{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":325,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":1,"predictions_cover":325,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"fdbc113d1f4e","filters":{"topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement"}},"results":[{"id":"W2750842042","doi":"10.1126/science.aal4760","title":"Global climatic drivers of leaf size","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":997,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières","funders":"Australian Research Council; AXA Research Fund","keywords":"Environmental science; Atmospheric sciences; Physical geography; Geography; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03899635799540577,"gpt":0.2538421324887958,"spread":0.21484577449339,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004168305,0.00004734682,0.00007208926,0.000001939319,0.0006228046,0.0001051843,0.0008085123,0.00001615931,0.000146952],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003538759,0.00001464884,0.00003400558,0.0001208837,0.0006312964,0.0002412715,0.0001598989,0.00002079468,0.00002509566],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002927397,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001886308,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002272488,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001977786,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991831,0.00000903596,0.00009049072,0.0001656016,0.0003592618,0.0001925781],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996302,0.00001733562,0.00009304288,0.000111605,0.00008184246,0.00006603817],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001320581,0.00006054436,0.331029,0.00001117903,0.000003447421,0.000001777545,0.000113133,0.000004165527,0.5343012,0.00137161,0.0002523313,0.1328385],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005737806,0.00009714273,0.989469,0.00001460329,0.000002584313,9.518465e-7,0.0001479512,0.00004158355,0.007089718,0.0007989964,0.00221987,0.00006021912],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9875304,0.00003087498,9.114549e-7,0.00135144,0.0001634959,0.00006096366,0.000005562657,0.000009946143,0.01084641],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996073,0.00000804925,0.0001183452,0.00008931792,0.00003394967,0.000001291038,1.486736e-7,9.072702e-8,0.0001415512],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6584401,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4790172,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2106078999","doi":"10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00563.x","title":"A standardized protocol for the determination of specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Functional Ecology","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":752,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Sherbrooke","funders":"","keywords":"Specific leaf area; Biology; Dry matter; Dry weight; Dehydration; Leaf size; Botany; Horticulture; Agronomy; Photosynthesis","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1217726689879581,"gpt":0.2520528148050836,"spread":0.1302801458171255,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002420635,0.00006812498,0.0001072195,0.000006704067,0.000169649,0.00001646944,0.00005914419,0.00004919497,0.002039708],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002808028,0.00002067979,0.00005245257,0.00004660691,0.00007806771,0.00004303297,0.00002576162,0.00004206637,0.00001073064],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002707497,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008226982,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002802685,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002752231,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994105,0.00003624895,0.0001639027,0.0001447767,0.0001159174,0.000128628],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995047,0.0002161746,0.00007399054,0.00003159925,0.00014969,0.00002377482],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.009646779,0.0006818799,0.4269086,0.0001081993,0.0001294246,0.000004769166,0.000210283,0.00003690204,0.2103301,0.002142187,0.0617281,0.2880728],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009481921,0.0006412904,0.6994264,0.000007608582,0.000009280048,0.000009444978,0.000173899,0.0001351446,0.00110348,0.0007640181,0.2967087,0.00007255837],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8882487,0.00008969465,0.001999867,0.02395357,0.0006355578,0.0830377,0.00007433745,0.00004079467,0.001919819],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8938416,0.00001453098,0.0002977022,0.00138773,0.0005116891,0.1008728,0.0000283184,0.000002079158,0.003043589],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2880003,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9988726,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2261659740","doi":"10.1093/aob/mci264","title":"Specific Leaf Area and Dry Matter Content Estimate Thickness in Laminar Leaves","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annals of Botany","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":497,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Sherbrooke","funders":"Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK Government","keywords":"Specific leaf area; Biology; Dry matter; Leaf size; Dry weight; Botany; Covariance; Agronomy; Horticulture; Statistics; Mathematics; Photosynthesis","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1346909355206042,"gpt":0.2647484299383431,"spread":0.130057494417739,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002779198,0.0001007136,0.0001678413,0.000009464295,0.00005254585,0.00003159412,0.0001097054,0.00004906079,0.0004398269],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001176085,0.0000368934,0.00004342688,0.00007944582,0.0000729773,0.0001211703,0.00004721203,0.00006949405,0.00006187465],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000006345802,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000002177081,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001762852,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003471348,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991878,0.00003606261,0.0002190788,0.0001838874,0.0001572442,0.0002159651],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997401,0.00003511261,0.00005898636,0.00005008494,0.00006390552,0.000051787],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000163951,0.0002750825,0.2799436,0.0000344111,0.00001628191,0.0000104294,0.0004141257,0.00001091984,0.5398782,0.0001918466,0.008585718,0.1704754],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001493149,0.0001584589,0.9384348,0.0000846016,0.000002802039,0.00000353362,0.0003145129,0.00003881356,0.03246029,0.0001961485,0.02801047,0.0001462802],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9787633,0.002829878,0.000001304379,0.01661305,0.00003259075,0.0001064197,0.000007935088,0.0000106538,0.001634795],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973933,0.0004487923,0.00008437633,0.001160644,0.0000803199,0.000006011252,0.000001502873,8.632998e-7,0.0008241933],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6584911,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4815797,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2153731430","doi":"10.1111/nph.13253","title":"Global variability in leaf respiration in relation to climate, plant functional types and leaf traits","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"New Phytologist","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":441,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Regina; University of Toronto","funders":"Quest High Performance Computing; Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversite; Australian Research Council; Sight Research UK; New Phytologist Trust; Australian National University; Natural Environment Research Council; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation","keywords":"Respiration; Biology; Botany","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0815366971078138,"gpt":0.2502330678212013,"spread":0.1686963707133875,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006738831,0.0000751234,0.0001076727,0.000008980026,0.0000399167,0.00002824293,0.00005612798,0.00007752627,0.00002795519],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002364531,0.00003139485,0.00001388283,0.0002326557,0.00002571906,0.0001034938,0.00003459709,0.00006109825,0.00001494851],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001141811,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002293517,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001570462,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01680082,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991601,0.0001121542,0.0001809234,0.0002363205,0.0001449138,0.0001655513],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997837,0.00003866789,0.00003224086,0.0000296726,0.00003189162,0.0000838514],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005303368,0.000103485,0.9229931,0.000007168633,0.000002420129,0.000003132674,0.0001271178,0.0005981755,0.004366812,0.002015495,0.002757317,0.06649548],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002752352,0.0002180112,0.9895217,0.00001219808,0.000001757029,0.000002660146,0.00006883339,0.0001189674,0.00007757977,0.002102542,0.00752006,0.00008040557],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9921817,0.00008751767,0.000022548,0.005147411,0.0001082566,0.0001845596,0.0000179659,0.00002127507,0.002228828],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993712,0.000005441458,0.0001017007,0.0003334534,0.0001127252,0.00001018743,0.00002522252,3.344163e-7,0.00003968738],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06652869,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9375254,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2160898602","doi":"10.1186/1471-2229-8-82","title":"LAMINA: a tool for rapid quantification of leaf size and shape parameters","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"BMC Plant Biology","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":329,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western Forest Products; University of British Columbia; Novelis (Canada)","funders":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","keywords":"Biology; Lamina; Biomass (ecology); Principal component analysis; Specific leaf area; Botany; Shape analysis (program analysis); Agronomy; Mathematics; Statistics; Ecology; Photosynthesis","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1046821384607043,"gpt":0.231908620649987,"spread":0.1272264821892826,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001851583,0.00007035297,0.0001426126,0.000005049444,0.00009128812,0.00000450692,0.00008143914,0.00007173055,0.00003918191],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001452224,0.00002406219,0.00004328584,0.00004379777,0.00009626737,0.00002420892,0.00001945283,0.00002644341,0.000003385549],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00000512924,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006446516,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008834832,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008813055,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994218,0.0000517533,0.0001614155,0.0001802564,0.00004188406,0.0001428495],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994702,0.0003666761,0.00007033518,0.00003438697,0.00003450683,0.00002394533],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002462096,0.00005244471,0.04729909,0.00002316942,0.00001247912,4.147971e-7,0.0000581019,7.763883e-7,0.9214215,0.0004649129,0.0005720292,0.02984887],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000810665,0.00235918,0.8464903,0.00003487679,0.00003027618,0.00006511843,0.0002287826,0.0005248226,0.09954883,0.0004953406,0.04903246,0.0003793839],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.998717,0.0004177314,0.00002777814,0.0003513018,0.0000665175,0.0002408185,0.0001289879,0.00001489729,0.00003495895],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998758,0.0002385641,0.000647072,0.0001193241,0.00004412306,0.0000308535,0.000081047,4.395026e-7,0.00008057003],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8218727,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.09812278,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2124726266","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcr225","title":"Is leaf dry matter content a better predictor of soil fertility than specific leaf area?","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annals of Botany","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":317,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Sherbrooke","funders":"Natural Environment Research Council; Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología","keywords":"Specific leaf area; Biology; Soil fertility; Canopy; Agronomy; Trait; Fertility; Biomass (ecology); Dry matter; Shade tolerance; Botany; Soil water; Ecology; Photosynthesis; Population","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2226536804011171,"gpt":0.2468547110663653,"spread":0.02420103066524826,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003672767,0.0001543399,0.0002848184,0.000009878588,0.00006011209,0.00001419041,0.0002792333,0.00008391909,0.004661263],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001613777,0.00005626136,0.0002227349,0.0001009166,0.0001426145,0.0001154418,0.00008124609,0.00008616425,0.00009684324],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007132732,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000545623,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001019297,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001703108,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986029,0.00007109041,0.0004156554,0.0002769078,0.0003375531,0.0002958706],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993148,0.00002864295,0.0001689175,0.0001540458,0.0002363565,0.00009716729],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004831135,0.0005051618,0.6049897,0.00004314953,0.00009514715,0.000003117849,0.0008089492,9.144215e-8,0.3506402,0.00001888705,0.03114386,0.01126859],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001050583,0.0003089593,0.7961447,0.00005128054,0.000008579105,4.249359e-7,0.000216862,0.000004581033,0.1983876,0.0003590719,0.00430211,0.0001107984],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9910313,0.0007951134,0.000002462146,0.004371536,0.0001019262,0.0001732197,0.0000791225,0.00001681939,0.003428481],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971322,0.00008434999,0.00003307379,0.001824646,0.00008406553,0.00001007919,0.000003593824,0.000001559326,0.0008264488],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1911549,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9962486,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2114937946","doi":"10.1016/j.compag.2011.12.007","title":"On the use of depth