0001775455,0.008907678,0.001322057,0.00016289,0.0002605586,0.00094618,0.0009896973,0.003125276,0.9761466,0.003576936,0.004225909],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001138115,0.0006687357,0.01012987,0.0006798477,0.000270495,0.00006252773,0.0005290553,0.01530551,0.000468813,0.001308243,0.9676083,0.001830457],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.05123841,0.00007424816,0.00006084269,0.000004368767,0.0001035921,0.0005258477,0.00007447376,0.00002916168,0.947889],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.3803053,0.00009764193,0.0001103807,0.000004947203,0.00001072619,9.833258e-7,0.000002850129,0.00001127852,0.6194559],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9748383,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8304125,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3136594673","doi":"10.1007/s13280-021-01544-8","title":"Our future in the Anthropocene biosphere","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"AMBIO","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":673,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Stockholms Universitet; Kjell och Märta Beijers Stiftelse; Marcus och Amalia Wallenbergs minnesfond; Familjen Erling-Perssons Stiftelse","keywords":"Anthropocene; Biosphere; Environmental ethics; Surprise; Futures contract; Sustainability; Earth system science; Environmental resource management; Climate change; Resilience (materials science); Political science; Environmental planning; Sociology; Business; Geography; Ecology; Economics; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Carl Folke","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stephen Polasky","is_ca":false},{"name":"Johan Rockström","is_ca":false},{"name":"Victor Galaz","is_ca":false},{"name":"Frances Westley","is_ca":true},{"name":"Michèle Lamont","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marten Scheffer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Henrik Österblom","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stephen R. Carpenter","is_ca":false},{"name":"F. Stuart Chapin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Karen C. Seto","is_ca":false},{"name":"Elke U. Weber","is_ca":false},{"name":"Beatrice Crona","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gretchen C. Daily","is_ca":false},{"name":"Partha Dasgupta","is_ca":false},{"name":"Owen Gaffney","is_ca":false},{"name":"Line Gordon","is_ca":false},{"name":"Holger Hoff","is_ca":false},{"name":"Simon A. Levin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jane Lubchenco","is_ca":false},{"name":"Will Steffen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Brian Walker","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02005785070228198,"gpt":0.3133458423486319,"spread":0.2932879916463499,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002564878,0.0002086212,0.0005553412,0.00001245678,0.00008240468,0.00004984139,0.0006257326,0.0001966698,0.0003809861],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007789627,0.0001132047,0.0001995636,0.0005047834,0.00003759152,0.00004152076,0.0001827197,0.0002987895,0.0007154758],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001146196,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003026745,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002552604,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008479881,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987372,0.0001732856,0.0002652607,0.0003627577,0.0002253624,0.0002361391],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993553,0.00001895723,0.0001167108,0.0004707076,0.00000235593,0.00003592393],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[1.49662e-7,0.00006065369,0.000255199,0.0009903972,0.00001018918,0.0001397141,0.00005562431,0.000005654565,2.756415e-7,0.0001203246,0.006046333,0.9923155],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002803935,0.0000110294,0.0001336895,0.001594238,0.00003414169,0.00006784077,0.0004365037,0.00001388056,1.320696e-7,0.0000101125,0.9975032,0.0001671924],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00005037086,0.9922898,0.000002979222,0.0003096926,0.0004399547,0.0003019754,0.00001555688,0.000008360493,0.006581298],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0004829658,0.9987214,0.00007175108,0.00009079109,0.000144467,0.00002554792,0.00002641978,0.00001619956,0.0004204553],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9921483,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9196232,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2485490013","doi":"10.1111/ele.12648","title":"Navigating the complexity of ecological stability","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Ecology Letters","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":644,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"European Regional Development Fund; Natural Environment Research Council; Universität Zürich; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Queen's University; Irish Research Council; Sight Research UK; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Trinity College Dublin; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Higher Education Authority; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Queen's University Belfast","keywords":"Stability (learning theory); Ecology; Ecological stability; Ecological systems theory; Biodiversity; Empiricism; Environmental resource management; Computer science; Environmental science; Epistemology; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Ian Donohue","is_ca":false},{"name":"Helmut Hillebrand","is_ca":false},{"name":"José M. Montoya","is_ca":false},{"name":"Owen L. Petchey","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stuart L. Pimm","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mike S. Fowler","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kevin Healy","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrew L. Jackson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Miguel Lurgi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Deirdre McClean","is_ca":false},{"name":"Nessa E. O’Connor","is_ca":false},{"name":"Eoin J. O’Gorman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Qiang Yang","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04643097038794173,"gpt":0.3023668216090324,"spread":0.2559358512210907,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007659979,0.0002239591,0.0008347665,0.000007500053,0.0001722331,0.00000820665,0.0008008545,0.0002105138,0.00266001],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009818247,0.0001057542,0.0003063137,0.0001339549,0.002418648,0.00003617524,0.0005203635,0.000514856,0.000527641],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003521263,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002282259,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005959507,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005435376,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979549,0.0005586928,0.0005626446,0.0004195927,0.0001595226,0.000344654],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982403,0.0007285771,0.0005006142,0.0004742672,0.000004490068,0.00005176273],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007827708,0.000458894,0.03635859,0.005395272,0.0002975598,0.00007799444,0.0003014836,0.00003015671,0.0001468599,0.001906267,0.002461663,0.9525574],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004017745,0.0002791177,0.05261999,0.005009571,0.0004583292,0.0001753263,0.00006210792,0.0002056716,0.000006200287,0.001851521,0.9377165,0.00121385],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.104606,0.8750868,0.0001598615,0.008682105,0.001922619,0.003580336,0.0002307909,0.00009653119,0.005634928],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01726008,0.9815672,0.0003894002,0.0005562661,0.00007246817,0.00009845241,0.00001232795,0.00002276159,0.00002103976],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9513436,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9982517,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2892348326","doi":"10.1126/science.aat6412","title":"Transient phenomena in ecology","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Science","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":600,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Transient (computer programming); Ecology; Environmental science; Biology; Geography; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Alan Hastings","is_ca":false},{"name":"Karen C. Abbott","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kim Cuddington","is_ca":true},{"name":"Tessa B. Francis","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gabriel Gellner","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ying‐Cheng Lai","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrew Morozov","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sergei Petrovskii","is_ca":false},{"name":"Katherine Scranton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mary Lou Zeeman","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01542655959881344,"gpt":0.2839412735366213,"spread":0.2685147139378078,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001312675,0.0002362163,0.0006097709,0.0001917831,0.0001772255,0.00005061239,0.001511941,0.0001248066,0.0005696123],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004580175,0.0001711268,0.0001124024,0.00179814,0.00160737,0.0001837877,0.0003932422,0.0002039379,0.002525039],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007628907,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002051302,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005864535,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009752441,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975129,0.0000725171,0.0004435317,0.000886267,0.0004475011,0.0006373342],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991305,0.00005097218,0.0001655342,0.0004901938,0.000007254122,0.000155581],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[7.414524e-7,0.00008146526,0.000350724,0.000988556,0.000002774936,0.00002508453,0.000244244,0.00005526001,0.000005478259,0.0001489569,0.0001146777,0.997982],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004310604,0.00004949353,0.0006730229,0.0009109934,0.0000134252,0.00002660655,0.00001159419,0.0004684513,3.769342e-7,0.00006849723,0.9974886,0.0002458451],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0004847827,0.951007,0.00001745743,0.00001412,0.0007650385,0.0006322976,0.000008790638,0.00002161089,0.04704892],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.000589725,0.998327,0.0002022363,0.00003202035,0.00006224344,0.00005193702,0.000001732067,0.00001366454,0.0007194104],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9977362,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9982516,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2336023654","doi":"10.5751/es-02716-130240","title":"Adaptive Capacity and Traps","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Ecology and Society","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":480,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Adaptive capacity; Environmental resource management; Geography; Climate change; Business; Environmental planning; Ecology; Environmental science; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Stephen R. Carpenter","is_ca":false},{"name":"William A. Brock","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009005851056745914,"gpt":0.1822917764713878,"spread":0.1732859254146419,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009786888,0.00004709925,0.00007126591,0.000002163632,0.000302624,0.000002538864,0.00003577421,0.00007731677,0.0001136356],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003846273,0.00003878863,0.00002341046,0.00003099165,0.0005007393,0.00004946241,0.00005307462,0.00007523338,0.00001922257],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002144696,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003550084,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006734589,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002277458,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996301,0.00002040143,0.00005315742,0.0001451584,0.00003699138,0.0001141999],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998517,0.00003464499,0.00001891281,0.00004531231,0.000001730672,0.00004768177],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003451289,0.0000388068,0.9894238,0.000005455468,0.00001485367,0.000007556601,0.006019527,0.00003434137,0.0005759423,0.0008877557,0.00230632,0.0006821855],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001329299,0.00005465766,0.9922758,0.000001002637,0.000002894348,0.00005934454,0.0003022063,0.005567877,0.00001671591,0.0005128813,0.001013248,0.00006041795],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9937046,0.00003859967,0.0001018552,0.0001100899,0.00004507269,0.00005476977,0.000002484017,0.000008948994,0.005933609],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980884,0.0003087657,0.0008703215,0.000248546,0.000009081646,0.000003769742,3.171423e-7,0.00000192046,0.0004688791],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00571732,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2327569,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2951319617","doi":"10.1038/s41559-019-0797-2","title":"Ecosystem tipping points in an evolving world","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Nature Ecology & Evolution","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":441,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Agence Nationale de la Recherche","keywords":"Tipping point (physics); Ecosystem; Trait; Ecology; Climate change; Regime shift; Environmental change; Environmental resource management; Environmental science; Biology; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Vasilis Dakos","is_ca":false},{"name":"Blake Matthews","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrew P. Hendry","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jonathan M. Levine","is_ca":false},{"name":"Nicolas Loeuille","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jon Norberg","is_ca":false},{"name":"Patrik Nosil","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marten Scheffer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Luc De Meester","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01114123730548455,"gpt":0.2847898922782681,"spread":0.2736486549727836,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009690744,0.0004315749,0.001268134,0.0004246048,0.0001425516,0.00004424596,0.0007462148,0.001548565,0.0006314829],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001078699,0.0003699841,0.0002452711,0.0009298082,0.00005907602,0.0004023433,0.000329577,0.001731373,0.002051701],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003668797,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000127288,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006188868,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03967806,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9967853,0.0005563791,0.0007406847,0.0009916434,0.0002919163,0.0006340653],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985081,0.0002045544,0.000534694,0.0006171359,0.00002081966,0.0001147189],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004237576,0.001172206,0.4989046,0.04106615,0.0002965575,0.0003165823,0.0004496967,0.005350894,0.0000403595,0.005464928,0.008178714,0.4387169],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000464297,0.0001775764,0.09188523,0.01153605,0.0003224752,0.0001885168,0.00004336634,0.02740095,2.076157e-7,0.000356457,0.8662693,0.001355587],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.003935394,0.987107,0.0000308324,0.00002976517,0.002523374,0.001455597,0.00003128909,0.00006594251,0.004820853],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.166403,0.8303657,0.0004122422,0.00007728152,0.0003121894,0.0001714104,0.0001554773,0.0000960522,0.002006716],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8580906,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998752,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2952938648","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.2000640","title":"Cell Fate Decision as High-Dimensional Critical