{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":1920,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":2,"predictions_cover":1920,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"ccca45019742","filters":{"topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law"}},"results":[{"id":"W2146806844","doi":"10.60082/2817-5069.1036","title":"Arbitrator Behaviour in Asymmetrical Adjudication: An Empirical Study of Investment Treaty Arbitration","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Osgoode Hall law journal","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":165,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Arbitration; Adjudication; Respondent; Treaty; Context (archaeology); Position (finance); Interpretation (philosophy); Investment (military); Empirical research; Law; Economics; Political science; Business; Geography","authors":[{"name":"Gus Van Harten","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03996047696877556,"gpt":0.2990070556209261,"spread":0.2590465786521505,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008238411,0.0002022825,0.000259694,0.0004050741,0.0002279113,0.0002184538,0.0002617283,0.00009248437,0.000348519],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005786109,0.0001766192,0.00009023996,0.0004974171,0.00005924684,0.002903054,0.00005058843,0.0003641973,0.00007655578],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001221327,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003803464,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00592422,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01180901,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979405,0.00008446784,0.0007482871,0.0002148356,0.0006859761,0.0003258991],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989866,0.00003075406,0.0004502515,0.0002001018,0.0002493844,0.0000828961],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006334654,0.00475404,0.2995295,0.000009643923,0.00003332959,0.00001095934,0.000263147,0.00002938347,0.0001771117,0.6944943,0.0005280833,0.0001071574],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005956418,0.0006808459,0.9350552,0.00007678579,0.0002510404,0.00008950207,0.002710511,0.003411027,0.0008885193,0.04209924,0.008047916,0.0007330073],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6103823,0.00006517454,0.0001060138,0.0004063359,0.0003727681,0.0003085187,0.000001632528,0.00003290318,0.3883244],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9877256,0.000003732876,0.0004206863,0.01044913,0.001279072,0.00002985787,0.00003284276,0.00002237176,0.00003676205],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6523951,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8955688,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W183477507","doi":"","title":"Transnational Regulatory Networks and Their Limits","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":154,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation","keywords":"Political science; Law and economics; Corporate governance; Incentive; Global governance; Scholarship; Politics; Transformative learning; Regulatory state; Public administration; Business; Economics; Law; Sociology; Market economy","authors":[{"name":"Pierre-Hugues Verdier","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01288212135661493,"gpt":0.1999722893694829,"spread":0.187090168012868,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007929878,0.0000709809,0.00005144407,0.00006373887,0.0000774105,0.0001223528,0.00005649263,0.00002737146,0.0003964081],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000453006,0.00005361052,0.00002621971,0.00007381642,0.00002140683,0.0006345358,0.00000572315,0.00004150419,0.00001585478],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00000616582,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003973189,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003060312,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001261174,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996217,0.000001868717,0.0001013075,0.0001036084,0.00008965199,0.00008187674],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998417,0.000009458794,0.00003268498,0.00004670964,0.00006307225,0.000006391071],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005706529,0.00002206758,0.0002324181,0.000001663415,0.000004470652,2.906157e-7,0.000003921104,0.00009305833,0.0002188727,0.9951411,0.003189993,0.001086439],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008423533,0.0000230164,0.1634798,0.00000928498,0.00001270047,0.00000434917,0.00004654461,0.2139747,0.0004491318,0.1589911,0.4618257,0.0003413127],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1225573,0.0000518247,0.006455579,0.03439843,0.0002415158,0.0001492143,6.126469e-7,0.0001745283,0.835971],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9270918,0.000001298914,0.00007603812,0.07157864,0.0003978855,0.000001857659,0.0000218994,0.000003665182,0.0008268549],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.83615,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4340391,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2053176140","doi":"10.1093/jiel/jgl006","title":"The Evolving American Policy on Investment Protection: Evidence from Recent FTAs and the 2004 Model BIT","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of International Economic Law","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":93,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval; Bishop's University","funders":"","keywords":"Sovereignty; Investment (military); Treaty; Investment protection; Bilateral investment treaty; International trade; Free trade agreement; Government (linguistics); Balance (ability); Free trade; International economics; Foreign direct investment; Economics; State (computer science); Political science; Politics; Law; International investment; Macroeconomics","authors":[{"name":"Gilbert Gagné","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jean‐Frédéric Morin","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01894598324228751,"gpt":0.2379830566933357,"spread":0.2190370734510481,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005311696,0.000118027,0.0001376356,0.0001138241,0.0002546795,0.0006504855,0.0003637825,0.00002023676,0.0001117257],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001487433,0.00006821025,0.00009483653,0.00006048697,0.0002925537,0.001075405,0.00007139418,0.000165082,0.00006889601],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003705418,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001024927,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006796295,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000881172,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989553,0.00002184579,0.0005074315,0.0001296325,0.0002728391,0.0001129395],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986368,0.0001571573,0.0008335443,0.0001101202,0.0002486505,0.00001367662],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002490709,0.00002895137,0.0001746291,0.000001389924,0.00007721756,0.00000125632,0.00001671388,0.009080945,0.00009167568,0.9827282,0.006924661,0.0006252737],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001621571,0.00003930787,0.00208573,0.0001192362,0.00003103738,0.0000164252,0.00007414522,0.2868842,0.0003326542,0.3050792,0.4035494,0.0001670341],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.159205,0.000922959,0.001995398,0.3638934,0.003028682,0.0006699983,0.00001893439,0.00004366832,0.4702219],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9605159,0.0003364098,0.0002243354,0.03420836,0.004082094,0.00001844476,0.00000534873,0.00001284249,0.000596248],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8013109,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998176,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2092569799","doi":"10.1111/j.1747-4469.2000.tb00160.x","title":"Investment Rules and the New Constitutionalism","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Law & Social Inquiry","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":81,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Expropriation; Constitutionalism; Investment (military); Politics; State (computer science); Agency (philosophy); Foreign direct investment; Capital (architecture); Law and economics; Economics; Market economy; Political economy; Property rights; Law; Political science; Democracy; Sociology","authors":[{"name":"David Schneiderman","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03038953031007723,"gpt":0.2559602024773585,"spread":0.2255706721672813,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001397519,0.00009403687,0.00009782704,0.00001432571,0.000475242,0.0002794481,0.0001102174,0.00004049204,0.001915463],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001121688,0.00006673288,0.00005477985,0.00006695972,0.0009127884,0.0005648683,0.00003806739,0.00007097967,0.0006655267],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001713986,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002308354,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001069077,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001046631,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993929,0.00001238924,0.0001554413,0.0001254417,0.0001953641,0.0001184969],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998087,0.00002355849,0.00005751569,0.00005787116,0.00004173616,0.00001063251],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003350258,0.00001688308,0.00001596312,0.000004634457,0.00002001074,0.000001234638,0.0002359379,0.000002303214,0.00001035306,0.9604478,0.03880256,0.0004088311],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007533593,0.000001306399,0.0003674023,0.000005085095,0.0000176137,0.000001117371,0.00005511974,0.0001358792,0.000008802175,0.3033026,0.6952804,0.00007126139],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04193852,0.000153532,0.00002840883,0.01984663,0.0004189565,0.0001873577,0.000002224544,0.00007439463,0.93735],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6287498,0.00002725377,0.00009942355,0.3608781,0.005686725,0.00002252603,0.00006176577,0.00001047978,0.004463846],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9328861,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9989969,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2530467162","doi":"10.1017/cbo9781316544860","title":"Establishing Judicial Authority in International Economic Law","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":80,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Centre for International Governance Innovation","funders":"","keywords":"Arbitration; Legitimacy; Political science; Consolidation (business); International law; Dispute resolution; Law; State (computer science); International arbitration; Law and economics; Sociology; Economics; Accounting","authors":[{"name":"Joanna Jemielniak","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0179211836699454,"gpt":0.2015710285203866,"spread":0.1836498448504412,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001863793,0.0002614833,0.0002545415,0.0003836935,0.0001442812,0.0003406656,0.000716296,0.000229521,0.00007870979],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001953491,0.0002900307,0.0001443962,0.00001155534,0.0001642877,0.001401751,0.0004467377,0.0003170078,0.0002368836],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00085281,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001472018,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002596119,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000246865,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998793,0.00001409496,0.000263101,0.0004308815,0.0002629119,0.0002360212],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992637,0.00004903295,0.0003218215,0.0002078066,0.0001350234,0.00002259653],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005497559,0.00001215031,0.00001526315,0.00002550033,0.00004149081,0.00005849835,0.000005513878,0.000003183511,0.00001023979,0.8374526,0.1622054,0.0001151476],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007714766,0.000003854396,0.00004221041,0.00015623,0.00003756896,0.000001433649,0.00001097144,0.0005622381,0.00002568185,0.0008072897,0.997254,0.0003270222],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001891958,0.000007454803,0.00007052317,0.0002271471,0.002085171,0.0002425157,0.0001202889,0.0001107777,0.9969469],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.004192192,0.000008882153,0.00002312679,0.00323902,0.003285523,0.000001774537,0.0002822633,0.00003324379,0.988934],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8366453,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999552,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2151114214","doi":"10.1017/s1752971911000030","title":"Interactional international law: an introduction","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Theory","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":75,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Political science; Content (measure theory); Law; International law; Law and economics; Computer science; Computer security; Internet privacy; Business; Sociology; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Jutta Brunnée","is_ca":true},{"name":"Stephen J. Toope","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02708990132119271,"gpt":0.245112496294805,"spread":0.2180225949736123,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004961939,0.0002013616,0.0001148083,0.0003643939,0.0001500482,0.0003210203,0.000735931,0.00007068742,0.02844492],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001260292,0.0001963568,0.0001161484,0.0001186621,0.0001484868,0.004816214,0.0001537357,0.0001991373,0.002031829],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001128621,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001745596,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001858068,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007017629,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984452,0.00002534495,0.0003911066,0.000408048,0.0005404872,0.0001898843],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989163,0.00002915806,0.0002448783,0.0002228998,0.0005611498,0.00002555667],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003220678,0.0003343342,0.0004924667,0.000003429394,0.0001143467,0.000008891841,0.00009645848,0.00001529842,0.0009974499,0.9920005,0.004528601,0.001086168],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004256924,0.00001674946,0.001738052,0.000008383226,0.00001658005,0.00002615909,0.0001774742,0.002127123,0.001042017,0.4008894,0.5933085,0.0002238412],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01806754,0.000006027537,0.002649432,0.003749821,0.01092177,0.000135132,0.00001265195,0.0002657709,0.9641919],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9503721,0.000003391993,0.001168988,0.0310008,0.01112539,0.0000448002,0.0005208834,0.00003579381,0.00572782],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.958464,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9987452,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4229007583","doi":"10.1126/science.abo4637","title":"Investor-state disputes threaten the global green energy transition","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":74,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Transition (genetics); State (computer science); Energy (signal processing); Energy transition; Business; Political science; Natural resource economics; Economics; Physics; Chemistry; Quantum mechanics; Computer science; Medicine","authors":[{"name":"Kyla Tienhaara","is_ca":true},{"name":"Rachel Thrasher","is_ca":false},{"name":"B. Alexander Simmons","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kevin P. Gallagher","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01347544874852724,"gpt":0.2128785479767371,"spread":0.1994030992282099,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003194292,0.00005799525,0.00003756452,0.00005793147,0.0008369303,0.0002185449,0.0004418265,0.000004688309,0.0003046657],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001058005,0.00004131029,0.00002836914,0.0007122786,0.0002557733,0.001011896,0.0001437716,0.00004369095,0.00005090071],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007865762,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000434021,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002111892,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002045398,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990901,0.000007742818,0.00009237081,0.0001660718,0.0004988453,0.0001449212],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997576,0.000005840662,0.00005770594,0.0001029627,0.00006726671,0.000008619033],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006675526,0.00002108112,0.0005035751,0.000002077933,0.000002586605,0.000001999718,0.00006169885,0.0004002257,0.0004530082,0.9962943,0.001472615,0.0007801412],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002248414,0.0000179601,0.01364561,0.000003972336,0.00000931672,0.000006324299,0.0001531032,0.04921611,0.000245731,0.2746087,0.6617059,0.000162495],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4194519,0.0001247019,0.002295181,0.08084682,0.001796981,0.0002994443,0.00003149766,0.0002557405,0.4948978],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9064643,0.000001238485,0.0000242779,0.0927639,0.0001840218,0.00002338716,0.0000134606,0.00000292622,0.000522422],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7216856,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6437076,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1953024236","doi":"10.1111/twec.12299","title":"Does the Quality of Investment Protection Affect FDI Flows to Developing Countries? Evidence from Latin America","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"World Economy","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":72,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa; Global Affairs Canada; International Development Research Centre; Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","funders":"University of Ottawa","keywords":"Foreign direct investment; International economics; Investment (military); Context (archaeology); Latin Americans; International trade; Quality (philosophy); Business; International investment; Investment protection; Variety (cybernetics); Open-ended investment company; Economics; Return on investment; Macroeconomics; Political science; Politics; Geography; Law","authors":[{"name":"Jay Dixon","is_ca":true},{"name":"Paul Alexander Haslam","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07481633432821963,"gpt":0.2850221047195757,"spread":0.2102057703913561,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004786165,0.0001112878,0.0001523162,0.0001086111,0.00009819467,0.0001826162,0.0001968874,0.00001685564,0.0003033474],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001613338,0.00006738471,0.00004431279,0.0002325117,0.00003859486,0.0008552773,0.00009436554,0.00006233439,0.0004931506],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001239078,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005643838,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003892195,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003703652,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991446,0.00002942013,0.0003466042,0.0001975326,0.0001605702,0.0001213436],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992628,0.00008254148,0.0002885659,0.0001775855,0.000171824,0.00001675609],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002316854,0.00007508488,0.03139281,0.0001496621,0.0001249455,0.000001093428,0.0008887554,0.001466739,0.0006132537,0.9442927,0.0192495,0.001513809],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002418672,0.00001088136,0.01354418,0.0001107329,0.0000126039,5.738373e-8,0.0001307095,0.004245464,0.00139009,0.01651519,0.9636219,0.0001763059],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7412614,0.00006699194,0.007673649,0.05869222,0.001396839,0.001862154,0.00000951788,0.0001491932,0.1888881],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9294791,0.000003095917,0.001771933,0.06694226,0.000756802,0.0001947947,0.00001991911,0.0000119496,0.0008202137],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9443724,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6338618,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2578806185","doi":"","title":"The New Face of Investment Arbitration: NAFTA Chapter 11","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":69,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Arbitration; Face (sociological concept); Investment (military); Law and economics; Political science; International economics; International trade; Business; Law; Economics; Sociology; Social science; Politics","authors":[{"name":"Guillermo Aguilar Alvarez","is_ca":false},{"name":"William W. Park","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02073141061322015,"gpt":0.2236847049561879,"spread":0.2029532943429678,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001622142,0.00008742365,0.0000662056,0.0000452862,0.0001312956,0.0001354466,0.0001304342,0.00002253398,0.001385745],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005018414,0.00005661794,0.00005065008,0.0001013517,0.0000488616,0.0004886689,0.00002239267,0.00003977317,0.0003025943],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001014261,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002242699,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000175287,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002300219,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993258,0.000004822084,0.0002214479,0.0001101364,0.0002278501,0.0001100079],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996128,0.00001978771,0.0001199177,0.0001373845,0.00009958047,0.00001054062],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003522924,0.00001940786,0.0002761868,0.000003889896,0.00001070967,2.667364e-7,0.0000120253,0.00001333502,0.0005030945,0.9880504,0.01106007,0.00004709655],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002486781,0.000006217367,0.0003719917,0.000005601356,0.000008190395,6.964449e-7,0.00007995739,0.0008286383,0.005005003,0.06203656,0.9313288,0.00007966355],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.004903813,0.00004584442,0.001466655,0.004702371,0.0003099245,0.0001665583,2.560134e-7,0.00002993582,0.9883747],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.884732,0.00001152104,0.0005330594,0.08477724,0.0003604898,0.00001104953,0.000009631995,0.00001299404,0.029552],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9588227,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995271,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2567380311","doi":"10.1093/jiel/jgw072","title":"Will the EU’s Proposal Concerning an Investment Court System for CETA and TTIP Lead to Enforceable Awards?—The Limits of Modifying the ICSID Convention and the Nature of Investment Arbitration","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of International Economic Law","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":61,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Arbitration; Convention; Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership; Investment (military); Settlement (finance); Dispute resolution; Business; Commission; Law; Investor-state dispute settlement; State (computer science); International trade; Law and economics; Political science; Economics; European union; Finance; Foreign direct investment; International investment; Politics","authors":[{"name":"August Reinisch","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02124291292193968,"gpt":0.2516574417351418,"spread":0.2304145288132021,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00159107,0.0001296368,0.0002062038,0.00007989957,0.0002167354,0.0002224352,0.0004074521,0.00005181264,0.00002395942],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001081285,0.00005418772,0.0001111606,0.00003724912,0.0003472558,0.001348878,0.00007400396,0.0001391119,0.000002789696],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001346813,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000838556,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001622957,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000132823,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987444,0.000051224,0.0006807627,0.0001341567,0.0002803902,0.0001090848],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979971,0.000259973,0.001148972,0.0001358635,0.0004396337,0.00001844175],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002789027,0.00002183776,0.0001840875,0.0000387599,0.0001852379,2.915119e-7,0.0002052776,0.0005033548,0.001460139,0.996238,0.0007729972,0.000111137],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01548721,0.0006187868,0.003582781,0.001663925,0.000696321,0.0002072061,0.00543892,0.2048006,0.02340905,0.189898,0.5535401,0.0006571507],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.751432,0.0005678548,0.004034334,0.1605129,0.003790687,0.002575095,0.00007011491,0.00002615057,0.07699092],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.982006,0.00003619226,0.0001827601,0.0167235,0.0007993817,0.00003354644,0.000007283536,0.0000120129,0.0001993375],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.80634,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2209711,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2144792744","doi":"10.1162/glep.2008.8.2.123","title":"When Arguments Prevail Over Power: The CITES Procedure for the Listing of Endangered Species","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Global Environmental Politics","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":61,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Centre for International Governance Innovation","funders":"","keywords":"CITES; Listing (finance); Deliberation; Commit; Bargaining power; Legitimacy; Business; Law and economics; Convention; Power (physics); Economics; Political science; Law; Computer science; Fishery; Politics; Biology; Finance","authors":[{"name":"Thomas Gehring","is_ca":true},{"name":"Eva Ruffing","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01803966070606287,"gpt":0.2126807953876215,"spread":0.1946411346815586,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007793192,0.0001266017,0.00009148394,0.00001709192,0.0003341444,0.00006392042,0.0002525427,0.0000312796,0.000454038],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005578668,0.00007968208,0.00009363309,0.00004622174,0.0002872584,0.0003003257,0.0001168975,0.000051299,0.00005690854],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009344914,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001182584,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009654425,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000962041,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991148,0.00000518668,0.0002212682,0.000135347,0.0003143387,0.0002090622],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996086,0.00004836692,0.0001690822,0.0001452838,0.00001807534,0.00001053053],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003592719,0.0002506761,0.06775469,0.00006935493,0.000133913,0.00000223061,0.0002423312,0.00006626509,0.0009950323,0.8873781,0.04298946,0.00008202771],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009927768,0.00004220967,0.3689311,0.00003452622,0.0001085388,0.0000141626,0.000814348,0.003901851,0.00111334,0.02863966,0.595125,0.0002824412],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8327529,0.0003578231,0.0003185916,0.003345812,0.0005467085,0.001065055,0.0003562993,0.00005257686,0.1612042],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9848892,0.00001802538,0.0001264929,0.01208299,0.000491575,0.00002474131,0.00005215054,0.00001005213,0.002304749],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8587384,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4971398,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W631927026","doi":"","title":"The fair and equitable treatment standard : a guide to NAFTA case law on article 1105","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":60,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Interpretation (philosophy); Context (archaeology); Meaning (existential); Political science; Commission; Investment (military); Law; International trade law; International law; Law and economics; Business; Economics; History","authors":[{"name":"Patrick Dumberry","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01564338972501639,"gpt":0.2531028644324015,"spread":0.2374594747073851,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001255822,0.00009634519,0.00006709934,0.00003388033,0.0004099146,0.0007238551,0.00006650297,0.0000154169,0.0008228673],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002343612,0.0000551306,0.00002593661,0.00007761944,0.0000283535,0.0005903021,0.00006761369,0.0000253321,0.001339718],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000529907,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007386466,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005488791,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002949118,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993488,0.000004795367,0.0001498568,0.0001444571,0.0001514544,0.0002006141],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996614,0.00003795524,0.00003423709,0.0001305192,0.0001149551,0.00002094177],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002066077,0.000034802,0.00009029586,0.000002573323,0.00001497413,0.00001646803,0.00002335007,0.00001350125,0.0003705284,0.9548753,0.04253244,0.002005052],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005564645,0.00009045487,0.0001884178,0.000007507062,0.00001108766,0.00001237289,0.0004125376,0.003706718,0.001580694,0.01026414,0.9830565,0.0001130658],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2959225,0.00001300775,0.000132177,0.0138716,0.0001090322,0.0003843468,0.000001483395,0.00006461944,0.6895012],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9386071,0.000002892732,0.0002367687,0.04881725,0.0002205437,0.00008451303,0.000002662124,0.000009050884,0.01201924],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9446112,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994379,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1600038062","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1319834","title":"Investment Treaty Arbitral Decisions as Jurisprudence Constante","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":60,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Jurisprudence; Treaty; Investment (military); Business; Law; Law and economics; Bilateral investment treaty; Political