camera for 3D phenotyping of entire plants","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":286,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Canadian Nautical Research Society","funders":"Conseil Régional des Pays de la Loire; Angers Loire Métropole","keywords":"Throughput; Context (archaeology); Computer vision; Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Depth of field; Field (mathematics); Tree (set theory); Remote sensing; Mathematics; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06064731545245033,"gpt":0.2127591875901003,"spread":0.15211187213765,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001482907,0.00008727133,0.0001331392,0.000005466464,0.00007263944,0.00001608376,0.0001057052,0.0000523194,0.000005018783],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001772442,0.00002328272,0.00004573356,0.00008808641,0.00002432997,0.00005958349,0.00003151401,0.00009321476,2.658128e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001889991,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003390045,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006358475,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00017869,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993786,0.00003465035,0.0001408915,0.0001039502,0.0001016959,0.0002401944],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999638,0.0001866888,0.00007604527,0.00003408224,0.00003432649,0.00003090082],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003462774,0.0007658474,0.02655102,0.0001349846,0.0001452882,5.217013e-7,0.001846718,0.0004477435,0.2223431,0.03125046,0.0315121,0.6846559],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001825923,0.002843869,0.3557792,0.000952494,0.0001051542,0.00002532309,0.001320506,0.00944561,0.0646391,0.001926882,0.5598993,0.001236723],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9973328,0.001654421,0.00009376723,0.000511446,0.00008612837,0.0002521663,0.00001138736,0.000005712691,0.0000522328],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991727,0.0002213768,0.0002271681,0.0002391265,0.00008347005,0.000009417503,0.00001373277,5.655733e-7,0.00003236957],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6834192,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.09494416,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2022028290","doi":"10.1094/pdis-05-14-0529-fe","title":"Reconsidering Leaf Wetness Duration Determination for Plant Disease Management","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Plant Disease","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":173,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Biology; Leaf wetness; Oomycete; Propagule; Biological dispersal; Disease management; Integrated pest management; Plant disease; Agronomy; Horticulture; Botany; Pathogen; Biotechnology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06744887032916144,"gpt":0.2091248254556233,"spread":0.1416759551264619,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002147166,0.0001227608,0.00009747303,0.00001253601,0.0002412486,0.00008412579,0.0001160617,0.00002227998,0.00006375125],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007724026,0.00005057522,0.00007429922,0.00004933931,0.00001602427,0.0001262669,0.00003475834,0.00003005827,0.00002248958],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002912653,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005748993,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008326336,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007615914,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990616,0.00004695063,0.0001901734,0.0002762452,0.0002010044,0.0002240296],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995024,0.0000730199,0.00006832881,0.00006823333,0.00003614599,0.0002519053],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.004549416,0.001043764,0.04729365,0.001517485,0.0001151023,0.0001402371,0.000314273,0.0002187948,0.0286868,0.005924094,0.01846373,0.8917326],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001494952,0.00035456,0.6000846,0.0004386307,0.000355268,0.000005916664,0.0002914262,0.04999863,0.00344174,0.006042374,0.3363266,0.001165327],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9934763,0.0001622144,0.0003889544,0.003609798,0.0004407527,0.0008768872,0.0005443298,0.0001149152,0.0003858341],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979004,0.00003296938,0.00009809747,0.0004333486,0.0003067926,0.0001976819,0.000737578,0.000001507756,0.000291586],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8905673,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2062398,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2126489319","doi":"10.1093/jxb/eri278","title":"Stomatal development in new leaves is related to the stomatal conductance of mature leaves in poplar (Populus trichocarpa×P. deltoides)","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Experimental Botany","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":140,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Populus trichocarpa; Stomatal conductance; Salicaceae; Botany; Biology; Woody plant; Xylem; Transpiration; Photosynthesis; Gene; Genome","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02535601154151551,"gpt":0.2481300912560412,"spread":0.2227740797145256,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004975303,0.0001865245,0.000333245,0.00004742749,0.00008317287,0.00004215427,0.0004167528,0.00009323685,0.0002546688],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004196291,0.00006871123,0.0001058276,0.0004185701,0.00004035157,0.0002982173,0.0000909939,0.0002684781,0.00001991604],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002514262,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006319636,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001600058,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007793321,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980676,0.00008548636,0.0008327073,0.0001928235,0.0005252624,0.0002961207],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994005,0.00003822142,0.0002897181,0.00007167173,0.00006085008,0.0001390636],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003823897,0.0003257418,0.007395241,0.000003297721,0.00003287445,0.00002861143,0.005254706,0.00002127849,0.9559649,0.00005482943,0.003484976,0.02705113],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00123221,0.0006699079,0.09597091,0.0002329198,0.00000773555,0.0001186867,0.007536511,0.00002719474,0.8667951,0.00003444491,0.02709696,0.0002774422],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9805115,0.01483329,8.524141e-7,0.004081754,0.0001726438,0.0002369999,0.000006748357,0.000007112038,0.0001490557],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981289,0.00007654844,0.0007594363,0.0005746672,0.0001324487,0.000004456712,0.000001141379,0.000002577796,0.0003198042],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08916985,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2801962,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1564024220","doi":"10.3390/agronomy5030262","title":"A Review of Nutrient Management Studies Involving Finger Millet in the Semi-Arid Tropics of Asia and Africa","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Agronomy","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":112,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Eleusine; Subsistence agriculture; Nutrient management; Tropics; Agronomy; Staple food; Cropping; Agroforestry; Finger millet; Crop; Nutrient; Manure; Arid; Sustainability; Crop yield; Agriculture; Biology; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1619503739473047,"gpt":0.3010776257806105,"spread":0.1391272518333058,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009369309,0.0001999499,0.000966115,0.00001390192,0.00004056462,0.00001157864,0.0003085212,0.00005767753,0.00001859902],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004081038,0.00005339014,0.0001700702,0.0002761961,0.00007588797,0.0000329611,0.0001974376,0.0001135677,0.00000235779],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005413228,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001491643,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003389318,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001418973,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985621,0.0002400323,0.000566459,0.0002292376,0.0002350852,0.0001670984],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993427,0.0001108715,0.0003179289,0.0001086046,0.00008975125,0.00003013929],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002475804,0.00007428287,0.0000230853,0.05974462,0.0001346861,0.000001961466,0.0002927782,5.30048e-8,0.000001018866,0.0002744302,0.01513229,0.9243183],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005125896,0.00009185782,0.0000440309,0.04872338,0.0002422048,0.000001619914,0.0006883022,1.784114e-7,7.892801e-7,0.00006520442,0.9499806,0.0001106268],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001222183,0.997417,1.354048e-7,0.0003630694,0.00003759323,0.0009868882,0.000009523065,0.000003600439,0.00105992],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.000313324,0.9992514,0.00003376864,0.000107149,0.00004587091,0.0001560233,0.00001564796,0.000001074621,0.00007576773],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9348482,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2177187,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1964391202","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2012.04.006","title":"Predicting leaf gravimetric water content from foliar reflectance across a range of plant species using continuous wavelet analysis","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Plant Physiology","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":105,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"Wavelet; Wavelet transform; Robustness (evolution); Data set; Remote sensing; Scale (ratio); Pattern recognition (psychology); Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Mathematics; Biological system; Environmental science; Biology; Cartography; Geology; Geography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09829406519318973,"gpt":0.2495041658575382,"spread":0.1512101006643484,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006056915,0.0001616042,0.0007002262,0.00004848679,0.0001328677,0.00002132549,0.0002555401,0.0001006144,0.0001447386],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006663532,0.00005085234,0.0003152907,0.0002856962,0.00007311026,0.0001965288,0.00007596509,0.0001992996,0.000003577797],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005046471,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006702857,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007972574,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002048991,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982248,0.000179152,0.0006446491,0.0001565116,0.0003122221,0.0004826458],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988974,0.0001680097,0.0005707815,0.00006388309,0.0001863385,0.0001135891],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004160409,0.000124884,0.08399425,0.000008125928,0.0005052061,0.000007347482,0.0006512776,0.00002454936,0.9137317,0.000009700971,0.00007810739,0.0004488391],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007042779,0.0007315729,0.8519843,0.00008211772,0.0005772854,0.00006446099,0.001929341,0.0003052106,0.1405488,0.00009915236,0.002721902,0.0002516126],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9976236,0.001192174,0.00002229334,0.0001268861,0.0003656071,0.00009261284,0.0005491998,0.000006762889,0.00002089914],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987341,0.0001158049,0.0001041077,0.00009913948,0.0008487627,0.000001310662,0.00005496578,0.000001388192,0.00004046561],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7731829,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2073698,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2089724773","doi":"10.1081/pln-100103784","title":"RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EXTRACTABLE CHLOROPHYLL AND SPAD VALUES IN MUSKMELON LEAVES","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Plant Nutrition","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":102,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Universitas Bengkulu","keywords":"Chlorophyll; Chlorophyll a; Human fertilization; Horticulture; Chlorophyll b; Botany; Chemistry; Agronomy; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06493136413927889,"gpt":0.2150796846909739,"spread":0.1501483205516951,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006045395,0.00006055855,0.0001333622,0.00002801315,0.00009810116,0.00004025473,0.00006051928,0.00006138955,0.00002912919],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005166414,0.00002297732,0.00003486408,0.0001147442,0.00001388445,0.0002523581,0.000009486256,0.0001943077,0.000003067346],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002840611,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003730355,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007971533,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001429119,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999276,0.0000943886,0.0002634553,0.00007310951,0.0001785246,0.0001145375],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996452,0.00009399377,0.0001327381,0.00001473802,0.00005300821,0.00006027562],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004291215,0.0005014685,0.7541666,0.00005214124,0.00002644785,0.000103714,0.0004521784,0.000007169217,0.1809254,0.00009681091,0.002330903,0.06090803],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004659651,0.0004367408,0.9724743,0.0002324686,0.00001489564,0.0001229993,0.0007686274,0.00001838729,0.00271901,0.002169525,0.02048224,0.00009482518],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9953905,0.002003568,0.000004480755,0.002324549,0.0000542807,0.0000772272,0.00001407072,0.000004752587,0.0001266219],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979835,0.001383092,0.0001022253,0.00002414562,0.0004479162,0.000001458404,0.00001290905,4.546833e-7,0.00004427347],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2183077,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.09369878,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3135933075","doi":"10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2021.02.020","title":"Validation of baseline and modified Sentinel-2 Level 2 Prototype Processor leaf area index retrievals over the United States","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":97,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada","funders":"Joint Research Centre; European Commission","keywords":"Baseline (sea); Index (typography); Environmental science; Remote sensing; Computer science; Geography; Geology; Oceanography; World Wide