State Transition","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PLoS Biology","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":410,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Institutes of Health; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Alberta Innovates - Technology Futures","keywords":"Progenitor cell; Biology; Attractor; Cell biology; Progenitor; Stem cell; Cell fate determination; Cell type; Lineage (genetic); Transition (genetics); Computational biology; Cell; Gene; Genetics; Transcription factor","authors":[{"name":"Mitra Mojtahedi","is_ca":true},{"name":"Alexander Skupin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Joseph Zhou","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ivan G. Castaño","is_ca":true},{"name":"Rebecca Y. Y. Leong-Quong","is_ca":true},{"name":"Hannah Chang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kalliopi Trachana","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alessandro Giuliani","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sui Huang","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004854086143259926,"gpt":0.2188389352379208,"spread":0.2139848490946609,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001144859,0.00008838296,0.0001098163,0.0000211484,0.00007982313,0.000005948865,0.0001331957,0.00007796617,0.002131504],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004642902,0.00005078569,0.00003207528,0.00005347231,0.0002102955,0.00007341032,0.00007533146,0.00004897386,0.003194146],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005624498,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007043332,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001112698,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005555059,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990977,0.0000659358,0.000159672,0.00030949,0.000117944,0.0002492714],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994938,0.0002316925,0.00002660564,0.0001447007,0.000009103467,0.000094091],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006965334,0.0001675437,0.004140037,0.000006715571,0.000004794787,0.00002253873,0.00006124964,0.0002076467,0.9851406,0.001268567,0.0003121166,0.00859856],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005509234,0.003904371,0.1277987,0.0004782403,0.00009942297,0.0002257067,0.00007455926,0.04807058,0.3506946,0.4528377,0.008044061,0.002262854],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9900674,0.00002344307,0.007211089,0.001054215,0.0001819848,0.00008323155,0.00003676799,0.00002478259,0.001317079],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982395,0.00002955675,0.001199506,0.0002569464,0.00001969364,0.000007242669,0.000004450886,0.000006881293,0.0002362416],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.634446,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9987807,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2120964134","doi":"10.1139/x06-132","title":"Can forest management based on natural disturbances maintain ecological resilience?","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":381,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Université du Québec à Montréal; Natural Resources Canada; Canadian Forest Service","funders":"Natural Resources Canada","keywords":"Disturbance (geology); Environmental resource management; Resilience (materials science); Ecosystem management; Ecosystem; Psychological resilience; Adaptive management; Ecology; Ecological resilience; Forest management; Natural (archaeology); Environmental science; Biodiversity; Forest ecology; Salvage logging; Geography; Agroforestry; Biology","authors":[{"name":"C. Ronnie Drever","is_ca":true},{"name":"Garry Peterson","is_ca":true},{"name":"Christian Messier","is_ca":true},{"name":"Yves Bergeron","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mike Flannigan","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00919981496726921,"gpt":0.2484680212842286,"spread":0.2392682063169594,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001665588,0.0001464952,0.0001866143,0.0003606279,0.0005334835,0.0001533827,0.0009162045,0.00007945645,0.0004256107],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001181274,0.0001055165,0.0001039722,0.0006189017,0.0006953671,0.0001115634,0.00006260904,0.0005802381,0.0000833942],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001287045,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002871393,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02387373,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.7906211,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972855,0.0002005427,0.0003746215,0.0002874126,0.0009489927,0.0009028663],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987454,0.0001809378,0.0001187112,0.0002795246,0.00006525468,0.0006101602],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003285234,0.00005643831,0.8863095,0.00001549867,0.000005517817,0.001467127,0.00002129679,0.09446003,0.00001934914,0.01028145,0.006485872,0.0008450756],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003260601,0.0003709045,0.9733542,0.00008251313,0.000004204115,0.00004655115,0.0001520426,0.01086496,0.00001515421,0.008757127,0.005886066,0.0001402283],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.964663,0.0001003722,0.00008526239,0.002318679,0.0002510695,0.0002739063,0.00001218589,0.000004426926,0.03229115],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976199,0.000008984907,0.0003980486,0.0001054479,0.0001073741,0.00001054178,0.000004875124,0.00001198577,0.001732884],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7667474,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9826264,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3001653539","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2019.0105","title":"Climate change, ecosystems and abrupt change: science priorities","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":378,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Division of Environmental Biology; Joint Fire Science Program; University of Wisconsin-Madison","keywords":"Climate change; Ecosystem; Environmental science; Environmental resource management; Ecology; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Monica G. Turner","is_ca":false},{"name":"W. John Calder","is_ca":false},{"name":"Graeme S. Cumming","is_ca":false},{"name":"Terry P. Hughes","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anke Jentsch","is_ca":false},{"name":"Shannon L. LaDeau","is_ca":false},{"name":"Timothy M. Lenton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bryan N. Shuman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Merritt R. Turetsky","is_ca":true},{"name":"Zak Ratajczak","is_ca":false},{"name":"John W. Williams","is_ca":false},{"name":"Park Williams","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stephen R. Carpenter","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09864793581264236,"gpt":0.312010370582263,"spread":0.2133624347696206,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001349985,0.0004462657,0.001114718,0.00003736232,0.001675382,0.000120951,0.002024592,0.0003937589,0.0001620209],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006498775,0.0002258176,0.0008307135,0.001693853,0.007457889,0.0002561672,0.0005736708,0.0006036126,0.00003782879],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000180362,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006666528,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002211929,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001986862,"domain_scores_codex":[0.996488,0.0002293421,0.0006651589,0.001084223,0.0008437461,0.0006894732],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986322,0.000278905,0.0004229326,0.0003551402,0.00002186806,0.0002889508],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007974591,0.0002319598,0.001625071,0.004157039,0.00007019361,0.000003906199,0.0007053603,0.00005261361,0.00001738854,0.005844387,0.00001691556,0.9872672],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001169773,0.004126002,0.006022632,0.02844883,0.002114994,0.0003685702,0.001153977,0.1068635,0.00004317343,0.02503598,0.8181555,0.006497123],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000900883,0.990216,0.0001502591,0.003255656,0.000805451,0.002209383,0.0003140987,0.0000996868,0.002048567],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1122283,0.8867911,0.0003685773,0.000152108,0.0002301913,0.0002038571,0.000001426673,0.00001282519,0.00001163402],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9807701,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996243,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2125011366","doi":"10.1016/j.tree.2007.11.011","title":"Agricultural modifications of hydrological flows create ecological surprises","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":378,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Agriculture; Ecology; Geography; Environmental science; Environmental resource management; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Line Gordon","is_ca":false},{"name":"Garry Peterson","is_ca":true},{"name":"Elena M. Bennett","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01449419633876271,"gpt":0.2282960576744041,"spread":0.2138018613356414,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001833502,0.0001118197,0.0002167897,0.00009613015,0.0001490486,0.000002291031,0.0002212745,0.0001922306,0.000978376],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005046432,0.0000802566,0.00007105419,0.000479089,0.0003684044,0.00009941863,0.0001092448,0.0001382703,0.0001422506],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002951068,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009073081,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000260438,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004657274,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988104,0.0001322671,0.0003329132,0.0003096262,0.0001273649,0.000287433],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995643,0.00008512512,0.0001156683,0.0001675146,0.00001027269,0.00005704072],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000136049,0.0003994132,0.9421003,0.000001554479,0.000004606287,0.00001002125,0.0001181484,0.05325793,0.002960941,0.0005224631,0.0003599071,0.000251108],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002243073,0.0001573893,0.9675075,0.000001896668,0.000006331808,0.00006828059,0.00003707622,0.03155798,0.00003957815,0.0002608065,0.00004681481,0.00009207563],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9817602,0.00002224687,0.00008520023,0.0001924255,0.0001132896,0.00009448591,0.000007428951,0.00003127425,0.01769344],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987429,0.00004700488,0.0004745476,0.00001301585,0.00001470181,0.00003978334,0.00001567913,0.000003342599,0.0006490661],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02540715,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999349,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2173994631","doi":"10.1111/gcb.13106","title":"Global impacts of the 1980s regime shift","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Global Change Biology","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":353,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Ouranos; Environment and Climate Change Canada","funders":"Bundesamt für Umwelt; Natural Environment Research Council; Goddard Institute for Space Studies; Sight Research UK; Goddard Space Flight Center; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation; National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"Climatology; Volcano; Global warming; Climate change; Global change; Context (archaeology); Environmental science; Forcing (mathematics); Earth system science; Coupled model intercomparison project; Regime shift; Radiative forcing; Climate model; Atmospheric sciences; Geology; Ecosystem; Oceanography; Ecology","authors":[{"name":"Philip C. Reid","is_ca":false},{"name":"Renata Hari","is_ca":false},{"name":"Grégory Beaugrand","is_ca":false},{"name":"David M. Livingstone","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christoph Marty","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dietmar Straile","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jonathan Barichivich","is_ca":false},{"name":"Éric Goberville","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rita Adrian","is_ca":false},{"name":"Yasuyuki Aono","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ross Brown","is_ca":true},{"name":"James L. Foster","is_ca":false},{"name":"Pavel Groisman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Pierre Hélaouët","is_ca":false},{"name":"Huang‐Hsiung Hsu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Richard R. Kirby","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jeff Knight","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alexandra Kraberg","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jianping Li","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tzu‐Ting Lo","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ranga B. Myneni","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ryan P. North","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. Alan Pounds","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tim H. Sparks","is_ca":false},{"name":"René Stübi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Yongjun Tian","is_ca":false},{"name":"Karen Helen Wiltshire","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dong Xiao","is_ca":false},{"name":"Zaichun Zhu","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02610552051146087,"gpt":0.2682910933372297,"spread":0.2421855728257688,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001898506,0.00009673218,0.0001327153,0.000004286928,0.00004013916,0.000005462497,0.0004479521,0.0001076494,0.0000570849],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004727825,0.00005729171,0.00005431795,0.0002866156,0.0002592938,0.00005003721,0.0004090452,0.00003368977,0.0001563089],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002845654,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001977145,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005748671,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00521072,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991762,0.00007967504,0.000137704,0.0002031287,0.000127921,0.0002753928],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994677,0.000007619544,0.0001040812,0.0002871521,0.000008314573,0.0001251912],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001060489,0.00002059607,0.9949458,0.000003193812,0.000004037824,0.00000148444,0.00008017149,0.000004345849,0.00003526573,0.003096696,0.0009665323,0.0008312205],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002325852,0.0001419483,0.9840252,0.00001232193,0.000007210365,0.00003003559,0.00005965769,0.0002576913,0.00001480773,0.007623061,0.007487718,0.0001077689],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9734271,0.0003467481,0.00004774764,0.0008744939,0.0006908765,0.0001932193,0.000158753,0.00001669702,0.02424432],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999501,0.00001223891,0.00006438654,0.0003115421,0.00006731278,0.00000646419,0.000003835984,0.000002134697,0.00003109643],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02607385,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.869031,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4304780007","doi":"10.1038/s41586-022-05318-4","title":"A function-based typology for Earth’s ecosystems","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":333,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; Sciencetech (Canada); University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK; MAVA Foundation","keywords":"Ecosystem services; Environmental resource management; Convention on Biological Diversity; Ecosystem management; Total human ecosystem; Ecosystem; Biodiversity; Natural capital; Context (archaeology); Sustainability; Biosphere; Ecosystem health; Business; Ecology; Geography; Environmental science; Biology","authors":[{"name":"David A. Keith","is_ca":false},{"name":"José R. Ferrer‐Paris","is_ca":false},{"name":"Emily Nicholson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Melanie J. Bishop","is_ca":false},{"name":"Beth