science; International investment; Economics; Foreign direct investment","authors":[{"name":"Andrea K. Bjorklund","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01858874184941801,"gpt":0.2415356876357374,"spread":0.2229469457863194,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005548833,0.0001966126,0.0001671182,0.0002443321,0.0006110214,0.0001737721,0.0003416075,0.00005635276,0.0004135501],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001493893,0.000163777,0.0001621153,0.0002677553,0.0001380474,0.001229151,0.00004417917,0.000861367,0.00126159],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004402922,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001014714,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002431948,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003949231,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976115,0.00001639735,0.0003754304,0.0002221439,0.0005288488,0.001245669],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993252,0.0000400619,0.0002388064,0.0001461081,0.0002140645,0.00003574412],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005003039,0.0001063799,0.001628363,0.000001460814,0.00006998436,0.00004649203,0.00002466139,0.00001300006,0.0003532369,0.9948708,0.002601614,0.0002339085],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001370737,0.0001112225,0.001783882,0.00004324585,0.00005184358,0.001731272,0.0003729561,0.0004986811,0.0003538498,0.8562283,0.1371005,0.0003535606],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5528064,0.0005473768,0.001529507,0.003015944,0.0005313382,0.0001961669,0.000001520263,0.00009899967,0.4412727],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.965176,0.001165757,0.0001010049,0.02769385,0.001032248,0.000009537414,0.00001280817,0.00002251362,0.004786289],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4364864,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995161,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W193571843","doi":"","title":"International Law and Constructivism: Elements of an International Theory of International Law","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":60,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"International law; Constructivism (international relations); Political science; International relations theory; Law; International relations; Legitimacy; Empirical legal studies; Epistemology; Legal positivism; Philosophy of law; Rationality; Sociology; Legal profession; Comparative law; Politics; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Jutta Brunnée","is_ca":true},{"name":"Stephen J. Toope","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007808981244521177,"gpt":0.2348013824846374,"spread":0.2269924012401162,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00109584,0.0001660831,0.0001817981,0.0002739952,0.0001097263,0.0001755492,0.0006087699,0.0000584099,0.0004706567],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005679278,0.0001551797,0.00009915212,0.00009265553,0.0002020615,0.002480929,0.0000802106,0.000441036,0.0000108927],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001677696,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001156341,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008916923,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001502915,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980983,0.00002512827,0.0005901474,0.0002113374,0.0006082117,0.0004668381],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987244,0.00002520354,0.0006143897,0.0001158189,0.000498708,0.00002145447],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002050045,0.0002057422,0.001456927,0.000004029097,0.0002540351,0.000002134387,0.0000327009,0.00001329666,0.002131953,0.9902911,0.0000236717,0.005379458],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0017878,0.0001246112,0.00208935,0.00004252649,0.00004367663,0.0001230159,0.0005392357,0.001758019,0.000976325,0.9545779,0.03773773,0.0001997683],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2512823,0.00008406299,0.001573705,0.002669849,0.001596719,0.0001594887,0.00001766489,0.00003825042,0.7425779],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9917347,0.0002250314,0.0005096121,0.006054345,0.0009791957,0.000002362326,0.00007616959,0.00001360141,0.000404978],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.742173,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6328043,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3037858832","doi":"10.1163/22119000-12340177","title":"The Diversity Deficit in International Investment Arbitration","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Journal of World Investment & Trade","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":58,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Legitimacy; Diversity (politics); Arbitration; Investor-state dispute settlement; Commission; Political science; International law; International arbitration; International investment; Business; Law; Law and economics; Economics; Foreign direct investment","authors":[{"name":"Andrea K. Bjorklund","is_ca":true},{"name":"Daniel Behn","is_ca":false},{"name":"Susan D. Franck","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ćhiara Giorgetti","is_ca":false},{"name":"Won Kidane","is_ca":false},{"name":"Arnaud de Nanteuil","is_ca":false},{"name":"Emilia Onyema","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03153314226252696,"gpt":0.2245710252846468,"spread":0.1930378830221198,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008007534,0.0001659377,0.0001608152,0.0001840476,0.0003958509,0.0002435428,0.0008067543,0.00002661221,0.0001727625],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001147041,0.00009895927,0.0001245742,0.0004370145,0.0001353094,0.001093106,0.0002244462,0.0003542603,0.00008144175],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001379487,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004764267,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009231371,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002888468,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982831,0.00005793067,0.000617591,0.0001193545,0.0007209126,0.0002010751],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990243,0.0001137381,0.0006027041,0.0001237777,0.0001001282,0.00003538484],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003005615,0.0001678181,0.004105411,0.00001461419,0.0001273179,0.00001732458,0.0007333851,0.001219199,0.0008498505,0.9538375,0.03848467,0.0001423412],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002428405,0.000107043,0.03273895,0.00009640244,0.0001596034,0.00001755801,0.001175628,0.01709406,0.0008192019,0.05458708,0.8904464,0.0003296637],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.192749,0.0006584774,0.0003703833,0.3504317,0.002134818,0.0007987829,0.000005078835,0.00006994152,0.4527818],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7647681,0.00007699215,0.00008435973,0.2338078,0.001059974,0.000003962894,0.000007359914,0.00001127335,0.0001800912],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8992504,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4035442,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1982885878","doi":"10.3138/utlj.60.4.909","title":"INVESTING IN DEMOCRACY? POLITICAL PROCESS AND INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"University of Toronto Law Journal","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":57,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Scrutiny; Doctrine; Democracy; Politics; Law and economics; Foreign direct investment; Political science; Economics; Jurisprudence; Political economy; Law","authors":[{"name":"David Schneiderman","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01147922101413508,"gpt":0.2221517628138832,"spread":0.2106725417997481,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001919631,0.00007919269,0.00009451909,0.00004895829,0.0002297327,0.0001092325,0.0002137223,0.00004604938,0.0008603747],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003519889,0.00008382003,0.00003551691,0.00002591345,0.0002063151,0.002072375,0.00008199731,0.0001913513,0.000009843223],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007742152,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002232845,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02132361,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.08530895,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993792,0.000007503405,0.0001542667,0.0001107952,0.0001970064,0.0001511841],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999563,0.00001692439,0.0001433519,0.00005138667,0.0001877817,0.0000375918],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002410915,0.00006142157,0.003541598,0.00001224055,0.00001481008,0.00001429798,0.00009450847,0.000006681647,0.0004186733,0.9955845,0.0001726041,0.00005449857],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004537674,0.00006167926,0.02535962,0.0002081678,0.00007891036,0.0001708451,0.005309402,0.01543638,0.0004434108,0.4744599,0.4733155,0.0006184536],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1587111,0.00001252084,0.0000443831,0.002221451,0.0002961505,0.00005540195,0.000001479276,0.00001428892,0.8386433],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9854851,0.000004095373,0.0008151489,0.01318738,0.0003522604,9.259303e-8,0.000005728185,0.000005125252,0.0001450597],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8384982,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9851935,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2096764311","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-2230.2010.00807.x","title":"Parallel Proceedings in Investor‐State Treaty Arbitration: Responses for Treaty‐Drafters, Arbitrators and Parties","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Modern Law Review","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":55,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"","keywords":"Treaty; Jurisdiction; Arbitration; Context (archaeology); Investment (military); Law; Business; Political science; Law and economics; Economics; Geography","authors":[{"name":"Robin F. Hansen","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02663398504595405,"gpt":0.2586271040788011,"spread":0.2319931190328471,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000442512,0.0002288462,0.00031258,0.0001037914,0.0001484004,0.0002914699,0.0001440554,0.00005901195,0.00007790788],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001065773,0.0001929742,0.00009232339,0.0001564244,0.0001348337,0.001402564,0.00003668058,0.0001591843,0.00003600417],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002112025,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002871438,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002059639,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001137815,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987791,0.000009360578,0.0004427916,0.0003376121,0.0001951548,0.0002360366],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999448,0.00003871997,0.0001948481,0.0001268297,0.0001633086,0.00002831477],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009641513,0.00007635685,0.002193562,0.001271083,0.00001794042,0.000002659478,0.00007955911,0.000001156405,0.0007595861,0.992099,0.002879216,0.0005234932],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001171296,0.00004135164,0.002052048,0.0009436102,0.0000884375,0.000008348351,0.00001405624,0.005153372,0.0003472626,0.1046051,0.8851061,0.0004689778],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7701525,0.01023693,0.0003587258,0.02277704,0.0006444796,0.004205518,0.0000318699,0.0003836376,0.1912093],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8659241,0.001804994,0.001532083,0.1278162,0.0005837804,0.0008870018,0.00007824872,0.00005662747,0.001317012],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8874938,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7869259,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3049361211","doi":"10.1017/s147474562000035x","title":"Introducing the Electronic Database of Investment Treaties (EDIT): The Genesis of a New Database and Its Use","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"World Trade Review","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":54,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Database; Computer science; Electronic database; Investment (military); Intelligent database; Information retrieval; Politics; Database design; Database schema; Political science; Database testing; Law","authors":[{"name":"Wolfgang Alschner","is_ca":true},{"name":"Manfred Elsig","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rodrigo Polanco","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0511446422888861,"gpt":0.2545331859944016,"spread":0.2033885437055155,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000278752,0.0001277329,0.0002260314,0.00004719024,0.00008288857,0.00005602681,0.0002339646,0.000008327868,0.0002357909],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001983453,0.00007116801,0.00007126774,0.0004312262,0.00006122015,0.0006901751,0.00009839526,0.0001008046,0.00001555128],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001143644,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004615323,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003330544,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001277576,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990609,0.00003254514,0.0003643131,0.000179834,0.0002346794,0.000127784],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993616,0.00007727205,0.0002745926,0.0002266886,0.00004324858,0.00001657815],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001641334,0.00003709237,0.0002232664,0.002172946,0.00007921575,8.648147e-7,0.00009553767,0.000008498315,0.0007349603,0.9394233,0.05617641,0.001031544],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002818594,0.00001494205,0.0007654909,0.001146907,0.0003522073,0.000001573664,0.00003765134,0.001572071,0.0006562112,0.0003806846,0.9946736,0.0001168651],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04874473,0.5251912,0.0002863749,0.4050315,0.0003896543,0.004033495,0.000112429,0.000122162,0.01608848],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5117819,0.1103681,0.0003894723,0.3741254,0.002097601,0.000095351,0.0003444173,0.00005144841,0.0007462912],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9390426,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2902147,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4210720747","doi":"10.1093/law/9780192857804.001.0001","title":"Principles of International Investment Law","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"Oxford University Press eBooks","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":54,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Treaty; Arbitration; Jurisprudence; International law; Law; Political science; International economic law; Foreign direct investment; Context (archaeology); Bilateral investment treaty; Municipal law; Investment (military); Law and economics; International investment; Public international law; Economics; Geography; Politics","authors":[{"name":"Ursula Kriebaum","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christoph H. Schreuer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rudolf