{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":9399,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":7,"predictions_cover":9399,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"f8a878b4d264","filters":{"topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research"}},"results":[{"id":"W3015391807","doi":"10.1017/rdc.2020.41","title":"The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP)","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Radiocarbon","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":7589,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Australian Research Council; Avignon Université; Fukushima University; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Vetenskapsrådet; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Universität Innsbruck; West Virginia University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; University of Cambridge; Aix-Marseille Université; Queen's University Belfast; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; Queen's University; Equipex; Sight Research UK; Natural Environment Research Council; UK Research and Innovation; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Radiocarbon dating; Northern Hemisphere; Southern Hemisphere; Geology; Calibration; Absolute dating; Calibration curve; Geochronology; Physical geography; Archaeology; Paleontology; Geography; Atmospheric sciences; Climatology; Chemistry; Physics","authors":[{"name":"Paula Reimer","is_ca":false},{"name":"William E. N. Austin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Édouard Bard","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alex Bayliss","is_ca":false},{"name":"Paul G. Blackwell","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christopher Bronk Ramsey","is_ca":false},{"name":"Martin Butzin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Hai Cheng","is_ca":false},{"name":"R. Lawrence Edwards","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael Friedrich","is_ca":false},{"name":"Pieter Meiert Grootes","is_ca":false},{"name":"T. P. Guilderson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Irka Hajdas","is_ca":false},{"name":"Timothy Heaton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alan Hogg","is_ca":false},{"name":"Konrad A Hughen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bernd Kromer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sturt W. Manning","is_ca":false},{"name":"Raimund Muscheler","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jonathan Palmer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Charlotte Pearson","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. van der Plicht","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ron Reimer","is_ca":false},{"name":"David A. Richards","is_ca":false},{"name":"E. M. Scott","is_ca":false},{"name":"John Southon","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chris Turney","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lukas Wacker","is_ca":false},{"name":"Florian Adolphi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ulf Büntgen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Manuela Capano","is_ca":false},{"name":"Simon Fahrni","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alexandra Fogtmann-Schulz","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ronny Friedrich","is_ca":false},{"name":"Peter Köhler","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sabrina G K Kudsk","is_ca":false},{"name":"Fusa Miyake","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jesper Olsen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Frederick Reinig","is_ca":false},{"name":"Minoru Sakamoto","is_ca":false},{"name":"Adam Sookdeo","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sahra Talamo","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01908640909007322,"gpt":0.2183702834141165,"spread":0.1992838743240433,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004097096,0.0002115702,0.0002682987,0.00002709995,0.0004197484,0.00008915059,0.0004912841,0.0002329771,0.0005301735],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002205406,0.0001480326,0.0001025206,0.0003223706,0.0004035703,0.0001235275,0.00002656374,0.0005908642,0.0004619721],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000003828458,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001123203,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005943276,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01175922,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979569,0.0004173575,0.0002969942,0.0004117362,0.0003290926,0.0005879342],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998785,0.0004972731,0.00008196213,0.0002963099,0.00003180353,0.0003076281],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001522807,0.000007752091,0.993956,0.00001722329,0.00004169608,0.0001685716,0.0003694539,0.0006477465,0.0000370188,0.0002080801,0.0009220144,0.003472164],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001597717,0.0006444627,0.7204567,0.00002812909,0.00007816037,0.0002592787,0.0005819422,0.2452412,0.0007163417,0.002565795,0.0269977,0.0008326304],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9596108,0.003966011,0.0001095821,0.009713557,0.0004325832,0.0003187545,0.00001651233,0.0001298779,0.02570229],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980724,0.000228089,0.00007472622,0.0008340275,0.0003620763,0.000004730116,0.0001358872,0.000008363671,0.0002796301],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2734993,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6561921,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2154276443","doi":"10.1017/s0033822200032999","title":"Intcal04 Terrestrial Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 0–26 Cal Kyr BP","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Radiocarbon","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":3683,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Queen's University; Queen's University Belfast; Leverhulme Trust; U.S. Department of Energy; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Radiocarbon dating; Calibration; Geology; Calibration curve; Physical geography; Foraminifera; Dendrochronology; Paleontology; Oceanography; Geography; Statistics; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Paula Reimer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mgl Baillie","is_ca":false},{"name":"Édouard Bard","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alex Bayliss","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. Beck","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chanda Bertrand","is_ca":false},{"name":"Pg Blackwell","is_ca":false},{"name":"Caitlin E. Buck","is_ca":false},{"name":"George S. Burr","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kb Cutler","is_ca":false},{"name":"P.E. Damon","is_ca":false},{"name":"RL Edwards","is_ca":false},{"name":"Richard G. Fairbanks","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael Friedrich","is_ca":false},{"name":"T. P. Guilderson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ag Hog","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ka Hughen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bernd Kromer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gerry McCormac","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sturt W. Manning","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christopher Bronk Ramsey","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rw Reimer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sabine Remmele","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jr Southon","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sahra Talamo","is_ca":false},{"name":"Fw Taylor","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. van der Plicht","is_ca":false},{"name":"C. E. Weyhenmeyer","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01873212596056642,"gpt":0.2368914527111221,"spread":0.2181593267505557,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004655678,0.0002401919,0.0003528205,0.0001782102,0.0002430611,0.00006620183,0.0003865554,0.0003550947,0.0006229745],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001324391,0.0002097447,0.0001121593,0.0003481193,0.0004327389,0.0001959685,0.00001927326,0.0005359845,0.0004271332],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008242452,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002227152,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00196166,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00555527,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978582,0.0002726232,0.0003531698,0.0004749082,0.0003501463,0.0006909788],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999057,0.0001997013,0.00007536793,0.0003646934,0.00001701983,0.0002862073],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001918263,0.00003342824,0.9940219,0.00001229302,0.0000426887,0.0005588459,0.0002860369,0.002766812,0.00005094128,0.0007978028,0.0003775982,0.000859827],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005551456,0.000999736,0.9507882,0.00006333519,0.0000857277,0.0009073531,0.000164592,0.01405744,0.001209072,0.01924249,0.005984338,0.0009462658],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9798583,0.001064315,0.0002009109,0.001906373,0.001253153,0.000313979,0.00001245759,0.000202201,0.0151883],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980454,0.00008447364,0.0004737259,0.0004511366,0.0005597304,0.000004736465,0.0001651791,0.00001041795,0.000205229],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04323371,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.855314,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2001072306","doi":"10.1126/science.1172873","title":"The Last Glacial Maximum","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":3580,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Geological Survey of Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Deglaciation; Glacial period; Geology; Ice sheet; Glacier; Insolation; Last Glacial Maximum; Physical geography; Radiocarbon dating; Ice core; Ice-sheet model; Climatology; Sea ice; Cryosphere; Oceanography; Antarctic sea ice; Paleontology; Geography","authors":[{"name":"Peter U. Clark","is_ca":false},{"name":"Arthur S. Dyke","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jeremy D. Shakun","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anders E. Carlson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jorie Clark","is_ca":false},{"name":"Barbara Wohlfarth","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. X. Mitrovica","is_ca":false},{"name":"S. W. Hostetler","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anne McCabe","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01501432990314348,"gpt":0.2567153881924165,"spread":0.241701058289273,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009797198,0.00004548757,0.00004696682,0.000045083,0.00122731,0.00007715157,0.0006023166,0.00002915705,0.0003587273],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001546111,0.00002599286,0.00001644446,0.0004633735,0.001348123,0.0001559361,0.00001002823,0.0001335178,0.001280903],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":4.997033e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001204763,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001042644,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001307089,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990243,0.00004001706,0.00006973487,0.0001716412,0.0002559787,0.0004382723],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995587,0.0001283694,0.00001766773,0.0001646966,0.00003838214,0.00009214594],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008268847,0.000002166532,0.9747947,2.323247e-7,4.089361e-7,0.000006249794,0.00003897776,0.00001987848,0.00001952422,0.0006510171,0.00009987759,0.02435863],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004690162,0.00007153786,0.9798234,8.480318e-7,6.30502e-7,0.00003441257,0.00004011887,0.0004628472,0.00008948604,0.0137974,0.00559319,0.00003925067],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9066445,0.0003595197,0.00001380021,0.003464818,0.0004022038,0.00005753939,0.000001176737,0.00002277229,0.08903365],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991374,0.00003084948,0.00009963601,0.0003775954,0.00004290211,1.72987e-7,0.000001199592,2.296461e-7,0.0003100092],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09249289,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994967,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2112363056","doi":"10.1146/annurev.earth.32.082503.144359","title":"GLOBAL GLACIAL ISOSTASY AND THE SURFACE OF THE ICE-AGE EARTH: The ICE-5G (VM2) Model and GRACE","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":2903,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Geology; Post-glacial rebound; Ice sheet; Isostasy; Gravitational field; Geophysics; Glacial period; Ice age; Ice-sheet model; Climatology; Cryosphere; Sea ice; Antarctic sea ice; Paleontology; Geomorphology; Physics; Tectonics; Lithosphere; Astronomy","authors":[{"name":"W. R. Peltier","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01938546843968298,"gpt":0.2605782570122283,"spread":0.2411927885725453,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002267562,0.0001737624,0.0003972896,0.00002361804,0.0006776341,0.00003836958,0.0005155242,0.00008045067,0.0001023229],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000208096,0.00007496642,0.00006593634,0.0004051825,0.004811204,0.0002396043,0.00005796471,0.0002289619,0.00001128386],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":1.851806e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001640104,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002019587,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0193448,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981104,0.0004640112,0.0003337968,0.0003111773,0.0004130462,0.0003675889],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986861,0.0007443537,0.0001730757,0.0002342598,0.0000549766,0.0001072022],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008546963,0.000007456235,0.9934173,0.0003455933,0.00002135332,0.000005912632,0.0004422234,0.002142941,0.000001131863,0.001574996,0.0001018095,0.00185387],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005637063,0.0002613405,0.9891396,0.0004074808,0.00006972518,0.000276551,0.0004154398,0.002102372,0.000009505432,0.004302823,0.002307971,0.0001435429],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8168732,0.1724007,0.000003126212,0.006246692,0.00009038473,0.0004038515,0.0002550175,0.000005305032,0.003721795],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9354039,0.06273486,0.0002047188,0.001534288,0.00001873585,6.26236e-7,0.00002170374,9.913238e-7,0.00008014239],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1185308,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985496,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2235208287","doi":"10.1126/science.aad2622","title":"The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Science","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":2324,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"British Geological Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK","keywords":"Anthropocene; Holocene; Geology; Paleontology","authors":[{"name":"Colin N. Waters","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jan Zalasiewicz","is_ca":false},{"name":"Colin Summerhayes","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anthony D. Barnosky","is_ca":false},{"name":"Clément Poirier","is_ca":false},{"name":"Agnieszka Gałuszka","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alejandro Cearreta","is_ca":false},{"name":"Matt Edgeworth","is_ca":false},{"name":"Erle C. Ellis","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael A. Ellis","is_ca":false},{"name":"Catherine Jeandel","is_ca":false},{"name":"Reinhold Leinfelder","is_ca":false},{"name":"John McNeill","is_ca":false},{"name":"Daniel deB. Richter","is_ca":false},{"name":"Will Steffen","is_ca":false},{"name":"James P. M. Syvitski","is_ca":false},{"name":"Davor Vidas","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael Wagreich","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mark Williams","is_ca":false},{"name":"Zhisheng An","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jacques Grinevald","is_ca":false},{"name":"Eric Odada","is_ca":false},{"name":"Наоми Орескес","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alexander P. Wolfe","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03893897205212442,"gpt":0.3102024183692856,"spread":0.2712634463171611,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001778178,0.00021293,0.0003748893,0.00005701241,0.002327499,0.0002042302,0.001348843,0.0001648928,0.001334065],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003702413,0.00007708032,0.0001010491,0.0005916783,0.008554672,0.0001366264,0.00007589556,0.0004540989,0.0005918868],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001324,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007158844,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008618105,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007066358,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977963,0.0002938596,0.0002845399,0.0005809765,0.0005000774,0.0005442404],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.995874,0.003264158,0.0001411736,0.0004899101,0.00007975708,0.0001510431],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004547351,0.00000237419,0.4002124,0.00004313088,0.00001951964,0.000006387179,0.00001031762,3.484626e-8,1.249743e-8,0.0001522309,0.0002905786,0.5992584],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005197108,0.00005379993,0.4433195,0.0004020378,0.00004342966,0.00008310896,0.00001285878,0.00001386607,1.747198e-7,0.003274861,0.5525951,0.0001493606],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001529416,0.9923224,0.000008590066,0.002186373,0.000522581,0.0002376733,0.000232478,0.0000154362,0.002945057],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.009361445,0.9900938,0.00003276617,0.000160359,0.000125083,0.000004178135,0.00002696244,0.000002239324,0.0001931816],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5991091,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995788,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2123575603","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02683.x","title":"Molecular evidence for glacial refugia of mountain plants in the European Alps","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Molecular Ecology","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":2094,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Austrian Science Fund; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","keywords":"Glacial period; Intraspecific competition; Ecology; Phylogeography; Ice age; Quaternary; Genetic diversity; Endemism; Climate change; Biology; Physical geography; Geography; Paleontology; Population; Phylogenetics","authors":[{"name":"Peter Schönswetter","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ivana Stehlik","is_ca":true},{"name":"Rolf Holderegger","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andreas