{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":1051,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":4,"predictions_cover":1051,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"ad69d9c44e38","filters":{"topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry"}},"results":[{"id":"W1982267818","doi":"10.1126/science.1246843","title":"Lignin Valorization: Improving Lignin Processing in the Biorefinery","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Science","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":4051,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Biorefinery; Lignin; Pulp and paper industry; Biochemical engineering; Chemistry; Environmental science; Biotechnology; Organic chemistry; Engineering; Raw material; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Arthur J. Ragauskas","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gregg T. Beckham","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mary J. Biddy","is_ca":false},{"name":"Richard P. Chandra","is_ca":true},{"name":"Fang Chen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mark F. Davis","is_ca":false},{"name":"Brian H. Davison","is_ca":false},{"name":"Richard A. Dixon","is_ca":false},{"name":"Paul Gilna","is_ca":false},{"name":"Martin Keller","is_ca":false},{"name":"Paul Langan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Amit K. Naskar","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. N. Saddler","is_ca":true},{"name":"Timothy J. Tschaplinski","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gerald A. Tuskan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Charles E. Wyman","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0199816341284336,"gpt":0.2797745903210931,"spread":0.2597929561926595,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005901809,0.0006135371,0.0003503469,0.0006057064,0.0002820763,0.0009338849,0.0007887035,0.000670011,0.003526655],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003540728,0.0002809761,0.0005158372,0.0006736575,0.0002522043,0.001604575,0.0006205069,0.001310625,0.001263875],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007767566,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000581983,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001378314,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002298932,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997159,0.00003023292,0.00001646261,0.0000603331,0.0001118071,0.00006533114],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997837,0.00002310151,0.00005562697,0.00001991585,0.00007664802,0.00004100224],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009167996,0.0003254383,0.0006143411,0.0006908118,0.0000229085,0.00009029811,0.00005623407,0.002780339,0.9457244,0.001856741,0.001029617,0.04671717],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000566054,0.0008481192,0.002882959,0.0002212816,0.00008496561,0.0002210833,0.0001383066,0.01235005,0.9346238,0.002061696,0.04647009,0.00004106483],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.7691203,0.04225423,0.156737,0.003655075,0.0005096002,0.0003749642,0.0005442902,0.001943969,0.02486051],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8898293,0.01664497,0.08416451,0.001131492,0.0001434301,0.0001541044,0.0006441203,0.0002777418,0.007010292],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.003526655,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01179785,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2922469927","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.008","title":"Lignin utilization: A review of lignin depolymerization from various aspects","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1192,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Lakehead University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Depolymerization; Lignin; Polymer; Organic chemistry; Catalysis; Reactivity (psychology); Chemistry; Pulp and paper industry; Polymer science; Materials science; Engineering; Medicine","authors":[{"name":"Chonlong Chio","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mohini Sain","is_ca":true},{"name":"Wensheng Qin","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02958416225709319,"gpt":0.2660922958613721,"spread":0.2365081336042789,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000656625,0.001503754,0.001917006,0.002822092,0.0002933018,0.001164171,0.0008959093,0.0009665908,0.003088539],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005688244,0.0004899963,0.0007187297,0.004371118,0.0003971423,0.001831513,0.0009057416,0.001449265,0.001878069],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004550389,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001121762,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009033568,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001861104,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999763,0.00002505827,0.00003679444,0.00006204791,0.00008162697,0.00003146736],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997091,0.0001084641,0.00005955807,0.00001200071,0.0000814703,0.00002936463],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001128072,0.0001499423,0.0001924785,0.04628571,0.000147827,0.0001361259,0.0000548693,0.0005856932,0.01097714,0.002607666,0.01972158,0.9190282],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002041425,0.0002385891,0.0008999069,0.004585706,0.0002752185,0.0006804074,0.00005486052,0.0001893502,0.00425148,0.001336597,0.987421,0.00004652526],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002084592,0.9986421,0.0002370152,0.00008430921,0.0001596091,0.000004521649,0.00002770361,0.000007221538,0.0006289901],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0007664367,0.9981945,0.0003071865,0.0001043148,0.0001252482,0.000005528434,0.00003722134,0.000002169515,0.0004574096],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003088539,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01033217,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2592702643","doi":"10.1002/cssc.201700082","title":"Production and Application of Lignosulfonates and Sulfonated