Dolzer","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02935749201285397,"gpt":0.2006414659817027,"spread":0.1712839739688487,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001100402,0.0002101962,0.0002139822,0.0002541826,0.0001692961,0.00008105791,0.0007174842,0.000101406,0.001039613],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007649597,0.00024371,0.0001758643,0.00001756415,0.0001636549,0.0003968813,0.0007886184,0.0002367372,0.000004673469],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002678338,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009445639,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002548454,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006073364,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987891,0.00001051748,0.0002522034,0.0002782011,0.000530602,0.0001393346],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999023,0.00002093044,0.0005214022,0.0002279785,0.000192005,0.00001474701],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006092386,0.00004208227,0.00000569893,0.00007983714,0.0001533859,0.00002270112,0.00002401887,0.00006814324,0.00001082293,0.9812322,0.01826853,0.00003162264],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004505956,0.00001267643,0.000006446645,0.00004835169,0.00008491211,0.000001058517,0.00002781423,0.0005736543,0.00004327899,0.003184639,0.9953453,0.0002212824],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.0000210155,0.00001242896,0.00003064017,0.00007037087,0.0005652236,0.0002719846,0.00007919118,0.00007912494,0.99887],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0002201627,0.00002037032,0.0001026778,0.0105285,0.0004291471,0.000003215484,0.0005840881,0.00002734588,0.9880845],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9780476,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998736,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3121516341","doi":"10.1093/jnlids/idv031","title":"Investment Treaties and the Internal Vetting of Regulatory Proposals: A Case Study from Canada","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of International Dispute Settlement","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Vetting; Investment (military); Business; Political science; Law and economics; Law; Economics","authors":[{"name":"Gus Van Harten","is_ca":true},{"name":"Dayna Nadine Scott","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01020160938500148,"gpt":0.222201590898219,"spread":0.2119999815132175,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006151107,0.0001418202,0.000217036,0.0001486171,0.00007915792,0.0001123095,0.0002992546,0.00001732959,0.000284759],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001592049,0.00007251703,0.00008859381,0.00005930884,0.0001235604,0.0006499648,0.0001548557,0.00008472813,0.000002995582],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001896499,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001245512,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1016295,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04669553,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981303,0.00004278765,0.0007989098,0.000133537,0.0007876184,0.0001068871],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982246,0.0001635134,0.0009512289,0.0001166702,0.0005232653,0.00002077684],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002068164,0.00141764,0.2731961,0.00008366844,0.004269489,0.002020512,0.002461605,0.000091965,0.002922559,0.6495691,0.04982222,0.01207697],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.07582424,0.001117085,0.3734737,0.003093604,0.001909934,0.002648712,0.05160333,0.01054929,0.008599064,0.07755149,0.3916195,0.002009989],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9834112,0.0001023174,0.0002049566,0.00831799,0.001071236,0.0002632151,0.00004188844,0.000005677995,0.006581537],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9933022,0.00001500938,0.000168324,0.00544363,0.0008216625,0.000009699786,0.000005443164,0.00001037983,0.0002236479],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5720176,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9706998,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1491446120","doi":"10.3386/w12072","title":"Recent Chinese Buyout Activity and the Implications for Global Architecture","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"report","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Centre for International Governance Innovation; Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Architecture; Business; Economic geography; Economics; Geography; Archaeology","authors":[{"name":"Agata Antkiewicz","is_ca":true},{"name":"John Whalley","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1773585215049034,"gpt":0.4588143046394707,"spread":0.2814557831345673,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002890188,0.0001949093,0.0003161478,0.0003085105,0.0003152873,0.0002706338,0.0004072707,0.000168035,0.0001194859],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00123224,0.0001377263,0.000172604,0.0002144256,0.0004228815,0.0003039582,0.0001887199,0.0003164308,0.00003058476],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006503718,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008553754,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002595152,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00171129,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981438,0.00003775289,0.0004440208,0.000382288,0.0007513782,0.0002407488],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9962372,0.000602635,0.0004279152,0.0002070949,0.002509974,0.00001518662],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001382544,0.00005492513,0.0009177368,0.00009687214,0.00008586051,8.275008e-8,0.000002796314,0.0001478537,0.00001562723,0.9196975,0.07619703,0.00264542],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007241591,0.000006892434,0.00924076,0.0000183705,0.00001668874,0.000003738482,0.000002267791,0.0009696581,0.000003138069,0.6533368,0.3355759,0.0001016356],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.002397856,0.0003674898,0.00009387561,0.02545612,0.0004223559,0.001265523,0.0002243204,0.00002099443,0.9697515],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9722257,0.001010426,0.0002695775,0.002697249,0.009696337,0.001106623,0.003297928,0.00006565294,0.009630506],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9698278,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5616317,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3123985848","doi":"10.60082/2817-5069.2996","title":"Arbitrator Behaviour in Asymmetrical Adjudication (Part Two): An Examination of Hypotheses of Bias in Investment Treaty Arbitration","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Osgoode Hall law journal","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Adjudication; Respondent; Arbitration; Treaty; Dispute resolution; Incentive; Investment (military); Sovereignty; Political science; Business; Law; Economics; Market economy","authors":[{"name":"Gus Van Harten","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05203611391424159,"gpt":0.2653438574308114,"spread":0.2133077435165698,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001150179,0.0001577031,0.000247432,0.0006854737,0.00006421308,0.00008174039,0.0002042302,0.0000790753,0.0002144018],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002104405,0.0001194834,0.00007947431,0.0004600253,0.0001010488,0.002104239,0.000027072,0.0001497662,0.00001919736],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001403679,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004889962,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004776025,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02148316,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981039,0.0001035937,0.0008636928,0.0002095673,0.0005264122,0.0001928008],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987113,0.0000919502,0.0007119193,0.0001516537,0.000302595,0.00003057763],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006495421,0.000754333,0.03279356,0.00001967928,0.00001338609,0.00000696521,0.0000484883,0.00003325885,0.007355808,0.9568592,0.00005483692,0.001995552],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007421795,0.0003623629,0.7649249,0.0008345489,0.00009560151,0.00002924,0.0003547272,0.003632622,0.04058365,0.1791855,0.001980417,0.0005945431],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6884715,0.00004240886,0.0002610413,0.0004332424,0.0001752501,0.0002303332,0.000006413832,0.00001725856,0.3103625],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973325,0.00002413647,0.0004711681,0.001764345,0.0002962625,0.00001894276,0.00002441572,0.00001683052,0.00005146317],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7776737,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9963722,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2789900678","doi":"10.1111/1758-5899.12545","title":"Internalisation of International Investment Agreements in Public Policymaking: Developing a Conceptual Framework of Regulatory Chill","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Global Policy","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","keywords":"Treaty; Extant taxon; Investment (military); Conceptual framework; Public policy; Work (physics); State (computer science); Public economics; Investment policy; Regulatory state; Economics; Business; Political science; Law and economics; Foreign direct investment; Finance; Sociology; Law; Corporate governance; Politics","authors":[{"name":"Ashley Schram","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sharon Friel","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. Anthony VanDuzer","is_ca":true},{"name":"Arne Rückert","is_ca":true},{"name":"Ronald Labonté","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03856211350690763,"gpt":0.3005537806678879,"spread":0.2619916671609803,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002055146,0.0001431602,0.0001746883,0.000437937,0.00004206157,0.0000671728,0.0003938182,0.00007585869,0.0002737364],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004036423,0.000143542,0.00006768705,0.0006437692,0.0003258958,0.0007954271,0.0002126387,0.00006977426,0.00006811972],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003349223,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001476193,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003307563,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003969914,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985517,0.00001710556,0.0005605708,0.0001980947,0.0004551056,0.0002174056],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989243,0.0000138942,0.0004829275,0.0001594503,0.0004019503,0.00001746898],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002935761,0.00007939254,0.02737249,0.00001896785,0.0000469444,6.086157e-7,0.0002124113,0.000007811325,0.0002110752,0.9709223,0.0008557839,0.0002428958],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00205108,0.00007643592,0.3585632,0.0005859002,0.00002259056,0.000005231873,0.0007358479,0.003024266,0.002134889,0.4327372,0.1995806,0.0004827162],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6478688,0.00002226948,0.001623152,0.005729971,0.0006431553,0.0002320694,0.00002349019,0.00003947398,0.3438177],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9688584,0.000004571438,0.0009004266,0.02866416,0.001474067,0.000008850286,0.00004012313,0.000008503689,0.00004089207],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.538185,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5853471,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4283312261","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197644386.001.0001","title":"Investment Arbitration and State-Driven Reform","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"Oxford University Press eBooks","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Arbitration; State (computer science); Investment (military); Investment arbitration; Business; Law and economics; Political science; Economics; Computer science; Law; Foreign direct investment; International investment; Algorithm","authors":[{"name":"Wolfgang Alschner","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01812021567086259,"gpt":0.1901448009758433,"spread":0.1720245853049807,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009036878,0.0002530994,0.0002037332,0.0002701656,0.0003523619,0.0001936216,0.0002929532,0.0001033707,0.0002565775],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000397137,0.0002808781,0.00009077891,0.00002098617,0.0001094114,0.0006007363,0.0004643779,0.00031345,0.000005094135],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005484243,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001033633,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003272401,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001261514,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998886,0.0000119747,0.0001872131,0.0003520923,0.0003772031,0.0001855481],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993377,0.00001250513,0.0003173288,0.0001990056,0.0001089792,0.00002451215],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005792517,0.0000192734,0.00000623198,0.0000902853,0.0000742137,0.00003266871,0.00004588215,0.00001454863,0.00001179534,0.9768323,0.02265424,0.0001606955],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004905541,0.00002402638,0.00002320283,0.0000355929,0.00008935717,0.000001959158,0.00005243043,0.001097842,0.00001337618,0.007561486,0.9903087,0.0003014994],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.0003217359,0.00001745877,0.00002925847,0.00009609458,0.0002547477,0.0004123259,0.00004302799,0.0001288641,0.9986965],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0003553425,0.00005067308,0.00008815531,0.0102793,0.0003001874,0.000005249827,0.0005612232,0.00003425643,0.9883256],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9692708,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999644,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4285999352","doi":"10.1017/9781009153515","title":"Investment Law's Alibis","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":49,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Pretext; Law; Normative; Colonialism; Economic Justice; Investment (military); Debt; Power (physics); Foreign direct investment; Law and economics; Political science; Narrative; International investment; Sociology; Economics; Politics; Philosophy; Finance","authors":[{"name":"David Schneiderman","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0208529790505727,"gpt":0.1878855560467575,"spread":0.1670325769961848,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001148296,0.0003261031,0.0002681055,0.0002582273,0.0004390136,0.0002137378,0.0006396374,0.0001424322,0.0002604676],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006715688,0.0003931818,0.0002228839,0.00002474387,0.0001798791,0.0004990775,0.0007478463,0.0003935735,0.0001764228],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004837855,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001237264,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009574253,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001378687,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985526,0.00001870438,0.0002087193,0.0004528719,0.0005147464,0.0002523901],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990999,0.00002288865,0.0003339602,0.0003569213,0.0001568286,0.00002954922],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002204571,0.00001646345,4.596434e-7,0.00005195291,0.00006183643,0.00007528457,0.000004171653,0.00000312288,0.000005837864,0.5669435,0.4328056,0.000009655675],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005148423,0.00001250438,0.000003127668,0.00003956985,0.0001546171,0.000002868802,0.00002379138,0.0002207033,0.00003057548,0.0003240024,0.9982614,0.0004119885],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.00002214578,0.00003361005,0.00001982025,0.00009479957,0.0007289622,0.000423304,0.00009219518,0.0002392917,0.9983459],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0001154557,0.000006825931,0.00002545758,0.05221419,0.000846898,0.000004771895,0.000813372,0.00004925453,0.9459237],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5666195,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999852,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W213016018","doi":"","title":"Who