Web","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05768711852268997,"gpt":0.2549292565516614,"spread":0.1972421380289714,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001049825,0.0001181793,0.0002239483,0.0000360112,0.0001702592,0.00009072129,0.00006477507,0.00006594006,0.00001381336],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003356231,0.0000399352,0.00006996836,0.0005615282,0.00009051679,0.000097349,0.0000431601,0.0002020257,1.063569e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001109981,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002183971,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007161879,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007874875,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998771,0.0001956901,0.0004030236,0.0001405911,0.0003270223,0.0001626709],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998716,0.000173888,0.0003427884,0.00004731146,0.0006414731,0.0000785645],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006416574,0.00008783484,0.003655893,0.0001412456,0.0001221393,0.00003744675,0.0005525837,0.0001561644,0.6438215,0.000003443233,0.00008195278,0.3506981],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001607826,0.0007375429,0.05361885,0.0008971099,0.000210477,0.0006156713,0.003552749,0.06348028,0.8682484,0.001040235,0.005572826,0.0004180322],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9966359,0.0005668898,0.001152536,0.001365848,0.00006402884,0.0001768749,0.000005784614,0.000005527524,0.00002664319],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986804,0.0005632961,0.0002990275,0.0002969489,0.0001108775,5.354257e-8,0.0000131824,0.000001651512,0.00003459381],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3502801,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.162851,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2086363631","doi":"10.2134/agronj2005.0111","title":"Effect of Genotype, Nitrogen, Plant Density, and Row Spacing on the Area‐per‐Leaf Profile in Maize","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Agronomy Journal","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":95,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Hybrid; Leaf area index; Agronomy; Zea mays; Crop; Skewness; Mathematics; Plant density; Plant stem; Biology; Sowing; Statistics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01441920547798665,"gpt":0.1804523736914063,"spread":0.1660331682134197,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007117222,0.00009859033,0.0001435989,0.00001121312,0.0001731635,0.00005597249,0.000107294,0.0000375447,0.0001763586],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000212996,0.00002635731,0.00005470477,0.00006538168,0.00003866378,0.00005353772,0.00003703647,0.0001662554,0.000008460004],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003111763,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006772126,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000378537,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003548734,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992027,0.0001502559,0.0001773556,0.0001149293,0.0001637489,0.0001910246],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996648,0.0001428358,0.00008881653,0.00003385527,0.00002836799,0.00004130556],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004567869,0.00011992,0.7386619,0.00002288262,0.00004266925,0.00002940465,0.0001417209,0.0000343991,0.1959759,0.0004300368,0.00251931,0.06156508],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008384169,0.001873791,0.7521563,0.0002137938,0.00004117346,0.000211033,0.0003081746,0.00008223405,0.2368027,0.001424071,0.005748435,0.0002998287],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9970174,0.0004344301,0.000001833434,0.001082556,0.00004041208,0.0001674003,0.000003242865,0.000004688624,0.001248009],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996446,0.00002130423,0.00002827333,0.00008226455,0.0001620283,0.000005536598,0.000003167658,7.113308e-7,0.00005207959],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06126525,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1931003,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2733038547","doi":"10.1111/nph.14687","title":"The bias of a two‐dimensional view: comparing two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional mesophyll surface area estimates using noninvasive imaging","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"New Phytologist","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":86,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Basic Energy Sciences; Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies; U.S. Department of Energy; Office of Science; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Photosynthesis; Surface (topology); Geometry; Biology; Mathematics; Botany","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1140446272468831,"gpt":0.2859536352426157,"spread":0.1719090079957326,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005879361,0.000295781,0.0004313604,0.00001028702,0.001844193,0.0002413261,0.0004836791,0.00005658794,0.0000611451],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002231445,0.0001055539,0.0001325444,0.00007764291,0.0007474374,0.0002137969,0.0005414042,0.0002069284,0.000009608456],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004423989,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006763074,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006314595,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003039485,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980335,0.00007679904,0.0004184504,0.0004834243,0.000519462,0.0004683693],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984923,0.0004177056,0.0004543607,0.0002349566,0.0002315365,0.0001691422],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000279787,0.0001450655,0.6545328,0.00002422193,0.00009715722,0.00004722147,0.00005525008,0.01656806,0.3123604,0.0007107665,0.00199399,0.01318519],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002819047,0.0003932253,0.7434966,0.0006098588,0.0001864814,0.000323921,0.00008489829,0.2005657,0.03528192,0.01304378,0.002110141,0.001084392],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9916592,0.003843203,0.00000526287,0.003509773,0.0003534348,0.0002513416,0.00001686234,0.00003364305,0.0003272645],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974874,0.00001247836,0.001985164,0.0002876586,0.0001551519,0.000003789899,0.00001135379,0.000003319622,0.00005367999],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2770785,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994553,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1787171477","doi":"10.1007/s11284-015-1307-x","title":"<i>LeafArea</i> : an R package for rapid digital image analysis of leaf area","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Ecological Research","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":82,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; McGill University; National Institutes of Health; Adobe Systems","keywords":"Computer science; Directory; R package; Sample (material); Computer graphics (images); File format; Image file formats; Process (computing); Digital image; Artificial intelligence; Computer vision; Image (mathematics); Pattern recognition (psychology); Image processing; Database; Computational science; Operating system","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.3197140651923762,"gpt":0.3625130201215918,"spread":0.04279895492921554,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002447231,0.0001173305,0.0003274244,0.00005187181,0.0001918895,0.0001633345,0.0005056754,0.0001239202,0.0009636182],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001752091,0.0000380462,0.0002136821,0.001075347,0.0002405778,0.0002329592,0.0001899013,0.0001809198,0.0000416424],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007386802,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003046907,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001000422,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003650419,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977868,0.0002259213,0.0002798858,0.000404521,0.0007383694,0.0005645507],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980397,0.0006240194,0.00005582614,0.0001352546,0.0007906261,0.0003545735],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002361103,0.005559164,0.1007039,0.00005423004,0.000915513,0.00004825614,0.0008309404,0.00006608872,0.4260655,0.001724242,0.06004848,0.4016227],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001602031,0.02248019,0.741717,0.00002238289,0.0002652764,0.000003251469,0.007428502,0.0032949,0.02669284,0.006499978,0.1891311,0.0008625041],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9900223,0.0001076714,0.00002975341,0.001968466,0.00003806721,0.0004393955,0.0001739067,0.0000363588,0.007184065],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987941,0.00001763209,0.0001053016,0.0001178405,0.0001109697,0.00008091739,0.0001861941,0.000001099113,0.000585993],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6410131,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999496,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2072405095","doi":"10.1139/x99-227","title":"Comparison of direct and indirect estimation of leaf area index in mature Norway spruce stands of eastern Germany","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":75,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Leaf area index; Canopy; Picea abies; Specific leaf area; Site index; Forestry; Mathematics; Botany; Geography; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08190346096113209,"gpt":0.3053434137616108,"spread":0.2234399528004787,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00104268,0.00006747415,0.0002821902,0.0001210973,0.000059243,0.00002201206,0.0002105549,0.00007523363,0.0003179378],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009742998,0.00002870491,0.00004588481,0.000330082,0.0001757132,0.00009898999,0.00001233566,0.0002482001,0.000001010504],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006413436,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000151215,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01396715,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1820163,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986872,0.0001332736,0.0004071022,0.00008697346,0.0004470132,0.0002384268],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992271,0.00009166931,0.0001484629,0.00004642952,0.0002801448,0.00020617],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001384989,0.00004095627,0.9413505,0.00005032369,0.00001362124,0.000008880364,0.0007649003,0.0005076452,0.004524956,0.00001147399,0.000208702,0.05237957],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002025617,0.0005859849,0.9925382,0.000270605,0.000004160447,0.000006146693,0.0003494682,0.000442356,0.00464983,0.0001041998,0.0007963952,0.00005011191],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9967203,0.001191435,6.362365e-7,0.0003492264,0.00002013962,0.0001056094,0.00002066411,6.039218e-7,0.001591391],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997318,0.00005142787,0.00001779697,0.000005899614,0.00002787888,0.000001013822,0.000001942184,9.356148e-7,0.0001613058],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1680491,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.992599,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2147246530","doi":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01814.x","title":"Does shade improve light interception efficiency? A comparison among seedlings from shade‐tolerant and ‐intolerant temperate deciduous tree species","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"New Phytologist","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":74,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Université du Québec à Montréal","keywords":"Shade tolerance; Shading; Interception; Irradiance; Biology; Botany; Deciduous; Fagus sylvatica; Seedling; Specific leaf area; Horticulture; Beech; Ecology; Photosynthesis; Canopy; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01969150169904811,"gpt":0.2096902432901016,"spread":0.1899987415910535,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001819884,0.0003242569,0.0004498608,0.00001961258,0.0003378659,0.0003115985,0.0003166887,0.000175918,0.0002923043],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003218993,0.0001004708,0.0001267141,0.0001726781,0.000242608,0.0001841522,0.0001207848,0.0002385309,0.00003616323],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006913101,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001332568,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01647013,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02509608,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979484,0.00007807041,0.000507707,0.0006615975,0.0003352801,0.0004689147],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994013,0.00007247218,0.0001901605,0.0001179966,0.0000754134,0.0001426935],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001355836,0.0001949173,0.2098319,0.0000114933,0.00001898752,0.000007540466,0.0004887201,0.00002263998,0.7521327,0.00004522918,0.002649914,0.03446035],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006059298,0.0004643829,0.8838381,0.00009225078,0.00003974446,0.000003068109,0.001002814,0.001237261,0.09369773,0.0005638321,0.01799026,0.000464629],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9926139,0.0007052568,0.00006504076,0.004336971,0.0005100595,0.0003326785,0.00003871844,0.0001407163,0.001256688],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997281,0.00004345466,0.0001464482,0.0002396315,0.0009906997,0.00002033348,0.00006088514,0.000003090148,0.001214496],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6740062,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9926934,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2072882290","doi":"10.1007/s00484-004-0200-z","title":"Electronic leaf wetness duration sensor: why it should be painted","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Biometeorology","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":62,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior","keywords":"Dew; Leaf wetness; Environmental science; Dew point; Canopy; Hydrology (agriculture); Remote sensing; Meteorology; Geography; Horticulture; Geology; Geotechnical engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04938101316108644,"gpt":0.2677165805001663,"spread":0.2183355673390799,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006347674,0.0001186916,0.0001790021,0.00007942793,0.00006886087,0.00005775785,0.0004503889,0.0001112267,0.0005355938],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001318838,0.00004654042,0.0001519644,0.0001917667,0.00007245909,0.0001903139,0.00004800137,0.0002150813,0.00001994705],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002050119,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004362933,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000167981,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004362626,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984865,0.000099908,0.0004839765,0.0001504189,0.0005193248,0.0002598803],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988951,0.00007208787,0.0003222489,0.00003643963,0.0005981268,0.00007598125],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006031308,0.0002705558,0.001742878,0.00000281395,0.0002851597,0.00007464992,0.0001735019,0.0001321045,0.955352,0.001956626,0.002788326,0.03661823],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003507226,0.005919591,0.02793855,0.00009522328,0.0001067126,0.001936297,0.001301171,0.0001231449,0.1290178,0.01311099,0.8163233,0.0006200012],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.855566,0.000231551,0.0003905674,0.1427056,0.0008203548,0.00006735401,0.00001050686,0.00001439018,0.00019368],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9917835,0.0001594159,0.0001280153,0.007134509,0.0007017297,0.000002534945,0.0000196021,0.00000133688,0.00006936692],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8263342,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5864376,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2055192599","doi":"10.1104/pp.112.194662","title":"Computational Method for Quantifying Growth Patterns at the Adaxial Leaf Surface in Three Dimensions","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PLANT PHYSIOLOGY","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":61,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Biological system; Surface (topology); Rosette (schizont appearance); Anisotropy; Arabidopsis thaliana; Directionality; Arabidopsis; Computer science; Tracking (education); Biology; Pattern recognition (psychology); Artificial intelligence; Mathematics; Physics; Geometry; Optics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1109868215962915,"gpt":0.2813705286139077,"spread":0.1703837070176161,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003874747,0.0001016177,0.0001508258,0.000004584707,0.0002462757,0.000009368086,0.0001383456,0.0000554726,0.0001182681],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003409531,0.0000306677,0.00006359848,0.00006401323,0.00003068394,0.00005541457,0.00009450052,0.00008266863,0.00002426038],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002823819,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004529057,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009128301,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002813436,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990781,0.0001330185,0.0001566539,0.0001826599,0.0001081308,0.0003414413],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991585,0.0006678634,0.00005593109,0.00003824392,0.00003402674,0.00004540899],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003086123,0.0001906192,0.1484232,0.00002400557,0.00003617505,6.023838e-7,0.0003208358,0.001415024,0.8416069,0.00354846,0.001386765,0.002738747],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003025572,0.0001599515,0.9835261,0.00001682487,0.00001309494,0.000008605708,0.0001727898,0.004403924,0.004903488,0.002253589,0.004053341,0.0001857616],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9969567,0.0002368682,0.0001684555,0.001950953,0.0002323323,0.0002544605,0.0001589191,0.00001615,0.00002514096],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984798,0.00001500283,0.0004819779,0.0005322763,0.0002231878,0.00002663311,0.000217255,9.995856e-7,0.00002284411],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8367035,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1894179,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3194493084","doi":"10.1111/nph.17686","title":"Global patterns of leaf construction traits and their covariation along climate and soil environmental gradients","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"New Phytologist","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":60,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Specific leaf area; Biology; Biomass (ecology); Botany; Ecosystem; Agronomy; Precipitation; Ecology; Photosynthesis; Geography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02227462037739012,"gpt":0.2009568801564388,"spread":0.1786822597790487,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006418147,0.00008033426,0.0001171822,0.000002240248,0.00009086193,0.0000250959,0.00003756438,0.00004828875,0.00005043436],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001061683,0.00003183101,0.00002645581,0.0000425052,0.00007583485,0.00006181939,0.00005029717,0.00003142686,9.80697e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001824437,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005014143,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003961249,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001344668,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994342,0.00004048163,0.0001298495,0.000188419,0.00007895859,0.0001281184],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998367,0.00001610306,0.00006347697,0.00002117133,0.00001087268,0.00005163125],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002711681,0.00004227644,0.6811397,0.0000130013,0.00001351302,0.000001862333,0.00007716713,0.000001848155,0.09739169,0.0003108697,0.00002743405,0.2209535],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002582961,0.0001147355,0.9865382,0.00001422825,0.000009145007,0.00003768665,0.0006191002,0.00002003845,0.01127948,0.0003934162,0.0006401397,0.00007550949],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9984558,0.0005041593,0.00002250322,0.0006255952,0.00006932434,0.00006243063,0.0001195409,0.00001080164,0.0001299085],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994248,0.0003068451,0.00006945798,0.00009285989,0.00005804839,0.000001844077,0.0000323663,3.705754e-7,0.0000134388],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3053985,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1298031,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2991267471","doi":"10.3390/rs11232797","title":"Modeling Hyperspectral Response of Water-Stress Induced Lettuce Plants Using Artificial Neural Networks","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Remote Sensing","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":58,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Estado de Santa Catarina; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo","keywords":"Hyperspectral imaging; Lactuca; Spectroradiometer; Artificial neural network; Remote sensing; Water stress; Environmental science; Reflectivity; Biological system; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Horticulture; Biology; Geology; Optics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07138645609773676,"gpt":0.2340898220236267,"spread":0.1627033659258899,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004217848,0.0001445599,0.0002185512,0.00001612209,0.0001420322,0.00004896275,0.0001074615,0.0001027795,0.00001947087],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002222985,0.00005425465,0.00009121319,0.00009747003,0.00001986592,0.00008455959,0.00006075762,0.0001629242,0.000006905325],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004891196,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006862182,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00104938,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007916307,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986292,0.0001771767,0.0002761256,0.0002666199,0.0002494103,0.0004014293],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996786,0.00004642611,0.00005505611,0.00008214734,0.00007261967,0.00006515437],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004174623,0.0000111483,0.00003254841,0.000004870305,0.000008963021,0.000006822924,0.0001421294,0.05866983,0.8972265,0.000001394419,4.817541e-7,0.0434779],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007826721,0.00009039699,0.000175875,0.00006532683,0.00000809737,0.00001665647,0.0003875987,0.7965056,0.2025028,0.00002847537,0.00000642232,0.0001344765],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9988598,0.00006386367,0.0001843955,0.0003483877,0.0003049855,0.0001624192,0.000002901271,0.00003447992,0.00003872586],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992592,0.000003025207,0.000334041,0.00008803511,0.0002933713,6.328457e-9,0.000007340606,0.000002382014,0.00001260088],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7378358,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2212441,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4220670300","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1006/1/012007","title":"Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Stress on Leaf Chlorophyll Content as an Index for Tree Health","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":56,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Chlorophyll; Environmental science; Chlorophyll a; Biomass (ecology); Carotenoid; Photosynthesis; Pollutant; Photosynthetic pigment; Chlorophyll b; Water content; Environmental stress; Botany; Agronomy; Biology; Ecology; Environmental protection","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06131314630990585,"gpt":0.2459885981939943,"spread":0.1846754518840884,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005922038,0.0001483271,0.0001596061,0.00001188636,0.001678924,0.00008570733,0.0003904297,0.0000195389,0.0002937009],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003053317,0.0000597656,0.00004550486,0.0000871792,0.0008682025,0.0002255075,0.0002409093,0.0001173147,0.000002433502],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006449971,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000352996,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003469389,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001671621,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981896,0.0001204053,0.0001998074,0.000415304,0.000711031,0.0003638708],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999509,0.00007736689,0.0001363628,0.0001121961,0.000005909853,0.0001592036],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000202737,0.0001567705,0.001926037,0.00001196241,0.00000409074,5.597647e-7,0.0007226788,0.00003209147,0.7294165,0.0001942381,0.00000218886,0.2673301],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007133572,0.02620881,0.6928275,0.00003584674,0.00001194642,0.00001440156,0.01571229,0.0008218416,0.2608683,0.0002404518,0.002223898,0.0003213767],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9979264,0.000237508,0.000001347582,0.0008057519,0.0001276993,0.0006773378,0.0001455929,0.000009579559,0.00006880864],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988423,0.0001030669,0.00003064616,0.0005764909,0.00003670258,0.0001000307,0.00002964662,0.000001400779,0.000279696],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6909014,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996207,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4285800498","doi":"10.1111/1365-2745.13967","title":"Leaf nitrogen from the perspective of optimal plant function","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Ecology","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":52,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières","funders":"H2020 European Research Council; Australian Research Council; Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK; Schmidt Family Foundation","keywords":"Nitrogen; Carboxylation; Perspective (graphical); Function (biology); Botany; Environmental science; Agronomy; Mathematics; Biology; Chemistry; Evolutionary biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03108883998539598,"gpt":0.1995429413880912,"spread":0.1684541014026953,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000379591,0.00004170229,0.000117962,0.000005963419,0.0001722529,0.000006180535,0.0001863179,0.00002116113,0.001822067],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004595363,0.00001178298,0.00009055861,0.00006813157,0.00003168335,0.00003344914,0.00006694595,0.0001654426,0.00000271334],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007086465,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001931538,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002871536,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002507204,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993368,0.0001573755,0.0001860617,0.00006200018,0.0001672329,0.00009056281],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994817,0.0001400814,0.0002235594,0.00002176283,0.0001095458,0.0000233684],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.004544828,0.001121147,0.3021836,0.000004464699,0.0008474049,0.00007064027,0.003797469,0.001987347,0.6175498,0.003933753,0.04581148,0.01814807],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009237187,0.008904275,0.8272424,0.000008411404,0.0001695489,0.0001858693,0.04149942,0.000100411,0.005025892,0.01095059,0.1048128,0.0001766488],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9919303,0.0005645782,0.000001730108,0.006853857,0.0003562088,0.00005110688,0.0000307208,0.000001923664,0.0002095394],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991892,0.00001760239,0.00002023747,0.0004329784,0.0003073251,0.000002672336,0.000003186856,3.171493e-7,0.00002646565],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6125239,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9990904,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3109515336","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaa198","title":"The acquisitive–conservative axis of leaf trait variation emerges even in homogeneous environments","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annals of Botany","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Natural Environment Research Council; Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research","keywords":"Biology; Trait; Intraspecific competition; Variation (astronomy); Homogeneous; Ecology; Trait theory","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07989916664813236,"gpt":0.2427433386992403,"spread":0.1628441720511079,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002554015,0.00007142737,0.0001315054,0.000003091317,0.00006326869,0.000007445974,0.0001653927,0.00003503689,0.0001420499],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008821333,0.00002457339,0.00006634848,0.0001192537,0.00005488267,0.00005789495,0.00003979641,0.00004394597,0.000006192813],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000005289095,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004819746,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002904927,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001303513,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991792,0.00009785147,0.0002458354,0.0001330552,0.0002051526,0.0001388324],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996772,0.00008407285,0.0001231492,0.00003689201,0.00003998933,0.00003873707],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001788492,0.00010723,0.006784083,0.000007838798,0.00004928086,0.000001706444,0.001201704,0.00002178083,0.9412344,0.0001517208,0.0007317867,0.04952958],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001213653,0.0005845191,0.888557,0.000020819,0.000006366998,2.645518e-7,0.0005547902,0.00008759102,0.09154288,0.0004021309,0.01803119,0.00009110428],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9771779,0.0009447669,0.000003028273,0.02142175,0.00002095499,0.0001395565,0.00003525513,0.000003747201,0.0002530066],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986815,0.00036819,0.00001168546,0.0007850808,0.00004263086,0.000007345627,0.000002528927,6.032274e-7,0.000100428],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8817729,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1555347,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2981913870","doi":"10.1111/nph.16286","title":"The