Polidoro","is_ca":false},{"name":"Eva Ramírez-Llodra","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mark G. Tozer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jeanne Nel","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ralph Mac Nally","is_ca":false},{"name":"Edward J. Gregr","is_ca":true},{"name":"Kate E. Watermeyer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Franz Essl","is_ca":false},{"name":"Don Faber‐Langendoen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Janet Franklin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Caroline E. R. Lehmann","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrés Etter","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dirk J. Roux","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jonathan S. Stark","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jessica A. Rowland","is_ca":false},{"name":"Neil Brummitt","is_ca":false},{"name":"U. Fernández-Arcaya","is_ca":false},{"name":"Iain M. Suthers","is_ca":false},{"name":"Susan K. Wiser","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ian Donohue","is_ca":false},{"name":"Leland J. Jackson","is_ca":true},{"name":"R. Toby Pennington","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thomas M. Iliffe","is_ca":false},{"name":"Vasilis Gerovasileiou","is_ca":false},{"name":"Paul S. Giller","is_ca":false},{"name":"Belinda J. Robson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Nathalie Pettorelli","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ángela Andrade","is_ca":false},{"name":"Arild Lindgaard","is_ca":false},{"name":"Teemu Tahvanainen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Aleks Terauds","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael A. Chadwick","is_ca":false},{"name":"Nicholas Murray","is_ca":false},{"name":"Justin Moat","is_ca":false},{"name":"Patricio Pliscoff","is_ca":false},{"name":"Irene Zager","is_ca":false},{"name":"Richard T. Kingsford","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00298266045038994,"gpt":0.2025577085714577,"spread":0.1995750481210678,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002070124,0.00006337683,0.00007818497,0.00002248828,0.0002995316,0.000009097214,0.0001850345,0.0001977967,0.002367979],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001582356,0.00005549533,0.00005447045,0.0001463587,0.00002132248,0.00002616925,0.00007671369,0.0005291412,0.00007610747],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008324331,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001526115,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004724079,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007308168,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993182,0.00003501744,0.00009088202,0.0002146828,0.0001749047,0.0001662877],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996997,0.00005049429,0.00004840205,0.0001582096,0.000004948112,0.00003831957],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001026689,0.001027007,0.1812912,0.000324565,0.0001282412,0.00007262941,0.0007338355,0.3228436,0.08406106,0.08288893,0.3127183,0.01288393],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000412048,0.0002086803,0.004490859,0.000002880171,0.00000880743,0.00001220314,0.00016929,0.1034049,0.0001098128,0.0004865357,0.890554,0.0001399855],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9480071,0.0004862372,0.002550222,0.002668566,0.00449041,0.001216926,0.0002665212,0.0001301776,0.04018383],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9963436,5.786947e-7,0.0004235207,0.001204818,0.0000445681,0.0001302404,0.0000247498,0.000008898211,0.001819049],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5778356,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.998544,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2023024638","doi":"10.1111/1365-2745.12337","title":"Forest resilience and tipping points at different spatio‐temporal scales: approaches and challenges","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Ecology","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":320,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"VLIRUOS; Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad; Ecological Society of America; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; British Ecological Society; Universiteit Gent","keywords":"Tipping point (physics); Climate change; Environmental resource management; Deforestation (computer science); Vulnerability (computing); Ecosystem services; Resilience (materials science); Ecosystem; Psychological resilience; Environmental science; Forest dynamics; Forest ecology; Temporal scales; Ecology; Geography; Computer science; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Christopher Reyer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Niels Brouwers","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anja Rammig","is_ca":false},{"name":"Barry W. Brook","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jackie Epila","is_ca":false},{"name":"R. F. Grant","is_ca":true},{"name":"Milena Holmgren","is_ca":false},{"name":"Fanny Langerwisch","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sebastian Leuzinger","is_ca":false},{"name":"Wolfgang Lucht","is_ca":false},{"name":"Belinda E. Medlyn","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marion Pfeifer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jörg Steinkamp","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mark C. Vanderwel","is_ca":false},{"name":"Hans Verbeeck","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dora M. Villela","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04341777361485499,"gpt":0.2251368920316132,"spread":0.1817191184167582,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00044476,0.000091458,0.0002100173,0.00004199723,0.00007696577,0.00001558776,0.000134162,0.00006983952,0.00002347268],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008005668,0.00006388089,0.00002410545,0.00003394272,0.0002354199,0.0001425685,0.0002347604,0.00009871331,0.000008877699],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001308923,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008520378,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001594568,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00517467,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991652,0.00007832421,0.0002618747,0.0001611683,0.0001604444,0.0001730047],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993786,0.0000838562,0.0002457233,0.00008604596,0.00001237613,0.0001933725],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003871599,0.00004747072,0.996285,0.00002313511,0.000007996709,0.00002520473,0.0006568939,0.0005170549,0.00009723753,0.0001902098,0.00009052867,0.002020561],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004072099,0.0003765812,0.9866393,0.00002582385,0.000009506025,0.0005129014,0.0007936673,0.00892963,0.00003301037,0.001742447,0.0004335416,0.00009635172],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9958483,0.001132792,0.00006694873,0.001466314,0.0001468653,0.00007552274,7.891488e-7,0.000002918199,0.001259547],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998468,0.0008104749,0.0005694794,0.00003259297,0.00003958606,0.000001699407,3.573939e-7,0.00000514563,0.00007269715],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00964566,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2887587,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2010541785","doi":"10.1890/es11-00216.1","title":"Analysis of abrupt transitions in ecological systems","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Ecosphere","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":319,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of California, San Diego; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; University of California, Santa Barbara; New Mexico State University; Harvard University; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Regime shift; Ecosystem; Environmental science; Context (archaeology); Abundance (ecology); Alternative stable state; Ecology; Climate change; Relative species abundance; Oceanography; Geography; Biology; Geology","authors":[{"name":"Brandon T. Bestelmeyer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Aaron M. Ellison","is_ca":false},{"name":"William R. Fraser","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kristen B. Gorman","is_ca":true},{"name":"Sally J. Holbrook","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christine Laney","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mark D. Ohman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Debra P. C. Peters","is_ca":false},{"name":"Finn C. Pillsbury","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrew Rassweiler","is_ca":false},{"name":"Russell J. Schmitt","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sapna Sharma","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01028646682583892,"gpt":0.1968942205206991,"spread":0.1866077536948602,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001559168,0.00005964787,0.0001840909,0.00002669671,0.00002725924,0.000004517017,0.0001553196,0.00005717834,0.009334638],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005331567,0.00004773078,0.00007651835,0.0006042774,0.00005547248,0.00005785145,0.00002972328,0.00005180693,0.0002297199],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005489333,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003948047,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001328351,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01381817,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993358,0.00003890325,0.0002217779,0.0001674509,0.00009848787,0.0001375663],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997233,0.00001479844,0.00005663995,0.0001576353,0.000003593079,0.00004407633],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001325806,0.0006220003,0.874379,0.00002656619,0.000143627,0.00004308454,0.002156747,0.118219,0.0007409407,0.002412792,0.0005312747,0.0007116875],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007744326,0.00003741828,0.8838629,0.000007442165,0.00005417406,0.000001319457,0.0004139096,0.1152973,0.00001677135,0.00006622329,0.00009450789,0.0000705686],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8367003,0.00003492204,0.0003246218,0.00001128571,0.00004824131,0.00008817209,0.00001097231,0.000008602148,0.1627729],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993103,0.000009754758,0.0002750632,0.000009896792,0.000002759596,0.00001176561,0.000002705523,0.000003076362,0.0003746537],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.16261,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9915709,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3164726634","doi":"10.1111/brv.12756","title":"Biodiversity as insurance: from concept to measurement and application","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":307,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University; University of British Columbia; Université de Sherbrooke; Université TÉLUQ; Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"H2020 European Research Council; Liber Ero Foundation; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; European Commission","keywords":"Biodiversity; Ecosystem services; Ecosystem; Modern portfolio theory; Environmental resource management; Conceptual framework; Ecology; Portfolio; Economics; Sociology; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Michel Loreau","is_ca":false},{"name":"Matthieu Barbier","is_ca":false},{"name":"Élise Filotas","is_ca":true},{"name":"Dominique Gravel","is_ca":true},{"name":"Forest Isbell","is_ca":false},{"name":"Steve J. Miller","is_ca":false},{"name":"José M. Montoya","is_ca":false},{"name":"Shaopeng Wang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Raphaël Aussenac","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rachel M. Germain","is_ca":true},{"name":"Patrick L. Thompson","is_ca":true},{"name":"Andrew Gonzalez","is_ca":true},{"name":"Laura E. Dee","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1064594347139757,"gpt":0.3079920529041368,"spread":0.2015326181901611,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002868101,0.0009769864,0.005082779,0.00001601277,0.0003826973,0.0000462862,0.002050738,0.001113836,0.0003752451],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003189604,0.0004513288,0.003213831,0.0009137234,0.001266349,0.00006156658,0.002995779,0.0009982787,0.0008531137],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005259241,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005567058,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001232169,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005015182,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9921138,0.00245624,0.002230837,0.001888406,0.0006825947,0.000628136],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9960364,0.0004682298,0.001531068,0.001360837,0.00007445694,0.0005290055],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001081006,0.0003179701,0.001564656,0.00236241,0.0001257223,0.000003577922,0.00003279644,0.000001795873,0.000177099,0.001074923,0.00764319,0.986685],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000119909,0.0001672362,0.001000633,0.005424128,0.0002387127,0.00001142941,0.000005693438,0.000007251107,0.00000326375,0.0004921222,0.9919146,0.0006150678],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000594639,0.9918388,0.0001873858,0.001014305,0.0002670308,0.005227187,0.0004103415,0.00003763407,0.0004227194],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.002171429,0.9943236,0.0006404631,0.001948481,0.0002389415,0.000501124,0.0001392885,0.00001639091,0.00002030455],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.98607,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999248,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2336643860","doi":"10.5751/es-00510-070114","title":"Resilience of Past Landscapes: Resilience Theory, Society, and the Longue Durée","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Conservation Ecology","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":305,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Perspective (graphical); Resilience (materials science); Sociology; Psychological resilience; Socio-ecological system; Natural (archaeology); Adaptive capacity; Environmental ethics; Mechanism (biology); Epistemology; Environmental resource management; Ecology; Geography; Climate change; Computer science; Psychology; Social psychology; Archaeology; Economics; Biology; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Charles L. Redman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ann P. Kinzig","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003917974171240773,"gpt":0.1984091414818684,"spread":0.1944911673106277,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001333642,0.0001016597,0.0001779963,0.0000161916,0.000224657,0.00001599677,0.0002531383,0.00008465321,0.0003712902],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003186996,0.00006790613,0.00004995582,0.0002359533,0.001078285,0.0001104185,0.000110085,0.00009667387,0.00003895055],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003506035,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002953699,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001085011,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001269424,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987528,0.0003223956,0.0002863728,0.0002757838,0.0001498543,0.0002127596],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987296,0.0007407735,0.0001885063,0.0002735923,0.00002011663,0.00004734592],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003990349,0.00003775454,0.9047725,0.00001919911,0.00001014416,0.000001795903,0.0008104629,0.001312206,0.001067282,0.09062377,0.001052474,0.0002525614],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001399582,0.000100751,0.947546,0.00001930115,0.00002381224,0.00006076179,0.001176084,0.02428402,0.000519231,0.02128462,0.003388627,0.0001971837],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9870769,0.0001044158,0.002262622,0.001937988,0.0001275793,0.0002853126,0.000002989832,0.00001379861,0.008188339],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976776,0.000119653,0.0005856759,0.0007682982,0.000008580969,0.00002640778,0.000001243938,0.000005753558,0.0008067898],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06933916,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4065367,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1969437725","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1110245108","title":"Newly