Then Should Judge?: Developing the International Rule of Law under NAFTA Chapter 11","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Chicago journal of international law","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":46,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Investment protection; Bilateral investment treaty; Arbitration; Investment (military); Treaty; International trade; Investor-state dispute settlement; International law; Surprise; State (computer science); Foreign direct investment; Political science; Law and economics; Law; Economics; International economics; International investment; Sociology","authors":[{"name":"Charles N. Brower","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lee A. Steven","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04689294605375161,"gpt":0.2695255701310695,"spread":0.2226326240773179,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006159969,0.0001977357,0.0002321408,0.0002344191,0.0001733189,0.0003319922,0.00118866,0.00006577342,0.001656009],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008914025,0.0001369548,0.0002416568,0.0001197909,0.0002409815,0.001622571,0.0002135095,0.0002776991,0.00009301985],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009535061,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004210801,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002835739,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002725022,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977481,0.00001472076,0.0008225972,0.0001771171,0.0010585,0.0001789099],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975974,0.00009569827,0.0008730207,0.0001619812,0.0012487,0.00002318743],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009616266,0.00008189517,0.001345201,0.000007212288,0.0002168434,0.00001386522,0.00005837808,0.0001969348,0.001291561,0.9951615,0.001385606,0.0001447973],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009134968,0.0000184282,0.004248578,0.0001703021,0.00004329915,0.0001150708,0.0001311436,0.00164889,0.002285192,0.1148489,0.8753694,0.000207221],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0958014,0.0000713694,0.002312427,0.05332537,0.003016192,0.0001342305,0.0000100338,0.00002408196,0.8453049],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9299636,0.00007117625,0.0004522897,0.06574445,0.002281799,0.000004112664,0.00002666507,0.00002505894,0.001430884],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8803126,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992566,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2802035630","doi":"10.1093/ejil/chy002","title":"The Growing Complexity of the International Court of Justice’s Self-Citation Network","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"European Journal of International Law","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":46,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"International court; Citation; Economic Justice; Law; Jurisprudence; Eleventh; Relevance (law); International law; Political science; Sociology; Public international law","authors":[{"name":"Wolfgang Alschner","is_ca":true},{"name":"Damien Charlotin","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03072203083186237,"gpt":0.2404658675317851,"spread":0.2097438366999227,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001533117,0.0001112732,0.0001278542,0.0000920428,0.0002602068,0.0001759334,0.001185074,0.00001614935,0.0002401463],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002667897,0.00006966343,0.0001862368,0.0001691345,0.0004296267,0.001206717,0.0002119625,0.0001652535,0.0000521933],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005192198,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003451364,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002603867,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003739864,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980428,0.00007323731,0.0008093118,0.00009869489,0.0008558462,0.0001201709],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9962363,0.000107684,0.001461372,0.000138653,0.002043099,0.00001285824],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001065677,0.0000710897,0.000799303,0.00001153096,0.000186622,0.000003714551,0.00006279582,0.0002460718,0.001139432,0.9847776,0.01244492,0.0001504014],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001160085,0.00008002247,0.02468547,0.0002709387,0.0001398121,0.0000396522,0.0002357929,0.009001858,0.001806307,0.03198768,0.9304328,0.0001595794],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.07152783,0.00005608713,0.001613845,0.0191911,0.01162174,0.0001495929,0.00001026245,0.00002422257,0.8958053],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9833128,0.00001545843,0.001288705,0.01003525,0.00501921,6.136627e-7,0.000008203153,0.00001660548,0.0003031066],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9527898,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2840792,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W101038047","doi":"","title":"Investor-State Disputes Under NAFTA: The Empire Strikes Back","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"DigitalCommons - WayneState (Wayne State University)","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":45,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Empire; State (computer science); Business; International trade; Political science; Law; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Charles Brower","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02564740436770907,"gpt":0.2033497012645473,"spread":0.1777022968968382,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001713812,0.0003985232,0.0002686663,0.0005283885,0.0005858241,0.0008409933,0.0007897707,0.00005949013,0.0004626018],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003671183,0.0003307273,0.0002033158,0.001249842,0.0004229097,0.004133019,0.0003682153,0.0002674228,0.001491617],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001510687,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007572276,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006742843,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001107383,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981014,0.00003794951,0.0003618729,0.0004737779,0.0004485511,0.0005764871],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987574,0.0001264331,0.0003029494,0.0004430891,0.0003016808,0.00006845224],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002577594,0.0004195521,0.02149065,0.00008992903,0.0002794976,0.0003374134,0.0002754253,0.002557233,0.0002070276,0.9382458,0.03327038,0.002569292],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009845947,0.00003102559,0.007077876,0.00004386657,0.0000463827,0.00001060405,0.00083972,0.001790477,0.00009329118,0.0156952,0.9728772,0.0005097494],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3798112,0.00003140479,0.0006424831,0.00462735,0.0003552842,0.0003582747,0.00005885593,0.0002513557,0.6138638],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9480076,0.0001959684,0.00006011156,0.0116086,0.0002505772,0.000003658978,0.0003937276,0.00005910692,0.03942065],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9396068,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999145,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2154162648","doi":"10.3249/1868-1581-5-2-alschner","title":"Americanization of the BIT Universe: The Influence of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (FCN) Treaties on Modern Investment Treaty Law","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":45,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Treaty; Americanization; Investment (military); Investment protection; International trade; Intellectual property; Law; Human rights; Law and economics; Political science; Foreign direct investment; Economics; International investment","authors":[{"name":"Wolfgang Alschner","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006506095811652561,"gpt":0.1962929871754653,"spread":0.1897868913638127,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002195013,0.0000905163,0.00009030919,0.00005454025,0.0002093112,0.00006619647,0.0001797559,0.0000230444,0.00002497093],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002297982,0.00005198373,0.00004304264,0.0001876712,0.0001931667,0.0006805346,0.00004520752,0.0002525351,0.000007999308],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001176462,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008788074,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001715471,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003022338,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991875,0.00002989057,0.0002078159,0.00008060594,0.0002413248,0.0002528474],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992782,0.00003006374,0.000366148,0.000107583,0.0002111441,0.000006834469],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001290824,0.00003684406,0.001949253,0.000007190917,0.00003610288,4.833524e-8,0.000119617,0.0009309799,0.0009780501,0.9953355,0.00004232674,0.0005511698],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009505922,0.0001701441,0.04545967,0.0001284896,0.00009992713,0.00001551981,0.002842702,0.008747269,0.001162826,0.9362682,0.003971175,0.0001835402],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9710184,0.00005494045,0.000119881,0.0026714,0.00003750642,0.0001739981,0.000001087287,0.000008114227,0.02591465],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9950295,0.00007882772,0.00001029737,0.004556311,0.0000676216,0.000004866144,0.000006098649,0.000007676567,0.0002387759],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05906737,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2593291,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2096764092","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1622928","title":"Five Justifications for Investment Treaties: A Critical Discussion","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":43,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Political science; Law and economics; Law; Economics","authors":[{"name":"Gus Van Harten","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01217484684091871,"gpt":0.2639214583751296,"spread":0.2517466115342109,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005496811,0.0001218502,0.00009752895,0.0001528838,0.0004681043,0.0002793623,0.0002045984,0.00005399197,0.0002095256],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003484564,0.00008007244,0.0001117467,0.0001126063,0.00006431473,0.0008729691,0.00002586305,0.0006664517,0.0001402154],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001460032,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003383252,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004624198,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007140287,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985765,0.00000658922,0.0002491633,0.0001614638,0.0002096984,0.0007966106],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994383,0.00004806411,0.000121734,0.0001119457,0.0002585791,0.00002138785],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002525023,0.0001033799,0.00009179019,0.000009385049,0.00002805499,3.0483e-7,0.00003322232,0.00000369938,0.001287188,0.9947552,0.002952422,0.000710073],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000488467,0.0000424454,0.000182334,0.00001115915,0.00005520907,0.00002181998,0.000757033,0.003199637,0.0001002191,0.7937189,0.2012851,0.000137664],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2050639,0.0004451259,0.0973558,0.2579569,0.00935838,0.002560343,0.00004328423,0.0005573367,0.426659],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9755697,0.00003324329,0.0006912224,0.01204828,0.002860217,0.00008251632,0.00005897475,0.00002632818,0.008629477],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7705058,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3600327,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1751576414","doi":"10.2165/11536150-000000000-00000","title":"International Comparison of Comparative Effectiveness Research in Five Jurisdictions","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"PharmacoEconomics","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":43,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; Dalhousie University","funders":"National Pharmaceutical Council; NHS Health Scotland","keywords":"Quality of Life Research; Health economics; Health administration; Comparative effectiveness research; Public health; Health services research; Health care management; Medicine; Political science; Environmental health; Health care; Nursing; Law","authors":[{"name":"Adrian R. Levy","is_ca":true},{"name":"Craig Mitton","is_ca":true},{"name":"Karissa Johnston","is_ca":false},{"name":"Brian Harrigan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andrew Briggs","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1966841034860527,"gpt":0.4843332651532778,"spread":0.2876491616672251,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009390361,0.0002435809,0.0009471173,0.001115929,0.00009318581,0.0001567833,0.0006019447,0.0001550961,0.0005169892],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002424285,0.0002396036,0.0002296079,0.000341111,0.0001546818,0.0007110791,0.0002130996,0.0009618615,0.0007385513],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002213316,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001189875,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00020273,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000913641,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983378,0.00008612173,0.0008015474,0.0003476703,0.000215674,0.0002111899],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985583,0.0004258318,0.0005514564,0.0001593875,0.000290096,0.00001494084],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001267279,0.001386383,0.0005598399,0.008658011,0.0005839879,0.000006797263,0.0002845933,0.0003193153,0.00004675638,0.7472002,0.008495431,0.2323319],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003859579,0.000005996365,0.00002452054,0.0009994982,0.00007768907,0.000001098176,0.00003361991,0.004924206,0.000030933,0.0009457209,0.9923759,0.0001948344],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001322807,0.4204716,0.00002626023,0.0001819156,0.004580237,0.001688158,0.0001048353,0.00005571998,0.5715685],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0147161,0.9806102,0.0001177594,0.000512518,0.002483991,0.0004350967,0.0008417142,0.00006052601,0.0002220992],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9838805,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9770752,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3125482582","doi":"","title":"Arbitrator