remarkable morphological diversity of leaf shape in sweet potato (<i>Ipomoea batatas</i>): the influence of genetics, environment, and G×E","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"New Phytologist","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Ohio University; University of Michigan; U.S. Department of Agriculture","keywords":"Ipomoea; Biology; Trait; Intraspecific competition; Specific leaf area; Quantitative trait locus; Variation (astronomy); Genetic variation; Quantitative genetics; Botany; Evolutionary biology; Gene; Genetics; Ecology; Photosynthesis","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02525176070145882,"gpt":0.2002827384468505,"spread":0.1750309777453916,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003917187,0.00009857256,0.0001729349,0.000004259713,0.0001612248,0.00001462646,0.0004343097,0.00005972652,0.0001369731],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005595898,0.00002753396,0.00004350339,0.00009575011,0.0003869541,0.00004981775,0.0004825569,0.0001138587,0.00001211488],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001403077,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006986751,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001742314,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005266506,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990629,0.00008702974,0.0002180748,0.0002138394,0.0002133388,0.0002048386],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994865,0.0001934172,0.000126513,0.0001296482,0.00002231763,0.00004160291],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000143958,0.0000666074,0.8519024,0.0000139272,0.00001373683,0.000003227522,0.000122828,0.0002382429,0.129872,0.0002292752,0.0009792608,0.01641455],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002170815,0.0003050798,0.9835079,0.00001350358,0.000007992923,0.000003879605,0.0002606359,0.00004432215,0.00454822,0.0005692486,0.01043966,0.00008249375],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959869,0.00131431,5.382091e-7,0.002022593,0.00003289367,0.0002358773,0.00001684963,0.000005256147,0.000384716],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988161,0.0007809659,0.00003198868,0.0002267185,0.00001966371,0.000002957966,0.000003365507,5.049017e-7,0.0001177499],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1316055,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2633869,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2057166994","doi":"10.1016/j.jmva.2011.07.004","title":"Connection between the Hadamard and matrix products with an application to matrix-variate Birnbaum–Saunders distributions","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Multivariate Analysis","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":46,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Random variate; Mathematics; Matrix (chemical analysis); Connection (principal bundle); Complex Hadamard matrix; Hadamard product; Matrix multiplication; Block matrix; Representation (politics); Hadamard transform; Hadamard matrix; Random matrix; Single-entry matrix; Algebra over a field; Square matrix; Applied mathematics; Symmetric matrix; Pure mathematics; Random variable; Statistics; Mathematical analysis; Geometry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04304728456106115,"gpt":0.2580532146461941,"spread":0.2150059300851329,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008791024,0.0001233373,0.0002606273,0.00004957862,0.0003112586,0.00008437238,0.0002120896,0.00005004994,0.00004062531],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006452321,0.00003664019,0.0001007303,0.0009947987,0.00004169034,0.0002244234,0.00003581974,0.000131687,0.000004126291],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004687684,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001442764,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002153477,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000667632,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998802,0.0001655393,0.0003571322,0.0002108159,0.0002895467,0.0001749441],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989574,0.00005559411,0.0003390475,0.00009932069,0.0004052304,0.0001434395],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002075054,0.001021486,0.6214885,0.00004311505,0.00693608,0.00001433882,0.004154489,0.001521266,0.2605099,0.002003699,0.0003659313,0.09986617],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002620991,0.0008204359,0.9899899,0.00001150472,0.001590467,0.000009199924,0.0007615848,0.0005236896,0.003092955,0.0003176196,0.002455645,0.0001649245],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9856852,0.00008648979,0.009453377,0.004446158,0.00003132413,0.0002318402,0.00002065544,0.00001447921,0.0000304931],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981458,0.00001984593,0.00149515,0.0000534061,0.0002162114,0.000008217325,0.00001955695,0.000001297743,0.00004048097],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3685014,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3255428,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4236876817","doi":"10.1139/cjb-78-10-1245","title":"Leaf anatomy and chlorophyll content of 12 woody species in contrasting light conditions in a Bornean heath forest","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Botany","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":40,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Woody plant; Biology; Botany; Forestry; Geography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03451190060271429,"gpt":0.1944806005029258,"spread":0.1599686999002115,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002521155,0.00008182379,0.0002163768,0.00004299224,0.00008412863,0.00004524985,0.0001087974,0.00004098911,0.0005383469],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005178751,0.0000353233,0.00004909227,0.0001494098,0.00009229308,0.0001129653,0.000004375194,0.0001341163,9.455229e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008572316,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008223539,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01256134,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.3845533,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991483,0.00003854204,0.00036786,0.00008976071,0.0001145115,0.0002410153],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995285,0.00003157308,0.00009206383,0.00002590664,0.00007028772,0.0002516888],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009330107,0.0000784919,0.8900189,0.00001299713,0.00002908863,0.0002859168,0.001051111,0.00003066259,0.08455672,0.0003365365,0.0006588716,0.02284736],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004400153,0.0002914898,0.9839765,0.0001766178,0.000006359455,0.00004032935,0.001071731,0.00002397702,0.0005947769,0.0001347719,0.013156,0.00008737401],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9940982,0.001459019,1.831801e-7,0.002979415,0.00005177211,0.00009847224,0.00002444831,0.000001309815,0.001287107],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994504,0.00006419721,0.00000940944,0.0001773505,0.00008177221,0.000001519653,0.000001104577,8.030903e-7,0.0002134131],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3719919,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9940141,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2956989452","doi":"10.1038/s41598-019-46248-y","title":"A general non-rectangular hyperbola equation for photosynthetic light response curve of rice at various leaf ages","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Scientific Reports","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":40,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; Government of Jiangsu Province; Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Hyperbola; Mathematics; Biology; Botany; Geometry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02427487475518707,"gpt":0.2170943654786215,"spread":0.1928194907234344,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002609066,0.0001359208,0.000215519,0.00002827283,0.0002873178,0.0001056423,0.0001653808,0.00007762737,0.0002996445],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002445672,0.00005345257,0.0001630587,0.0003130659,0.00007027953,0.0001102745,0.00008272574,0.00004836874,0.00004632124],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007563339,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000320812,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002157588,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005574763,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980436,0.0001038363,0.000422478,0.0006071,0.0005205363,0.0003024419],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990299,0.0001038595,0.0002951898,0.0002474059,0.0002429367,0.00008072506],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001979018,0.00007086842,0.00178723,0.00002675005,0.0000109321,0.000009445094,0.0002422255,0.00004909435,0.9940653,0.000005788736,0.002083483,0.001451006],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002105981,0.0004912324,0.01912139,0.00005894852,0.00003261316,0.0000527239,0.0001112023,0.0008403889,0.8347575,0.001039823,0.1429961,0.0002875302],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959379,0.000235753,0.0000127691,0.0005521266,0.001931911,0.0007747471,0.000008678833,0.00002837627,0.000517693],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9850931,0.000002147113,0.0001958877,0.00004592197,0.00006398509,0.0000457859,0.00004684035,0.000002073436,0.01450431],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1593078,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3280897,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2569585101","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.041","title":"Neurons Responsive to Global Visual Motion Have Unique Tuning Properties in Hummingbirds","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Current Biology","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Women and Children’s Health Research Institute; University of Alberta; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Biology; Motion (physics); Neuroscience; Artificial intelligence; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1190028416613176,"gpt":0.3314164352745174,"spread":0.2124135936131998,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002845312,0.0001379425,0.0001679123,0.00001373983,0.0003660947,0.00008032863,0.0003597398,0.00008342334,0.00002006627],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000378187,0.00005134372,0.00004985724,0.00006449085,0.000107156,0.00009562958,0.0002491883,0.0001316536,0.0000456535],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007884498,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001487772,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007276104,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002196616,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988557,0.0001856163,0.0001935506,0.000336445,0.00009047386,0.0003382033],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996173,0.0000197168,0.00008679803,0.00009822347,0.00008378025,0.00009413437],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001850105,0.0001659827,0.2856283,0.00001045315,0.000006358121,0.000004106874,0.0001882237,0.000008388276,0.1801286,0.0005109999,0.0002807652,0.5328828],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002483152,0.0007980868,0.9320094,0.00008942935,0.000006502713,0.000003978007,0.0002643239,0.0002282828,0.005413826,0.0004307952,0.06022128,0.0002857957],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9948558,0.0003254129,0.00002152746,0.00374832,0.0004709467,0.0002842413,0.00001570893,0.00006979753,0.0002082175],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999441,0.00003877454,0.00001306015,0.0001969284,0.000217876,0.00003854484,0.00001304528,0.000001346585,0.0000394634],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6463811,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2815741,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1994855590","doi":"10.1007/s00484-006-0070-7","title":"Leaf wetness duration measurement: comparison of cylindrical and flat plate sensors under different field conditons","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Biometeorology","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":32,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Universidade de São Paulo; University of Michigan","keywords":"Duration (music); Field (mathematics); Environmental science; Mathematics; Acoustics; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04125841020745074,"gpt":0.2652437082810281,"spread":0.2239852980735774,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003134379,0.0001007095,0.0002461495,0.00006494468,0.00005103243,0.0000317627,0.0002006446,0.0000997852,0.0001432445],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005752816,0.0000402002,0.00009079939,0.00008033522,0.0000782279,0.00008522877,0.00004677907,0.0001288806,0.000002284438],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005100502,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009818949,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001366196,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002744913,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985214,0.00009524402,0.0005775925,0.0001170894,0.0005588183,0.0001297886],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988931,0.0001397299,0.0004071793,0.00002677245,0.0004836292,0.00004954231],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004338571,0.0002326342,0.05096564,0.000005700639,0.0001592194,0.000009633186,0.00006853235,0.00008243608,0.9295929,0.000704852,0.0008199288,0.01692465],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001525257,0.002417545,0.6319337,0.00006989116,0.0000920513,0.0001803158,0.0003888438,0.0007173355,0.3512148,0.003405363,0.007797408,0.0002574356],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9903204,0.0003833525,0.0002120991,0.008110438,0.0007636393,0.00005687549,0.000008882486,0.000005198468,0.0001391484],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993209,0.00003138355,0.00005614379,0.0001542606,0.0004028979,0.000001193276,0.000008574537,8.832408e-7,0.0000238278],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5809681,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1639317,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2886040064","doi":"10.3390/s18082454","title":"An