discovered landscape traps produce regime shifts in wet forests","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":294,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"National Archives of Australia","keywords":"Trap (plumbing); Generality; Disturbance (geology); Ecology; Geography; Natural (archaeology); Ecosystem; Eucalyptus; Environmental resource management; Environmental science; Archaeology; Geology; Biology; Geomorphology","authors":[{"name":"David B. Lindenmayer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Richard J. Hobbs","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gene E. Likens","is_ca":false},{"name":"Charles J. Krebs","is_ca":true},{"name":"S. C. Banks","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02543595802793662,"gpt":0.2500784020995998,"spread":0.2246424440716631,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001115783,0.00008096387,0.0001227206,0.00006964951,0.00009187862,0.000009963519,0.0009768904,0.0000498809,0.0000758959],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001852565,0.00004974912,0.00004536171,0.0008122335,0.0005904606,0.0005376661,0.0001938524,0.0001086885,0.000005564266],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003404451,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000134696,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006553982,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001106852,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983668,0.000005699286,0.0002791509,0.0002792151,0.0008966929,0.0001724672],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996113,0.00002989618,0.0002903302,0.00001172048,0.00002276931,0.00003400504],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002793813,0.0001649606,0.9204788,0.0001751101,0.000006186254,3.748317e-8,0.001039133,0.0003609871,0.05889193,0.01638492,0.002072904,0.0003971451],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001280473,0.00003802928,0.9560674,0.0002433524,0.00000371391,0.000004165736,0.0001098818,0.002608204,0.01280495,0.02785379,0.00005412175,0.00008434484],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9557458,0.00008552752,5.497006e-7,0.001440535,0.00001648349,0.0002223657,0.000007466685,0.000004702243,0.04247663],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990292,0.00004751317,0.0005453691,0.0001409013,0.00001398914,0.000009803207,7.660187e-8,0.000002850105,0.0002103225],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04608697,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2175577,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3200303296","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2106140118","title":"Deep learning for early warning signals of tipping points","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":274,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph; University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Government of Canada","keywords":"Tipping point (physics); Warning system; Computer science; False positives and false negatives; Artificial intelligence; False positive paradox; Deep learning; State (computer science); Point (geometry); Machine learning; Early warning system; Algorithm; Mathematics; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Thomas M. Bury","is_ca":true},{"name":"R. I. Sujith","is_ca":false},{"name":"Induja Pavithran","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marten Scheffer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Timothy M. Lenton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Madhur Anand","is_ca":true},{"name":"Chris T. Bauch","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02057111372301025,"gpt":0.2696838983739479,"spread":0.2491127846509376,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001381667,0.00006311744,0.0001356595,0.00004743845,0.0002178444,0.00001631317,0.0005155773,0.0000505162,0.00004937456],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007844755,0.0000446912,0.00008035079,0.0005793998,0.0004544363,0.0003072304,0.0002145798,0.0001024405,0.000001767723],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003234293,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000122515,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000920509,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.897722e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985121,0.000008293584,0.0003053067,0.000216433,0.0008133117,0.0001444867],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999204,0.0001760372,0.0004769466,0.000006278547,0.0001101107,0.00002666003],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006250838,0.00003038879,0.1464317,0.00009625332,0.000009484417,6.849372e-9,0.000534037,0.01523217,0.8296549,0.007110677,0.00003117716,0.0008629562],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002350319,0.00009334659,0.3188768,0.0003148583,0.00001547462,0.000009971015,0.0008082001,0.1330425,0.5142447,0.03202597,0.0001827661,0.0001504606],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.991401,0.00007266645,0.00006502142,0.0005983203,0.00001423439,0.0001166433,0.000002134503,0.000004552834,0.007725434],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9959371,0.00001528734,0.003718161,0.00005052683,0.0000182976,0.00000544453,6.602299e-8,0.000003058464,0.0002520636],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3154102,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1822454,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3167954679","doi":"10.1002/ecm.1470","title":"A guide to state-space modeling of ecological time series","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":272,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University; University of Toronto; University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Ecology; Series (stratigraphy); State space; State (computer science); Environmental science; Computer science; Mathematics; Biology; Statistics","authors":[{"name":"Ken B. Newman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Diana J. Cole","is_ca":false},{"name":"Fanny Empacher","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rowenna Gryba","is_ca":true},{"name":"Aaron A. King","is_ca":false},{"name":"Vianey Leos‐Barajas","is_ca":true},{"name":"Joanna Mills Flemming","is_ca":true},{"name":"Anders Nielsen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Giovanni De Petris","is_ca":false},{"name":"Len Thomas","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02365757205640139,"gpt":0.1574489285935698,"spread":0.1337913565371684,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007912954,0.00008168219,0.0001263244,0.0000172167,0.00006057431,0.000007572379,0.0002886406,0.00003569627,0.0004956521],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002914233,0.00007777835,0.00004455253,0.0003455328,0.00006239554,0.0001469526,0.0002983982,0.00005406177,0.0006497196],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007160978,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001022188,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001731057,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001438059,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993317,0.00002998202,0.0001058492,0.0003089173,0.00005437429,0.0001692361],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996159,0.00001855615,0.00004272763,0.0001418121,0.00001100666,0.0001700186],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003298214,0.00002152256,0.006656074,0.000005879294,0.000004486654,0.00004045807,0.0001659348,0.9887035,0.003005203,0.001110754,0.0002272951,0.00002590951],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001187692,0.0001380737,0.0009078622,0.000006099021,0.000006576344,0.000001080723,0.0001577661,0.9971483,0.0001843946,0.0003991296,0.0008206865,0.000111293],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9436325,0.000002141718,0.04172227,0.0002928157,0.00001778104,0.0001145591,0.000007606115,0.00003182235,0.0141785],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.995497,0.00001257171,0.0008673461,0.000124444,0.000005622247,1.608728e-7,7.708775e-7,0.000005153129,0.003486895],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05186453,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8351047,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2076124820","doi":"10.1007/s00382-005-0092-6","title":"Biogeophysical effects of historical land cover changes simulated by six Earth system models of intermediate complexity","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Climate Dynamics","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":260,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria; University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Reforestation; Environmental science; Climatology; Deforestation (computer science); Temperate climate; Land cover; Climate change; Evapotranspiration; Earth system science; Tropics; Carbon sequestration; Land use; Physical geography; Geography; Geology; Agroforestry; Ecology; Oceanography; Carbon dioxide","authors":[{"name":"Victor Brovkin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Martin Claußen","is_ca":false},{"name":"E. Driesschaert","is_ca":false},{"name":"T. Fichefet","is_ca":false},{"name":"David W. Kicklighter","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marie‐France Loutre","is_ca":false},{"name":"H. Damon Matthews","is_ca":true},{"name":"Navin Ramankutty","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michiel Schaeffer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrei Sokolov","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004886787138588984,"gpt":0.1854405966169413,"spread":0.1805538094783524,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001240701,0.0001727073,0.0004076481,0.00003723863,0.00005926207,0.000009929469,0.0002488093,0.0001081726,0.00001287505],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007873484,0.0001464489,0.0000859071,0.0001964181,0.0002271203,0.00008315418,0.0002044532,0.0000919743,0.00002944194],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004252051,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000535965,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001879514,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007762053,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987013,0.0000620721,0.0003536971,0.0002823194,0.0002911565,0.0003094038],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992609,0.0001136932,0.0002665353,0.0002663815,0.00001990051,0.0000726072],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000309228,0.002122474,0.4262027,0.005807928,0.0001020714,0.00008126176,0.000395822,0.4515778,0.08041026,0.03132762,0.0006761329,0.0009867057],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003948352,0.0001473592,0.01268286,0.0001159714,0.00002478994,0.00000255799,0.0000123449,0.9855453,0.0005888712,0.0002959396,0.00003164516,0.0001575504],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9953475,0.00006215926,0.001670522,0.00001761547,0.0002371894,0.0002517561,0.0002873256,0.0000400755,0.002085873],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999584,0.0000334877,0.0001099637,0.000006775435,0.00001744274,0.000004218195,0.00009737672,0.00001826255,0.0001284403],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5339675,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5972013,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2172060360","doi":"10.1016/j.tree.2004.11.012","title":"Criticality and disturbance in spatial ecological systems","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":245,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies; James S. McDonnell Foundation","keywords":"Criticality; Disturbance (geology); Spatial ecology; Ecology; Self-organized criticality; Temporal scales; Spatial variability; Environmental science; Statistical physics; Biology; Physics; Mathematics; Statistics","authors":[{"name":"L. Pascual","is_ca":false},{"name":"Françoise Guichard","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005983518995877685,"gpt":0.2337764744660262,"spread":0.2277929554701485,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003354526,0.00009296411,0.000171851,0.00006935974,0.00006191627,0.000009838787,0.0001083355,0.0001545365,0.000108949],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005102845,0.00008215058,0.00001827201,0.0002350945,0.0002783619,0.00009560752,0.0001029839,0.0001544516,0.00004484466],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000904021,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009052284,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00354552,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.06549925,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989049,0.0001052728,0.0002551014,0.0003343848,0.00009463482,0.0003057423],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997313,0.00005063607,0.00004135757,0.0001189647,0.000003091419,0.00005466298],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009849517,0.0001797745,0.9767115,0.000006691518,7.059307e-7,0.00002036048,0.0000552889,0.01820637,0.00009915869,0.00416497,0.00001122786,0.0005340894],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004918555,0.00009618281,0.977534,0.00001074899,0.00000236765,0.00001954141,0.00004150787,0.0190777,0.00000236865,0.002606908,0.00002555751,0.00009124095],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9953455,0.00006836891,0.0005209953,0.0004199804,0.0002647736,0.0001043561,0.000004483248,0.00001697267,0.003254589],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996939,0.00001188633,0.0001110259,0.00002517951,0.00001755769,0.00003614798,0.000003814147,0.000003574583,0.00009692036],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06195372,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.951553,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2053944950","doi":"10.1111/jvs.12123","title":"Two alternatives to the stress‐gradient hypothesis at the edge of life: the collapse of facilitation and the switch from facilitation to competition","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Vegetation Science","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":226,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"European Social Fund","keywords":"Facilitation; Ecology; Ecosystem; Competition (biology); Biology; Neuroscience","authors":[{"name":"Richard Michalet","is_ca":false},{"name":"Yoann Le Bagousse‐Pinguet","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jean‐Paul Maalouf","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christopher J. Lortie","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0108790440037953,"gpt":0.2367156330399189,"spread":0.2258365890361236,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002138925,0.0000843249,0.0001478282,0.00006067671,0.0004065356,0.00008592392,0.0006527245,0.00001421291,0.00005685098],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000893536,0.00003341092,0.00005572322,0.0005694649,0.0009511395,0.0003769834,0.0001449399,0.00007809014,0.00003856589],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001015482,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000040684,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008036006,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001435714,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980509,0.0002533281,0.0004916766,0.0001602121,0.000915358,0.0001285519],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977233,0.001176153,0.0005582081,0.0002400735,0.0002172888,0.00008498911],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003177469,0.0001714638,0.06578518,0.00004821486,0.00006729391,6.999932e-7,0.1318605,0.3914253,0.3758149,0.005838801,0.000470791,0.0281991],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005907734,0.0001921016,0.9456459,0.00009039953,0.00002453376,0.000005193151,0.01092343,0.03248447,0.00646677,0.003326426,0.0001652278,0.00008475697],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9870502,0.0001669065,0.004398401,0.007291369,0.0001709127,0.0005547862,0.00001744578,0.000001509175,0.0003484095],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987863,0.00004267152,0.0008154355,0.0002440894,0.00002164669,0.00001935885,3.742953e-7,0.000002597127,0.0000674964],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8798607,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3504513,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2003251517","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.1001841","title":"Emergent