Tribsch","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03047975413087603,"gpt":0.2915485771958505,"spread":0.2610688230649744,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00179871,0.0001120444,0.0002047763,0.0001197087,0.00009205176,0.000009350297,0.0005374817,0.000126741,0.0002643239],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003025739,0.0000863037,0.00006820809,0.000141611,0.000257677,0.00006165834,0.00002370795,0.0002247657,0.0001929411],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000002122993,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005873337,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006669911,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006807723,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976883,0.001204701,0.0002636208,0.0002627248,0.000139006,0.0004416452],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989196,0.0006740341,0.00007397478,0.0002517791,0.00003477216,0.00004583621],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001287097,0.00002948957,0.9938234,0.00001894988,0.00001771725,0.000278359,0.0002292475,0.002556635,0.0004915677,0.0005572354,0.0001094341,0.001759239],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005879131,0.0003393294,0.9933282,0.0000131001,0.00001474169,0.0001412739,0.00009187255,0.001573246,0.001348203,0.001044684,0.001396854,0.0001206189],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9901168,0.0008750473,0.0002480478,0.0023916,0.00008337219,0.0003653555,0.00001425432,0.000009442583,0.005896087],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980965,0.00003431187,0.0006178927,0.001127486,0.00003780474,0.000008124991,0.00004740381,0.000003766949,0.00002673254],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007979683,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3798869,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1562504550","doi":"10.1002/2014jb011176","title":"Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE‐6G_C (VM5a) model","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1510,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","keywords":"Deglaciation; Post-glacial rebound; Geology; Geodetic datum; Geodesy; Global Positioning System; Gravitational field; Ice sheet; Climatology; Glacial period; Oceanography; Paleontology; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"W. R. Peltier","is_ca":true},{"name":"Donald F. Argus","is_ca":false},{"name":"R. Drummond","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04792835078421767,"gpt":0.3423926485958936,"spread":0.2944642978116759,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004072834,0.0002015527,0.0004747682,0.0001593184,0.0007571796,0.000181964,0.0009687095,0.0001935364,0.0004316137],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001406456,0.0001284524,0.0002324579,0.0006200495,0.001540186,0.0003463207,0.00008189925,0.001818128,0.0008039604],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008012998,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000600785,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002399872,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001923045,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9951478,0.001377166,0.000471175,0.0002973448,0.001590258,0.001116288],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9961957,0.002065671,0.0002139929,0.0003706143,0.0006186653,0.0005353212],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006415147,0.0001690793,0.9692933,0.00004959781,0.0001361158,0.0006143008,0.0004211813,0.008828876,0.00007845949,0.008379471,0.002065221,0.009322864],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009248788,0.001200229,0.7908028,0.00005364888,0.00003490172,0.0008209225,0.0002730313,0.1628029,0.0000924497,0.03791573,0.004857432,0.0002210259],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.961116,0.0001654804,0.0007822973,0.006954344,0.0002126327,0.0002018642,0.00002898961,0.0000145428,0.03052389],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972231,0.0001065768,0.0006979429,0.0003450917,0.000657731,0.000001404501,0.0000117015,0.000004499576,0.0009519481],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1784905,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999974,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2171153098","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.07.008","title":"The middle Pleistocene transition: characteristics, mechanisms, and implications for long-term changes in atmospheric pCO2","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Quaternary Science Reviews","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1259,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Geology; Climatology; Upwelling; Pleistocene; Interglacial; Glacial period; Oceanography; Sea surface temperature; Orbital forcing; Monsoon; Climate change; Paleontology","authors":[{"name":"Peter U. Clark","is_ca":false},{"name":"David F. Archer","is_ca":false},{"name":"David Pollard","is_ca":false},{"name":"Joel D. Blum","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. A. Rial","is_ca":false},{"name":"Victor Brovkin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alan C Mix","is_ca":false},{"name":"Nicklas G. Pisias","is_ca":false},{"name":"Martin Roy","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04892386079445015,"gpt":0.2834607164333754,"spread":0.2345368556389252,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001555313,0.0001176604,0.0002224272,0.00003048044,0.0006966147,0.0000803365,0.0004055155,0.00005210074,0.000077606],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005316698,0.0000764277,0.0000353116,0.0003416298,0.0006451563,0.0001754065,0.00001427996,0.0001031937,0.00008166255],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000003442756,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005711104,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001964601,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01438445,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986978,0.0001136008,0.0002804656,0.0003366499,0.0001101523,0.0004613096],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993393,0.0002032197,0.00009959911,0.0002326685,0.00004349173,0.00008167811],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001686929,0.0000102317,0.9653914,0.00004875439,0.00000120168,0.000003433202,0.00005096941,0.000005029611,0.00005523777,0.0006358985,0.00002443125,0.03375652],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001228118,0.000117037,0.9929708,0.0000402187,0.000006235417,0.0000707498,0.00001225316,0.002066233,0.00001819909,0.002840743,0.001634787,0.00009990147],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9716105,0.01767499,0.001657619,0.007353663,0.0002545164,0.001106082,0.00003770435,0.0000191884,0.0002857421],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9899352,0.008194975,0.001204103,0.0002090659,0.00006544103,0.0000603421,0.00008475811,0.00000242652,0.0002436668],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03365662,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8026859,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1909880476","doi":"10.1017/s0033822200033002","title":"Marine04 Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 0–26 Cal Kyr Bp","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Radiocarbon","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1207,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Leverhulme Trust","keywords":"Radiocarbon dating; Geology; Varve; Calibration; Foraminifera; Calibration curve; Physical geography; Dendrochronology; Paleontology; Oceanography; Geography; Sediment; Statistics; Benthic zone","authors":[{"name":"Konrad A Hughen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mike Baillie","is_ca":false},{"name":"Édouard Bard","is_ca":false},{"name":"J Warren Beck","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chanda Bertrand","is_ca":false},{"name":"Paul G. Blackwell","is_ca":false},{"name":"Caitlin E. Buck","is_ca":false},{"name":"George S. Burr","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kirsten Cutler","is_ca":false},{"name":"Paul E. Damon","is_ca":false},{"name":"R. Lawrence Edwards","is_ca":false},{"name":"Richard G. Fairbanks","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael Friedrich","is_ca":false},{"name":"T. P. Guilderson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bernd Kromer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gerry McCormac","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sturt W. Manning","is_ca":true},{"name":"Christopher Bronk Ramsey","is_ca":false},{"name":"Paula Reimer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ron Reimer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sabine Remmele","is_ca":false},{"name":"John Southon","is_ca":false},{"name":"Minze Stuiver","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sahra Talamo","is_ca":false},{"name":"Frederick W. Taylor","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. van der Plicht","is_ca":false},{"name":"Constanze E. Weyhenmeyer","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01275205076450869,"gpt":0.2203179783741832,"spread":0.2075659276096745,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004259721,0.0002527967,0.000352351,0.0001847599,0.0002316008,0.00005427633,0.000383244,0.0002931629,0.001695972],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000809905,0.0002245144,0.0001019428,0.0003878568,0.0003573774,0.0001833481,0.00004153659,0.0004999621,0.0005184878],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008094626,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000160353,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003199201,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01093377,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997944,0.0001917017,0.0003286769,0.0004848891,0.000336401,0.0007143504],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990475,0.0001549527,0.00007038234,0.0004123622,0.00003133751,0.0002834689],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009482786,0.00003030842,0.9941208,0.00002132936,0.00004146641,0.0006239822,0.000127516,0.002101278,0.00003053152,0.001483575,0.0002174886,0.001106849],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001374596,0.0002885132,0.9794839,0.0000143621,0.00003239282,0.0005307603,0.00003857631,0.00486508,0.0004252823,0.01047417,0.002109105,0.0003632651],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9337214,0.0007180833,0.0001344335,0.002127236,0.0006464941,0.0002900536,0.0000106645,0.0001858965,0.06216575],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9969857,0.0001464885,0.0008039648,0.0005985642,0.000275619,0.000004865422,0.0002564717,0.00001216624,0.0009161418],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06326433,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992166,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2077275603","doi":"10.1139/e01-013","title":"Ubiquity of anomalous fading in K-feldspars and the measurement and correction for it in optical dating","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1100,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal; Simon Fraser University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Fading; Logarithm; Irradiation; Luminescence; Optically stimulated luminescence; Mineralogy; Thermoluminescence dating; Geology; Physics; Optics; Statistics; Mathematics; Nuclear physics","authors":[{"name":"D. J. Huntley","is_ca":true},{"name":"Michel Lamothe","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06452201742207646,"gpt":0.2668108504560394,"spread":0.2022888330339629,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00396679,0.00004040632,0.0001367204,0.0002330492,0.0001761529,0.0000302993,0.000118059,0.00003724221,0.00005893413],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005855331,0.00002655552,0.00001470173,0.0002362861,0.0008355167,0.0001379789,0.000003216057,0.0001404253,4.336055e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":6.304911e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003655764,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006137723,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.7603957,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992553,0.00009365914,0.0002066633,0.0000852681,0.0001265477,0.0002325568],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993076,0.0004080175,0.00007463989,0.00002889068,0.00005523625,0.0001256],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004671603,0.000001299094,0.9962946,0.000004381715,0.000002116256,0.00001641,0.0004338308,0.001340498,0.000001751984,0.00008969566,0.000005693427,0.001762999],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004386279,0.0001659869,0.9815177,0.00004599172,0.000003052037,0.0002567811,0.001209202,0.01559821,0.00001084106,0.0006157716,0.000106788,0.00003104253],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9949136,0.000866471,0.00002128838,0.001288631,0.0001724652,0.00008743712,0.00000115796,3.535231e-7,0.002648602],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996107,0.00008317814,0.0002113951,0.00006977763,0.00001469981,2.802549e-7,2.001317e-7,3.743675e-7,0.000009419495],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.754258,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9278442,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1882489491","doi":"10.1016/s1571-0866(04)80209-4","title":"An outline of North American deglaciation with emphasis on central and northern Canada","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Developments in quaternary science","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1053,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Geological Survey of Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Ice sheet; Wisconsin glaciation; Deglaciation; Geology; Greenland ice sheet; Oceanography; Beringia; Physical geography; Arctic; Ice core; Ice stream; Sea ice; Geography; Cryosphere; Holocene","authors":[{"name":"Arthur S. Dyke","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01108807774614835,"gpt":0.2193982712728038,"spread":0.2083101935266555,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002577076,0.000211826,0.0002910274,0.0002887918,0.0001572396,0.0000186966,0.000456721,0.00005179971,0.00006572186],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001802825,0.0001680861,0.00001031062,0.0002074415,0.001049629,0.0001613989,0.00002020603,0.0002496695,0.00001219999],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003274073,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002301336,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1873297,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9857392,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998095,0.00002946998,0.0002814045,0.0004982792,0.0006367991,0.0004589828],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992653,0.00005998784,0.0002047739,0.0001962911,0.00008200743,0.0001916331],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009522076,0.00001014388,0.9816899,0.00001212285,0.00001176495,0.0001519893,0.0001999887,0.001633151,1.658799e-7,0.00007357111,8.050994e-7,0.01612115],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002132274,0.000287725,0.9987342,0.00005527146,0.000003969454,0.00002665706,0.00001748624,0.0002487886,0.00001161427,0.00009485007,0.0001027523,0.0002034771],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9869208,0.00003004679,0.000003749052,0.0000772984,0.0001182205,0.0001644656,0.00004534635,0.000007329667,0.01263279],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979399,0.00008022337,0.0004832012,0.0001266302,0.00001080089,8.506751e-7,0.0001221533,0.000004502729,0.001231779],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7984094,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8180819,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2127599527","doi":"10.1175/jcli3689.1","title":"Investigating the Causes of the Response of the Thermohaline Circulation to Past and Future Climate Changes","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Climate","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1027,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions; University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Coupled model intercomparison project; Climatology; Thermohaline circulation; Intertropical Convergence Zone; Environmental science; Shutdown of thermohaline circulation; Climate model; Ocean current; Northern Hemisphere; General Circulation Model; Climate change; Tropical Atlantic; Representative Concentration Pathways; Southern Hemisphere; Hindcast; North Atlantic Deep Water; Meteorology; Geology; Oceanography; Sea surface temperature; Precipitation; Geography","authors":[{"name":"Ronald J. Stouffer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jianjun Yin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jonathan M. Gregory","is_ca":false},{"name":"Keith W. Dixon","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael J. Spelman","is_ca":false},{"name":"William J. Hurlin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrew J. Weaver","is_ca":true},{"name":"Michael Eby","is_ca":true},{"name":"Gregory M. Flato","is_ca":true},{"name":"Hiroyasu Hasumi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Aixue Hu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Johann Jungclaus","is_ca":false},{"name":"Igor Kamenkovich","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anders Levermann","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marisa Montoya","is_ca":false},{"name":"Shigenori Murakami","is_ca":false},{"name":"S. Nawrath","is_ca":false},{"name":"Akira Oka","is_ca":false},{"name":"W. R. Peltier","is_ca":true},{"name":"Daniel Y. Robitaille","is_ca":true},{"name":"Andrei Sokolov","is_ca":false},{"name":"Guido Vettoretti","is_ca":true},{"name":"S. L. Weber","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01920879907668612,"gpt":0.2560776184324569,"spread":0.2368688193557707,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002003253,0.00007971568,0.00018567,0.00005766502,0.0002684844,0.00001455896,0.0002870844,0.00006880955,0.00006306352],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001576512,0.00003223647,0.0000661794,0.0002444012,0.0003222062,0.00005772954,0.00004176741,0.0002330546,0.000002462455],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":9.98342e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004112014,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005073935,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001617363,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985024,0.0006599345,0.0003331765,0.00007159368,0.0002269791,0.0002059299],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986016,0.0006042102,0.0004679436,0.0001709412,0.0001178435,0.00003749217],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001595155,0.000006579474,0.9961541,0.00003150822,0.00001319601,0.000001728277,0.0005918361,0.0008493889,0.001676259,0.00009597192,0.00003986291,0.0003800322],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001690623,0.00008584686,0.9969659,0.00006245574,0.00002288563,0.0001546552,0.0004291054,0.000200436,0.00107486,0.0004563733,0.0003427573,0.00003565181],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9809002,0.000764829,0.000001061934,0.01757627,0.0002385699,0.0001164859,0.00002974996,0.00000202811,0.0003707967],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991879,0.0002575459,0.00005928494,0.0002975847,0.0001823983,3.472153e-7,0.000001262616,0.00000212775,0.00001150683],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01828774,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2064992,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2024369723","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.010","title":"Global