Egg Volume Measurement System Based on the Microsoft Kinect","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Sensors","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Saskatchewan Polytechnic; University of British Columbia; University of Calgary","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Volume (thermodynamics); Point cloud; Scanner; Computer science; Software; Computer vision; Orientation (vector space); Computer graphics (images); Artificial intelligence; Mathematics; Geometry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04412540516998062,"gpt":0.2034369054342265,"spread":0.1593115002642459,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007689105,0.0001344402,0.0001081662,0.000006219018,0.0004022493,0.00008634317,0.0002665266,0.00005069169,0.0003445912],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000555433,0.00003451893,0.00007301145,0.0001450823,0.00008088304,0.00002805703,0.00001645736,0.00007895289,0.0004135773],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008936306,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008821235,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000325008,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003010986,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998593,0.000197692,0.000148917,0.0002662307,0.0005213373,0.0002728032],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994765,0.00003205939,0.0000521382,0.0001414665,0.0002128185,0.00008503227],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002142898,0.0002458005,0.00833483,0.00002598469,0.00003118417,0.000006979565,0.0002389059,0.0001402095,0.9563612,0.0003656981,0.008323783,0.02571111],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006459623,0.005517956,0.3109695,0.000345138,0.00006562407,0.00001134144,0.003044959,0.03354539,0.2370005,0.00004599808,0.4078004,0.001007253],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9901965,0.00002764275,0.000003404885,0.005321392,0.0002443789,0.0002600166,0.000009997032,0.0001044404,0.003832235],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979461,6.677816e-7,0.00002103633,0.001225921,0.0005886597,0.00001231763,0.000003846949,0.000001416291,0.0002000388],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7193608,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5315838,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2018605676","doi":"10.3390/rs70302238","title":"Performance of Linear and Nonlinear Two-Leaf Light Use Efficiency Models at Different Temporal Scales","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Remote Sensing","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval; University of British Columbia","funders":"National Key Research and Development Program of China; Biological and Environmental Research; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions; Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences; Natural Resources Canada; Université Laval; U.S. Department of Energy; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Nonlinear system; Environmental science; Statistical physics; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0701447723093576,"gpt":0.2286734624218519,"spread":0.1585286901124943,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001882336,0.000135887,0.0001963772,0.00001089597,0.000154144,0.00003000314,0.00007300227,0.00005351608,0.000003001344],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003150144,0.00004762379,0.00004842856,0.000103477,0.00006530365,0.0001259223,0.0001176328,0.00007402032,0.000004847302],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004255661,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000053352,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003854623,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002197067,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989867,0.00005222487,0.0002194871,0.000225433,0.0002923912,0.000223732],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995559,0.00002997407,0.00007976816,0.00007183359,0.000129886,0.0001326274],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002840519,0.00009228344,0.01288025,0.00005611764,0.00002031673,0.000008079274,0.0008807013,0.001256092,0.7153189,0.000007072559,0.00009886841,0.2690972],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003500868,0.0004218124,0.004379099,0.0001199849,0.00001526818,0.00002357032,0.0001721316,0.9302608,0.06269436,0.00003488147,0.001301632,0.0002263519],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9987954,0.0002316063,0.0000314993,0.0004016438,0.00008522424,0.0001188925,0.00000367117,0.00003020575,0.0003018911],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978896,0.00005485883,0.001652027,0.00006456837,0.000153285,1.303355e-8,0.00000812094,0.000001614351,0.0001759247],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9290047,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1942042,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2003693879","doi":"10.1016/j.compag.2011.11.012","title":"An automated yield monitoring system II for commercial wild blueberry double-head harvester","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture","funders":"","keywords":"Pixel; Software; Yield (engineering); Laptop; Mathematics; Artificial intelligence; Computer vision; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06291652262851762,"gpt":0.2465882108290826,"spread":0.183671688200565,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002127119,0.0002079423,0.0002335246,0.00001307602,0.0003766049,0.0001333866,0.0002707395,0.0001758404,0.000004250011],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002799118,0.00007624369,0.00006831966,0.000171098,0.00002518944,0.0002859832,0.00007175745,0.0002042029,0.000001037853],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009122742,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008750955,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005163816,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001402192,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987569,0.00003653252,0.0002387476,0.0003577783,0.0001391267,0.0004708507],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999639,0.00002846755,0.00007191693,0.00006852559,0.00007450731,0.0001176007],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002545203,0.002726828,0.1019202,0.0006350582,0.0003835319,0.00004727035,0.01135887,0.0003005934,0.5313133,0.01937335,0.03088857,0.2985073],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004467833,0.008756922,0.8124845,0.001284372,0.0001511608,0.0001229222,0.003079392,0.006770234,0.04281086,0.0003309559,0.117392,0.002348889],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9972019,0.0009328221,0.00004768255,0.0003966065,0.0004409086,0.000463319,0.000007532347,0.0002310502,0.000278142],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998598,0.0000505126,0.0003744271,0.000129183,0.0006562084,0.00005303873,0.00002823079,0.000002065216,0.0001083746],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7105643,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3109127,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1995866168","doi":"10.4296/cwrj209","title":"Response of an Indeterminate Soybean {<i>Glycine Max</i> (L.) Merr} to Chronic Water Deficit During Reproductive Development Under Greenhouse Conditions","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Canopy; Stomatal conductance; Biology; Vegetative reproduction; Greenhouse; Deficit irrigation; Agronomy; Horticulture; Irrigation; Moisture stress; Dry weight; Dry matter; Moisture; Photosynthesis; Botany; Chemistry; Irrigation management","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0210728030290919,"gpt":0.1989214631718244,"spread":0.1778486601427325,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001397592,0.0004434704,0.0005046788,0.0003152073,0.001530598,0.0002822249,0.0008491605,0.0001783316,0.0002374512],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008604683,0.0001919433,0.0001661347,0.000304826,0.0002996842,0.0004080118,0.0001116525,0.0004173485,0.00003582183],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002147943,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002945251,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1039624,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.774873,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9961941,0.0003795286,0.0008099895,0.0007176361,0.0003065868,0.001592198],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972367,0.00003113045,0.0001777986,0.0003034525,0.0004304742,0.001820435],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006550816,0.00007580277,0.001338189,0.00008429943,0.0001466657,0.0007292732,0.1989572,0.004022014,0.7894139,0.000001808135,0.000006379228,0.004569408],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007278093,0.001577293,0.0440026,0.0005936889,0.00005730948,0.00148473,0.002589488,0.000009922108,0.7459263,0.0004836583,0.2016726,0.0008745744],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9949186,0.000349928,0.000002872907,0.00396725,0.0001322843,0.0004281865,0.00007259397,0.00005566722,0.00007255501],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981222,0.00002664851,0.0001307906,0.0004568548,0.0004877052,0.00004009131,0.00005453175,0.0000194765,0.0006617413],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6709105,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997693,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1994713185","doi":"10.1139/b00-020","title":"Conversion of total to projected leaf area index in conifers","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Botany","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Thuja; Tsuga; Pinus contorta; Leaf area index; Botany; Western Hemlock; Specific leaf area; Horticulture; Forestry; Index (typography); Biology; Geography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02107358019806685,"gpt":0.1831092330381469,"spread":0.1620356528400801,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001953638,0.00006399221,0.000146092,0.00003350568,0.00004566472,0.00001876498,0.0001248292,0.00004557153,0.001981368],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003482433,0.00002550534,0.00005312389,0.0002489423,0.00003414718,0.00007244221,0.000004238189,0.00009960316,0.000008189627],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001020528,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001342733,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01667521,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0521922,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992939,0.00003466997,0.0002459919,0.00007517506,0.0001493087,0.0002009117],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994703,0.00001433114,0.00006349017,0.00002590031,0.000106956,0.0003190279],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000689222,0.0001303714,0.5985134,0.00002957111,0.00006790542,0.0003606484,0.002172074,0.000404697,0.2028034,0.00002658158,0.01192196,0.1828801],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004693557,0.0008359242,0.9600251,0.0001536814,0.000008400862,0.00006425599,0.001054118,0.00005151392,0.004905699,0.00001940118,0.03224989,0.0001626201],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9968549,0.000192952,3.189152e-7,0.001746809,0.00008484124,0.0000975997,0.0000103305,0.000001563562,0.001010701],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993323,0.000009859255,0.00001113424,0.0002742333,0.00005640169,7.107729e-7,5.719123e-7,5.435535e-7,0.0003142233],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3615118,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9989309,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2012217079","doi":"10.2134/agronj2001.932333x","title":"Inclusion of the Fractal Dimension of Leafless Plant Structure in the Beer‐Lambert Law","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Agronomy Journal","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":28,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Mathematics; Leaf area index; Canopy; Beer–Lambert law; Fractal dimension; Penetration (warfare); Fractal; Botany; Horticulture; Mathematical analysis; Optics; Physics; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01833828151135583,"gpt":0.196750817103802,"spread":0.1784125355924462,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004009218,0.00007324877,0.0001132629,0.000005495615,0.0003152364,0.00001877859,0.0003480022,0.00004689757,0.000141269],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001059196,0.00001598624,0.00007917053,0.0001224674,0.00006511834,0.00008492164,0.0001832413,0.000213052,6.261211e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002140068,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009191574,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000743293,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0018198,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990909,0.0001350991,0.000241068,0.00007610172,0.0003207854,0.0001360161],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996591,0.00005260298,0.0001633094,0.00005110718,0.00004793341,0.00002595947],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003703432,0.0003943193,0.1922817,0.00001728979,0.00004835401,0.00002331835,0.005849109,0.0001974909,0.6963241,0.002159235,0.002510175,0.09982454],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005551147,0.0004014838,0.8740938,0.0002094559,0.00002756575,0.0003059273,0.002111894,0.00004770561,0.04579306,0.003578704,0.07269191,0.0001833993],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9945208,0.0003121383,5.788393e-7,0.004251201,0.00009178501,0.00009953745,0.000006699974,0.000001437356,0.0007158415],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994324,0.00004140176,0.00001443007,0.0003579933,0.0001203719,7.907944e-7,0.000002693686,4.260158e-7,0.00002953451],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.681812,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2424576,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2142057191","doi":"10.4141/cjps2013-387","title":"Combining ability analysis of fruit yield and morphological traits in greenhouse cucumber (<i>Cucumis sativus</i> L.)","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":27,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Diallel cross; Biology; Cucumis; Greenhouse; Horticulture; Crop; Yield (engineering); Agronomy; Crop yield; Quantitative trait locus; Population; Mating