Global Patterns of Ecosystem Structure and Function from a Mechanistic General Ecosystem Model","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PLoS Biology","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":225,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"Microsoft Research","keywords":"Ecosystem; Trophic level; Ecology; Ecosystem model; Biology; Marine ecosystem; Biomass (ecology); Function (biology); Range (aeronautics); Ecosystem services; Macroecology; Theoretical ecology; Functional ecology; Environmental resource management; Biodiversity; Environmental science","authors":[{"name":"Michael Harfoot","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tim Newbold","is_ca":false},{"name":"Derek P. Tittensor","is_ca":true},{"name":"Stephen Emmott","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jon Hutton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Vassily Lyutsarev","is_ca":false},{"name":"Matthew J. Smith","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jörn P. W. Scharlemann","is_ca":false},{"name":"Drew W. Purves","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005866809773457159,"gpt":0.1915908011707417,"spread":0.1857239913972845,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009223418,0.0001381323,0.0002470065,0.00001499441,0.00006074426,0.000007916339,0.0001700118,0.0001356557,0.0002564151],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001304466,0.0001054248,0.00003683069,0.00005160664,0.00002142886,0.00003618568,0.0001573177,0.00005359534,0.00002579039],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008310738,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005801054,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000482717,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006134517,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989353,0.0001084931,0.0002708124,0.000376918,0.0001055172,0.0002029929],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995106,0.00002202714,0.0001480416,0.0002260449,0.000009726291,0.00008353077],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004905857,0.00008681883,0.7068003,0.0001615538,0.00009780953,0.000001643529,0.0001156004,0.02360158,0.2512986,0.01558743,0.00003815582,0.002161404],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002259897,0.0001569422,0.02123383,0.0000277048,0.00003810195,0.000005911515,0.00002118654,0.9692318,0.0009985482,0.007801355,0.0001102096,0.000148426],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9580485,0.0000297005,0.0402706,0.00002536596,0.0002712532,0.000161817,0.0009105322,0.00001934506,0.000262873],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991519,0.00001370972,0.000657642,0.00003844819,0.00005616054,0.000008840279,0.00004545705,0.000007412291,0.0000204221],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9456302,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4299101,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2127726653","doi":"10.1016/j.tpb.2006.09.003","title":"Local facilitation, bistability and transitions in arid ecosystems","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theoretical Population Biology","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":222,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Arid; Facilitation; Alternative stable state; Ecosystem; Bistability; Vegetation (pathology); Environmental science; Desert (philosophy); Ecology; Regime shift; Atmospheric sciences; Geology; Physics; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Sonia Kéfi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Max Rietkerk","is_ca":false},{"name":"Minus van Baalen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michel Loreau","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003374720080820843,"gpt":0.215830129157482,"spread":0.2124554090766612,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003231983,0.00007221075,0.0001165621,0.00002905298,0.00006179559,0.000007499934,0.0000540698,0.00008917444,0.000518508],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002633551,0.00005858236,0.00001983299,0.0001181515,0.000575956,0.00004764385,0.00002382575,0.00006277933,0.00004366343],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000791951,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000232115,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001676982,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005070038,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991276,0.0001604453,0.0002642182,0.0002334397,0.00005775342,0.000156493],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997567,0.00006556398,0.00002927912,0.0001042852,0.000004944242,0.00003925787],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009894772,0.00003463999,0.3456261,0.000006500754,5.666995e-7,5.43889e-7,0.0000596305,0.002159653,0.00102628,0.6504338,0.000005082627,0.000637259],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001702873,0.00003915103,0.5165747,0.000004882429,0.000002308435,0.000005405175,0.00006579051,0.0894976,0.00002351119,0.3934394,0.00008640669,0.00009058996],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9654907,0.00001800028,0.029405,0.0004944443,0.00004745625,0.0001603182,0.00002445737,0.00001955195,0.004340094],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996646,0.000001456082,0.0002041096,0.00002488763,0.000009523267,0.00001072069,0.00006829498,0.000003268783,0.00001312726],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2569945,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5677299,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2762624117","doi":"10.1038/ngeo3041","title":"Enhancing protection for vulnerable waters","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Geoscience","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":221,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo; Western University","funders":"Australian Government","keywords":"Rulemaking; Scope (computer science); Government (linguistics); Environmental planning; Best practice; Freshwater ecosystem; Business; Sustainability; Uncertainty; Environmental resource management; Adaptive management; Political science; Law; Ecosystem; Ecology; Geography; Environmental science","authors":[{"name":"Irena F. Creed","is_ca":true},{"name":"Charles R. Lane","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jacqueline N. Serran","is_ca":true},{"name":"Laurie C. Alexander","is_ca":false},{"name":"N. B. Basu","is_ca":true},{"name":"Aram J. K. Calhoun","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jay R. Christensen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Matthew J. Cohen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christopher Craft","is_ca":false},{"name":"E. D’Amico","is_ca":false},{"name":"Edward S. DeKeyser","is_ca":false},{"name":"Laurie Fowler","is_ca":false},{"name":"Heather E. Golden","is_ca":false},{"name":"James W. Jawitz","is_ca":false},{"name":"Peter Kalla","is_ca":false},{"name":"L. Katherine Kirkman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Megan Lang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Scott G. Leibowitz","is_ca":false},{"name":"David B. Lewis","is_ca":false},{"name":"John M. Marton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Daniel L. McLaughlin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Hadas Raanan-Kiperwas","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mark C. Rains","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kai C. Rains","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lora L. Smith","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006321345543477796,"gpt":0.2445269434365055,"spread":0.2382055978930277,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007136173,0.00008858058,0.00008188605,0.00001856644,0.001894164,0.000183005,0.0006744886,0.0001261958,0.00005745774],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003195408,0.00006628149,0.00004037173,0.00007031447,0.0001932406,0.0004510266,0.0001698193,0.0002577213,0.00006139121],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008766085,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001223371,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000350163,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005761115,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989229,0.00001531115,0.0001064133,0.0003877774,0.0002501611,0.00031744],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993498,0.00002076798,0.0001195086,0.0004246202,0.00001361867,0.00007172582],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007924909,0.0001793668,0.1346392,0.0001766989,0.00001126328,0.00001778908,0.0009394939,0.003763511,0.813897,0.004366562,0.001982513,0.03994737],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001422311,0.0005354064,0.5032253,0.0002510195,0.00002848925,0.00008481542,0.0003265728,0.2265339,0.09676456,0.01089837,0.1584486,0.001480711],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9496301,0.00002324407,0.03924403,0.001199304,0.001437516,0.0006601327,0.00001266063,0.00004311037,0.007749918],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9922385,0.000004374852,0.003609939,0.0001219987,0.00005424567,0.00005502911,9.759652e-7,0.00000581864,0.003909166],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7171324,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994052,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2125416062","doi":"10.1890/ehs14-0024.1","title":"Principles for managing marine ecosystems prone to tipping points","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Ecosystem Health and Sustainability","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":213,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"U.S. Geological Survey; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","keywords":"Tipping point (physics); Environmental resource management; Action (physics); Warning system; Psychological resilience; Ecosystem management; Risk analysis (engineering); Ecosystem; Resilience (materials science); Business; Computer science; Environmental science; Ecology; Engineering; Psychology","authors":[{"name":"Kimberly A. Selkoe","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thorsten Blenckner","is_ca":false},{"name":"Margaret R. Caldwell","is_ca":false},{"name":"Larry B. Crowder","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ashley L. Erickson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Timothy E. Essington","is_ca":false},{"name":"James A. Estes","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rod Fujita","is_ca":false},{"name":"Benjamin S. Halpern","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mary E. Hunsicker","is_ca":false},{"name":"Carrie V. Kappel","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ryan P. Kelly","is_ca":false},{"name":"John N. Kittinger","is_ca":false},{"name":"Phillip S. Levin","is_ca":false},{"name":"John Lynham","is_ca":false},{"name":"Megan Mach","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rebecca Martone","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lindley A. Mease","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anne K. Salomon","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jameal F. Samhouri","is_ca":false},{"name":"Courtney Scarborough","is_ca":false},{"name":"Adrian C. Stier","is_ca":false},{"name":"Crow White","is_ca":false},{"name":"Joy B. Zedler","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01706820678421324,"gpt":0.2721029689418947,"spread":0.2550347621576814,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004096506,0.0002286155,0.000453439,0.00007515839,0.0003757277,0.00008354612,0.0002648982,0.00007510346,0.00002930561],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006055453,0.0001980415,0.00005830815,0.0002702788,0.00003690943,0.0001919707,0.0004934438,0.0001014559,0.00004010797],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002131508,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003111078,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001788161,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008395269,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971554,0.0002256056,0.0007497626,0.0007328747,0.0003159017,0.0008204866],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978877,0.0001014305,0.0002271843,0.00046062,0.0001062454,0.001216801],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004622006,0.0003261937,0.9131423,0.01407353,0.00003427376,0.00002224901,0.007993883,0.01489468,0.000007525749,0.01330661,0.002415943,0.03332064],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00308822,0.002438392,0.03424604,0.0005293076,0.00002040888,0.0001438392,0.02127695,0.5738657,0.00002725833,0.01758406,0.3453603,0.001419553],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.966453,0.0001906784,0.01003575,0.01014438,0.000470287,0.006266034,0.00004212518,0.0001302815,0.006267488],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967039,0.000009758641,0.001637261,0.0003432646,0.00008031989,0.0003797124,0.00001359885,0.00002356839,0.0008086101],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8788962,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8075897,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1562201543","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01956.x","title":"Ecosystem management based on natural disturbances: hierarchical context and non‐equilibrium paradigm","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Applied Ecology","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":203,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Simon Fraser University","keywords":"Disturbance (geology); Context (archaeology); Ecology; Ecosystem; Natural (archaeology); Environmental resource management; Ecosystem management; Environmental science; Geography; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Akira Mori","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005045969887430546,"gpt":0.1857759569560969,"spread":0.1807299870686664,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003626674,0.0001407449,0.0002947216,0.00006900378,0.00007158778,0.00001671835,0.0003024547,0.00007778332,0.0002468486],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004368901,0.0001011826,0.00006517787,0.00008810107,0.0001358708,0.00006900131,0.0001032926,0.0002387796,0.00007520083],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001340382,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001074068,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005962068,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000229788,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988595,0.0000352868,0.0004040987,0.000226121,0.0002059528,0.0002690896],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993151,0.0000805684,0.0002943974,0.0001640341,0.000005572472,0.000140286],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.01022045,0.004456614,0.7465627,0.001191563,0.0009324377,0.002876418,0.007307135,0.03515959,0.01034927,0.1027427,0.009172349,0.06902874],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003212689,0.001386134,0.9208851,0.00009785352,0.00008311129,0.0002053663,0.0005395715,0.06218434,0.0005529287,0.005593879,0.004768813,0.0004901627],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9527384,0.00002734385,0.000272898,0.0001659645,0.0004598772,0.0002450339,0.000002817664,0.000007080189,0.04608056],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984639,0.00001573115,0.001038351,0.0003421838,0.00004153079,0.00001036629,6.590898e-7,0.00001005309,0.00007717601],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1743225,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4126109,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2152415179","doi":"10.1086/324791","title":"Spatial