glacial ice volume and Last Glacial Maximum duration from an extended Barbados sea level record","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Quaternary Science Reviews","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1021,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Deglaciation; Last Glacial Maximum; Glacial period; Geology; Post-glacial rebound; Sea level; Ice sheet; Ice age; Climatology; Climate change; Physical geography; Oceanography; Paleontology; Geography","authors":[{"name":"W. R. Peltier","is_ca":true},{"name":"Richard G. Fairbanks","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03857130998718787,"gpt":0.2953310898432717,"spread":0.2567597798560838,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001659655,0.0002330689,0.0003938295,0.0001055746,0.0006710244,0.0001883691,0.0006483842,0.0001398307,0.001423459],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001308625,0.0001858112,0.00006455181,0.000614551,0.001036309,0.001236536,0.00004986144,0.0001980191,0.001328018],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008250476,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001844969,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01101762,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.06215352,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971228,0.0004708995,0.0005249199,0.0007593145,0.0004441615,0.0006779635],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990443,0.00006476254,0.0001858327,0.000353178,0.00007544348,0.0002764546],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005706775,0.00002346819,0.9338059,0.0000141716,0.000002585136,0.00003923938,0.00004304919,0.00001233743,0.00004065369,0.00004729073,0.000281498,0.06563269],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002452336,0.0002008544,0.9761155,0.0000244945,0.00001349378,0.0001036427,0.00002524462,0.009630929,0.0000161638,0.003851183,0.009548664,0.0002245647],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9903081,0.002943103,0.0006274753,0.0006942276,0.000715628,0.0004086909,0.0001346149,0.00004446504,0.004123659],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9949242,0.0008626986,0.003055276,0.0002740181,0.000352554,0.000005702711,0.0002398811,0.00000287616,0.0002828208],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06540813,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994894,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2025742812","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0500245102","title":"Climate-driven regime shifts in the biological communities of arctic lakes","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":980,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Academy of Finland; Norges Forskningsråd; European Commission; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Circumpolar star; Arctic ecology; Arctic; Ecology; Climate change; Ecosystem; Invertebrate; Algae; Geography; Environmental science; Biology; Oceanography; Geology","authors":[{"name":"John P. Smol","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alexander P. Wolfe","is_ca":false},{"name":"H. J. B. Birks","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marianne S. V. Douglas","is_ca":false},{"name":"Vivienne J. Jones","is_ca":false},{"name":"Atte Korhola","is_ca":false},{"name":"Reinhard Pienitz","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kathleen M. Rühland","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sanna Sorvari","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dermot Antoniades","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stephen J. Brooks","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marie-Andrée Fallu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mike Hughes","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bronwyn E. Keatley","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tamsin E. Laing","is_ca":false},{"name":"Neal Michelutti","is_ca":false},{"name":"Larisa Nazarova","is_ca":false},{"name":"M. Nyman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrew M. Paterson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bianca Perren","is_ca":false},{"name":"Roberto Quinlan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Milla Rautio","is_ca":false},{"name":"Émilie Saulnier‐Talbot","is_ca":false},{"name":"Susanna Siitonen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Nadia Solovieva","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jan Weckström","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.082595794599808,"gpt":0.30841609180693,"spread":0.225820297207122,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002524081,0.00006232152,0.0001463694,0.0001357049,0.0002103767,0.000009733687,0.001232367,0.00009591346,0.0001240709],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003012754,0.00003077803,0.00004691772,0.0005154421,0.002621534,0.0002215107,0.00005049779,0.0002707704,0.000006752039],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":9.145231e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001762616,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004291031,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008131366,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988485,0.00005811817,0.0002625455,0.0001034907,0.0005328452,0.0001945275],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988374,0.0008287461,0.0002084509,0.00001087727,0.00009837901,0.00001621858],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001985711,0.00002191935,0.9860273,0.00002642943,0.00000382703,9.199573e-9,0.0006599643,0.0002739845,0.0003106676,0.0125209,0.00003455195,0.0001005654],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008919354,0.00006879528,0.9830585,0.00004343026,0.000002895968,0.00001250813,0.001310483,0.001253461,0.001027481,0.01304029,0.00005635131,0.00003659354],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9819161,0.0002369752,2.447795e-8,0.006860126,0.000008101161,0.000104786,0.0000140337,0.000003290559,0.01085656],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991413,0.0001544935,0.0003545173,0.0003126691,0.00002321904,0.000001694827,6.830408e-7,4.461214e-7,0.00001093298],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01722524,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9659151,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2149089387","doi":"10.1126/science.1120808","title":"Simulating Arctic Climate Warmth and Ice Field Retreat in the Last Interglaciation","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":977,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Ice field; Greenland ice sheet; Arctic; Ice sheet; Climatology; Arctic ice pack; Geology; Glacier; Ice-sheet model; Cryosphere; Northern Hemisphere; Sea ice; The arctic; Global warming; Arctic geoengineering; Climate change; Physical geography; Oceanography; Antarctic sea ice; Geography","authors":[{"name":"Bette L. Otto‐Bliesner","is_ca":true},{"name":"Shawn J. Marshall","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jonathan T. Overpeck","is_ca":true},{"name":"Aixue Hu","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01230565213656298,"gpt":0.255728594251251,"spread":0.243422942114688,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001188183,0.00004663908,0.00005641357,0.00008844933,0.0003084083,0.00005718142,0.0002166541,0.00003377064,0.00009607859],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002142757,0.00002990664,0.000008649717,0.000431072,0.0003306579,0.0002012014,0.00001888699,0.0001464691,0.00005728613],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001068911,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002247775,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005381343,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01811258,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991837,0.00008387382,0.00009688235,0.000177355,0.0001645106,0.0002936536],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992635,0.0005646253,0.00002709365,0.00009905968,0.00002212316,0.00002362891],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000653212,0.000003502164,0.9978537,0.000005942746,2.461089e-7,0.000007881676,0.0002147488,0.0004185727,0.00001371206,0.0001628118,0.00000357963,0.001308784],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007622272,0.0000504551,0.9851189,0.000008936767,0.0000011883,0.00002894684,0.0002157967,0.01272888,0.00004814444,0.001638245,0.00004659936,0.00003769762],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9855195,0.000150914,0.000008941907,0.000689553,0.00007075436,0.0000636656,9.583363e-7,0.000007520302,0.01348819],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995779,0.00001742427,0.0001055468,0.0002464062,0.00001974239,5.332313e-7,0.000003846857,4.047265e-7,0.00002820398],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01757445,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998043,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1949157007","doi":"10.1017/s0033822200033014","title":"Shcal04 Southern Hemisphere Calibration, 0–11.0 Cal Kyr BP","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Radiocarbon","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":970,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Queen's University; U.S. Department of Energy; Natural Environment Research Council; Queen's University Belfast; University of Waikato","keywords":"Southern Hemisphere; Northern Hemisphere; Radiocarbon dating; Calibration; Geology; Western hemisphere; Remote sensing; Climatology; Paleontology; Physical geography; Geography; Physics","authors":[{"name":"F. G. McCormac","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alan Hogg","is_ca":false},{"name":"P. G. Blackwell","is_ca":false},{"name":"Caitlin E. Buck","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thomas Higham","is_ca":false},{"name":"Paula Reimer","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01118112587521844,"gpt":0.2138001465204463,"spread":0.2026190206452279,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002226698,0.0001352526,0.0001781469,0.00004536863,0.0001802961,0.00002868792,0.0002289812,0.0002098324,0.002624062],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000420862,0.0001135504,0.00005824915,0.0001834422,0.0002169045,0.00009294796,0.000009399954,0.000249031,0.000968107],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000002599272,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001265738,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001876892,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01421795,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998807,0.0001004936,0.0001755643,0.0002841805,0.0002009919,0.0004317523],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994549,0.00009002194,0.00003736718,0.0002231922,0.00002294865,0.0001716279],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002879103,0.0000130511,0.9963675,0.00001042222,0.00001418643,0.00007800803,0.0002719745,0.002356859,0.00001730262,0.0003317209,0.000196268,0.0003138841],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002569756,0.0003509972,0.9588767,0.00004788588,0.00005004078,0.0006913322,0.000877237,0.01306212,0.001219854,0.01582284,0.005665789,0.0007654824],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9813451,0.001041445,0.000150245,0.001886573,0.0002317658,0.0001222742,0.00002177739,0.00008070385,0.01512014],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980913,0.00002457974,0.0003299906,0.0004099948,0.0001459208,0.000001805267,0.0001097984,0.000004346273,0.0008823033],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03749087,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998097,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2093879665","doi":"10.1127/0078-0421/2011/0011","title":"Sequence Stratigraphy: Methodology and Nomenclature","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Newsletters on Stratigraphy","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":925,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Nomenclature; Geology; Stratigraphy; Paleontology; Sequence stratigraphy; Sequence (biology); Taxonomy (biology); Facies; Zoology; Structural basin; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Octavian Catuneanu","is_ca":true},{"name":"William E. Galloway","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christopher G.S.t.C. Kendall","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrew D. Miall","is_ca":true},{"name":"Henry W. Posamentier","is_ca":false},{"name":"André Strasser","is_ca":false},{"name":"Maurice E. Tucker","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1697053560560207,"gpt":0.2890764195805188,"spread":0.1193710635244981,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004361039,0.0002194507,0.0002658113,0.0003030169,0.0002060899,0.00002542609,0.0002720929,0.0002535703,0.001475417],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002560293,0.0001771984,0.00008810532,0.0003428007,0.0007085681,0.0001584461,0.000006776984,0.0005670195,0.00009637084],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":3.087281e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002884116,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004545183,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004387395,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981971,0.0004405087,0.0002147893,0.0004697795,0.0001777981,0.0005000636],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990498,0.000372013,0.00007385352,0.0002819557,0.00002569936,0.0001966615],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001110945,0.00001415776,0.9892784,0.00001224293,0.00004947248,0.0001063061,0.0003512869,0.000001916063,0.0001990253,0.007423007,0.0003809023,0.002072175],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002659074,0.0005515862,0.9705026,0.000008779565,0.00001639266,0.0001021367,0.000155511,0.00004622386,0.0003118436,0.02753703,0.0002932831,0.0002087449],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9223291,0.0005718243,0.0001785864,0.001021317,0.0002156984,0.0001967065,0.00003496297,0.0000640608,0.07538769],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9834482,0.0001036755,0.01295218,0.003389867,0.00004268541,0.000003708261,0.00002815328,0.000002916926,0.00002859053],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0753591,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994374,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1989194022","doi":"10.2113/0530277","title":"Detrital Zircon Analysis of the Sedimentary Record","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":919,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Zircon; Citation; Sedimentary rock; Icon; Geology; Geological survey; Library science; Geochemistry; Archaeology; Paleontology; History; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Christopher M. Fedo","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0178480572490774,"gpt":0.2544573904740215,"spread":0.2366093332249442,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006478563,0.00008684729,0.0003415559,0.00007097673,0.00005647184,0.000002787473,0.0001338335,0.0001240847,0.002131232],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001614783,0.00005721863,0.00009845277,0.0005552034,0.0002262861,0.00002876002,0.00001068629,0.0002128496,0.00001359288],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":6.891682e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000216432,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001367769,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003140121,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990139,0.0002841768,0.0002679984,0.0001852028,0.00005822809,0.0001905069],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994608,0.0002054967,0.00007710357,0.0002030571,0.00001324163,0.00004030784],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008905228,0.00001109049,0.9982196,0.00005185198,0.00006533965,0.000005081185,0.0000269245,0.00001497886,0.0004047788,0.00002223417,0.0001748553,0.0009943563],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002156526,0.00002095447,0.9878966,0.0000325815,0.0002118818,0.00004812157,0.00003903438,0.0001419366,0.001617534,0.0005403077,0.009131976,0.0001034396],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9667755,0.02269766,0.000003324656,0.0001769717,0.00007440524,0.00009294077,0.00001186409,0.00000200624,0.01016536],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9955261,0.003490788,0.0003694143,0.0001911172,0.000009376693,0.000002118752,0.00004769279,6.962791e-7,0.0003626407],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0287507,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.998781,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2063685813","doi":"10.1002/jqs.2565","title":"Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: a Discussion Paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice‐core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy)","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Quaternary Science","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":910,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada; University of New Brunswick","funders":"","keywords":"Holocene; Geology; Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point; Quaternary; Paleontology; Stratigraphy; Series (stratigraphy); Biostratigraphy","authors":[{"name":"Mike Walker","is_ca":false},{"name":"Max Berkelhammer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Svante Björck","is_ca":false},{"name":"Les C. Cwynar","is_ca":true},{"name":"David Fisher","is_ca":true},{"name":"Antony J. Long","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. John Lowe","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rewi M. Newnham","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sune Olander Rasmussen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Harvey Weiss","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02872723174509091,"gpt":0.2695012718095111,"spread":0.2407740400644202,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002692692,0.0001557271,0.0003073162,0.0002585584,0.0002769305,0.00003648542,0.0006067223,0.00008850462,0.00008330017],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001806329,0.00006535304,0.0001100658,0.0003099073,0.001349647,0.000948304,0.00008812116,0.000387357,5.525424e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000002547145,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004859686,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003688415,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001205648,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977636,0.0003365907,0.0006615751,0.0001683448,0.000797206,0.0002727358],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983435,0.0003954126,0.0008370217,0.0002055457,0.00008501003,0.0001334982],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003567597,0.00008606837,0.9808113,0.00001883662,0.00002072971,0.000003278014,0.0004042161,0.00004126128,0.00473664,0.0007573051,0.00004397751,0.009508789],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001280818,0.001337148,0.9827915,0.0003749479,0.00002150382,0.000132477,0.0003045514,0.004189411,0.006378961,0.003066828,0.00003676836,0.00008507587],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9965782,0.000256168,0.00005204341,0.001077701,0.0006498291,0.000175669,0.00001211018,0.000002644849,0.001195595],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991047,0.0004207443,0.0003329568,0.00003512282,0.00005958177,6.083742e-7,0.000006589954,0.000002373442,0.00003728225],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009423712,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4972831,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1733916393","doi":"10.1126/science.aaa4019","title":"Sea-level