Behaviour in Asymmetrical Adjudication: An Empirical Study of Investment Treaty Arbitration","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"eYLS (Yale Law School)","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":43,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Adjudication; Arbitration; Respondent; Treaty; Context (archaeology); Position (finance); Investment (military); Interpretation (philosophy); Empirical research; Economics; Law; Political science; Business; Statistics; Geography","authors":[{"name":"Gus Van Harten","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03169977275158983,"gpt":0.2900728684686078,"spread":0.2583730957170179,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006923099,0.0002245835,0.0002738156,0.000363223,0.0001287492,0.000152668,0.000264479,0.0001064481,0.0005336126],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001162156,0.0002095211,0.00007623446,0.0007521886,0.00006752155,0.002741539,0.00007041656,0.000255619,0.000306634],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001222651,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004275702,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002396934,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00216673,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979796,0.00008440973,0.0006602735,0.0003307431,0.0006141402,0.0003307699],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990746,0.00004139555,0.0002849938,0.000329585,0.0001839732,0.00008545064],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004427252,0.004209889,0.5746397,0.00001552321,0.00002489421,0.000004024422,0.0001896545,0.00001603985,0.0002596082,0.4193116,0.001226939,0.00005788071],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002467074,0.00024072,0.9687055,0.00003022592,0.00009571306,0.000002517347,0.0008145262,0.001290716,0.0008307608,0.003658373,0.02143541,0.0004285079],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8977293,0.0000630453,0.0000453302,0.0003495413,0.0003237845,0.0005861953,0.000003306583,0.0000776649,0.1008218],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9780632,0.000001729628,0.0002523184,0.02034344,0.000977115,0.0001247846,0.0001014728,0.00002470053,0.0001112199],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4156533,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8544021,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W606783444","doi":"","title":"International arbitration 2006 : back to basics?","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"Kluwer Law International eBooks","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Arbitration; Jurisdiction; Law; Political science; International arbitration; Treaty; Autonomy; Compulsory arbitration; International law","authors":[{"name":"Albert Jan van den Berg","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01951584961373356,"gpt":0.2416774379460865,"spread":0.2221615883323529,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","scholarly_communication","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.000486229,0.0006804468,0.0004152971,0.0009449212,0.000207453,0.001217033,0.001464727,0.0004281545,0.01130073],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007527244,0.0007245461,0.0003926274,0.00009469654,0.0001900146,0.001142224,0.0004763177,0.0006299611,0.01767022],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006853917,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001635061,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003194484,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007809815,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9957616,0.00001083361,0.001073145,0.0008890471,0.001784808,0.0004805217],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973227,0.00006867132,0.0006776733,0.0004420087,0.001410608,0.00007838166],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009703775,0.00006395461,0.00001818894,0.00002874058,0.0002085094,0.00002920011,0.00002753837,0.00002692763,0.0001120367,0.7688482,0.2299202,0.000619479],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006434331,0.0000191041,0.00004300438,0.0002105644,0.00005390034,0.00001189388,0.00001085408,0.0005884513,0.0001963439,0.06050948,0.937003,0.0007100102],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.00002188995,0.00001174649,0.001340672,0.003265899,0.009216052,0.0007016048,0.0001462098,0.0002354338,0.9850605],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.002995536,0.000003925752,0.001070896,0.155389,0.01327972,0.00007016753,0.002380014,0.0001467471,0.8246641],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7083387,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998198,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3126043811","doi":"10.1080/20414005.2015.1092267","title":"The interactive dynamics of transnational business governance: A challenge for transnational legal theory","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Transnational Legal Theory","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Transnational governance; Corporate governance; Scholarship; Agency (philosophy); Political science; Convergence (economics); Dynamics (music); Sociology; Law and economics; Positive economics; Social science; Economics; Law; Management","authors":[{"name":"Stepan Wood","is_ca":true},{"name":"Kenneth W. Abbott","is_ca":false},{"name":"Julia Black","is_ca":false},{"name":"Burkard Eberlein","is_ca":true},{"name":"Errol Meidinger","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01778014375151176,"gpt":0.2455577327900324,"spread":0.2277775890385206,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001880339,0.0003258625,0.0002799918,0.0002027645,0.0003605371,0.0002717163,0.0006103162,0.0001231872,0.0003089472],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002444469,0.0002635622,0.0002827577,0.0004164233,0.0003969476,0.002595814,0.0000272769,0.0002561608,0.00001161697],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002501554,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003790428,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001267141,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002977863,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972764,0.00008413096,0.0007183718,0.000388483,0.001203875,0.0003287783],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9961924,0.0009396722,0.0003908608,0.0001857329,0.002251309,0.0000400573],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001877654,0.0003601149,0.00001685056,0.00007125932,0.000195504,0.000002176062,0.0001525402,0.0009613165,0.00009771551,0.9951345,0.000372757,0.000757571],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002377285,0.0000464904,0.00183008,0.00001330264,0.00008011391,0.000006863356,0.0003226795,0.01657584,0.0001361429,0.7827893,0.1955132,0.0003085865],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02427896,0.0002813768,0.2315353,0.33116,0.003866628,0.002504694,0.001300535,0.00029038,0.4047822],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9919978,0.000004849159,0.0004908564,0.003253569,0.0006511464,0.0002289449,0.0009312606,0.00005087017,0.002390723],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9677188,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999816,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2480068370","doi":"10.1017/cbo9780511551116.006","title":"Reasoned Decisions and Legal Theory","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":38,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Theory of reasoned action; Psychology; Epistemology; Political science; Social psychology; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"David Dyzenhaus","is_ca":true},{"name":"Michael Taggart","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03097539017582378,"gpt":0.2078171428730544,"spread":0.1768417526972306,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001855249,0.0002435227,0.0001977356,0.0003024595,0.0002397491,0.000180504,0.0002551177,0.0001864134,0.00004556788],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002950052,0.0002635335,0.0001139775,0.000009254689,0.0001913881,0.0004228207,0.0002977027,0.0002505043,0.00008740785],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006041434,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002739966,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001601225,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001048595,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990734,0.000005968245,0.0001586636,0.0003245596,0.0002692619,0.000168183],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992685,0.00007823104,0.0001983671,0.000214596,0.0002101079,0.00003024145],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001126254,0.000007347176,0.000001447227,0.00001884226,0.00006258444,0.0001541191,0.000002483493,2.757201e-7,0.00001280281,0.9732932,0.0255592,0.0007750014],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004192337,0.000006724306,0.00003754557,0.0001072487,0.0001286054,0.000008355018,0.00001643087,0.0001204827,0.0000207196,0.0008855506,0.9979638,0.000285292],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001884341,0.00005259857,0.0006193423,0.00004489975,0.0002581437,0.0002203945,0.00002833449,0.0001126849,0.9984752],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00188018,0.00003171657,0.00008678952,0.004169009,0.0005265954,3.320045e-7,0.00009036492,0.00003176221,0.9931833],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9724077,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999817,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2056074863","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.10.018","title":"International Investment Agreements and Services Markets: Locking in Market Failure?","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"World Development","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":38,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Multinational corporation; Competition (biology); Business; Investment (military); Foreign direct investment; International trade; International economics; Service (business); Liberalization; Space (punctuation); Scale (ratio); Finance; Market economy; Economics; Marketing","authors":[{"name":"Mark S. Manger","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01341885082077832,"gpt":0.206017931438808,"spread":0.1925990806180297,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002486045,0.0001735537,0.0001274683,0.0005429016,0.0001609629,0.0001519544,0.0002206287,0.00002692911,0.001762403],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001205852,0.0001675648,0.0000242339,0.0002749124,0.00004184056,0.000870388,0.000226901,0.00009052733,0.0002001124],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001065876,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003129003,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009251788,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001480306,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986885,0.000009272204,0.000382793,0.0002829305,0.0004246305,0.0002118553],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996448,0.00001642215,0.0001433667,0.00009206948,0.00008399733,0.00001931834],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002409675,0.0006421955,0.7385008,0.0002892747,0.000272927,0.0001600469,0.001571584,0.00005233252,0.0003053621,0.1912898,0.06346092,0.003213886],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005804713,0.000001319522,0.2659981,0.00007994596,0.000002907034,0.000003396344,0.00007080111,0.001427504,0.0001051423,0.0006194095,0.7309392,0.0001717683],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3131287,0.00004137377,0.00005008982,0.001991583,0.0004514659,0.0002627189,0.000001010875,0.0000660218,0.684007],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9374314,0.0000297698,0.003634728,0.0493421,0.0003338009,0.00007406984,0.00009166251,0.00002089903,0.009041579],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6749654,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991501,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W590314497","doi":"10.1080/19186444.2011.11658271","title":"Opportunities for and Limits to an Economic Analysis of International Law","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Transnational Corporation Review","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":37,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"International economic law; Economics; Economic law; Commercial law; International law; Negotiation; Treaty; Economic analysis; Law; Law and economics; Political science; Public international law","authors":[{"name":"Anne van Aaken","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1709586514750626,"gpt":0.2939332200766944,"spread":0.1229745686016319,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003317702,0.0000983358,0.0002007245,0.0003154479,0.00005954041,0.000055953,0.0001418945,0.00002453174,0.001018933],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001445891,0.0000962471,0.00009779023,0.0001686751,0.00004268531,0.001277383,0.000009756774,0.0000234765,0.000009567725],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000019134,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000248231,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005860646,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004781075,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991671,0.000009148041,0.0004068346,0.000176511,0.0001750889,0.00006526143],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992398,0.00002223429,0.0002339818,0.00008608225,0.0003986877,0.00001922709],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002704423,0.00004755639,0.0002269222,0.0001345649,0.0001549618,2.293111e-7,0.00002209577,0.0000351014,0.0000797898,0.9984779,0.0003679689,0.000425839],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001100541,0.0001539788,0.02429279,0.0002428979,0.002336406,0.000002514282,0.0001116716,0.04190654,0.0005776739,0.1111733,0.8173786,0.0007230498],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.08155659,0.001294683,0.04039203,0.06083335,0.001741547,0.004413701,0.0008028835,0.0002746134,0.8086906],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9436327,0.0003460752,0.004128057,0.04934129,0.0001739666,0.0001584361,0.001923954,0.00001483997,0.000280705],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8873046,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998943,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3015088909","doi":"10.1017/9781108784023","title":"Shareholders' Claims for Reflective Loss in International Investment Law","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":37,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Shareholder; Creditor; Investment (military); Context (archaeology); Arbitration; Business; Liberalization; Law and economics; Investment policy; Foreign direct investment; Economics; Finance; Law; Market economy; Corporate governance; Political science; Debt; Macroeconomics","authors":[{"name":"Lukas