design; Biotechnology; Gene; Hybrid; Genetics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07538184206457045,"gpt":0.2251987612102322,"spread":0.1498169191456617,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001992099,0.00008172839,0.0002747514,0.0001242819,0.0001013169,0.00005356915,0.0003451552,0.0000475802,0.00008346131],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005392787,0.00003170291,0.0000531935,0.001157975,0.0004121609,0.0002040996,0.00002316969,0.0001448146,8.206378e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009480168,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002574032,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03081479,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.2152011,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987693,0.0000518977,0.0003495128,0.0001728809,0.0003711836,0.0002852295],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988577,0.000102091,0.0001621683,0.0000400783,0.0001955041,0.0006424226],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003913422,0.00003920773,0.8603941,0.000003898597,0.00003185849,0.0001147424,0.001210023,0.0001815927,0.1308492,0.00009442708,0.0003007957,0.006741128],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001755478,0.0003743335,0.9952489,0.00003880079,0.00005098081,0.00007056245,0.0008018615,0.0003056048,0.00159244,0.000164366,0.001063074,0.0001135433],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9986018,0.0002175223,0.000002658389,0.0006707216,0.00006883925,0.00005610246,0.00006624824,0.000001911988,0.0003141981],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997079,0.0000086273,0.00005783617,0.0001895799,0.00002253666,5.987978e-7,0.000001315338,3.302762e-7,0.0000112119],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1843863,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9756391,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4377091168","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13051091","title":"Vegetation Indices for Predicting the Growth and Harvest Rate of Lettuce","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Agriculture","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior; Strong","keywords":"Lactuca; Hue; Mathematics; Leaf area index; Horticulture; Transplanting; Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; Environmental science; Biology; Statistics; Botany; Sowing","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02685510341227609,"gpt":0.2033585060758463,"spread":0.1765034026635702,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002709796,0.00006915477,0.00007783851,0.000004039819,0.0002190442,0.00004147958,0.0001059281,0.00004596842,0.000003646453],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009753324,0.00001560223,0.00003882222,0.0002460825,0.00003085082,0.00009228349,0.00003196838,0.00005126077,0.000003102646],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000003315735,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000002236874,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001898662,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000270295,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994899,0.00003943713,0.000114464,0.000130126,0.00009627378,0.0001297905],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996464,0.0001538148,0.00007689736,0.00002014488,0.00007675999,0.00002598992],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001968366,0.0000237825,0.01801383,0.0001024983,0.00003022232,4.788324e-7,0.001000982,0.00001290781,0.9623341,0.001205964,0.005831686,0.01142388],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001235465,0.0001601276,0.9577758,0.00004292227,0.00002245688,0.000001439431,0.001375662,0.00006730706,0.03215426,0.000479988,0.007711169,0.00008530603],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9914513,0.0003684984,0.000001084828,0.007610558,0.00007196445,0.0002759067,0.00001556331,0.00004074681,0.0001644226],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991801,0.00008585409,0.00001362812,0.0002247776,0.0002187729,0.00004209835,0.00004219629,4.573586e-7,0.0001920899],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.939762,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1684733,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2915809557","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2019.02.022","title":"Pipeline for imaging, extraction, pre-processing, and processing of time-series hyperspectral data for discriminating drought stress origin in tomatoes","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"MethodsX","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"FP7 Research Potential of Convergence Regions; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS; Ministry of Agriculture - Saskatchewan","keywords":"Hyperspectral imaging; Pipeline (software); Image processing; Remote sensing; Linear discriminant analysis; Artificial intelligence; Canopy; Identification (biology); Support vector machine; Multispectral image; Data processing; Computer science; Pattern recognition (psychology); Environmental science; Mathematics; Biology; Geography; Botany; Image (mathematics)","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06544223680628114,"gpt":0.3358940536271018,"spread":0.2704518168208207,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009089441,0.0001184652,0.0002194594,0.00001404406,0.0001123188,0.0000767285,0.0002285044,0.00003887267,0.0000264193],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002137526,0.00004785114,0.00003109861,0.0001097965,0.00005702393,0.0005185161,0.00007233398,0.00005678426,4.295159e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001715334,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001671745,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001894998,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000154768,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989797,0.00006014093,0.0002641419,0.0003495042,0.0001268923,0.0002195664],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994786,0.0001411124,0.0001465722,0.00008509991,0.0001160873,0.00003252187],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001680304,0.00009788499,0.01665574,0.000503237,0.000005429034,2.81661e-7,0.0007089223,0.000006243957,0.2281675,0.00007439673,0.0002412175,0.7533711],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00377509,0.001386175,0.1386471,0.002036154,0.0002871398,0.00004200825,0.01836147,0.2428418,0.4540728,0.009956275,0.1266367,0.0019573],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9821318,0.003447638,0.01007223,0.002264078,0.0001432079,0.001200777,0.0002368932,0.00005888981,0.0004444854],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7982992,0.00004013972,0.1990502,0.00008290438,0.0002894679,0.00008716884,0.000169438,0.000005566498,0.001975942],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7514138,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1951313,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2007983323","doi":"10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00222.x","title":"Shoot and compound leaf comparisons in eudicots: dynamic morphology as an alternative approach","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Prince Edward Island","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Shoot; Biology; Botany; Eudicots; Organogenesis; Morphology (biology); Plant morphology; Taxonomy (biology); Genetics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0431876485184208,"gpt":0.2540431397734371,"spread":0.2108554912550163,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009563687,0.000127611,0.0002775454,0.000003572485,0.0001818239,0.00005583321,0.0003864777,0.00009938341,0.00003897454],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000888936,0.00004086897,0.0002048928,0.0001576919,0.0002008352,0.0001076269,0.00008119021,0.0004802719,0.000001992173],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008175294,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002051148,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000801284,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001086345,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985057,0.0003872537,0.0003950339,0.0001820068,0.0002942512,0.0002357266],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999388,0.0001047645,0.0002245177,0.00007016857,0.00008676632,0.0001257554],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001234912,0.008554542,0.330805,0.00009428461,0.001143175,0.0001209903,0.009748571,0.001718416,0.5814559,0.01080193,0.02144063,0.03288167],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007567729,0.005456815,0.8297487,0.0003550237,0.0003123474,0.002915394,0.04127294,0.01274817,0.004899204,0.02039384,0.07265716,0.001672643],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9960554,0.0006007695,0.00004578447,0.002659887,0.0001919688,0.0001203612,0.000004521921,0.00000547778,0.0003158177],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997857,0.0001375209,0.0007832209,0.001057924,0.0001041045,0.000001442314,0.000001079083,0.000001480517,0.00005626501],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5765567,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2086569,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2310897637","doi":"10.1007/s00468-016-1383-8","title":"Periodicity and environmental drivers of apical and lateral growth in a Cerrado woody species","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Trees","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Chicoutimi","funders":"Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo","keywords":"Seasonality; Phenology; Cambium; Wet season; Biology; Growing season; Dry season; Precipitation; Botany; photoperiodism; Horticulture; Ecology; Geography; Xylem","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01786251052995173,"gpt":0.1636322877751328,"spread":0.1457697772451811,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004371265,0.00005569174,0.00008765172,0.000005125547,0.00003428948,0.0000098931,0.00004215202,0.00002624181,0.0001757156],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007003046,0.00001541757,0.00001585989,0.00002177289,0.0001583666,0.00005901807,0.00004436243,0.00002259723,0.000001835785],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001152748,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":8.806646e-7,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001681135,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004239565,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996008,0.00002163576,0.00008003713,0.0001151177,0.00008593722,0.00009645176],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999061,0.00002202065,0.00001831154,0.0000144849,0.000002900075,0.00003619559],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002191255,0.00002610529,0.662077,0.000002207752,0.000002676073,0.000001088266,0.0002038837,1.282511e-8,0.327509,0.00005821692,0.00003027558,0.01006767],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002109089,0.0001583087,0.991107,0.00001568372,0.000002370641,0.000001509521,0.0002898146,0.000002467718,0.007258939,0.0001008922,0.0007984623,0.0000535727],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.998118,0.000139298,1.777431e-7,0.001508299,0.00001102007,0.00004961026,0.00001460986,0.000004878063,0.0001541132],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996085,0.0001631606,0.00000984294,0.00004181553,0.00002485562,0.000001683156,0.000001301958,2.694301e-7,0.0001486227],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3290301,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1923963,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3024113682","doi":"10.5539/jas.v12n6p66","title":"Direct Estimation of Maize Leaf Area Index as Influenced by Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Rates in Guinea Savanna","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Agricultural Science","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"African Development Bank Group","keywords":"Leaf area index; Sowing; Mathematics; Agronomy; Fertilizer; Yield (engineering); Manure; Crop; Field experiment; Grain yield; Plant density; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02037383668963736,"gpt":0.2192663875158457,"spread":0.1988925508262084,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004939898,0.0001395667,0.0002704296,0.00002105229,0.0001262676,0.0001035781,0.0004111412,0.0000534165,0.0001322876],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005796204,0.00004300507,0.00005274877,0.001155446,0.000183458,0.000706686,0.00009963814,0.000160314,0.000005161056],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006811161,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004162271,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000146564,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007047337,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983864,0.00005251319,0.0004875454,0.0002166744,0.0006116683,0.0002452051],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990379,0.00005971957,0.0003433012,0.00003166506,0.0003197356,0.0002076283],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004996229,0.00003668806,0.02055724,0.000008086375,0.000004910653,0.000001776908,0.0003539292,0.00009336547,0.9752069,0.000004338221,0.000392268,0.003290567],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002652993,0.000616587,0.7818413,0.00006266465,0.000009382957,0.00002529289,0.0007737038,0.0001364885,0.2159275,0.00003787269,0.0001739621,0.0001299626],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9941549,0.0005428002,0.000002329911,0.004949351,0.00005635418,0.0001255551,0.000003021604,0.00000864757,0.0001570244],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999419,0.00009831013,0.00005011421,0.0003490091,0.00005088126,0.000001139916,0.00000150984,6.598724e-7,0.00002932066],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7612841,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1753696,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1981889405","doi":"10.1139/x03-058","title":"Growth of first-order branches in <i>Betula platyphylla</i> saplings as related to the age, position, size, angle, and light availability of branches","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Hokkaido University","keywords":"Betula platyphylla; Shoot; Biomass (ecology); Japonica; Biology; Botany; Cryptomeria; Horticulture; Forestry; Ecology; Geography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03168757424097594,"gpt":0.2473460458641996,"spread":0.2156584716232237,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002536505,0.00009297494,0.0002208971,0.00007413204,0.0002153035,0.0000486004,0.0003116493,0.00008794863,0.0002040721],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001786249,0.00003515477,0.00006535758,0.000885684,0.0002451196,0.00009994509,0.00002276942,0.0003246534,0.000003761605],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008080196,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002134308,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02518159,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.3684233,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998377,0.000252305,0.0004417534,0.0001517067,0.0004195942,0.000357638],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983856,0.0003456887,0.0001025575,0.00007859286,0.0007804815,0.0003070418],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001091329,0.0000610944,0.982529,0.00005501636,0.00002767642,0.00003500166,0.001455388,0.00001708381,0.01077904,0.0007938693,0.002439108,0.001698525],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003205303,0.0008314138,0.9656479,0.0001903445,0.000006818755,0.00003569215,0.0005822508,0.000002418297,0.008495768,0.00487894,0.01890836,0.00009950485],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9876059,0.001486231,4.363588e-7,0.009326975,0.00004528017,0.0002410506,0.00001260697,0.000001258434,0.001280319],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995959,0.0000657877,0.00003866041,0.0001187074,0.00002899598,0.000003773208,0.000001330749,0.000001573688,0.0001452248],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3432417,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9813098,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4377092266","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13051403","title":"Nutritional Characterization Based on Vegetation Indices to Detect Anthocyanins, Carotenoids, and Chlorophylls in Mini-Lettuce","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Agronomy","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Carotenoid; Chlorophyll; Cultivar; Anthocyanin; Biology; Horticulture; Chlorophyll b; Botany; Pigment; Chlorophyll a; Biological pigment; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02171065214113282,"gpt":0.2062705248255048,"spread":0.184559872684372,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001751471,0.00008451819,0.00008769648,0.00003747708,0.0000960433,0.00005045812,0.00006922334,0.00004304452,0.00004007087],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001977273,0.00003737276,0.00002129776,0.0003223384,0.00001505657,0.00009414372,0.0000207374,0.00004911439,0.00006837936],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003082869,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006773628,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001105807,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001501372,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992993,0.00004561664,0.0001268493,0.0002155054,0.0001522889,0.0001603858],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998053,0.000050407,0.00003385223,0.00002903098,0.00002470821,0.00005671323],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001685086,0.00008683759,0.04861171,0.00004089193,0.000007066739,0.000007737402,0.0002602616,0.0001279118,0.7726882,0.00006490855,0.0002324056,0.1777036],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001926394,0.0002835694,0.9804711,0.00005966708,0.000002255868,3.029151e-7,0.00004977818,0.0002870643,0.01081817,0.00004899558,0.00767351,0.0001128998],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959604,0.00003196826,0.000008276383,0.003443725,0.00004802655,0.0002898691,0.00001362329,0.00003556528,0.0001686078],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987726,0.00001388761,0.00007338401,0.0007312183,0.0001211309,0.00007658414,0.0001644239,9.428552e-7,0.00004580972],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9318594,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1524017,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2016063041","doi":"10.1139/b01-014","title":"Distribution of leaf orientations in six conifer species","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Botany","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Thuja; Tsuga; Pinus contorta; Botany; Picea abies; Pinaceae; Range (aeronautics); Pinus <genus>; Western Hemlock; Biology; Horticulture; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03624453318397266,"gpt":0.2047895085064605,"spread":0.1685449753224878,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001813245,0.00004366699,0.00009846099,0.00001414187,0.0000606791,0.00002030429,0.00009860963,0.0000277365,0.0005414542],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007554307,0.0000171923,0.00004803049,0.0002016622,0.00004883688,0.00008500795,0.000003265133,0.00006976876,0.000003227201],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009890817,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007537577,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005558327,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1470438,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994411,0.00002699766,0.0002302833,0.0000468978,0.0001110087,0.000143674],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995657,0.00001960532,0.00009031001,0.00001952129,0.0001443313,0.000160579],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005499586,0.00006194304,0.8826563,0.00000560389,0.00002348844,0.0001318342,0.0004321894,0.0000519538,0.08644938,0.001701132,0.006135896,0.02229529],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001321831,0.0001545729,0.8831477,0.00003273219,0.000005469456,0.00002810438,0.0007657882,0.00000420068,0.001099982,0.000139452,0.1144384,0.00005142678],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9958193,0.0004201673,0.000005669408,0.002697702,0.0001372595,0.00003918669,0.00002798104,9.443203e-7,0.0008517573],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995011,0.00004107056,0.000007403779,0.0000776669,0.0001097824,4.856178e-7,0.000003907792,2.884838e-7,0.000258265],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1414855,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8685204,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1969833865","doi":"10.1139/x02-166","title":"The use of multiple measurement techniques to refine estimates of conifer needle geometry","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Division of Environmental Biology; Mongolian Foundation for Science and Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Black spruce; Rhombus; Pinus <genus>; Geometry; Mathematics; Jack pine; Botany; Geography; Forestry; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2514834195735314,"gpt":0.2995257760582662,"spread":0.04804235648473487,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003307889,0.00007709527,0.0001736619,0.00009271307,0.0002650735,0.00007661187,0.0003656968,0.00004986593,0.000095131],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00369913,0.00002497595,0.0000809899,0.000522549,0.0002014114,0.00008628777,0.00002206533,0.0002134171,0.000002927262],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001494403,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003171158,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02109395,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1788815,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981608,0.0001714505,0.000385156,0.00009149217,0.000791041,0.0004000574],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971312,0.0003202021,0.0001143216,0.00008944485,0.001933673,0.0004111787],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001978663,0.000110286,0.6621826,0.00005024078,0.0001035594,0.00002791422,0.0002717535,0.0001154933,0.2290456,0.001721839,0.02564589,0.08052693],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002039397,0.001997859,0.3166704,0.0002793876,0.00001157879,0.00002427747,0.00057998,0.00001177552,0.1875519,0.0006968876,0.4918352,0.0001368012],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959734,0.001032907,0.00001031085,0.002354701,0.00006449419,0.0002310603,0.00001403882,0.000002076743,0.0003170228],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992472,0.00004628677,0.0005042095,0.00004890765,0.00004691076,0.000005675661,6.527021e-7,0.000001348439,0.00009883088],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4661893,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9854246,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2341862935","doi":"10.21273/horttech.22.4.547","title":"Digital Image Analysis to Supplement Direct Measures of Lettuce Biomass","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"HortTechnology","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Canopy; Lactuca; Greenhouse; Sowing; Environmental science; Biomass (ecology); Crop; Cultivar; Agronomy; Horticulture; Biology; Botany","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03370191313664227,"gpt":0.2240522472641718,"spread":0.1903503341275296,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002494811,0.0001192393,0.0002518072,0.00006151469,0.0000654442,0.00002263991,0.0002685717,0.00009091281,0.0003347576],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006833201,0.00004404734,0.0001385084,0.0009075719,0.00007058244,0.0001104805,0.0001432082,0.00005878767,0.00005760127],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000275171,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003162602,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002153231,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001813425,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99894,0.00002523568,0.0002313577,0.0002083788,0.0002069833,0.0003880829],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996267,0.00002556743,0.00006475412,0.0001125044,0.00007636339,0.00009409518],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003871414,0.0003170375,0.3618288,0.000007232469,0.0004597722,0.000001700501,0.00009317388,0.000001328508,0.4966522,0.0003103414,0.004269484,0.1360202],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001309887,0.000513214,0.2793634,0.000006023729,0.0002432347,0.000003736077,0.0005037396,0.000005665895,0.4007901,0.0000795563,0.3180191,0.0003413118],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9914588,0.000376872,0.00006781804,0.005566312,0.0000744471,0.0001823869,0.00007826914,0.00009676956,0.00209831],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993163,0.000009992407,0.0001692121,0.0001106048,0.00007335159,0.00002904128,0.00003007897,9.235794e-7,0.0002605227],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3137496,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3665361,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3033492551","doi":"10.3390/rs12111753","title":"Rapid and Efficient Determination of Relative Water Contents of Crop Leaves Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy in Vegetative Growth Stage","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Remote Sensing","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Canada First Research Excellence Fund","keywords":"Canola; Linear regression; Transpiration; Correlation coefficient; Environmental science; Stage (stratigraphy); Water content; Coefficient of determination; Mean squared error; Mathematics; Agronomy; Soil science; Statistics; Botany; Biology; Photosynthesis","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05236405006673437,"gpt":0.2423656769279121,"spread":0.1900016268611777,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001429181,0.00009041483,0.0002039754,0.00001456443,0.00004865336,0.00001065165,0.00004048537,0.00004077101,0.000003633549],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001019051,0.0000348428,0.00003835312,0.0001602075,0.00007240088,0.0000575993,0.00003554804,0.0000906113,5.563148e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004018846,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000499063,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002815967,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001773302,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991084,0.000116735,0.0002417604,0.0001874685,0.0001741454,0.0001714761],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996726,0.00005532089,0.0001038629,0.00002108605,0.0001054736,0.00004164449],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008955388,0.00001155667,0.0003118552,0.00002414899,0.000005066579,0.000003657264,0.001544762,0.00002451371,0.9688751,0.000009387522,2.643521e-7,0.02910016],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002118609,0.0003009913,0.003731403,0.00007923326,0.000008768579,0.000001893806,0.0003043613,0.156614,0.8385905,0.00006891695,0.00001015368,0.00007795472],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9982265,0.0002539955,0.0008913808,0.000358956,0.00001925133,0.0001615278,0.000002194408,0.000006675615,0.00007950943],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976153,0.00002889954,0.00226397,0.00005869106,0.00002575025,1.133272e-8,0.000001398158,0.000001091994,0.000004890418],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1565894,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1420848,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4381094184","doi":"10.1186/s13007-023-01023-z","title":"Soybean leaf estimation based on RGB images and machine learning methods","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Plant Methods","topic":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Ministry of Agriculture","funders":"","keywords":"Random forest; RGB color model; Artificial intelligence; Mathematics; Artificial neural network; Segmentation; Regression; Computer science; Pattern recognition (psychology); Statistics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1062974756111194,"gpt":0.332485824896128,"spread":0.2261883492850087,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003278249,0.0001365638,0.0001770808,0.00002768018,0.0002804224,0.00007426788,0.0001078491,0.00006127011,0.0001469402],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005827829,0.00004859909,0.00005074487,0.0002682227,0.00003142008,0.00006043027,0.00005195662,0.0001752322,0.00003009547],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001549743,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004317509,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001656488,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001502342,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981061,0.001027466,0.0001641618,0.0002779266,0.000181429,0.0002428899],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987286,0.001052751,0.00006206099,0.00004979368,0.00002473556,0.00008205144],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000416385,0.00001794557,0.001327636,0.00001615601,0.00000727562,0.000003529298,0.00007170456,0.0003817092,0.2349327,0.00003607263,0.0003660012,0.7627977],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004248828,0.0008462043,0.07600106,0.00009717306,0.00004872794,0.00001206788,0.0003221138,0.6351972,0.1933448,0.001146947,0.09202633,0.0005324855],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.8011664,0.003034067,0.1356049,0.03659645,0.002002275,0.00207372,0.0004334587,0.002977161,0.01611154],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4171343,0.0001836855,0.5790439,0.001127167,0.0002823159,0.0000657958,0.0004784563,0.000006236075,0.001678178],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7622652,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2156811,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}