rise due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm periods","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Science","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":891,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Ice sheet; Sea level; Greenland ice sheet; Geology; Polar; Climate change; Climatology; Post-glacial rebound; Glacial period; Future sea level; Ice-sheet model; Oceanography; Antarctic ice sheet; Sea ice; Cryosphere; Environmental science; Antarctic sea ice; Paleontology","authors":[{"name":"Andrea Dutton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anders E. Carlson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Antony J. Long","is_ca":false},{"name":"Glenn A. Milne","is_ca":true},{"name":"Peter U. Clark","is_ca":false},{"name":"Robert M. DeConto","is_ca":false},{"name":"Benjamin P. Horton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stefan Rahmstorf","is_ca":false},{"name":"Maureen E. Raymo","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07821790396842083,"gpt":0.3336606124148696,"spread":0.2554427084464487,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.003219868,0.0004413993,0.001188153,0.0006612102,0.0009567548,0.0001953353,0.002382055,0.0003762591,0.001397027],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000355146,0.0003313191,0.0001836463,0.002123748,0.001736497,0.0003807564,0.0001865699,0.0008691353,0.008500115],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001716799,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001635242,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000216597,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001156849,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9955426,0.0004076182,0.0004722841,0.001127507,0.0009740261,0.001475957],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976674,0.0002194333,0.0001644327,0.0007773942,0.0002164725,0.0009548195],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002029777,0.00001754959,0.8652968,0.002224445,0.00002891719,0.0008595777,0.0002730192,0.00005612859,5.773854e-7,0.0000160353,0.0003128065,0.1308939],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001743026,0.0001472028,0.08913941,0.001032734,0.00008139758,0.001796434,0.00007958541,0.00008504945,0.000003043982,0.0001419511,0.9065862,0.0007326405],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.01286369,0.9790319,0.00001433098,0.0002500743,0.00112551,0.0006634137,0.0005142798,0.0000656234,0.005471168],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.008731757,0.9864402,0.001456804,0.0001205239,0.0004112007,0.00002099469,0.0001783615,0.00001591328,0.002624275],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9062734,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999139,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2032716480","doi":"10.1038/415863a","title":"The role of the thermohaline circulation in abrupt climate change","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":889,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Thermohaline circulation; Climatology; Shutdown of thermohaline circulation; Environmental science; Climate change; General Circulation Model; Ocean current; Greenhouse gas; Climate model; Abrupt climate change; Circulation (fluid dynamics); Climate state; Atmospheric circulation; Global warming; Atmospheric sciences; North Atlantic Deep Water; Oceanography; Effects of global warming; Geology","authors":[{"name":"Peter U. Clark","is_ca":false},{"name":"Nicklas G. Pisias","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thomas F. Stocker","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrew J. Weaver","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01655846843434801,"gpt":0.2385662238625345,"spread":0.2220077554281865,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003050762,0.00004562462,0.00006324615,0.0000252187,0.0001531741,0.000006165787,0.0002274537,0.0003926716,0.0005690838],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005135465,0.0000221708,0.00002926567,0.0002016229,0.0001103827,0.00004277518,0.00001123895,0.0008694978,0.00007533871],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":4.233698e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003892294,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006040154,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005010806,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993724,0.0001391144,0.00008694136,0.0000852738,0.0001229597,0.0001933201],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995986,0.0001708681,0.00003829453,0.0001561576,0.00002039074,0.00001574146],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009334377,0.000004903408,0.9917856,0.000003210419,0.000002568803,0.00000144025,0.0001979292,0.00003842419,0.000007453213,0.0004508638,0.00002329497,0.007474932],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008408612,0.000009241729,0.9890383,0.000006339688,0.000001951515,0.000009682131,0.00005279401,0.007591585,0.00003299743,0.001607595,0.001538934,0.0000264374],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9631668,0.01480995,4.00534e-8,0.003417579,0.0001704529,0.0001349182,0.00001080093,0.000005707677,0.01828376],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992319,0.0004062055,0.000004354397,0.0002549581,0.0000417754,0.000001436728,0.000006312769,8.959884e-7,0.00005218096],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03606509,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6231068,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2115936040","doi":"10.1029/2011gl050168","title":"Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea‐ice/ocean feedbacks","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Geophysical Research Letters","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":887,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Office of Polar Programs; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Climatology; Sea ice; Geology; Volcanism; Arctic sea ice decline; Cryosphere; Northern Hemisphere; Arctic; Ice age; Volcano; Insolation; Oceanography; Arctic ice pack; Atmospheric sciences; Antarctic sea ice; Glacial period; Geomorphology","authors":[{"name":"Gifford H. Miller","is_ca":false},{"name":"Áslaug Geirsdóttir","is_ca":false},{"name":"Yafang Zhong","is_ca":false},{"name":"D. J. Larsen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bette L. Otto‐Bliesner","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marika M. Holland","is_ca":false},{"name":"David A. Bailey","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kurt A. Refsnider","is_ca":false},{"name":"Scott J. Lehman","is_ca":false},{"name":"John Southon","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chance Anderson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Helgi Björnsson","is_ca":false},{"name":"T. Thórdarson","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02040913061270541,"gpt":0.2780169934553428,"spread":0.2576078628426374,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001357319,0.0001742104,0.0003004153,0.00009648353,0.0004976036,0.00004916628,0.0006130205,0.0001607946,0.00148492],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007206901,0.0001192605,0.00009014175,0.0005346203,0.001687535,0.0002122063,0.0001308918,0.001014226,0.0003044695],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004960228,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009879669,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002297075,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002182777,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9961343,0.001150066,0.0002253624,0.0003464882,0.0007905937,0.001353151],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9966064,0.002360876,0.00006097948,0.0004037159,0.00009133014,0.0004767131],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001289471,0.00007020155,0.7480536,0.00004750128,0.00004255328,0.00001752214,0.0003626403,0.000001288816,0.001144581,0.00006349363,0.2495801,0.0004876196],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007317026,0.0002251416,0.9777435,0.00002316923,0.00002034402,0.0000260732,0.0006220819,0.0002072247,0.001285248,0.0007241275,0.01814895,0.0002424099],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9856307,0.0007696525,0.000003780203,0.01090869,0.0001027495,0.0003430072,0.0005452774,0.00001782434,0.001678325],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9963426,0.00005513728,0.00003045402,0.0009861559,0.0001045796,0.000004772698,0.0003239602,0.000006669109,0.002145671],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2314311,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994279,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2126580316","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.09.007","title":"Holocene thermal maximum in the western Arctic (0–180°W)","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Quaternary Science Reviews","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":867,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University; Queen's University; University of Ottawa; Geological Survey of Canada; University of New Brunswick","funders":"Russian Academy of Sciences; U.S. Geological Survey; Division of Arctic Sciences; Norsk Polarinstitutt; Universitetet i Bergen; University of Minnesota; Wilfrid Laurier University; University of South Carolina; Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Queen's University; Johns Hopkins University; National Science Foundation; University of Washington; Helsingin Yliopisto; Frances McClelland Institute for Children, Youth, and Families; Northwestern University; National Center for Atmospheric Research","keywords":"Holocene; Climatology; Geology; Ice sheet; Northern Hemisphere; Arctic; Paleoclimatology; Glacial period; Global cooling; Oceanography; Younger Dryas; Physical geography; Climate change; Geography; Paleontology","authors":[{"name":"D. S. Kaufman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thomas A. Ager","is_ca":false},{"name":"N. John Anderson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Patricia M. Anderson","is_ca":false},{"name":"John T. Andrews","is_ca":false},{"name":"Patrick J. Bartlein","is_ca":false},{"name":"Linda B. Brubaker","is_ca":false},{"name":"Larry Coats","is_ca":false},{"name":"Les C. Cwynar","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mathieu Duvall","is_ca":false},{"name":"Arthur S. Dyke","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mary E. Edwards","is_ca":false},{"name":"Wendy R. Eisner","is_ca":false},{"name":"Konrad Gajewski","is_ca":true},{"name":"Áslaug Geirsdóttir","is_ca":false},{"name":"Feng Sheng Hu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anne Jennings","is_ca":false},{"name":"M. R. Kaplan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael W. Kerwin","is_ca":false},{"name":"А. В. Ложкин","is_ca":false},{"name":"Glen M. MacDonald","is_ca":false},{"name":"Heinrich Miller","is_ca":false},{"name":"Cary J. Mock","is_ca":false},{"name":"W. Wyatt Oswald","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bette L. Otto‐Bliesner","is_ca":false},{"name":"David F. Porinchu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kathleen M. Rühland","is_ca":true},{"name":"John P. Smol","is_ca":true},{"name":"Eric J. Steig","is_ca":false},{"name":"Brent B. Wolfe","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05032013661434438,"gpt":0.3019577782145201,"spread":0.2516376416001757,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00399946,0.0001528261,0.0002639736,0.000159436,0.0003232168,0.0000799558,0.001438842,0.00006288728,0.0004272104],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001395967,0.00008361635,0.00006611802,0.000852899,0.00107709,0.0004421887,0.00003261416,0.0003626479,0.00419472],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00000436805,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001412787,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001092028,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001220301,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977806,0.0003790417,0.0003366427,0.0004058923,0.0004027381,0.000695061],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991944,0.0001228672,0.00008807249,0.0004553485,0.00002722236,0.0001121096],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009944263,0.00002008107,0.9921676,0.00002401487,0.000001168575,0.0001224491,0.0004461763,0.0002146043,0.000009900402,0.00004764955,0.00001044106,0.006925962],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002286593,0.0001324876,0.9951373,0.00006601881,0.000004065016,0.0003456808,0.0000576521,0.0001226031,0.00002968562,0.001809975,0.0019434,0.0001225186],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9847821,0.007044224,0.0000246265,0.003576331,0.0002405268,0.0004094104,0.000002281425,0.00001436679,0.003906158],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9961963,0.001817784,0.0002714981,0.001531977,0.00005208141,0.000007405435,0.000007231159,0.000001692225,0.0001140113],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01141425,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9965806,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2139743662","doi":"10.1016/s0277-3791(01)00095-6","title":"The Laurentide and Innuitian ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Quaternary Science Reviews","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":841,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Bedford Institute of Oceanography; University of Alberta; Geological Survey of Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Geology; Ice sheet; Ice shelf; Arctic ice pack; Wisconsin glaciation; Oceanography; Antarctic sea ice; Ice stream; Fjord; Stadial; Glacial period; Sea ice; Geomorphology; Cryosphere","authors":[{"name":"Arthur S. Dyke","is_ca":true},{"name":"John T. Andrews","is_ca":false},{"name":"Peter U. Clark","is_ca":false},{"name":"John England","is_ca":true},{"name":"Gifford H. Miller","is_ca":false},{"name":"J J Veillette","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03024003541880856,"gpt":0.2604374725012003,"spread":0.2301974370823918,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.002286078,0.0001330928,0.0001802853,0.00006316871,0.002143566,0.0001948565,0.0009388935,0.00004469019,0.001456586],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002122105,0.00006251974,0.00004938184,0.0004921666,0.002007091,0.000365112,0.00007117044,0.0002897144,0.001782845],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001786058,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002495827,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001026251,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003808617,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980967,0.0003497197,0.0002705362,0.0003413113,0.0003200915,0.0006216569],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991212,0.0002421233,0.00009410382,0.0003663167,0.00003091513,0.0001452646],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005438506,0.000003877763,0.9720529,0.00001861737,0.000002392874,0.00001976047,0.0002278505,0.000003765654,0.00001827337,0.00003887814,0.0002377347,0.02737048],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000110841,0.00005268428,0.932851,0.00003063247,0.000006011558,0.0003583927,0.0000854352,0.001938301,0.00002520337,0.0003370572,0.0640895,0.0001149559],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9539506,0.03214845,0.000003445916,0.002920539,0.0004194002,0.0003284372,0.00000334566,0.00001855447,0.01020725],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9787344,0.01986342,0.00005133422,0.0002692311,0.00009163994,0.000005347978,0.00000174306,0.000001676105,0.000981259],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06385176,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994562,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2139199775","doi":"10.1007/s00382-010-0904-1","title":"Pollen-based continental climate reconstructions at 6 and 21 ka: a global synthesis","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Climate Dynamics","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":802,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Climatology; Last Glacial Maximum; Paleoclimatology; Climate model; Climate change; Subfossil; Holocene; Geology; Orbital forcing; Interglacial; Climate pattern; Environmental science; Glacial period; Oceanography; Geomorphology","authors":[{"name":"Patrick J. Bartlein","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sandy P. Harrison","is_ca":false},{"name":"Simon Brewer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Simon Connor","is_ca":false},{"name":"Basil Davis","is_ca":false},{"name":"Konrad Gajewski","is_ca":true},{"name":"Joël Guiot","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thomas Harrison-Prentice","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anna K. Henderson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Odile Peyron","is_ca":false},{"name":"I. Colin Prentice","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marko Scholze","is_ca":false},{"name":"Heikki Seppä","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bryan N. Shuman","is_ca":false},{"name":"S. Sugita","is_ca":false},{"name":"Robert S. Thompson","is_ca":false},{"name":"André Viau","is_ca":true},{"name":"John W. Williams","is_ca":false},{"name":"Haibin Wu","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007481870824379682,"gpt":0.2271317071214896,"spread":0.2196498362971099,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004018456,0.00018779,0.0002702593,0.00008189687,0.0007001989,0.00005187611,0.0002019104,0.0002749835,0.00238882],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001305519,0.0001694739,0.000076151,0.0001760074,0.0008276183,0.0001051963,0.00005354943,0.0003415027,0.0005579553],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000005477828,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005004142,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001561626,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.06186318,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998429,0.0001070673,0.0002498672,0.0003761081,0.0001298937,0.0007080748],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989505,0.0004359598,0.00008969328,0.0002624706,0.00004441316,0.000216948],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001137329,0.00001722127,0.9960806,0.00003613526,0.00001757038,0.00003651679,0.00001270269,0.00003264804,0.00001159459,0.001284374,0.00003202335,0.00232486],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004011907,0.00005138287,0.9316347,0.00001287415,0.00003726302,0.000746258,0.0001306874,0.06617801,0.00001884337,0.0003857099,0.0001991083,0.0002039444],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9766355,0.0001089541,0.000008615335,0.001103,0.0007536845,0.0001501335,0.001642489,0.00008210434,0.01951556],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997925,0.000232232,0.001293559,0.0001258574,0.00003828342,0.000005048511,0.0003299109,0.000004569273,0.00004553328],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06614536,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985231,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2120348339","doi":"10.1002/jqs.1338","title":"Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Quaternary