Lignin","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"ChemSusChem","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":831,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation","keywords":"Lignosulfonates; Lignin; Kraft paper; Pulp and paper industry; Sulfonate; Chemistry; Kraft process; Black liquor; Organic chemistry; Hydrolysis; Materials science","authors":[{"name":"Thomas Aro","is_ca":true},{"name":"Pedram Fatehi","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02970413100182338,"gpt":0.2846532737081602,"spread":0.2549491427063368,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003071199,0.0005192692,0.0001983963,0.0006080145,0.0002437269,0.0004803524,0.0002403709,0.0004545401,0.001030227],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001662308,0.0001743248,0.000346197,0.0004979346,0.0002065676,0.0004935539,0.0003979563,0.0005559975,0.0005641655],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005317187,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003836588,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006681443,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001636714,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997413,0.00002743052,0.00001639244,0.00003844118,0.0001385951,0.00003777744],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999189,0.000008217122,0.00002779345,0.000008656261,0.00002411478,0.00001234342],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004636483,0.00006906509,0.0003535234,0.001248907,0.000023149,0.0003321946,0.00007082534,0.001280284,0.9296668,0.003781135,0.0008357219,0.06229201],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000399123,0.0003761655,0.0009824728,0.0001021837,0.00002489765,0.0003512517,0.00004804639,0.0008524686,0.9025753,0.0005709795,0.09409726,0.00001504197],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.5717745,0.2955405,0.06490478,0.001890397,0.0007956985,0.000337458,0.001195633,0.0003877289,0.06317337],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.823464,0.1369729,0.02295314,0.0003057639,0.0001662948,0.00008784488,0.0007294581,0.00005049716,0.01527007],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.001030227,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.003857911,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2049327168","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.03.008","title":"Lignin in straw of herbaceous crops","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Industrial Crops and Products","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":784,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Lignin; Bioproducts; Hemicellulose; Straw; Herbaceous plant; Biofuel; Biomass (ecology); Cellulose; Lignocellulosic biomass; Bioenergy; Energy crop; Agronomy; Panicum virgatum; Pulp and paper industry; Chemistry; Biotechnology; Biology; Organic chemistry; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Anvar U. Buranov","is_ca":true},{"name":"Giuseppe Mazza","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03389645714637875,"gpt":0.1874169474424853,"spread":0.1535204902961066,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001492291,0.0001943187,0.0001963844,0.0004705254,0.0003973951,0.0003770447,0.0001947808,0.0002759076,0.001254776],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002266932,0.0001484217,0.000132932,0.0004168011,0.0002395489,0.0003663036,0.0001745999,0.0003405803,0.0001813647],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004323676,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004102609,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007648302,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007611774,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999311,0.00000818734,0.000002395662,0.00001561988,0.00001362417,0.00002907119],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998702,0.00002840507,0.00001774336,0.000005594768,0.00003512371,0.00004283486],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005721879,0.00006232895,0.01122307,0.00007567971,0.00003350244,0.0002410511,0.0001684749,0.0003204167,0.9823337,0.0004189149,0.0000716586,0.004479007],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002821353,0.0004656682,0.4121533,0.00002839812,0.00005408807,0.0003093375,0.001064886,0.004059214,0.5781957,0.0007409463,0.002882896,0.00001729593],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9980586,0.0004406875,0.0002529138,0.00001534109,0.000004439291,0.000002764042,0.0001589358,0.000004057283,0.001062289],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968432,0.0002092904,0.0001452941,0.00001404653,0.0000029942,0.00000205905,0.0005035483,0.000004108589,0.002275576],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007648302,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01520753,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2068880713","doi":"10.1021/jf0605392","title":"Organosolv Ethanol Lignin from Hybrid Poplar as a Radical Scavenger:  Relationship between Lignin Structure, Extraction Conditions, and Antioxidant Activity","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":681,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Organosolv; Lignin; Chemistry; Antioxidant; Ethanol; Extraction (chemistry); Organic chemistry; Dispersity; Scavenger","authors":[{"name":"Xuejun Pan","is_ca":true},{"name":"John F. Kadla","is_ca":true},{"name":"Katsunobu Ehara","is_ca":true},{"name":"Neil R. Gilkes","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jack