Heterogeneity and Irreversible Vegetation Change in Semiarid Grazing Systems","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The American Naturalist","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":192,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","keywords":"Grazing; Herbivore; Vegetation (pathology); Environmental science; Spatial heterogeneity; Plant cover; Vegetation cover; Ecology; Spatial ecology; Soil science; Hydrology (agriculture); Geology; Biology; Canopy","authors":[{"name":"Johan van de Koppel","is_ca":false},{"name":"Max Rietkerk","is_ca":false},{"name":"Frank van Langevelde","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lalit Kumar","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christopher A. Klausmeier","is_ca":false},{"name":"John M. Fryxell","is_ca":true},{"name":"John Hearne","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jelte van Andel","is_ca":false},{"name":"Nico de Ridder","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrew K. Skidmore","is_ca":false},{"name":"L. Stroosnijder","is_ca":false},{"name":"H.H.T. Prins","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01365628160315226,"gpt":0.2329520067027311,"spread":0.2192957250995788,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001702514,0.00008217157,0.0001201434,0.00002391456,0.000113584,0.00003720774,0.0001621114,0.00001885126,0.00001652294],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001105743,0.00005589901,0.000019905,0.0002529335,0.0002343597,0.0001200362,0.0000934649,0.000111469,0.00007487379],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001018774,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":8.676053e-7,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02924119,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01562455,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992878,0.00008546942,0.0001136358,0.0001909705,0.0001489158,0.000173157],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996431,0.00004220093,0.0001090443,0.000162094,0.000003200603,0.00004038066],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000150056,0.0000428811,0.972841,0.000043161,0.00000998061,0.00002069242,0.001690955,0.001968926,0.004570477,0.0001292634,0.000216005,0.01845171],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000118481,0.00002884361,0.7451552,0.00002867203,0.000005568169,0.00002652566,0.0001208559,0.2539162,0.00005873897,0.00001300197,0.0004023982,0.0001254792],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9978132,0.0005104749,0.00002138711,0.0003923337,0.0001289163,0.0001946515,0.000003030767,0.00001430017,0.0009216762],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999457,0.0001688251,0.00003766763,0.0002190985,0.00003485983,0.00001466667,0.000001548614,0.000005785018,0.00006057355],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2519473,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9772232,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2910500871","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2018.01964","title":"Early-Warning Signals of Individual Tree Mortality Based on Annual Radial Growth","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Plant Science","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":192,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Canadian Forest Service; University of Alberta; Université Laval; Natural Resources Canada; Centre de Géomatique du Québec; University of Victoria","funders":"Horizon 2020; Vlaamse regering; Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats; Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; National Research, Development and Innovation Office; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Autocorrelation; Gymnosperm; Biology; Dendrochronology; Tree (set theory); Variance (accounting); Ecology; Metric (unit); Demography; Statistics; Mathematics; Botany; Economics","authors":[{"name":"Maxime Cailleret","is_ca":false},{"name":"Vasilis Dakos","is_ca":false},{"name":"Steven Jansen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Elisabeth M. R. Robert","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tuomas Aakala","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mariano M. Amoroso","is_ca":false},{"name":"Joe A. Antos","is_ca":true},{"name":"Christof Bigler","is_ca":false},{"name":"Harald Bugmann","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marco Caccianaga","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. Julio Camarero","is_ca":false},{"name":"Paolo Cherubini","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marie R. Coyea","is_ca":true},{"name":"Katarina Čufar","is_ca":false},{"name":"Adrian J. Das","is_ca":false},{"name":"Hendrik Davi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Guillermo Gea‐Izquierdo","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sten Gillner","is_ca":false},{"name":"Laurel J. Haavik","is_ca":false},{"name":"Henrik Hartmann","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ana‐Maria Hereş","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kevin R. Hultine","is_ca":false},{"name":"Pavel Janda","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jeffrey M. Kane","is_ca":false},{"name":"Viachelsav I. Kharuk","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thomas Kitzberger","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tamir Klein","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tom Levanič","is_ca":false},{"name":"Juan Carlos Linares","is_ca":false},{"name":"Fabio Lombardi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Harri Mäkinen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ilona Mészáros","is_ca":false},{"name":"Juha M. Metsaranta","is_ca":true},{"name":"Walter Oberhuber","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andreas Papadopoulos","is_ca":false},{"name":"Any Mary Petriţan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Brigitte Rohner","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gabriel Sangüesa‐Barreda","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. M. B. Smith","is_ca":false},{"name":"Amanda B. Stan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dejan Stojanović","is_ca":false},{"name":"María Laura Suárez","is_ca":false},{"name":"Miroslav Svoboda","is_ca":false},{"name":"Volodymyr Trotsiuk","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ricardo Villalba","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alana R. Westwood","is_ca":true},{"name":"Peter H. Wyckoff","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jordi Martínez‐Vilalta","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005462900890502592,"gpt":0.1999793509813989,"spread":0.1945164500908963,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001629564,0.0001436315,0.0002433012,0.0002134557,0.000107189,0.00003964348,0.001014906,0.00006541182,0.00009405899],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008581192,0.0001215001,0.00004745702,0.0008426302,0.0005863037,0.0003918566,0.0001688718,0.000172681,0.00004901061],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001574372,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000755008,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003435235,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006402773,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974859,0.00007052183,0.0003030396,0.0005378757,0.001152198,0.0004504983],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993175,0.00007035761,0.0001682491,0.0003018161,0.00001207798,0.0001300046],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002660244,0.00006155032,0.9780628,0.00001133103,0.000002485119,0.000009377242,0.0004945665,0.01790567,0.002362997,0.00008147968,0.0003578063,0.0006233307],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003380565,0.0001725591,0.8520079,0.00005814862,0.00000441061,0.000001797705,0.0002076318,0.1453505,0.001483767,0.0001617796,0.00004092318,0.0001725064],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9894404,0.000009955071,0.001153437,0.00002354275,0.0007637518,0.0002639508,0.00016174,0.00001438179,0.00816887],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977501,0.000003772908,0.002068004,0.00007319311,0.00001250602,0.000005443913,0.000006306707,0.000006113152,0.00007453354],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1274448,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4954629,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3092371372","doi":"10.1093/biosci/biaa088","title":"The Ecology of Disturbance Interactions","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"BioScience","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":190,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Northern British Columbia","funders":"Elitenetzwerk Bayern; Bayerische Forschungsallianz; University of Northern British Columbia; University of Nevada, Las Vegas","keywords":"Disturbance (geology); Ecology; Dependency (UML); Ecosystem; Environmental science; Cumulative effects; Natural (archaeology); Environmental resource management; Geography; Computer science; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Philip J. Burton","is_ca":true},{"name":"Anke Jentsch","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lawrence R. Walker","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007119167490152284,"gpt":0.2106823148723861,"spread":0.2035631473822338,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001075822,0.00004052413,0.00004992374,0.000003931014,0.000195831,0.00001441917,0.0004263422,0.00001137155,0.00009280756],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001034066,0.00002421823,0.00002334608,0.0002625523,0.0004385184,0.00008192301,0.000161929,0.00004606627,0.0001465408],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002425457,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008631777,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000422433,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002262035,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994445,0.00001945952,0.0001153008,0.0001609982,0.000130205,0.0001295799],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996684,0.0000728685,0.00006788765,0.0001271886,0.000004794758,0.00005891929],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002545284,0.0001043664,0.5694216,0.0000191967,0.000005909074,0.000006594796,0.001616577,0.00259398,0.3965451,0.01128111,0.005961386,0.01241862],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001294029,0.0001853556,0.8110725,0.00001120539,0.000004914551,0.00001047142,0.0003924401,0.09670206,0.008816757,0.0004358571,0.08205286,0.0001861964],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9790401,0.00003675129,0.001197903,0.005286378,0.0003761921,0.0001193126,0.000005128486,0.00001706991,0.0139212],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991979,0.00002078743,0.0002166541,0.0002439143,0.00001150652,0.000003987405,1.168981e-7,0.000001667074,0.0003034899],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3877284,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1883534,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2547121633","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1604978113","title":"Early warning signals of regime shifts in coupled human–environment systems","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":189,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph; University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Government of Canada; James S. McDonnell Foundation","keywords":"Warning system; Tipping point (physics); Regime shift; Ecosystem; Variety (cybernetics); Early warning system; SIGNAL (programming language); Complex system; Environmental resource management; Environmental science; State (computer science); Computer science; Ecology; Telecommunications; Engineering; Artificial intelligence; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Chris T. Bauch","is_ca":true},{"name":"Ram Sigdel","is_ca":true},{"name":"Joe Pharaon","is_ca":true},{"name":"Madhur Anand","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02041655777284664,"gpt":0.2536801567132843,"spread":0.2332635989404377,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001888466,0.00008729692,0.0001817061,0.00009291153,0.0001087303,0.00001092882,0.0008547787,0.0000672305,0.00005598501],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001260838,0.00004732149,0.00005196025,0.0004012516,0.0009831131,0.0003784751,0.000238315,0.00007557517,0.000007087604],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001029402,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007448917,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009776646,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.33497e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978091,0.00001133851,0.0004687561,0.000261983,0.001275425,0.000173459],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991727,0.0001129145,0.000643657,0.00001297311,0.0000238327,0.00003389431],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004669499,0.00003592133,0.142408,0.000033371,0.000003612823,8.353256e-9,0.0001635075,0.002384709,0.8463683,0.008495388,0.00002857764,0.00007395545],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003449179,0.0001099808,0.9207601,0.0006255628,0.00000695464,0.00000268217,0.0001870968,0.009829841,0.05474646,0.01316793,0.00006664336,0.0001518268],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9937148,0.00005412535,0.000005114424,0.0005213905,0.00001262849,0.0002077167,0.000005532402,0.000003838876,0.005474852],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994282,0.00002467077,0.0001966725,0.00001508109,0.00001331119,0.00001032049,1.924703e-8,0.0000033935,0.0003083266],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7916218,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3622321,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3192348125","doi":"10.1038/s41561-021-00790-5","title":"Past abrupt changes, tipping points and cascading impacts in the Earth system","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Geoscience","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":187,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias; Leibniz-Gemeinschaft; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Past Global Changes; Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Tipping point (physics); Earth system science; Climate change; Geologic record; Lead (geology); Climate system; Warning system; Abrupt climate change; Regime shift; Environmental science; Geology; Climatology; Environmental resource management; Earth science; Global warming; Ecology; Computer science; Effects of global warming; Ecosystem; Oceanography; Paleontology","authors":[{"name":"Victor Brovkin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Edward J. Brook","is_ca":false},{"name":"John W. Williams","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sebastian Bathiany","is_ca":false},{"name":"Timothy M. Lenton","is_ca":false},{"name":"C. Michael Barton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Robert M. DeConto","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jonathan F. Donges","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrey Ganopolski","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jerry F McManus","is_ca":false},{"name":"Summer Praetorius","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anne de Vernal","is_ca":true},{"name":"Ayako Abe‐Ouchi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Hai Cheng","is_ca":false},{"name":"Martin Claußen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michel Crucifix","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gilberto C. Gallopín","is_ca":false},{"name":"Virginia Iglesias","is_ca":false},{"name":"Darrell S. Kaufman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thomas Kleinen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Fabrice Lambert","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sander van der Leeuw","is_ca":false},{"name":"Hannah M. Liddy","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marie‐France Loutre","is_ca":false},{"name":"David McGee","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kira Rehfeld","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rachael H. Rhodes","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alistair