Science","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":778,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Brock University","funders":"Geological Society of London","keywords":"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point; Pleistocene; Quaternary; Stratotype; Geology; Stage (stratigraphy); Paleontology; Series (stratigraphy); Marine isotope stage; Interglacial","authors":[{"name":"Philip L. Gibbard","is_ca":false},{"name":"Martin J. Head","is_ca":true},{"name":"M. J. C. Walker","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01147473424756873,"gpt":0.2220225016330174,"spread":0.2105477673854486,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002914608,0.0001025434,0.0002157585,0.0001015438,0.0007481346,0.00005763542,0.0008567346,0.00005677139,0.0001257577],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001109607,0.00004374787,0.0000519537,0.0003119481,0.003419573,0.0007304605,0.00006496173,0.0003899852,0.00001493012],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000003309741,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002691951,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002491612,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001538957,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983841,0.0002084565,0.0003746974,0.0001602616,0.0005769108,0.000295635],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998737,0.0001766862,0.0004577758,0.0003040411,0.0002046794,0.0001197861],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001120976,0.000009233573,0.9957477,0.00002924993,0.00001154521,0.00004839469,0.0006211097,0.0001238083,0.001361608,0.0005281248,0.00001453901,0.0003836562],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009201367,0.0004438551,0.9720336,0.00005108822,0.00002217415,0.01058808,0.0005848775,0.01223936,0.002753767,0.0002239152,0.00005976558,0.00007942533],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9950191,0.0002063785,0.00004113689,0.003245319,0.0005498549,0.0001782969,0.000006365304,0.000004022455,0.0007495225],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992253,0.00002527525,0.0003645755,0.00005892282,0.00005402775,0.000001049447,9.442516e-7,0.000001710845,0.0002681772],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02371419,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992926,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2014398088","doi":"10.1038/nature07867","title":"Obliquity-paced Pliocene West Antarctic ice sheet oscillations","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":776,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Antarctic ice sheet; Ice sheet; Geology; Ice shelf; Future sea level; Ice-sheet model; Oceanography; Ice divide; Antarctic sea ice; Ice stream; Cryosphere; Interglacial; Sea ice; Arctic ice pack; Climatology; Glacial period; Paleontology","authors":[{"name":"T. Naish","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ross D. Powell","is_ca":false},{"name":"Richard Levy","is_ca":false},{"name":"G. S. Wilson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Reed P. Scherer","is_ca":false},{"name":"F. Talarico","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lawrence A. Krissek","is_ca":false},{"name":"Frank Niessen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Massimo Pompilio","is_ca":false},{"name":"T. J. Wilson","is_ca":false},{"name":"L. Carter","is_ca":false},{"name":"Robert M. DeConto","is_ca":false},{"name":"Peter Huybers","is_ca":false},{"name":"Robert M. McKay","is_ca":false},{"name":"David Pollard","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jake Ross","is_ca":false},{"name":"Diane Winter","is_ca":false},{"name":"Peter Barrett","is_ca":false},{"name":"Greg H. Browne","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rosemary Cody","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ellen A. Cowan","is_ca":false},{"name":"James S. Crampton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gavin Dunbar","is_ca":false},{"name":"Nelia Dunbar","is_ca":false},{"name":"Fabio Florindo","is_ca":false},{"name":"Catalina Gebhardt","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ian Graham","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael Hannah","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dhiresh Hansaraj","is_ca":false},{"name":"David M. Harwood","is_ca":false},{"name":"D. Helling","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stuart Henrys","is_ca":false},{"name":"Linda A. Hinnov","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gerhard Kühn","is_ca":false},{"name":"Philip R. Kyle","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andreas Läufer","is_ca":false},{"name":"P. Maffioli","is_ca":false},{"name":"Diana Magens","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kevin W. Mandernack","is_ca":false},{"name":"William C. McIntosh","is_ca":false},{"name":"C. Millan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Roger H. Morin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christian Ohneiser","is_ca":false},{"name":"Timothy Paulsen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Davide Persico","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. Ian Raine","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. Reed","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christina R. Riesselman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Leonardo Sagnotti","is_ca":false},{"name":"Douglas R. Schmitt","is_ca":true},{"name":"Charlotte Sjunneskog","is_ca":false},{"name":"P. Strong","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marco Taviani","is_ca":false},{"name":"S. W. Vogel","is_ca":false},{"name":"T.I. Wilch","is_ca":false},{"name":"Trevor Williams","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01213208652745155,"gpt":0.2685889569104242,"spread":0.2564568703829726,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002550689,0.000109817,0.000144445,0.000123665,0.0002990559,0.00002988999,0.0002437011,0.0009597675,0.003146084],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001480557,0.00008838609,0.00004528872,0.0004092489,0.0001005878,0.0001448278,0.000007746187,0.00184742,0.0009670315],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001197434,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006369091,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006241738,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002903973,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989645,0.0001023026,0.0001106337,0.0002442366,0.0002015245,0.0003767541],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993635,0.0002074674,0.00003337882,0.0002080103,0.00006349246,0.0001241356],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004416535,0.0000134429,0.9959751,0.00000543991,0.000008831243,0.00003512799,0.000068613,0.0002079692,0.00001271228,0.0003835273,0.002231313,0.001013806],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002166297,0.000123479,0.9920878,0.000006315096,0.000009875874,0.0001048084,0.0000274349,0.0006199121,0.00003447665,0.002256251,0.004405989,0.0001070717],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9350468,0.002339403,0.000006753072,0.01408025,0.0003312393,0.0001286838,0.00003271048,0.00006823111,0.04796596],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9955997,0.0001102502,0.0003791703,0.002917046,0.0001092681,3.56596e-7,0.0001652645,0.000001409867,0.0007175486],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06055291,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998108,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2952081370","doi":"10.1038/s41586-019-1280-6","title":"Mineral protection regulates long-term global preservation of natural organic carbon","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":759,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Division of Ocean Sciences; Agence Nationale de la Recherche","keywords":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere; Carbon fibers; Total organic carbon; Carbon cycle; Carbon sequestration; Biosphere; Environmental chemistry; Radiocarbon dating; Earth science; Carbon respiration; Carbon dioxide; Atmospheric carbon cycle; Chemistry; Environmental science; Organic matter; Remineralisation; Mineral; Negative carbon dioxide emission; Geology; Ecology; Ecosystem; Paleontology; Materials science; Inorganic chemistry; Biology; Organic chemistry","authors":[{"name":"Jordon Hemingway","is_ca":false},{"name":"Daniel H. Rothman","is_ca":false},{"name":"K. E. Grant","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sarah Z. Rosengard","is_ca":true},{"name":"Timothy I. Eglinton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Louis A. Derry","is_ca":false},{"name":"Valier Galy","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008273883648692797,"gpt":0.2342198707279447,"spread":0.2259459870792519,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001534447,0.0000836695,0.0001320213,0.00004418229,0.00003990168,0.000008964892,0.000169966,0.0007884123,0.0008293485],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006349137,0.00006503933,0.0000338171,0.0002732772,0.00006154654,0.0001383815,0.00001261719,0.0009342338,0.00007269347],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001978967,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003916325,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001229271,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004253005,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992179,0.00008738397,0.0001146527,0.000187203,0.0001891518,0.0002037406],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996206,0.00003917604,0.00006168768,0.0001588856,0.00008685224,0.00003277319],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001574522,0.000007294313,0.9984573,0.00006196459,0.00001783191,0.00000438769,0.00002529035,0.00004489121,0.0007930949,0.00003639103,0.00003452634,0.0003596293],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002621664,0.0001228171,0.9953962,0.00001640723,0.000006581378,0.0000467641,0.000007420967,0.002419926,0.001267688,0.0003668771,0.00001886884,0.00006830759],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9942496,0.001717949,6.855648e-7,0.0005395772,0.0005879125,0.0002789081,0.000008362577,0.00002274809,0.002594278],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987649,0.00001016268,0.00003777383,0.00006241559,0.00005490367,7.503821e-7,0.000128835,0.000001405973,0.0009388429],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004515332,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9080784,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1973142975","doi":"10.1016/s1350-4487(03)00018-0","title":"Measurement of anomalous fading for feldspar IRSL using SAR","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Radiation Measurements","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":754,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Fading; Feldspar; Mineralogy; Geology; Materials science; Mathematics; Statistics; Paleontology","authors":[{"name":"M. Auclair","is_ca":true},{"name":"Michel Lamothe","is_ca":true},{"name":"Sébastien Huot","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1215849844840025,"gpt":0.2924977291787629,"spread":0.1709127446947604,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001903407,0.0001042241,0.0001833854,0.000129741,0.0002099261,0.00001197187,0.0001179359,0.00009719167,0.0003754697],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000450924,0.0001001949,0.00006160354,0.0001667665,0.0000527336,0.0001099115,0.000002305689,0.00007539235,0.00004165804],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009108483,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000140798,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000612288,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002448032,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984768,0.0002385948,0.0002684233,0.0002031556,0.0004857072,0.0003273403],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993553,0.00006300762,0.0001321426,0.0001421169,0.0002238293,0.00008360537],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003265621,0.00001628822,0.995611,0.00003919326,0.0000515473,6.918152e-7,0.00007862686,0.002676901,0.0004869362,0.00005215417,0.00005495857,0.0008990097],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001998534,0.0002552469,0.9708612,0.00004993918,0.00008341301,0.000023802,0.0001254984,0.008848972,0.0142558,0.0008258087,0.00237944,0.0002923498],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9897993,0.001963315,0.00316857,0.00005016392,0.0004779602,0.0004960114,0.00001529644,0.0000178614,0.004011546],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976884,0.00001643215,0.002177731,0.00004434754,0.00002805112,0.000001919948,0.00001780709,0.000003299018,0.00002197338],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02474984,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.411113,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2113660406","doi":"10.1002/jqs.1227","title":"Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Quaternary Science","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":730,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of New Brunswick","funders":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University; Newcastle University; Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK","keywords":"Holocene; Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point; Geology; Stratotype; Ice core; Paleontology; Pleistocene; Younger Dryas; Physical geography; Climatology; Stage (stratigraphy); Geography","authors":[{"name":"Mike Walker","is_ca":false},{"name":"S. J. Johnsen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sune Olander Rasmussen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Trevor Popp","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. P. Steffensen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Phil Gibbard","is_ca":false},{"name":"Wim Z. Hoek","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. John Lowe","is_ca":false},{"name":"John T. Andrews","is_ca":false},{"name":"Svante Björck","is_ca":false},{"name":"Les C. Cwynar","is_ca":true},{"name":"Konrad A Hughen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Peter Kershaw","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bernd Kromer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thomas Litt","is_ca":false},{"name":"David J. Lowe","is_ca":false},{"name":"Takeshi Nakagawa","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rewi M. Newnham","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jakob Schwander","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06884511161779865,"gpt":0.2777629958801948,"spread":0.2089178842623962,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001810314,0.0000681635,0.0001182826,0.00003786173,0.0009199325,0.0000220271,0.000307639,0.00004464702,0.00001140236],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002861632,0.00002824892,0.00002983381,0.0003941823,0.001527215,0.0004035348,0.00004613223,0.0002161916,1.191041e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000002237871,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002150273,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004034954,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004874885,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990277,0.0001593021,0.0002481772,0.0001060727,0.0002681397,0.0001906573],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988104,0.0005215413,0.0003206029,0.0001120977,0.0001909111,0.00004448566],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001536996,0.00000582507,0.9982772,0.00001563351,0.000009824465,0.00000281205,0.0002205621,0.0002144163,0.000339959,0.00002473251,0.00001627623,0.0007190639],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002801907,0.000260029,0.9624521,0.00003505852,0.00002479086,0.003059217,0.0002691335,0.03243639,0.0004102106,0.0007352054,0.000003766606,0.00003392547],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9981023,0.0006525735,0.0001520478,0.0005595742,0.0002663826,0.0001475303,0.00001830175,0.000001328248,0.00009992749],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991232,0.0002484429,0.0005007169,0.00007807212,0.00004037805,2.275843e-7,5.83711e-7,8.824979e-7,0.000007567288],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03582511,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.707547,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2163452924","doi":"10.1126/science.1133822","title":"The Heartbeat of the Oligocene Climate System","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":728,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK","keywords":"Carbon cycle; Glacial period; Orbital forcing; Forcing (mathematics); Carbon fibers; Climatology; Environmental science; Eccentricity (behavior); Atmospheric sciences; Climate system; Geology; Climate change; Oceanography; Paleontology; Ecology; Biology; Computer science; Ecosystem","authors":[{"name":"Heiko Pälike","is_ca":true},{"name":"Richard D. Norris","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jens O. Herrle","is_ca":true},{"name":"Paul A. Wilson","is_ca":true},{"name":"Helen K. Coxall","is_ca":true},{"name":"Caroline H. Lear","is_ca":true},{"name":"Nicholas J Shackleton","is_ca":true},{"name":"Aradhna Tripati","is_ca":true},{"name":"Bridget S. Wade","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006931613099473761,"gpt":0.2114369410421521,"spread":0.2045053279426783,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001461592,0.00004948811,0.00007175912,0.00003170858,0.001212581,0.00003537973,0.0007273941,0.00003400157,0.00005069412],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000574236,0.00002228688,0.00003191057,0.000559798,0.002159811,0.00008426047,0.00004133955,0.0001157177,0.0001836938],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001070516,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001079526,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002225809,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002438588,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988738,0.0001019111,0.0001329395,0.000151653,0.0003196743,0.0004200494],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993432,0.0002189328,0.00005090098,0.0002916244,0.00005882881,0.00003658009],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005336407,0.000001871258,0.9967569,0.000007286688,6.552564e-7,0.000001273424,0.000014656,0.000216134,0.00007330642,0.002697319,0.00004050877,0.0001848233],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004553719,0.00001643476,0.9954118,0.000008417195,0.000001842502,0.00005132773,0.00007113416,0.001680935,0.001580635,0.0003832882,0.0007182204,0.00003050284],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9578519,0.0005761513,0.000002529591,0.0008609723,0.0004459569,0.0000895511,0.00000690539,0.00001366894,0.04015229],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996512,0.00001887317,0.00004007919,0.00004157674,0.00002389319,5.808098e-7,8.477398e-7,5.249287e-7,0.0002224563],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0417992,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9326313,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2752695001","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.1600983","title":"Snowball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian geology-geobiology","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science Advances","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":716,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University; University of Saskatchewan; University of Victoria","funders":"Natural Environment Research Council; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Snowball Earth; Earth system science; Glacial period; Geobiology; Earth science; Earth (classical element); Ecology; Geology; Paleontology; Biology; Regional geology; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Paul F. Hoffman","is_ca":true},{"name":"Dorian S. Abbot","is_ca":false},{"name":"Yosef Ashkenazy","is_ca":false},{"name":"Douglas I. Benn","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jochen J. Brocks","is_ca":false},{"name":"Phoebe Cohen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Grant M. Cox","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jessica R. Creveling","is_ca":false},{"name":"Yannick Donnadieu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Douglas H. Erwin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ian J. Fairchild","is_ca":false},{"name":"David Ferreira","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jason Goodman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Galen P. Halverson","is_ca":true},{"name":"Malte Jansen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Guillaume Le Hir","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gordon D. Love","is_ca":false},{"name":"Francis A. Macdonald","is_ca":false},{"name":"Adam C. Maloof","is_ca":false},{"name":"Camille A. Partin","is_ca":true},{"name":"Gilles Ramstein","is_ca":false},{"name":"Brian E. J. Rose","is_ca":false},{"name":"Catherine Rose","is_ca":false},{"name":"Peter M. Sadler","is_ca":false},{"name":"Eli Tziperman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Aiko Voigt","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stephen G. Warren","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01331529025308881,"gpt":0.2784320540499189,"spread":0.2651167637968301,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001047606,0.000137102,0.0002104752,0.0001390861,0.002672523,0.0001422848,0.001020375,0.0001076122,0.0005142593],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003327769,0.0001068638,0.00002767284,0.0001332357,0.007287681,0.001024195,0.0001351441,0.0002274186,0.0004111379],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001153115,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000983864,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001511025,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02567897,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981733,0.0000680052,0.0001593112,0.0005450206,0.0001789329,0.0008754352],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989593,0.0001546526,0.000131293,0.000481665,0.00007354727,0.0001995472],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002661276,0.000004436003,0.9754834,0.000008760016,0.000002671711,0.00002523331,0.00003648962,0.00004087194,0.00004938788,0.001339554,0.000002780906,0.02297986],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001900432,0.0001437761,0.9915783,0.000005370968,0.000004037044,0.0001999571,0.0001127858,0.002914282,0.0001878698,0.003428583,0.001091284,0.0001437482],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9593713,0.001337171,0.00002265447,0.001518351,0.0006405361,0.0001079663,0.00002625883,0.00003286444,0.03694288],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974477,0.0006622637,0.001212771,0.0001743284,0.0000414617,0.000001637293,0.00001530376,0.000001594401,0.0004429329],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03807639,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9986259,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2014574812","doi":"10.1126/science.1154913","title":"Climate-Driven Ecosystem Succession in the Sahara: The Past 6000 Years","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":691,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","funders":"","keywords":"Ecosystem; Ecological succession; Arid; Climate change; Holocene; Monsoon; Physical geography; Geography; Ecology; Natural (archaeology); Environmental science; Climatology; Geology; Oceanography; Archaeology","authors":[{"name":"S. Kröpelin","is_ca":true},{"name":"Dirk Verschuren","is_ca":true},{"name":"Anne‐Marie Lézine","is_ca":true},{"name":"Hilde Eggermont","is_ca":true},{"name":"Christine Cocquyt","is_ca":true},{"name":"Pierre Francus","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jean-Pierre Cazet","is_ca":true},{"name":"M Fagot","is_ca":true},{"name":"B. Rumes","is_ca":true},{"name":"James M. Russell","is_ca":true},{"name":"Frank Darius","is_ca":true},{"name":"Daniel J. Conley","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mathieu Schuster","is_ca":true},{"name":"Hans von Suchodoletz","is_ca":true},{"name":"D. R. Engstrom","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02378673886030238,"gpt":0.2544500413050182,"spread":0.2306633024447158,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001845597,0.00006854212,0.00009174108,0.00009941744,0.00091371,0.00004396224,0.001195416,0.00004944411,0.0003570232],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006452233,0.00003315774,0.0000251926,0.0008708659,0.001139613,0.0002182747,0.00003889199,0.0002704599,0.00109593],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001452241,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001062386,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001036394,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005740992,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984317,0.00026222,0.0001356902,0.000246892,0.0004146233,0.0005088486],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992577,0.000333555,0.00003898293,0.0002867299,0.00002711193,0.00005593875],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007815649,0.000005775514,0.9984449,0.000003026192,5.22187e-7,0.00007148326,0.0006831809,0.0002247064,0.000007756916,0.00006178235,0.0001017172,0.0003873855],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008213203,0.00003502756,0.9961399,0.000008142111,0.000001099676,0.0002698948,0.0003459377,0.002090933,0.00001222465,0.00006508676,0.0008997843,0.00004986789],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.991007,0.000217021,0.000001222149,0.001558124,0.0002337461,0.0001512109,0.000007458822,0.00001257207,0.006811683],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994491,0.0001427629,0.00003012634,0.0002895303,0.00004008762,0.000002560267,0.000004377514,7.814052e-7,0.00004064324],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008442168,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996818,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2076872207","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.01.012","title":"An optimized scheme of lettered marine isotope substages for the last 1.0 million years, and the climatostratigraphic nature of isotope stages and substages","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Quaternary Science Reviews","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":680,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Brock University","funders":"Universität Bremen; Universität zu Köln; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Universiteit Utrecht; University of Cambridge","keywords":"Marine isotope stage; Isotopes of oxygen; Isotope; Geology; Stable isotope ratio; Context (archaeology); Paleontology; Glacial period; Physics","authors":[{"name":"L. Bruce Railsback","is_ca":false},{"name":"Philip L. Gibbard","is_ca":false},{"name":"Martin J. Head","is_ca":true},{"name":"Ny Riavo G. Voarintsoa","is_ca":false},{"name":"Samuel Toucanne","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03851564498658321,"gpt":0.3023634069011888,"spread":0.2638477619146056,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005248655,0.0001526531,0.0004630381,0.0001252233,0.0002358914,0.00006153709,0.000708745,0.0001004754,0.00006980226],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002841189,0.00007520101,0.00006626823,0.0004293406,0.003220601,0.0003734817,0.00005605051,0.0002660988,0.000004831361],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":7.107561e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007353904,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002782326,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001034309,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981883,0.0004351729,0.0004077867,0.0003364802,0.0002994736,0.0003328392],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984609,0.0006192414,0.000257321,0.0004214642,0.0001121736,0.0001289395],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002500306,0.00001157974,0.99401,0.0001008826,0.00001205792,0.000003181614,0.00043458,0.00001723193,0.0001654622,0.0003299883,0.00006596825,0.004599066],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001695167,0.0004964903,0.985932,0.00007661332,0.00003990899,0.00007372836,0.0005299167,0.007294449,0.000416498,0.0006823013,0.002598027,0.000164934],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9440035,0.05347362,0.00003266867,0.001284652,0.0001151049,0.0009385947,0.00002834767,0.000007296919,0.0001161651],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9587652,0.0378167,0.003117215,0.0001932325,0.00002493133,0.00001396992,0.00002029027,0.000002765877,0.00004566899],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01565692,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999492,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2043677046","doi":"10.1126/science.1062517","title":"Freshwater Forcing of Abrupt Climate Change During the Last Glaciation","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":619,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba; University of British Columbia; University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Deglaciation; Geology; Oceanography; Glacial period; Forcing (mathematics); Ice sheet; North Atlantic Deep Water; Climate change; Climatology; Surface runoff; Abrupt climate change; Continental margin; Global warming; Thermohaline circulation; Paleontology; Effects of global warming; Ecology","authors":[{"name":"Peter U. Clark","is_ca":false},{"name":"Shawn J. Marshall","is_ca":true},{"name":"Garry K. C. Clarke","is_ca":true},{"name":"S. W. Hostetler","is_ca":false},{"name":"Joseph M. Licciardi","is_ca":false},{"name":"James T. Teller","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02476915935846254,"gpt":0.2546925746271314,"spread":0.2299234152686689,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009530975,0.0000519448,0.00007305612,0.00009985384,0.000545436,0.00002456007,0.0003676518,0.00003306401,0.0006777572],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005943793,0.00003147911,0.00002025308,0.0005026847,0.0006718544,0.0003267523,0.00003237873,0.000101362,0.0002300234],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001021878,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002445617,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001291183,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01075923,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990143,0.00004729348,0.000109928,0.0001681826,0.0002440829,0.0004162299],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999609,0.00008125053,0.00004935328,0.0001611469,0.00004969378,0.00004955403],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001266022,0.000002635547,0.9984282,0.000007872825,9.646453e-7,0.000005575059,0.0003791977,0.00007671113,0.0002135926,0.00006395471,0.000001963524,0.0008067254],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007932454,0.00002755717,0.9958745,0.000008223004,0.000001659327,0.00004856105,0.0001201793,0.002506759,0.0008285843,0.0002234618,0.0002405911,0.00004063854],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9938024,0.0002089803,0.000005561513,0.0004493736,0.0001816955,0.0001003007,0.000007016692,0.00001280872,0.005231902],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995892,0.0001332201,0.00007865841,0.00008091274,0.00004365076,0.000001595953,0.000003432368,7.122526e-7,0.00006859309],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01063011,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7420966,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2118808371","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.010","title":"A data-calibrated distribution of deglacial chronologies for the North American ice complex from glaciological modeling","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":605,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Geological Survey of Canada; Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; Canada Foundation for Innovation","keywords":"Geology; Post-glacial rebound; Ice sheet; Ice-sheet model; Climatology; Calibration; Climate model; Sea ice; Cryosphere; Climate change; Ice stream; Oceanography; Statistics","authors":[{"name":"Lev Tarasov","is_ca":true},{"name":"Arthur S. Dyke","is_ca":true},{"name":"Radford M. Neal","is_ca":true},{"name":"W. R. Peltier","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1145315665357793,"gpt":0.2589307764116699,"spread":0.1443992098758906,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005455384,0.0001236804,0.0002108571,0.00005051505,0.0004809903,0.00002978554,0.0008166084,0.00004708639,0.0003011983],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001095689,0.0000771359,0.00002313673,0.0002705835,0.002973544,0.0003084017,0.00005943188,0.0002099106,0.00003700141],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":4.41373e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005115497,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004889296,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01598697,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986064,0.0001132746,0.0002063338,0.0004229285,0.0001955763,0.0004555252],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988159,0.00064198,0.00008482605,0.000328396,0.00003019134,0.00009873492],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002178342,0.000005703208,0.9943182,0.000004209319,0.00001795973,0.00000680628,0.0001086823,0.002441309,0.00003846548,0.00001044546,0.0001301395,0.002700219],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001230731,0.000124122,0.7360213,0.00000145578,0.00001358345,0.00001248375,0.0001040552,0.2632028,0.000009984096,0.00003399782,0.0002761555,0.0000769816],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.994487,0.0002246894,0.002178338,0.001014162,0.0001184572,0.0002070256,0.001665954,0.0000256279,0.00007871544],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9935384,0.00007876979,0.00207542,0.0007753849,0.00005326751,0.00000121907,0.00347496,0.000001065599,0.00000148685],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2607615,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997398,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2173255646","doi":"10.1002/2015rg000482","title":"Interglacials of the last 800,000 years","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Reviews of Geophysics","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":601,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Division of Ocean Sciences; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Natural Environment Research Council; Past Global Changes; Universität Bremen; Universitat de Barcelona; University of South Carolina; Memorial University of Newfoundland; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Royal Society; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; British Antarctic Survey; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge; University College London","keywords":"Interglacial; Glacial period; Geology; Orbital forcing; Climatology; Northern Hemisphere; Holocene; Paleoclimatology; Ice core; Climate change; Oceanography; Paleontology","authors":[],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05271009085470942,"gpt":0.2801923539242884,"spread":0.227482263069579,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000581859,0.00006166494,0.0003016402,0.00002146138,0.00002319194,0.000002666997,0.0003284824,0.00004874642,0.00035239],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000159366,0.00003792024,0.0001007692,0.0002064286,0.0002418552,0.00004912894,0.00002881919,0.0001119479,0.0004172382],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":3.881691e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005191031,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001257625,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005745708,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991317,0.0002545889,0.0002451311,0.0000907014,0.0001380381,0.0001397805],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999386,0.00009933322,0.0001555946,0.0002552844,0.00005524387,0.00004852985],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008281356,0.00001091986,0.990949,0.00005207307,0.000008295187,7.399823e-7,0.0001436926,0.00001627781,0.000007983032,0.0001512363,0.0007402707,0.007911258],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001430099,0.00009331145,0.9637452,0.00006630742,0.00001907292,0.000006321779,0.00004230679,0.0000321702,0.0001669825,0.002874048,0.03274892,0.00006232838],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9812951,0.005872423,0.000004154205,0.00009843233,0.0002338891,0.0001775514,0.00001544512,0.000003706652,0.01229931],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99849,0.001116003,0.0001038913,0.00007914086,0.00003730162,8.189256e-7,0.000008137992,0.000001161637,0.0001635888],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03200865,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5362893,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2028200333","doi":"10.1038/35059054","title":"Recent mass balance of polar ice sheets inferred from patterns of global sea-level change","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":593,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Polar; Balance (ability); Ice sheet; Climatology; Geology; Environmental science; Oceanography; Physics; Biology; Astronomy","authors":[{"name":"J. X. Mitrovica","is_ca":true},{"name":"M. E. Tamisiea","is_ca":true},{"name":"J. L. Davis","is_ca":false},{"name":"Glenn