Saddler","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007012857913648533,"gpt":0.2021694681091444,"spread":0.1951566101954959,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003473134,0.000388402,0.0002361347,0.0002661572,0.00008772774,0.0002135326,0.00009805143,0.0002013694,0.0003299617],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002870338,0.0001423521,0.0001364898,0.0002862337,0.0001207833,0.0002559776,0.0001247631,0.0002042721,0.00007710404],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009079806,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007691281,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004645318,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001217526,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998746,0.00003126098,0.00001155822,0.00002595158,0.00003255113,0.00002404438],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997807,0.00007870788,0.00006498006,0.0000116736,0.00003419073,0.00002975529],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009348546,0.00002390968,0.0008183562,0.00001999185,0.0000119708,0.00001200652,0.000007849045,0.0000811235,0.9982551,0.000005572461,0.000002725143,0.0006677478],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004709215,0.0003176675,0.01047776,0.000001736135,0.00003871462,0.00004238422,0.00001435992,0.0004781381,0.9884647,0.00001007249,0.0001467318,0.000002959439],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9984589,0.0003865588,0.001010176,0.000004800753,0.000001528145,0.000004809125,0.000057089,0.000006707987,0.00006943555],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977621,0.0003058621,0.001395542,0.000009204509,0.000002166822,0.000007960204,0.000225223,0.000004402949,0.0002876185],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0004645318,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.001836777,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1981887800","doi":"10.1016/s0960-8524(00)00180-2","title":"Production of monomeric phenols by thermochemical conversion of biomass: a review","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Bioresource Technology","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":641,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Québec Metro High Tech Park (Canada); Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Pyrolysis; Thermogravimetric analysis; Lignin; Thermogravimetry; Chemistry; Char; Catalysis; Organic chemistry; Biomass (ecology); Thermal stability; Chemical engineering; Phenols; Inorganic chemistry","authors":[{"name":"Carlos Amen-Chen","is_ca":true},{"name":"Hooshang Pakdel","is_ca":true},{"name":"Christian Roy","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01378131797328478,"gpt":0.2453591411206072,"spread":0.2315778231473224,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005149814,0.001193524,0.001750954,0.00180667,0.0002886964,0.0008238256,0.001178617,0.0008151578,0.001562605],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004316008,0.0004248028,0.0004843597,0.002542967,0.0003295772,0.001385018,0.000470557,0.000872171,0.002048105],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004269087,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007500927,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008382357,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00143694,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998335,0.00001181294,0.00002284396,0.00004177021,0.00007525583,0.00001481758],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997519,0.00008640026,0.00004913614,0.00001335822,0.00007777524,0.0000213969],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001106819,0.0001478669,0.0002334407,0.01395967,0.0001069157,0.0002795924,0.00005829026,0.0008428438,0.02732811,0.001735016,0.00669862,0.9484989],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003832145,0.0003350625,0.001343962,0.001564027,0.0002443725,0.001723691,0.00007390303,0.0003489066,0.03158933,0.001629813,0.9610577,0.00005097527],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001617931,0.9940391,0.001769122,0.0001325637,0.0002085077,0.00001702583,0.0000521127,0.00002819034,0.002135457],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.002635346,0.9940382,0.001470409,0.00009304938,0.00009266478,0.00001370693,0.00008988747,0.000004395037,0.001562353],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00180667,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005227387,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2893693970","doi":"10.1186/s13068-018-1262-1","title":"Lignin–carbohydrate complexes: properties, applications, analyses, and methods of extraction: a review","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Biotechnology for Biofuels","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":598,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation","keywords":"Lignin; Hemicellulose; Biomass (ecology); Cellulose; Chemistry; Lignocellulosic biomass; Organic chemistry; Pulp (tooth); Raw material; Hydrolysis; Pulp and paper industry; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Dmitry Tarasov","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mathew Leitch","is_ca":true},{"name":"Pedram Fatehi","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09949955330081676,"gpt":0.4139179092340306,"spread":0.3144183559332138,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005804357,0.00132792,0.001571465,0.003354257,0.0003275778,0.001252889,0.0008242111,0.000929072,0.002730793],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006838317,0.0004875728,0.0007835586,0.004043076,0.0003886916,0.001955773,0.0005626817,0.001078099,0.001614662],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004576098,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001019341,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00103123,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001106611,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997067,0.00003334614,0.0000520501,0.00006674499,0.000114779,0.00002633116],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995722,0.0002012819,0.00009471315,0.00001547541,0.00009400933,0.00002223726],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009903766,0.0001654067,0.0005880491,0.05601161,0.0001699493,0.0002529676,0.0001001722,0.0007700053,0.01283486,0.002147292,0.01175865,0.9151019],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001501875,0.0003116072,0.003062093,0.005799775,0.0004315733,0.001978415,0.0001536592,0.0004774668,0.01012839,0.002062202,0.9755015,0.00007830006],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0005872218,0.998083,0.0004137459,0.0001072181,0.00009363789,0.000008757788,0.00004746432,0.00001214341,0.0006468178],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001473746,0.9973503,0.0005175781,0.00007110231,0.000105362,0.000008899515,0.00007532781,0.000002374785,0.0003952481],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003354257,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.009135365,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2155874290","doi":"10.1002/bit.20453","title":"Biorefining