Vanhonnaeker","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03409786505097506,"gpt":0.2241955533004832,"spread":0.1900976882495081,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009614177,0.0003220075,0.0003007523,0.0003005561,0.0001463651,0.0002056676,0.0006410321,0.0002131049,0.00002451188],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002058445,0.0003866703,0.0002092168,0.00003060144,0.0001621225,0.0006289023,0.0003534028,0.0003342559,0.00006258283],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006131164,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001278014,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003382284,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005628092,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985948,0.00001223403,0.0002683114,0.0005400839,0.0003431938,0.0002413386],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991188,0.00004518712,0.0003107646,0.0001865851,0.0003059485,0.00003271054],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001614636,0.00002781265,0.000002634067,0.0001024634,0.00009955301,0.00006865944,0.0000247781,0.00001086181,0.00001554823,0.7592554,0.2402172,0.00001366457],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0014208,0.0000201934,0.00001277883,0.0001511013,0.00007720155,0.000001409388,0.00003937431,0.001892867,0.00008440938,0.001497299,0.9944223,0.000380292],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.00002108439,0.0000122704,0.000304389,0.0004914867,0.000621417,0.0008573158,0.0002200926,0.0001174494,0.9973545],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001559399,0.000007410519,0.0001400476,0.05551165,0.001398536,0.00001631434,0.001458219,0.00005231514,0.9398561],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7577581,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998585,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2921637103","doi":"10.1017/cbo9780511550300","title":"Private Power and Global Authority","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":37,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Capitalism; Politics; Political science; Order (exchange); Law and economics; Comparative law; International law; Law; Power (physics); Municipal law; Private law; Political economy; Economic system; Sociology; Economics","authors":[{"name":"A. Claire Cutler","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01453742606629949,"gpt":0.1997765930906672,"spread":0.1852391670243677,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007776883,0.00008993752,0.00007209258,0.00004045329,0.0001549153,0.0001148977,0.0001071055,0.00003867364,0.00001134908],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002209777,0.00009750309,0.0000349278,0.00002795565,0.00007180746,0.0004198773,0.00008438007,0.00005790716,0.00002361039],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003968656,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001085031,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001493869,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002014548,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995114,0.00001149743,0.00006713074,0.0001660689,0.0001169097,0.0001269639],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999747,0.000005979935,0.00005741728,0.00009523832,0.00007685365,0.00001748711],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001576943,0.00001452992,0.001037126,0.00001112131,0.00001384893,0.0000145012,0.000003045769,5.72583e-7,0.00007572198,0.9906951,0.008094022,0.00002462081],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004487799,0.000004867878,0.004117841,0.000007328184,0.00002040327,0.000003105268,0.00003326354,0.0002253002,0.0002178618,0.0001834013,0.9946104,0.0001274917],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.13401,0.000008363751,0.0004316229,0.00006058981,0.0001733348,0.00009500311,0.000005815532,0.00006730953,0.865148],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9505522,0.000002072117,0.0001818926,0.003342478,0.00007715078,4.321421e-7,0.000008078114,0.000005959795,0.04582973],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9905117,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.397606,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2203502265","doi":"","title":"NAFTA Chapter Eleven and the Implications for the FTAA: The Institutionalisation of Investor Status in Public International Law","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":37,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Kwantlen Polytechnic University","funders":"","keywords":"Investor-state dispute settlement; Treaty; Institutionalisation; Dispute resolution; Political science; State (computer science); International law; Law; Law and economics; International trade; Business; Economics; Foreign direct investment; International investment","authors":[{"name":"Noemi Gal‐Or","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02449440521015467,"gpt":0.2465421707874936,"spread":0.2220477655773389,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001525401,0.00008249144,0.00007427554,0.00008945492,0.0004096274,0.0002090237,0.0003334541,0.00002531972,0.00004261176],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001486135,0.00004215042,0.00006593974,0.0001113752,0.0002798349,0.0009219465,0.00004938829,0.0003388401,0.000007181153],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001840606,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001987269,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002914764,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005666953,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990032,0.00001754875,0.0002924836,0.00009635591,0.0001921145,0.0003982958],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992688,0.000134757,0.0002485522,0.0001023118,0.0002380257,0.000007586698],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004478398,0.00002741456,0.000838019,0.000001700201,0.00006288664,1.562061e-8,0.00005353311,0.0001096194,0.00003910921,0.996739,0.0001081019,0.001975813],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001273034,0.000008859061,0.005439356,0.000006065767,0.0000233583,0.00001413147,0.0002695467,0.006605541,0.00000788633,0.597304,0.3889895,0.00005867853],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.08969879,0.002276604,0.01062487,0.7642762,0.000817305,0.00156275,0.00002207204,0.00003685584,0.1306846],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9846249,0.0005252148,0.00004285981,0.01355919,0.0008542832,0.00006099651,0.00001926124,0.000007402061,0.0003058624],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8949261,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3162293,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2001342683","doi":"10.1017/s1474745614000500","title":"Boomerangs over Lac Léman: Transnational Lobbying and Foreign Venue Shopping in WTO Dispute Settlement","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"World Trade Review","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":36,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Complaint; Settlement (finance); International trade; Business; World trade; Government (linguistics); China; Foreign direct investment; International economics; Political science; Law; Economics; Payment; Finance","authors":[{"name":"Jappe Eckhardt","is_ca":true},{"name":"Dirk De Biévre","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04105414892897555,"gpt":0.2685076129532956,"spread":0.22745346402432,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003882851,0.0001279288,0.0001901068,0.0001626806,0.00005137707,0.00009600201,0.0001009397,0.00001718611,0.0002826847],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002013249,0.0001189175,0.00005753459,0.000310916,0.00002675946,0.000693822,0.00002665188,0.0001005556,0.00003439796],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004778323,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001801272,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002046164,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001900106,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990354,0.00001389011,0.0003140811,0.0001883068,0.0002908058,0.0001575633],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997481,0.0000179123,0.0001028825,0.00008038209,0.00002896809,0.00002179487],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006283364,0.00003953056,0.004069526,0.0007783254,0.00001525506,0.000007596826,0.00002213362,0.00001141099,0.0000149212,0.9815829,0.01181869,0.001633373],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005964172,0.000003969329,0.01011268,0.0009974026,0.00003626887,0.000002383814,0.00001123505,0.001379753,0.000003950798,0.005341113,0.9813504,0.0001644582],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02450406,0.09708267,0.0005769826,0.2720017,0.001256435,0.003534796,0.00006435936,0.0002663963,0.6007126],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8893343,0.001603915,0.0003016013,0.107337,0.0006114207,0.0001128294,0.0002336473,0.00003096752,0.0004342868],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9762418,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4849313,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2146523027","doi":"10.1017/s1474745613000128","title":"Fragmentation in international trade law: insights from the global investment regime","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"World Trade Review","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":36,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Bilateralism; International trade; International economics; Treaty; Economics; International economic law; Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties; International trade law; Trade barrier; Free trade; Harmonization; International law; Politics; Political science; Multilateralism; Public international law; Law","authors":[{"name":"Adrian Johnston","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael J. Trebilcock","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02138041758655115,"gpt":0.2497585064742518,"spread":0.2283780888877007,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001091856,0.0001706963,0.0001865098,0.00005718654,0.00008458896,0.0002546869,0.0003705739,0.00002647854,0.001567245],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002528867,0.0001190655,0.0001008572,0.0004062008,0.00006015483,0.001264312,0.00005238015,0.0001304326,0.0006831057],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001374717,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001424172,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001943277,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001523166,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987416,0.0000335099,0.0004538533,0.000244076,0.0003798283,0.0001470906],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995362,0.00004171518,0.0002046285,0.0001832572,0.00001765428,0.00001649898],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000269502,0.00007716919,0.0009770209,0.00007219463,0.00002934101,0.000002599204,0.00002185183,0.000004686934,0.00002071473,0.9634823,0.03422947,0.001080026],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003774868,0.000002720612,0.03473071,0.0008716616,0.00003466988,9.113364e-7,0.00002553814,0.000602348,0.0000124528,0.04487801,0.9183136,0.0001499216],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.007374744,0.01714974,0.00002155273,0.2839772,0.001121572,0.001668653,0.00001172253,0.0001167062,0.6885581],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5060334,0.001704206,0.0001742142,0.4906794,0.0007532099,0.0002016105,0.0003062273,0.00001345961,0.0001342536],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9186042,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9993455,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4226248062","doi":"10.1177/00220027221081925","title":"International Investment Disputes, Media Coverage, and Backlash Against International Law","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Conflict Resolution","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Backlash; Newspaper; International investment; Investor-state dispute settlement; Political science; Settlement (finance); International law; Law; Investment (military); Public opinion; Economics; Law and economics; Business; Foreign direct investment; Politics; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Ryan Brutger","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anton Strezhnev","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01859792043206297,"gpt":0.2326551702008071,"spread":0.2140572497687441,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005489313,0.0001314281,0.0001525354,0.0003405185,0.0002344035,0.0002808949,0.0003697252,0.00003300697,0.001091899],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001040824,0.0001256189,0.0001025692,0.0001313141,0.00008316481,0.001366219,0.0002668499,0.0002733968,0.00002822186],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002083971,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003997369,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005139854,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001849576,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982705,0.00002664482,0.0005233513,0.0001483879,0.0008896403,0.0001415455],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988267,0.00004770571,0.0006362981,0.00008401246,0.0003755408,0.00002967804],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001856088,0.0001721915,0.001092721,0.000008955843,0.000128801,0.000034335,0.000133689,0.001000549,0.001340726,0.9772325,0.01791846,0.0007514865],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001238694,0.00003140664,0.005140964,0.00002095809,0.00002367954,0.0000507603,0.0001033485,0.01026798,0.00006000615,0.005057678,0.977874,0.0001305641],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.08498257,0.000291281,0.001086887,0.01466354,0.006660898,0.0002380107,0.00003579435,0.00005254599,0.8919885],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9496989,0.0001595506,0.000281248,0.04656839,0.002539925,0.00001272154,0.0001798195,0.00001751559,0.0005419338],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9721748,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998212,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2498658489","doi":"10.5305/procannmeetasil.107.0023","title":"The Song Is Over: Why It’s Time to Stop Talking About an International Investment Arbitration Appellate Body","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Arbitration; Investment (military); Business; Economics; Law; Political science","authors":[{"name":"Barry