A. Milne","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03545139571111103,"gpt":0.2800195254135789,"spread":0.2445681297024679,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001759662,0.000102581,0.0002241868,0.00003361383,0.00004338555,0.000004637743,0.0003022428,0.0008496343,0.003484672],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008449477,0.00008487889,0.00004290039,0.0002415225,0.00008159433,0.00009347579,0.00001653772,0.0007817743,0.00007340926],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001622953,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004206365,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001581565,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008875418,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989786,0.0001274433,0.0001619836,0.000201192,0.0002465562,0.0002842768],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999407,0.00013607,0.00008430961,0.0002068183,0.00009843824,0.00006739332],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001178946,0.00001852689,0.9947971,0.00001965941,0.00002429565,0.00003390949,0.00006331017,0.000009861581,0.00001196927,0.00002579706,0.0002313243,0.004646347],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003137374,0.0000573684,0.9953934,0.00002397546,0.000008526064,0.00001920185,0.00003642612,0.000290899,0.00008628417,0.0004226048,0.003270147,0.00007746172],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9812062,0.01013215,0.00001333111,0.001733126,0.0003738497,0.0001214679,0.002151938,0.00001273041,0.004255145],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972293,0.001436183,0.0002048697,0.0005172811,0.00006314931,8.181499e-7,0.0005012348,0.000001455281,0.00004573131],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01602301,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9974263,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1977899163","doi":"10.1038/nature12921","title":"Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":586,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Yukon Department of Environment; Yukon Department of Tourism and Culture; University of Alberta","funders":"Lundbeckfonden; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Norges Forskningsråd; European Regional Development Fund; National Research Foundation; European Commission","keywords":"Graminoid; Tundra; Forb; Megafauna; Arctic; Ecology; Vegetation (pathology); Geography; Biology; Pleistocene; Grassland; Archaeology","authors":[{"name":"Eske Willerslev","is_ca":false},{"name":"John Davison","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mari Moora","is_ca":false},{"name":"Martin Zobel","is_ca":false},{"name":"Éric Coissac","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mary E. Edwards","is_ca":false},{"name":"Eline D. Lorenzen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mette Vestergård","is_ca":false},{"name":"Galina Gussarova","is_ca":false},{"name":"James Haile","is_ca":false},{"name":"Joseph M. Craine","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ludovic Gielly","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sanne Boessenkool","is_ca":false},{"name":"Laura S. Epp","is_ca":false},{"name":"Peter B. Pearman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rachid Cheddadi","is_ca":false},{"name":"David F. Murray","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kari Anne Bråthen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Nigel G. Yoccoz","is_ca":false},{"name":"Heather Binney","is_ca":false},{"name":"Corinne Cruaud","is_ca":false},{"name":"Patrick Wincker","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tomasz Goślar","is_ca":false},{"name":"Inger Greve Alsos","is_ca":false},{"name":"Eva Bellemain","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anne K. Brysting","is_ca":false},{"name":"Reidar Elven","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jørn Henrik Sønstebø","is_ca":false},{"name":"Julian B. Murton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrei Sher","is_ca":false},{"name":"Morten Rasmussen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Regin Rønn","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tobias Mourier","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alan Cooper","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jeremy J. Austin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Per Möller","is_ca":false},{"name":"Duane Froese","is_ca":true},{"name":"Grant D. Zazula","is_ca":true},{"name":"François Pompanon","is_ca":false},{"name":"Delphine Rioux","is_ca":false},{"name":"Vincent Niderkorn","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alexei Tikhonov","is_ca":false},{"name":"Grigoriy Savvinov","is_ca":false},{"name":"Richard G. Roberts","is_ca":false},{"name":"R. D. E. MacPhee","is_ca":false},{"name":"M. Thomas P. Gilbert","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kurt H. Kjær","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ludovic Orlando","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christian Brochmann","is_ca":false},{"name":"Pierre Taberlet","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006707305025564426,"gpt":0.2384926725120782,"spread":0.2317853674865138,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002549978,0.00003855862,0.00008558293,0.00003972576,0.00004201211,0.000005568256,0.0000661604,0.0003864261,0.0001595246],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001385432,0.00003197468,0.00001487883,0.00006753734,0.0001156559,0.00004439218,0.00000521179,0.0005896894,0.00003531298],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":1.465999e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009319981,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003392306,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008193449,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995469,0.00008414021,0.00006019111,0.0001006806,0.00009425956,0.0001138103],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995834,0.0002590289,0.00002545273,0.00006932887,0.00002538381,0.0000374658],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004162734,0.000002819902,0.9965867,0.00003763253,0.000005890823,0.000002505942,0.00007609805,0.00003552362,0.000005507945,0.0002475127,0.00005019414,0.002907968],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001480767,0.000112477,0.994937,0.000009858667,0.000005658525,0.00001559201,0.000009073164,0.001003484,0.00002859596,0.002706564,0.000989171,0.00003445931],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9932053,0.002442139,0.000006332914,0.0002603466,0.000110441,0.00003819261,0.000002687811,0.000006761412,0.003927803],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994019,0.00005277988,0.000263224,0.0001819049,0.00002964012,1.978956e-7,0.00001872422,7.675311e-7,0.00005092057],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006196545,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2980472,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2140918461","doi":"10.1029/2002jd002559","title":"Climate change and Arctic ecosystems: 2. Modeling, paleodata‐model comparisons, and future projections","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":585,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions","funders":"","keywords":"Tundra; Environmental science; Climatology; Beringia; Arctic; Climate change; Physical geography; Graminoid; Vegetation (pathology); Last Glacial Maximum; Arctic vegetation; Holocene; Atmospheric sciences; Ecology; Forb; Geology; Geography; Oceanography; Grassland","authors":[{"name":"Jed O. Kaplan","is_ca":true},{"name":"Nancy H. Bigelow","is_ca":false},{"name":"I. Colin Prentice","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sandy P. Harrison","is_ca":false},{"name":"Patrick J. Bartlein","is_ca":false},{"name":"Torben R. Christensen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Wolfgang Crämer","is_ca":false},{"name":"N. V. Matveyeva","is_ca":false},{"name":"A. D. McGuire","is_ca":false},{"name":"David F. Murray","is_ca":false},{"name":"V. Yu. Razzhivin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Benjamin Smith","is_ca":false},{"name":"Donald A. Walker","is_ca":false},{"name":"Patricia M. Anderson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrei Andreev","is_ca":false},{"name":"Linda B. Brubaker","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mary E. Edwards","is_ca":false},{"name":"А. В. Ложкин","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08453978111654512,"gpt":0.32447331385565,"spread":0.2399335327391049,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001964717,0.0001581843,0.0003974492,0.00006615955,0.0005788404,0.0001107257,0.0002300908,0.0001582569,0.0002488317],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003075766,0.0001144308,0.00006992857,0.0003240817,0.0003918412,0.0004137849,0.00004254239,0.001187194,0.00005614419],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000003850915,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001502129,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004938606,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004014359,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972215,0.0008114342,0.0003694617,0.0002739432,0.0005921118,0.0007315963],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983249,0.0005708152,0.0001126874,0.0001872641,0.0003955685,0.0004087277],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001779695,0.00007219695,0.9937247,0.0001354948,0.00004705332,0.00005807889,0.0002555363,0.0002537702,0.000004588723,0.002500041,0.0003504674,0.002420087],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001466246,0.001667152,0.4066549,0.0002239915,0.00006281788,0.001126438,0.003539385,0.5627871,0.00001494157,0.01772991,0.004362751,0.0003643744],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9885236,0.007755397,0.00008615837,0.001165638,0.0001560331,0.0002885634,0.00002222244,0.000009721527,0.001992653],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9920889,0.005535482,0.001881156,0.00004555269,0.0003700463,0.000004993633,0.000006163767,0.000005429586,0.00006223874],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5870698,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5157835,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2109254022","doi":"10.1093/gji/ggu140","title":"The Antarctica component of postglacial rebound model ICE-6G_C (VM5a) based on GPS positioning, exposure age dating of ice thicknesses, and relative sea level histories","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Geophysical Journal International","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":562,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Jet Propulsion Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Compute Canada; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; California Institute of Technology; University of Toronto","keywords":"Geology; Deglaciation; Radiocarbon dating; Holocene; Post-glacial rebound; Ice shelf; Last Glacial Maximum; Bay; Glacier; Ice sheet; Sea ice; Peninsula; Oceanography; Physical geography; Climatology; Cryosphere; Geomorphology; Paleontology; Geography; Archaeology","authors":[{"name":"Donald F. Argus","is_ca":false},{"name":"W. R. Peltier","is_ca":true},{"name":"R. Drummond","is_ca":true},{"name":"A. W. Moore","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02654462529804052,"gpt":0.2623762503393056,"spread":0.235831625041265,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006323534,0.0001037427,0.0001877417,0.0000807036,0.0004494627,0.00004703146,0.0002780975,0.00007691619,0.0001109541],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003964053,0.00007308166,0.0000693239,0.00007211067,0.0005528794,0.0001849801,0.00002682963,0.0005184518,0.000008995644],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000005858607,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009069047,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001889734,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003177359,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985898,0.0002892805,0.0003010046,0.0001507258,0.0004793788,0.00018981],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9974819,0.00181953,0.0002485143,0.0001027881,0.0002681675,0.00007904076],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007902418,0.00007778469,0.9693643,0.00002025948,0.0001140742,0.00002202389,0.0005861149,0.01034045,0.0002930815,0.01710627,0.0001190364,0.001166381],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006855192,0.0005417388,0.6749297,0.00007419423,0.00002983497,0.00008681956,0.0001111506,0.305456,0.0001622656,0.01742366,0.0003819339,0.000117212],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9835059,0.00007523493,0.002576236,0.003385239,0.0004153587,0.00007206846,0.0001029667,0.000006067133,0.009860925],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983077,0.00002294779,0.00111171,0.0001373084,0.0001770582,6.516635e-7,0.00008434978,0.000002568228,0.0001556997],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2951156,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.345695,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2005536752","doi":"10.1126/science.1081002","title":"Meltwater Pulse 1A from Antarctica as a Trigger of the Bølling-Allerød Warm Interval","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":560,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Meltwater; Younger Dryas; Geology; Deglaciation; Stadial; Ice sheet; Oceanography; North Atlantic Deep Water; Glacial period; Northern Hemisphere; Climatology; Climate change; Thermohaline circulation; Holocene; Paleontology","authors":[{"name":"Andrew J. Weaver","is_ca":true},{"name":"Oleg A. Saenko","is_ca":true},{"name":"Peter U. Clark","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. X. Mitrovica","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01899180219301411,"gpt":0.2538351519082969,"spread":0.2348433497152828,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001081563,0.00008745068,0.0001430535,0.00007609408,0.0003352584,0.00003084316,0.0007686008,0.00006601218,0.006771486],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000395124,0.00005004043,0.00005807528,0.0005131378,0.001852802,0.0001793372,0.00003821402,0.0002333586,0.0006882789],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001385261,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002463776,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006545042,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001373483,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985057,0.0001893201,0.0001731075,0.0003125416,0.0003892897,0.0004300626],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991922,0.0002417201,0.00005303491,0.0003298181,0.00007372039,0.0001094497],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000288498,0.00001289507,0.9985674,0.000003092836,0.000005999993,0.000007601652,0.0004177785,0.0000396121,0.0002724792,0.0001827294,0.00003223872,0.0004293474],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000261471,0.0001216161,0.9687429,0.00001722241,0.00001015761,0.00006562023,0.0002129065,0.000742724,0.01760186,0.008956104,0.003151147,0.0001162438],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9790996,0.00028247,0.00001041781,0.000874633,0.0005441348,0.0001024248,0.000009852941,0.000009375514,0.01906703],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987487,0.00002907312,0.000284792,0.0002937633,0.00001519104,7.615142e-7,0.00000288607,0.000001129178,0.0006236974],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02982445,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9941365,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2983671856","doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.019","title":"Genomes of Subaerial Zygnematophyceae Provide Insights into Land Plant Evolution","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Cell","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":548,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China; Agence Nationale de la Recherche","keywords":"Biology; Plant evolution; Ecology; Evolutionary biology; Desiccation; Genome; Abiotic component; Gene; Genetics","authors":[{"name":"Shifeng Cheng","is_ca":false},{"name":"Wenfei Xian","is_ca":false},{"name":"Yuan Fu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Birger Marin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jean Keller","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tian Wu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Wenjing Sun","is_ca":false},{"name":"Xiuli Li","is_ca":false},{"name":"Yan Xu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Yu Zhang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sebastian Wittek","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tanja Reder","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gerd Günther","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrey A. Gontcharov","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sibo Wang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Linzhou Li","is_ca":false},{"name":"Xin Liu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jian Wang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Huanming Yang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Xun Xu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Pierre‐Marc Delaux","is_ca":false},{"name":"Barbara Melkonian","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gane Ka‐Shu Wong","is_ca":true},{"name":"Michael Melkonian","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008254733709980389,"gpt":0.1965234835372059,"spread":0.1882687498272255,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001279295,0.00007069016,0.0001567823,0.00007492679,0.00005800983,0.000006746664,0.0001514982,0.0001065815,0.001373946],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001009344,0.00005373301,0.00003118513,0.00008782328,0.00009773118,0.00007116249,0.00001221177,0.0001080764,0.001679602],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":8.762814e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007003703,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003923042,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001806843,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993234,0.00008528385,0.0001353167,0.0001598079,0.0001088355,0.0001873825],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995911,0.0001285295,0.00005287987,0.0001479988,0.00002600774,0.00005352377],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008946471,0.00001544522,0.9984303,0.00009555364,0.000006237305,0.000008817483,0.0002900804,0.0001139888,0.0007470131,0.0000687206,0.00008090802,0.00005344604],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006243406,0.0002280238,0.9895567,0.00001033717,0.000007841903,0.00001622885,0.00008529474,0.001297431,0.002973449,0.002142261,0.002948542,0.0001095646],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9790503,0.00158227,0.000005463901,0.00004543423,0.0003375924,0.0001601145,0.000008312684,0.00001343584,0.01879701],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990385,0.00005279859,0.0001036763,0.00001862775,0.00004190332,6.535404e-7,0.0001032453,0.000001416914,0.000639193],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01998812,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999539,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2026953411","doi":"10.1038/nature08355","title":"Holocene thinning of the Greenland ice sheet","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":543,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Geological Survey of Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Holocene; Greenland ice sheet; Ice core; Ice sheet; Geology; Physical geography; Delta; Climate change; Climatology; Oceanography; Geography","authors":[{"name":"Bo Vinther","is_ca":false},{"name":"S. L. Buchardt","is_ca":false},{"name":"Henrik Clausen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dorthe Dahl‐Jensen","is_ca":false},{"name":"S. J. Johnsen","is_ca":false},{"name":"David Fisher","is_ca":true},{"name":"Roy M. Koerner","is_ca":true},{"name":"Dominique Raynaud","is_ca":false},{"name":"V. Lipenkov","is_ca":false},{"name":"K. K. Andersen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thomas Blunier","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sune Olander Rasmussen","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. P. Steffensen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anders Svensson","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01013454427410274,"gpt":0.2475696025992145,"spread":0.2374350583251117,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002371838,0.00005310841,0.00009012479,0.00002862264,0.0001145405,0.000005311643,0.000285129,0.0005790991,0.0005198456],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008621427,0.00002986464,0.00003558878,0.0001852197,0.00009716147,0.00004440741,0.000007193638,0.001344579,0.00004664705],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":1.889173e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002411128,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002661232,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001772707,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994235,0.00008265734,0.00007321714,0.0001059427,0.0001428852,0.0001717778],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996405,0.0001081896,0.00003390697,0.0001561299,0.00003098317,0.00003029148],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002177942,0.000004119,0.9969646,0.000003788419,0.000004494255,0.000007008145,0.00006614561,0.00009451085,0.000005182146,0.000162111,0.001337213,0.001329045],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001100405,0.00004322406,0.9969189,0.000007499172,0.00000431175,0.00004099071,0.00001657126,0.0002430426,0.0001751171,0.001800982,0.000603093,0.00003624315],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9609218,0.002419617,0.000001190296,0.004775878,0.0001837469,0.00005370205,0.000008582868,0.00001094784,0.03162452],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977234,0.00002483271,0.0001224424,0.001693866,0.0000385867,6.343397e-8,0.00001099955,5.156321e-7,0.0003853195],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03680156,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5841601,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2952845386","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2018.00149","title":"Modelling Palaeoecological Time Series Using Generalised Additive Models","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":537,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Regina","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Series (stratigraphy); Smoothness; Parametric statistics; Loess; Generalized additive model; Parametric model; Econometrics; Mathematics; Statistics; Computer science; Geology; Paleontology","authors":[{"name":"Gavin L. Simpson","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02189159423002086,"gpt":0.2213089996469305,"spread":0.1994174054169096,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003928767,0.0001125574,0.0002258111,0.0001748226,0.0003647364,0.000009847306,0.0001026439,0.0003516354,0.000458203],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003561134,0.0001026017,0.00002458704,0.0001560563,0.0009129158,0.0003152691,0.00001980296,0.0002224631,0.00009518099],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008173738,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006094443,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001099596,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00131523,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987224,0.0002953334,0.0001727373,0.0002974227,0.00006458164,0.0004474824],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996583,0.00008730607,0.00004662938,0.00008416583,0.00005084026,0.00007268743],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001951448,0.00001124934,0.9307093,0.000002897671,0.00001839375,0.00001593167,0.0001230041,0.06806522,0.000002339366,0.000250642,0.0004801075,0.0001257444],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001968529,0.0001482504,0.3832922,0.000002507275,0.00000780866,0.00004273239,0.00008354041,0.5907063,0.000004269628,0.0254037,0.00003543369,0.00007639056],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9840322,0.0005115274,0.01188848,0.000183368,0.0006208672,0.0001445883,0.00002002506,0.00002520247,0.002573761],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9795319,0.0001418482,0.01983751,0.00009218593,0.0001008765,0.000002799959,0.00006013566,0.000002048008,0.0002307129],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5474172,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5017001,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1979174656","doi":"10.1126/science.1141758","title":"Ancient Biomolecules from Deep Ice Cores Reveal a Forested Southern Greenland","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":533,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK; Wellcome Trust","keywords":"Ice core; Geology; Glacier; Ice sheet; Paleontology; Fauna; Paleoclimatology; Climate change; Physical geography; Oceanography; Ecology; Geography; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Eske Willerslev","is_ca":false},{"name":"Enrico Cappellini","is_ca":false},{"name":"Wouter Boomsma","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rasmus Nielsen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Martin B. Hebsgaard","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tina B. Brand","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael Hofreiter","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael Bunce","is_ca":false},{"name":"Hendrik N. Poinar","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dorthe Dahl‐Jensen","is_ca":false},{"name":"S. J. Johnsen","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. P. Steffensen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ole Bennike","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jean‐Luc Schwenninger","is_ca":false},{"name":"Roger Nathan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Simon J. Armitage","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jan C.M. De Hoog","is_ca":false},{"name":"Vasily Alfimov","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marcus Christl","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. Beer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Raimund Muscheler","is_ca":false},{"name":"Joel Barker","is_ca":true},{"name":"Martin Sharp","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kirsty Penkman","is_ca":false},{"name":"James Haile","is_ca":false},{"name":"Pierre Taberlet","is_ca":false},{"name":"M. Thomas P. Gilbert","is_ca":false},{"name":"Antonella Casoli","is_ca":false},{"name":"Elisa Campani","is_ca":false},{"name":"Matthew J. Collins","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01894581698032632,"gpt":0.2591265967318496,"spread":0.2401807797515232,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001612818,0.0001063214,0.0001265859,0.0001869427,0.0005011043,0.00005455139,0.000635016,0.00008290549,0.0007798575],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002171217,0.00007997271,0.00003201019,0.0007844709,0.00162795,0.0001609184,0.00003916878,0.0001682659,0.001345404],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001933731,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001217477,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001342079,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03823156,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998156,0.00005968705,0.0001731619,0.000424671,0.0004527097,0.0007337664],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990154,0.0003228282,0.00005735651,0.0002581142,0.00008808605,0.0002581973],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005034927,0.000008307503,0.9948849,0.00000247192,0.000003417075,0.00007406165,0.0004695253,0.00003143789,0.0006885814,0.00002894428,0.00002894526,0.003729053],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001792358,0.00007538711,0.9947743,0.000006683643,0.00000417494,0.00004093234,0.0004250947,0.00194181,0.0007985295,0.001297865,0.0003441651,0.0001118614],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9913433,0.0008806067,0.0006762372,0.0001925162,0.0002939924,0.0001100519,0.00003850071,0.00003645404,0.006428388],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980104,0.00000714126,0.001368956,0.0003179782,0.00005112288,4.723751e-7,0.00003062566,0.000001541408,0.0002117531],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03688948,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994321,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2051322392","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.03.019","title":"Varves in lake sediments – a review","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Quaternary Science Reviews","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":527,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","funders":"","keywords":"Varve; Geology; Sedimentary depositional environment; Bioturbation; Sedimentology; Sediment; Paleontology; Structural basin; Physical geography; Geography","authors":[{"name":"Bernd Zolitschka","is_ca":false},{"name":"Pierre Francus","is_ca":true},{"name":"Antti Ojala","is_ca":false},{"name":"Arndt Schimmelmann","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.152441822369708,"gpt":0.4020439497856861,"spread":0.2496021274159781,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.01222361,0.0005795248,0.003429771,0.000661965,0.0001938847,0.00007434742,0.002438616,0.0002776598,0.003216676],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005998651,0.0003702268,0.0003980723,0.002793584,0.0009985233,0.0005912567,0.0001262066,0.0009067489,0.01765091],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001277617,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001327908,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001007007,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002917879,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9937344,0.001679017,0.001498229,0.001111482,0.000815835,0.001161029],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976557,0.000239191,0.0005990569,0.0009378525,0.0000882154,0.0004800218],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000017298,0.00001836289,0.1150319,0.02800298,0.000008740653,0.0001533476,0.00001828688,3.82487e-7,3.173415e-9,0.000006558914,0.001753092,0.8550046],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007633748,0.00007832892,0.0005487411,0.05068552,0.000106472,0.0004244027,0.000002153845,0.00002371944,1.472633e-8,0.00007668177,0.9476107,0.0003668778],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00001206642,0.9862198,0.000001023042,0.0001163749,0.0006901377,0.002216473,0.00006123669,0.00002896483,0.01065393],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.000003091684,0.997885,0.0002356489,0.0003623713,0.00008139959,0.00005786292,0.0002755378,0.000007745549,0.001091341],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9458576,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998749,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2169941531","doi":"10.1191/0309133303pp379ra","title":"Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Physical Geography Earth and Environment","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":511,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Volcano; Geology; Phreatomagmatic eruption; Phreatic eruption; Pyroclastic rock; Vulcanian eruption; Caldera; Explosive eruption; Ejecta; Peléan eruption; Physical geography; Earth science; Magma; Seismology; Geography","authors":[{"name":"Clive Oppenheimer","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01006412831600404,"gpt":0.2164387340641279,"spread":0.2063746057481239,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002481942,0.0001630592,0.0002474021,0.00007847797,0.0002529658,0.00001515752,0.0001314279,0.00008328093,0.0002785229],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004452063,0.0001159024,0.00006846852,0.0001087764,0.002532184,0.00008282648,0.00003202815,0.0002389783,0.00001973734],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001445455,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001038501,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004102183,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007150506,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998614,0.0002675657,0.000202395,0.0003138983,0.0002471934,0.000354993],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995001,0.00009758681,0.00008823175,0.0001957303,0.000002836983,0.000115505],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001568991,0.0001330421,0.9962813,0.00003120259,0.00001812055,0.000006977852,0.0001225571,0.00002220502,0.00005774616,0.0004026653,0.000002011885,0.00290648],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003842851,0.0002018691,0.9966164,0.00001329518,0.00002042593,0.00002163359,0.00006813149,0.00006706095,0.0002470257,0.001583957,0.0006469344,0.0001290425],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9923589,0.00647694,0.000001231562,0.0001872157,0.00005898915,0.0002552803,0.00002165331,0.000006467979,0.0006332886],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991139,0.0006611406,0.0001271747,0.00002773824,0.00001745743,0.00001208087,0.00001576058,0.000002788891,0.00002191849],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006755006,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9329938,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2158545083","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01670.x","title":"Hemispheric‐scale patterns of climate‐related shifts in planktonic diatoms from North American and European lakes","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Global Change Biology","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":501,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks; Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Diatom; Paleolimnology; Arctic; Ecology; Plankton; Temperate climate; Northern Hemisphere; Climate change; Benthic zone; Oceanography; Environmental change; Latitude; Environmental science; Physical geography; Geography; Biology; Geology; Climatology","authors":[{"name":"Kathleen M. Rühland","is_ca":true},{"name":"Andrew M. Paterson","is_ca":true},{"name":"John P. Smol","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02178945032159127,"gpt":0.2351951528057543,"spread":0.2134057024841631,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001473555,0.0001330107,0.0003160183,0.00005108986,0.00007469755,0.000003031465,0.0001966036,0.00009534437,0.0003458893],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000193998,0.0001108477,0.00003085491,0.0003010915,0.0005630537,0.00004667564,0.00004634487,0.0001632728,0.0001424912],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001765321,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001535629,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006274684,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.08780599,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985797,0.0003649654,0.0002266517,0.0003103019,0.00005951074,0.0004588551],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995149,0.0001273381,0.00009670158,0.0001428733,0.00001499455,0.0001032408],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006621877,0.00002073088,0.9952548,0.000008163665,0.00001585586,0.0001022425,0.0003559683,0.00000116503,0.000001505096,0.000007824784,0.000006948297,0.004158563],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003340571,0.0002183035,0.9988385,0.000006368045,0.000005383285,0.00004949194,0.0001013005,0.0001016502,0.000001956388,0.00004985085,0.0001838924,0.0001092795],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9947136,0.001470994,0.000001415861,0.0001323422,0.0001213597,0.0001048245,0.0009610723,0.0000277813,0.0024666],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966279,0.002408548,0.00005177976,0.0001647964,0.00004028055,0.000001885707,0.0006972354,0.000002177153,0.0000053885],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08153132,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9485488,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2037777684","doi":"10.1038/35013005","title":"Neoproterozoic ‘snowball Earth’ simulations with a coupled climate/ice-sheet model","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":501,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Snowball Earth; Ice age; Glacial period; Geology; Ice sheet; Proterozoic; Climate model; Paleoclimatology; Earth (classical element); Geologic time scale; Earth science; Paleontology; Climate oscillation; Climate change; Astrobiology; Deglaciation; Climate state; Climatology; Effects of global warming; Global warming; Oceanography; Astronomy; Sedimentary rock","authors":[{"name":"William T. Hyde","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thomas J. Crowley","is_ca":false},{"name":"Steven K. Baum","is_ca":false},{"name":"W. R. Peltier","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01102137114381037,"gpt":0.2454324952659955,"spread":0.2344111241221851,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001735337,0.0001536793,0.0001862867,0.00007865758,0.0003346124,0.00003694795,0.000246508,0.000942618,0.01339825],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001993827,0.0001111383,0.00004016088,0.0002725768,0.0001585178,0.0001720181,0.000007290346,0.001768384,0.00117884],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":6.672828e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007134114,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006189319,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009220439,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987081,0.00007493209,0.0001366435,0.0003125523,0.000251814,0.0005159692],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993727,0.0001436325,0.00003111885,0.0002592533,0.00006156158,0.0001317202],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002434812,0.00001740819,0.8341246,0.00001346364,0.00001855781,0.00003760467,0.00008216761,0.1644066,0.00000579625,0.00007968655,0.0001390857,0.0008314701],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005657552,0.0001294148,0.3596261,0.00001289669,0.00001725842,0.00008267129,0.00001388724,0.6367247,0.00001152649,0.0006581891,0.001986418,0.0001711936],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9732349,0.0006812511,0.00002696621,0.001059121,0.00005405286,0.0002648323,0.00009635219,0.00007528666,0.02450727],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9952458,0.00008340779,0.001367304,0.00113754,0.00004963281,0.000002608511,0.0003019955,0.000004485064,0.001807278],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4744985,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995989,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}