W. R. Seddon","is_ca":false},{"name":"Martin H. Trauth","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lilian Vanderveken","is_ca":false},{"name":"Zicheng Yu","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003560676304396156,"gpt":0.2086496557425326,"spread":0.2050889794381364,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009361157,0.0001179588,0.0001227609,0.00004135914,0.0002776794,0.0001343014,0.0003806255,0.0001231971,0.00002525265],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001054226,0.00007722204,0.00002217935,0.0008219956,0.0001424856,0.000183937,0.0002338228,0.0002993458,0.00003237086],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009278167,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002014043,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002796606,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004075782,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984813,0.0001022649,0.0001331232,0.0004361575,0.0004509042,0.000396192],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994532,0.00009207464,0.0000650381,0.0002859824,0.00001125121,0.00009240758],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001742954,0.0001748862,0.8858371,0.0004611937,0.00001091613,0.002337867,0.01326745,0.0005936497,0.0691899,0.01290048,0.0006635202,0.01454557],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003237795,0.00005961679,0.9596786,0.0004719197,0.000007742598,0.001675313,0.005022808,0.02448259,0.00064855,0.000133062,0.007110621,0.0003854138],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9924356,0.0007111987,0.00009300344,0.001582284,0.0002961025,0.0001574101,0.000006372575,0.00001846483,0.004699549],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984531,0.00006157192,0.0004760993,0.0007290065,0.00005256259,0.000006543509,0.000001400876,0.000005118711,0.0002145322],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.07384144,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3149024,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2972719272","doi":"10.1016/j.plrev.2019.09.004","title":"Long transients in ecology: Theory and applications","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Physics of Life Reviews","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":185,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph; University of Waterloo","funders":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research; National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis","keywords":"Ecology; Anticipation (artificial intelligence); Population; Variety (cybernetics); Theoretical ecology; Ecological systems theory; Computer science; Biology; Sociology; Artificial intelligence","authors":[{"name":"Andrew Morozov","is_ca":false},{"name":"Karen C. Abbott","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kim Cuddington","is_ca":true},{"name":"Tessa B. Francis","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gabriel Gellner","is_ca":true},{"name":"Alan Hastings","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ying-Cheng Lai","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sergei Petrovskii","is_ca":false},{"name":"Katherine Scranton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mary Lou Zeeman","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03481916286230972,"gpt":0.3160609809909152,"spread":0.2812418181286055,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008857161,0.0002272233,0.001565597,0.00002964747,0.00002739273,0.000007981289,0.0003676728,0.0001103456,0.00004561261],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002834362,0.0001636763,0.0002413953,0.0003110175,0.0001193436,0.00007355699,0.0001363258,0.0001810328,0.0004505349],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006400008,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003365923,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000122346,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000440744,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982745,0.0003434285,0.0007133629,0.0003787003,0.000115775,0.0001742039],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987833,0.0002070081,0.0005016115,0.0004356894,0.000003596318,0.00006876946],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[5.45746e-7,0.00005997661,0.001130498,0.01706985,0.00001010183,2.421192e-7,0.00002189464,0.000009859122,2.356633e-7,0.001591095,0.00002000817,0.9800857],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000695514,0.00001440664,0.0002936007,0.004775928,0.000164786,0.000002048253,0.000002866829,0.00002728113,5.683168e-8,0.0008651577,0.9935748,0.0002095208],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0000264689,0.9948869,0.0006835847,0.000003113087,0.00004488921,0.00217647,0.00002009831,0.000004085669,0.002154379],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0001364487,0.9992444,0.00009736444,0.00002450272,0.00003342684,0.0003067257,0.00001671157,0.00001860026,0.0001218168],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9935548,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6674526,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2947736674","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ab2619","title":"Social-ecological network analysis for sustainability sciences: a systematic review and innovative research agenda for the future","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Environmental Research Letters","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":177,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education; Liber Ero Foundation; U.S. Department of Agriculture; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; U.S. Department of Energy; Office of Research and Development; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Sustainability; Management science; Field (mathematics); Social network analysis; Computer science; Sociology; Ecology; Social science; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Jesse S. Sayles","is_ca":false},{"name":"María Mancilla García","is_ca":false},{"name":"Matthew Hamilton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Steven M. Alexander","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jacopo A. Baggio","is_ca":false},{"name":"A. Paige Fischer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Katrin Ingold","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gwendŵr R. Meredith","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jeremy Pittman","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1048186323188432,"gpt":0.4316341936000632,"spread":0.32681556128122,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.02478477,0.0004755833,0.002304103,0.0002741174,0.002966524,0.000242649,0.001872096,0.0003093554,0.0002152528],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001042007,0.0002688775,0.0007573811,0.00413426,0.003560336,0.0001496542,0.001594602,0.001178079,0.0001189972],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002680356,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001468214,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003539176,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006249124,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9910327,0.003002728,0.001035972,0.001483305,0.001772722,0.00167257],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9908035,0.007731187,0.0004360831,0.0008338997,0.00005096345,0.0001443547],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000216795,0.0002429065,0.0008796949,0.9442822,0.001582813,0.00001269054,0.0003128094,0.0002584746,0.000002871264,0.001089466,0.02930284,0.02201153],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004965452,0.0007304091,0.001240002,0.03997983,0.006845825,0.00002598276,0.002797463,0.002064168,2.432243e-7,0.001244045,0.943079,0.001496497],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0000754728,0.9732465,0.0003724437,0.003727779,0.00008339343,0.02219906,0.000187402,0.00001210275,0.00009589391],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0009478148,0.9892963,0.0001745429,0.0006043813,0.0002071725,0.007812885,0.00009494539,0.00004610791,0.0008158746],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9137762,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999763,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W223374150","doi":"10.5751/es-03720-150324","title":"Novelty, Adaptive Capacity, and Resilience","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Ecology and Society","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":169,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. Geological Survey; James S. McDonnell Foundation","keywords":"Novelty; Resilience (materials science); Adaptive capacity; Computer science; Environmental resource management; Climate change; Environmental science; Ecology; Psychology; Biology; Social psychology","authors":[{"name":"Craig R. Allen","is_ca":false},{"name":"C. S. Holling","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005110011312494378,"gpt":0.199545858303669,"spread":0.1944358469911746,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002502384,0.00007086644,0.00008777276,0.0000041506,0.0002809091,0.00001337965,0.00009213965,0.0001368674,0.0002118252],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001539847,0.00005875981,0.00002521516,0.00005171204,0.0007304756,0.00008771677,0.0001930599,0.0002166854,0.00003572537],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001532439,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006155948,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001260841,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002466539,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994287,0.00001445552,0.00007883666,0.0002396741,0.00006320654,0.000175072],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997242,0.00006165809,0.00003367459,0.00009814765,0.000004220537,0.00007807813],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000364842,0.00004274937,0.9714249,0.000007982636,0.000009452005,0.00000273453,0.001938144,0.00003336743,0.01700973,0.007524614,0.001187485,0.0008152111],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001460025,0.00005791496,0.9863713,0.000001804063,0.000004502244,0.00003552447,0.0002833018,0.009848664,0.0001120892,0.002135152,0.0009047259,0.00009895591],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9899447,0.00001251709,0.00007324997,0.0002565076,0.0001618143,0.00008438077,0.000003494717,0.00001303556,0.009450283],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.996704,0.00006034684,0.002401114,0.0003113261,0.00001928459,0.000005961248,3.593617e-7,0.000003258391,0.0004943015],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01689764,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2691468,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2971755138","doi":"10.1111/ele.13382","title":"Assessing the causes of diversification slowdowns: temperature‐dependent and diversity‐dependent models receive equivalent support","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"letter","venue":"Ecology Letters","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":151,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"H2020 European Research Council; Seventh Framework Programme; University of British Columbia; Agence Nationale de la Recherche","keywords":"Diversification (marketing strategy); Diversity (politics); Ecology; Environmental resource management; Biology; Environmental science; Business; Political science","authors":[{"name":"Fabien L. Condamine","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jonathan Rolland","is_ca":true},{"name":"Hélène Morlon","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01792838301158151,"gpt":0.2338727106984169,"spread":0.2159443276868354,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005447859,0.0003275459,0.0004227724,0.00009677716,0.0004854838,0.00009470495,0.0008515852,0.0005425991,0.0005155553],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002283343,0.0002447178,0.0001207171,0.0001074157,0.0004940295,0.0004243285,0.001527449,0.0009898213,0.0001496191],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004786893,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003344332,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004834464,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002874355,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974462,0.0002977602,0.0003859311,0.0007590482,0.0006266978,0.0004843214],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985085,0.0003208818,0.0005042837,0.0005968972,0.00002296519,0.00004649313],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000250226,0.0001225427,0.2235147,0.0003628118,0.0004275256,0.00059686,0.002650665,0.0181116,0.01964683,0.00003434202,0.7342337,0.0002733596],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00513506,0.001373295,0.9065229,0.0007734567,0.002966881,0.0009262752,0.005354658,0.01967968,0.002611452,0.0013512,0.04738117,0.005923978],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7626801,0.00004423107,0.0001265675,0.2332752,0.001304553,0.000858754,0.00009221094,0.00002637695,0.001592056],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8401453,0.0001554328,0.00007412149,0.1578237,0.0001760465,0.00001805881,0.00008842143,0.00002632949,0.001492608],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6868526,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9979301,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2020705395","doi":"10.1086/593357","title":"The Allee Effect and Infectious Diseases: Extinction, Multistability, and the (Dis‐)Appearance of Oscillations","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The American Naturalist","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":145,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Allee effect; Multistability; Extinction (optical mineralogy); Biology; Ecology; Zoology; Statistical physics; Physics; Environmental health; Medicine; Population; Paleontology","authors":[{"name":"Frank M. Hilker","is_ca":true},{"name":"Michel Langlais","is_ca":false},{"name":"Horst Malchow","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.002067595051166128,"gpt":0.2053667765943679,"spread":0.2032991815432017,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003702858,0.00009129433,0.0001490287,0.000007401859,0.0009362553,0.00002744055,0.0002009601,0.00001215496,0.000009217189],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000169177,0.00003702068,0.00004387108,0.0002288515,0.004828439,0.00005700018,0.0001637493,0.0001095354,0.000006172505],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000322011,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005376986,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003169924,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001649545,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991012,0.0002692236,0.0001455644,0.0001738435,0.0001773653,0.0001328655],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987848,0.0006807518,0.0001624876,0.0003209181,0.00001075092,0.00004029703],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001888373,0.00002798104,0.9846499,0.00002013458,0.00003239757,0.000001829478,0.001062041,0.001069986,0.0004762778,0.0008164028,0.0002563264,0.0113979],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003667838,0.00004804859,0.9874312,0.00000669013,0.00001875042,0.00005264638,0.0001439817,0.01051472,0.000008092235,0.0002735227,0.001063937,0.00007158491],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9966044,0.0009672646,0.00003790967,0.0009571058,0.00005735429,0.0003428449,0.000009065219,0.00001514208,0.001008869],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987968,0.0009249276,0.000010958,0.00009696001,0.00001482235,0.00001931722,6.707173e-7,0.000005086903,0.0001305089],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01132632,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9978799,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2592998964","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1611525114","title":"Black-swan events in animal populations","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":141,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Simon Fraser University; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; Western