Appleton","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008110689949839142,"gpt":0.221800008176561,"spread":0.2136893182267219,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006187703,0.0002032386,0.0001428171,0.0001307593,0.0005116612,0.001005841,0.00083796,0.00005542399,0.0004371734],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003030185,0.0001366732,0.0001049256,0.0002792568,0.00007848545,0.003195513,0.0003547078,0.0001576164,0.0004426588],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006730233,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001719432,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005338961,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001594799,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982361,0.000006409626,0.0004798939,0.0003014946,0.0006857986,0.0002903429],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983584,0.00003420015,0.0005329174,0.0001257281,0.0009175167,0.00003117956],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001767723,0.0003440526,0.0193579,0.0001711774,0.0002872423,5.016679e-7,0.003692407,0.0001845002,0.1021773,0.577108,0.2932314,0.003268672],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009267333,0.0001159727,0.04387577,0.0007025709,0.00009539408,0.00000596675,0.003771654,0.08292036,0.02348325,0.02924972,0.8140394,0.0008132085],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6150107,0.00001318975,0.000007047242,0.01941748,0.0003859955,0.0005427081,0.000004892243,0.00007324376,0.3645447],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9066024,0.000005725465,0.0002645101,0.08931451,0.001240128,0.00007422493,0.00001093485,0.00003405597,0.002453535],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5478583,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9699348,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2232497132","doi":"","title":"Enhancing the Procedural Legitimacy of Investor-State Arbitration Through Transparency and Amicus Curiae Participation","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Transparency (behavior); Arbitration; Legitimacy; Openness to experience; Accountability; Business; State (computer science); Democracy; Political science; Law and economics; Democratic legitimacy; Law; Economics","authors":[{"name":"J. Anthony VanDuzer","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01910583635920088,"gpt":0.2413847340814781,"spread":0.2222788977222772,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004854541,0.0001178738,0.0001155817,0.00007104808,0.0003615055,0.00008114339,0.0001277069,0.00002671036,0.00002854882],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005713751,0.00008519958,0.00005709691,0.000164724,0.0001102211,0.00166062,0.00001357004,0.0004196979,0.00001436478],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009699219,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003362263,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002533053,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001216143,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986463,0.00001846413,0.0003937742,0.000125457,0.0002688017,0.000547236],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994078,0.00001677381,0.0003208337,0.00006872457,0.0001765612,0.000009260093],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005051491,0.00006331453,0.002127114,0.00002516005,0.00004406728,0.000001342669,0.0006952878,0.00008120898,0.005102908,0.9913453,0.0001467758,0.0003169679],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001843442,0.0001769638,0.01568942,0.00009636264,0.0001220871,0.0002268864,0.001177332,0.004864497,0.008234956,0.9550509,0.01209821,0.0004188996],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9795024,0.0003900799,0.005950102,0.00212424,0.0001643576,0.0002056869,7.517185e-7,0.0000282418,0.01163414],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9946566,0.0005361123,0.00005717198,0.004039206,0.0004445248,0.00001285885,0.00001005121,0.00001227157,0.0002312403],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0362944,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3474338,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W573797236","doi":"","title":"Commentaries on Selected Model Investment Treaties","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":33,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"China; Political science; Kingdom; Investment (military); Geography; Economy; International trade; Economic history; History; Business; Economics; Law; Geology","authors":[{"name":"Chester Brown","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02384132854426462,"gpt":0.2079626523422405,"spread":0.1841213237979759,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005362118,0.000380845,0.0002712885,0.0003093499,0.000172638,0.0005273976,0.000253394,0.0001530814,0.005450715],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002668157,0.0003072147,0.000101977,0.00007734552,0.00008910714,0.0007445216,0.00009815423,0.0002171508,0.005430766],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002409769,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001190917,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000318938,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001626364,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998679,0.000004291573,0.0003379767,0.0003100804,0.0004545917,0.0002140896],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991576,0.00004034095,0.0002539493,0.0002206563,0.0003125748,0.00001486648],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007403153,0.00003919603,0.000004370799,0.00002428931,0.00004454423,5.747847e-7,0.000008064656,0.00006477871,0.00000321445,0.5093137,0.4904682,0.00002168469],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003054815,0.00002020601,0.00001374683,0.00006603674,0.00005054259,2.549979e-7,0.000009460543,0.03294359,0.00003791421,0.155565,0.8106663,0.0003214834],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.00008731487,0.00001901416,0.00007048812,0.002989738,0.0002577431,0.0004872846,0.00001022106,0.0002500035,0.9958282],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0003545487,0.000007098693,0.0001984103,0.258704,0.0007051785,0.00007485882,0.001265687,0.00004313837,0.738647],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3537487,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999938,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3045984532","doi":"10.1017/s0069005800009036","title":"Influences on the Canadian FIPA Model and the US Model BIT: NAFTA Chapter 11 and Beyond","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":33,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Interpretation (philosophy); Context (archaeology); Discretion; Commission; Limiting; Investment (military); Treaty; International law; International trade law; Law; Political science; International trade; Judicial interpretation; Transferability; Law and economics; Economics; Engineering; Economic growth; Computer science; Geography; Politics","authors":[{"name":"Céline Lévesque","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01004337869812273,"gpt":0.2030607127735133,"spread":0.1930173340753905,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008318002,0.0002262288,0.0001684778,0.0006057235,0.0004363574,0.0003808612,0.0007563174,0.0001127735,0.0003800548],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002134999,0.0001810338,0.00008863151,0.0001042186,0.0006480805,0.0006152564,0.00007871543,0.0002549445,0.00003213795],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000750761,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004542547,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.7440564,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9858883,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982668,0.0000103138,0.0004124026,0.0003226183,0.000560767,0.0004271049],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987052,0.0001091874,0.0002096259,0.0002003067,0.000578317,0.0001973615],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004739192,0.000008752567,0.002991671,0.000005018137,0.00008928243,0.00002291491,0.0001596094,0.001733563,0.00002326914,0.9932241,0.001583591,0.0001108729],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001280757,0.00002004528,0.01010347,0.0001081175,0.00005201683,0.00005985938,0.0001886668,0.5402394,0.0001014869,0.2083957,0.2389582,0.0004923684],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2205433,0.00002837239,0.00008556142,0.02838396,0.0004672617,0.0003024093,0.0001935938,0.00001673907,0.7499788],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9103045,0.000009401127,0.000130505,0.08576761,0.0004042016,0.00002688392,0.00006395145,0.00002565548,0.003267243],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7848284,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7382343,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2119031654","doi":"10.1017/s0008423906060331","title":"Reconfiguring Sovereignty: NAFTA Chapter 11 Dispute Settlement Procedures and the Issue of Public-Private Authority","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Political Science","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":33,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Arbitration; Political science; Investor-state dispute settlement; Sovereignty; Delegation; Dispute resolution; Law and economics; State (computer science); Law; Adjudication; Public administration; Economics; Politics; Foreign direct investment; International investment","authors":[{"name":"Stephen McBride","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01769724780160764,"gpt":0.2303541990564378,"spread":0.2126569512548301,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001001602,0.00006922744,0.0001046505,0.0002057906,0.000248977,0.0003546455,0.0003076344,0.00001786206,0.0004832686],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000410498,0.00004529495,0.00004049301,0.0001675052,0.0009002699,0.0009002977,0.00003245582,0.00008161825,0.000008991337],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007372235,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000290457,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01804025,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01280179,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989308,0.000008020684,0.0002924222,0.00009803598,0.000303835,0.0003668714],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992896,0.00002758025,0.0001726899,0.0000698248,0.0003187883,0.0001215364],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002731246,0.000005959846,0.005336365,0.00001224225,0.000003287809,0.000003491012,0.00001126832,0.000002215934,0.0001226569,0.9941316,0.0003057911,0.00006238621],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001036986,0.00002678675,0.2733011,0.00009451788,0.00003597201,0.00004581232,0.0002346258,0.002592426,0.001975262,0.6064163,0.1140212,0.0002189293],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6418754,0.00007272347,0.0002919689,0.05902401,0.0005794701,0.0001869022,0.00001544714,0.000006492899,0.2979476],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9916321,8.803283e-7,0.0000913289,0.007605795,0.0005327637,9.361537e-7,0.000001031827,0.000003336814,0.000131809],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3877152,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9884987,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3135408956","doi":"10.1017/s0007123420000721","title":"Do Investor–State Disputes (Still) Harm FDI?","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"British Journal of Political Science","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":33,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Expropriation; Harm; Foreign direct investment; Business; State (computer science); Investment (military); International investment; Monetary economics; Investor protection; International economics; Economics; Market economy; Law; Corporate governance; Political science; Finance; Macroeconomics","authors":[{"name":"Andrew Kerner","is_ca":false},{"name":"Krzysztof Pelc","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01940597732880649,"gpt":0.2583277603052211,"spread":0.2389217829764146,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006486865,0.00007434122,0.0001255649,0.0001230199,0.0001852381,0.001277485,0.0003589846,0.00001954706,0.0005622066],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001367058,0.00007456122,0.00008275822,0.0004514689,0.0004743968,0.002182668,0.0001250282,0.0001674,0.0001100426],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009052826,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002429947,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002854225,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000431545,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983059,0.00001092626,0.0003508142,0.0001621639,0.0007444776,0.0004256933],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986548,0.00003804965,0.00016026,0.00007093016,0.0009689545,0.0001070139],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003084436,0.00007731181,0.000902631,0.00001167092,0.000005498167,0.0003107137,0.00001058758,0.00000504643,0.002639633,0.9928868,0.001967163,0.001179897],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001363043,0.00005463791,0.2597789,0.0006351125,0.00005666867,0.003062944,0.0004038229,0.002602286,0.01101634,0.4681383,0.2523078,0.0005801597],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8340542,0.000207328,0.0004793401,0.006541134,0.00124097,0.00005124743,0.000005467718,0.00002449429,0.1573958],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9701101,0.00001300714,0.0006071237,0.02793194,0.0009112845,7.263909e-7,0.000001757151,0.000006241386,0.0004178834],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5247485,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997593,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3006335489","doi":"10.1163/15718034-12341408","title":"Correctness of Investment Awards: Why Wrong Decisions Don’t Die","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":32,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Correctness; Aside; Law; Jurisprudence; Annulment; Law and economics; Political science; Incentive; Economics; Computer science; Algorithm; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Wolfgang Alschner","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04359653240740753,"gpt":0.2832895985674689,"spread":0.2396930661600614,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005303047,0.0001101034,0.0001650858,0.00005021312,0.0001208377,0.0001481257,0.0001961084,0.00003132602,0.0002510074],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008482431,0.00007573771,0.00005000697,0.00006173681,0.0001760203,0.001065161,0.0001434768,0.00009745326,0.000009843039],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007716191,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000168305,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006047433,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003622348,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989876,0.00003200115,0.0003418692,0.0001544838,0.0003953135,0.00008875689],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983598,0.0006476067,0.0004151092,0.00008514588,0.0004697103,0.00002261869],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002800837,0.000083117,0.000166038,0.00002281436,0.0001204557,0.000003647607,0.0001546664,0.00003245104,0.0004305351,0.9939274,0.004426994,0.0003518585],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007465847,0.00005385721,0.0006601582,0.00007453394,0.0001137079,0.000012386,0.0004878901,0.003381347,0.0007592124,0.02726626,0.9663218,0.0001222911],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.08567118,0.001316079,0.001816465,0.1528952,0.0008381331,0.0004738989,0.00007237601,0.00004236862,0.7568743],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8957874,0.000376523,0.0002246084,0.1031227,0.0003533399,0.000007666354,0.00003221709,0.000008302734,0.0000873036],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9666611,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3088495,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}