Canada Research Grid; Compute Canada","keywords":"Black swan theory; Population; Ecology; Density dependence; Climate change; Abundance (ecology); Productivity; Geography; Biology; Demography; Statistics; Economics; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Sean C. Anderson","is_ca":true},{"name":"Trevor A. Branch","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrew B. Cooper","is_ca":true},{"name":"Nicholas K. Dulvy","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04101724524541989,"gpt":0.3155747534716048,"spread":0.2745575082261849,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000896442,0.00005335154,0.00008249794,0.0000486073,0.0003523285,0.00001738305,0.001199351,0.00004272797,0.00003221118],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002832442,0.00003521488,0.00003774104,0.0002240542,0.0008840814,0.0005554665,0.0003249453,0.00008193229,0.000006634902],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004899301,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006635805,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009064617,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006788769,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987295,0.000003245641,0.0002152454,0.0001774446,0.0007557129,0.0001188721],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995363,0.00001743101,0.0003907385,0.00001116921,0.00002066408,0.00002367695],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003198701,0.00003009998,0.9201561,0.0000102233,0.000001036917,2.805483e-9,0.000103552,0.0006679571,0.05464181,0.02422601,0.00007324302,0.00008675684],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006964631,0.00001380963,0.948129,0.00004491262,0.000001506538,0.000001391165,0.00005448275,0.01049003,0.004688728,0.03644149,0.00002210297,0.00004290075],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9674788,0.000005378328,3.27695e-7,0.00198708,0.00001446396,0.0001095328,0.000004140892,0.000002418334,0.03039788],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992107,0.000004962912,0.0005284552,0.00003777995,0.00001444042,0.00000303044,2.344898e-8,0.00000166982,0.0001989242],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04995308,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3257435,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2024306103","doi":"10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.020","title":"Integrating resilience thinking and optimisation for conservation","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":139,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais; Ian Potter Foundation; Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK","keywords":"Resilience (materials science); Interdependence; Scarcity; Perspective (graphical); Management science; Resource (disambiguation); Psychological resilience; Environmental resource management; Outcome (game theory); Computer science; Ecological resilience; Risk analysis (engineering); Environmental planning; Business; Sociology; Economics; Psychology; Geography; Artificial intelligence; Microeconomics; Social psychology; Social science","authors":[{"name":"Joern Fischer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Garry Peterson","is_ca":true},{"name":"Toby Gardner","is_ca":false},{"name":"Line Gordon","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ioan Fazey","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thomas Elmqvist","is_ca":false},{"name":"Adam Felton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Carl Folke","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stephen Dovers","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007630108543177305,"gpt":0.2498526903401288,"spread":0.2422225817969515,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004401214,0.00007464213,0.00009502129,0.00008568906,0.0001651934,0.00001475576,0.00009044456,0.00008927997,0.00003901623],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008027055,0.00007017018,0.00001770796,0.0002222711,0.00008008072,0.0002156214,0.0000272248,0.00007554657,0.000004977559],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002968018,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007133192,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001697686,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00526142,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992507,0.00004375314,0.0001975595,0.0002438302,0.00007950155,0.0001847145],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997107,0.00007574699,0.00009294315,0.00008725293,0.000007899478,0.00002545752],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003008881,0.00005969106,0.9288093,0.000005061691,0.000001699817,0.000001019533,0.0006656157,0.01756876,0.004872947,0.013533,0.0002781551,0.03417468],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001887248,0.000115464,0.7230483,0.00001002785,0.000002933302,0.000005173307,0.00009656641,0.2678579,0.0000276956,0.008550644,0.00003750599,0.00005908267],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9854965,0.00002424455,0.01005756,0.001207657,0.00009812308,0.0001408021,0.000001466003,0.00002501673,0.002948676],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9904085,0.000007521798,0.0091677,0.0001439933,0.0000137143,0.00001869427,0.000009685797,0.000002982692,0.0002272285],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2502891,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2935996,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2339044014","doi":"10.5751/es-01777-110209","title":"Variance as a Leading Indicator of Regime Shift in Ecosystem Services","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Ecology and Society","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":136,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Ecosystem services; Variance (accounting); Regime shift; Environmental resource management; Ecosystem; Environmental science; Geography; Ecology; Natural resource economics; Business; Economics; Biology","authors":[{"name":"William A. Brock","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stephen R. Carpenter","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.002298553817348094,"gpt":0.1952178379343585,"spread":0.1929192841170104,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003402672,0.00006676106,0.000151645,0.00001088927,0.0000858208,0.000006814165,0.0001261347,0.0001293345,0.0001291586],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002692932,0.0000596495,0.0000374874,0.0001029927,0.00009752881,0.00007927695,0.00008584937,0.00008452279,0.00007115532],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005833427,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009593647,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005619673,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006240346,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993352,0.00004280198,0.0001790116,0.0002037483,0.00006839016,0.0001708944],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997132,0.00005945626,0.0001031702,0.00009468439,0.000001735248,0.00002774071],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002902162,0.00004803424,0.9942251,0.0000724646,0.000005687441,0.000004869239,0.001378841,0.0005933316,0.0007210324,0.002786972,0.0001306356,0.00003010019],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002217677,0.00003571283,0.9903104,0.0000232893,0.00000414133,0.000007879014,0.0003562346,0.006257419,0.00007581659,0.00206381,0.0005620968,0.00008141755],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.992816,0.0000717019,0.00003769888,0.0001458053,0.00006304946,0.0001031058,0.000004199018,0.000008836002,0.006749645],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993157,0.00003515272,0.0002551456,0.0001056235,0.00001385398,0.000008673026,0.000001668067,0.0000038208,0.0002603931],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00649971,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.348226,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2751124912","doi":"10.5751/es-09427-220317","title":"A quantitative framework for assessing ecological resilience","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Ecology and Society","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":136,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program; Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet; Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. Geological Survey; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","keywords":"Resilience (materials science); Environmental resource management; Socio-ecological system; Ecological resilience; Adaptive management; Computer science; Ecosystem; Ecology; Risk analysis (engineering); Environmental science; Business; Resource (disambiguation); Biology","authors":[{"name":"Didier L. Baho","is_ca":false},{"name":"Craig R. Allen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ahjond S. Garmestani","is_ca":false},{"name":"Hannah B. Fried‐Petersen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sophia Elise Renes","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lance Gunderson","is_ca":false},{"name":"David G. Angeler","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01901432227790806,"gpt":0.3208285503033099,"spread":0.3018142280254019,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004429683,0.00007648002,0.0001318261,0.000003119249,0.001632609,0.00009286953,0.0002470315,0.0001905384,0.0001274781],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003095819,0.00006045792,0.00006829094,0.00002046673,0.0007142641,0.000197865,0.0002125891,0.0001333143,0.00002685824],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004561148,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001153682,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001965394,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001690093,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992927,0.00002533311,0.0001061935,0.0002846539,0.00005893604,0.0002321425],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992512,0.0003662311,0.0001234742,0.000194161,0.000007341212,0.0000575285],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001140956,0.00008481346,0.9321046,0.00001944987,0.00001675699,0.000004530834,0.001075713,0.0001937965,0.0006343782,0.0639007,0.001082773,0.0008710455],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001382137,0.0001106091,0.9438998,0.000008230013,0.000006602826,0.000003601517,0.000619291,0.02310829,0.00001780458,0.03163426,0.0003597632,0.00009352313],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9847681,0.00002074767,0.009753614,0.0008349732,0.0002246476,0.0001868506,0.000003618165,0.00001407383,0.004193361],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9466281,0.00005316478,0.05266066,0.0003146509,0.00002120983,0.00003145531,6.829937e-7,0.000003830773,0.0002862518],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04290704,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996671,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2099073499","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0904946106","title":"Contingencies and compounded rare perturbations dictate sudden distributional shifts during periods of gradual climate change","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":132,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Climate change; Limit (mathematics); Pace; Environmental science; Tipping point (physics); Intertidal zone; Climatology; Ecology; Geography; Biology; Geology; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Christopher D. G. Harley","is_ca":true},{"name":"Robert T. Paine","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02443007746698561,"gpt":0.2612347202710161,"spread":0.2368046428040305,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005947336,0.00008167654,0.0001370322,0.00005394293,0.0003681401,0.00002508029,0.0004274419,0.00004338405,0.00001650555],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001421782,0.00005527573,0.00004765394,0.0004082411,0.001024002,0.0004864927,0.0001771256,0.00007767198,6.009485e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003741974,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006364271,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001507523,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.588821e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985431,0.000006112341,0.000286651,0.0001981674,0.0008059588,0.0001599737],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994829,0.00005136168,0.000356926,0.000008064785,0.00006436733,0.00003641686],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002297492,0.00009857873,0.4256037,0.0001114362,0.000009540375,2.383642e-8,0.001446719,0.0001148578,0.5039348,0.06822589,0.00004856952,0.0003828506],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001190816,0.00003884318,0.9732391,0.00008818576,0.000006353692,0.000008224013,0.0002981011,0.002975293,0.01423082,0.008915137,0.00001199135,0.00006883765],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9950494,0.00009298258,6.669837e-7,0.002103729,0.00001121547,0.0001543495,0.00006394018,0.000006499313,0.002517258],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995086,0.00007313996,0.0003131263,0.00004935402,0.00002159418,0.000005376803,4.387172e-7,0.000001652672,0.00002677948],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5476354,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3772978,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2082246629","doi":"10.3390/d2030395","title":"Ecological Systems as Complex Systems: Challenges for an Emerging Science","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Diversity","topic":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":132,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; McGill University; Université de Montréal; University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; Ecological Society of America","keywords":"Complex system; Ecology; Ecological systems theory; Systems ecology; Scale (ratio); Simple (philosophy); Systems science; Computer science; Data science; Environmental resource management; Geography; Biology; Biodiversity; Environmental science; Applied ecology; Artificial intelligence","authors":[{"name":"Madhur Anand","is_ca":true},{"name":"Andrew Gonzalez","is_ca":true},{"name":"Frédéric Guichard","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jurek Kolasa","is_ca":true},{"name":"Lael Parrott","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04779141679436275,"gpt":0.270861187266778,"spread":0.2230697704724153,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008880211,0.0001056616,0.0001483455,0.00003901796,0.00126779,0.00008513664,0.0007892354,0.00007520256,0.0001202988],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005707521,0.0000879168,0.0000393132,0.0001358141,0.0004275006,0.0003497777,0.0008509635,0.0001072035,0.0001808723],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000113464,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001527217,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001286896,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007606687,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986567,0.00003339873,0.0001242112,0.0004549625,0.0003789405,0.0003517855],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993338,0.00004930677,0.00008281259,0.000296494,0.00003120211,0.0002064084],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009317307,0.001234186,0.675751,0.0004591494,0.0000467085,0.00006531257,0.006673492,0.0256658,0.1260186,0.1568863,0.001589342,0.00551692],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005378957,0.0004490394,0.6049812,0.00002311557,0.00002472286,0.00005382281,0.005817879,0.3726328,0.00008370579,0.0004621223,0.01439395,0.0005398049],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9789708,0.00002995098,0.0001866236,0.00008328618,0.00102681,0.0004268679,0.00001956233,0.00005646527,0.01919963],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995105,0.0000181009,0.0002012767,0.00002344084,0.00005260651,0.00001086049,0.000002972925,0.000004298371,0.0001759075],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.346967,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9750945,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}