of softwoods using ethanol organosolv pulping: Preliminary evaluation of process streams for manufacture of fuel‐grade ethanol and co‐products","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":562,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Organosolv; Biorefining; Lignin; Chemistry; Cellulose; Pulp (tooth); Softwood; Enzymatic hydrolysis; Pulp and paper industry; Hydrolysis; Hemicellulose; Biorefinery; Fermentation; Ethanol fuel; Raw material; Organic chemistry","authors":[{"name":"Xuejun Pan","is_ca":true},{"name":"Claudio Arato","is_ca":false},{"name":"Neil R. Gilkes","is_ca":true},{"name":"David J. Gregg","is_ca":true},{"name":"Warren Mabee","is_ca":true},{"name":"Kendall Pye","is_ca":false},{"name":"Zhizhuang Xiao","is_ca":true},{"name":"Xiao Zhang","is_ca":true},{"name":"John N. Saddler","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02473442692610616,"gpt":0.2721677018241321,"spread":0.247433274898026,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003180205,0.0007698067,0.0005503978,0.00031994,0.0002240209,0.000619121,0.0002826303,0.0003587773,0.0008235293],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003734631,0.0001754414,0.0003137396,0.0004255394,0.000221466,0.0005130021,0.0002582284,0.0004771286,0.0003082993],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002684186,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003425714,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009259247,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002029498,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998004,0.00003919656,0.00001727936,0.00003203722,0.00006094021,0.00005016966],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997969,0.00006683312,0.00003735404,0.00001251923,0.0000402679,0.00004618309],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002358367,0.0001417474,0.0003379801,0.0001160093,0.000008022191,0.00007044043,0.00002228826,0.0002794888,0.994361,0.00002544865,0.000011567,0.004390132],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007632714,0.0002887321,0.0007817905,0.000004986079,0.00001488218,0.00002550681,0.00001223043,0.0002830586,0.998358,0.000006836611,0.0002144914,0.000001873169],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9947351,0.001085729,0.003086304,0.00001912269,0.000008838227,0.00006230036,0.0001025358,0.00002938597,0.0008706602],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9913691,0.001252863,0.005822716,0.00002349974,0.000008501477,0.00004453092,0.0003005727,0.00002989129,0.001148366],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0009259247,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002754986,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1993429758","doi":"10.1021/bm050288q","title":"Hydrogen Bonding in Lignin:  A Fourier Transform Infrared Model Compound Study","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biomacromolecules","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":513,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Hydrogen bond; Lignin; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Chemistry; Monomer; Softwood; Hardwood; Infrared spectroscopy; Dimer; Polymer chemistry; Organic chemistry; Polymer; Molecule; Chemical engineering; Materials science; Composite material","authors":[{"name":"Satoshi Kubo","is_ca":true},{"name":"John F. Kadla","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01066032899571282,"gpt":0.2256110004567609,"spread":0.2149506714610481,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001048828,0.0002077836,0.0001523487,0.0002545534,0.0001314762,0.0001189349,0.0002543181,0.0002445087,0.001572629],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009567895,0.00006026018,0.0001246032,0.0003411004,0.0001425238,0.0003821301,0.0001074129,0.0002779642,0.0001539515],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001284465,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007568121,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000404786,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003317859,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999664,0.000004014772,8.188539e-7,0.000007616237,0.00001182869,0.000009373673],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999964,0.000009945119,0.000009276026,0.00000345644,0.000007493766,0.000005770171],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005133629,0.00008133173,0.0004773915,0.00008149027,0.000009206899,0.00008605528,0.00002577149,0.000693858,0.9922471,0.0004420599,0.0000766591,0.00572769],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001807341,0.0006597062,0.007908826,0.00001421962,0.00003734899,0.0004435271,0.0000854834,0.0121626,0.9724286,0.0007183457,0.005507756,0.00001549298],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9830518,0.006134152,0.008494291,0.00009843837,0.00001685354,0.00001771895,0.0001619306,0.0000291096,0.001995664],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.991025,0.003431748,0.004041783,0.00003711986,0.00002403175,0.000009280673,0.0002099861,0.000007199748,0.001214017],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001572629,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005261004,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3015276089","doi":"10.1039/d0gc00096e","title":"Spherical lignin particles: a review on their sustainability and applications","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Green Chemistry","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":432,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"H2020 European Research Council; Academy of Finland; European Commission","keywords":"Lignin; Sustainability; Degradation (telecommunications); Nanoparticle; Nanotechnology; Materials science; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Computer science; Engineering; Biology; Ecology","authors":[{"name":"Monika Österberg","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mika H. Sipponen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bruno D. Mattos","is_ca":false},{"name":"Orlando J. Rojas","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01750129471412118,"gpt":0.2643089442869266,"spread":0.2468076495728055,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004449916,0.0008460822,0.0008907032,0.001682207,0.0002197871,0.0007982274,0.0005462086,0.0008299779,0.003937288],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005323602,0.0003108733,0.0004951108,0.001850446,0.000227403,0.001110894,0.0005745112,0.0009062971,0.001943887],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003972169,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007935067,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007381285,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00146033,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998325,0.0000206947,0.00002117189,0.00003094643,0.00007385235,0.00002069138],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999811,0.00008656042,0.00003256235,0.000007304103,0.00005055982,0.00001210419],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006721439,0.00006466294,0.00012786,0.03435901,0.00009428927,0.0002093563,0.00007601223,0.0005405995,0.01330171,0.006923676,0.03434762,0.909888],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005690596,0.00009233328,0.0002906087,0.001914056,0.00007998586,0.0004764655,0.00003069256,0.00008419694,0.002567569,0.001194849,0.9932451,0.00001867958],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0003270169,0.997471,0.000272137,0.0001565839,0.0002170711,0.000005825199,0.0000384895,0.00001001102,0.001501969],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001542702,0.9967669,0.0002971695,0.0001366405,0.000101131,0.000007015909,0.00006113805,0.000002901261,0.001084433],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003937288,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01317149,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2108659500","doi":"10.1104/pp.109.137059","title":"The Effects on Lignin Structure of Overexpression of Ferulate 5-Hydroxylase in Hybrid Poplar1  ","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PLANT PHYSIOLOGY","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":415,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"National Center for Research Resources","keywords":"Lignin; Coniferyl alcohol; Chemistry; Monomer; Ether; Polymerization; Organic chemistry; Monolignol; Degree of polymerization; Polymer; Biosynthesis; Enzyme","authors":[{"name":"Jaclyn J. Stewart","is_ca":true},{"name":"Takuya Akiyama","is_ca":true},{"name":"Clint Chapple","is_ca":true},{"name":"John Ralph","is_ca":true},{"name":"Shawn D. Mansfield","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.002391925262711518,"gpt":0.1807386296011712,"spread":0.1783467043384597,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009657175,0.0003633654,0.0001273285,0.0001513593,0.00009840728,0.0002355525,0.0001739943,0.0002601009,0.0005874718],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001232102,0.0001415664,0.0001745914,0.0001409759,0.0001817159,0.0001516943,0.0001485538,0.0003901363,0.0001695583],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002513228,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001112762,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008457361,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008549723,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998887,0.00002169547,0.000009747371,0.00002473567,0.00002619932,0.00002884681],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999809,0.00005080419,0.00006563475,0.00001561128,0.0000132342,0.00004579082],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004339075,0.000009951264,0.00005917292,0.000005876007,0.000002086545,0.000018179,0.000006100154,0.00003060292,0.9996414,0.00001728058,0.000002924539,0.0001629918],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000006146679,0.0001644737,0.004376006,0.000001937739,0.00001212542,0.0000744491,0.000019746,0.0005232157,0.9943844,0.0000199101,0.0004127225,0.000004923997],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9989116,0.0001813614,0.0004186107,0.00001933046,0.000004248137,0.000002849365,0.0001627052,0.00003223294,0.0002670033],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980119,0.0001319463,0.0004479126,0.00001996197,0.000002050478,0.000004876063,0.000442391,0.00001988682,0.0009190122],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0008457361,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.001965284,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2240868859","doi":"10.1016/j.copbio.2015.10.009","title":"Designer lignins: harnessing the plasticity of lignification","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Current Opinion in Biotechnology","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":390,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Office of Science; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Vlaamse regering; Stanford University; Universiteit Gent; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Lignin; Biomass (ecology); Monomer; Cell wall; Chemistry; Polyphenol; Polymer; Polymerization; Structural plasticity; Lignocellulosic biomass; Organic chemistry; Chemical engineering; Biochemistry; Biology; Agronomy","authors":[{"name":"Yaseen Mottiar","is_ca":true},{"name":"Ruben Vanholme","is_ca":false},{"name":"Wout Boerjan","is_ca":false},{"name":"John Ralph","is_ca":false},{"name":"Shawn D. Mansfield","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07073411552197487,"gpt":0.3340719672266054,"spread":0.2633378517046305,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005309071,0.0007793947,0.0008122869,0.001330964,0.0002508558,0.001203872,0.0008465456,0.001108996,0.003098853],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003831027,0.000278997,0.0004102318,0.001405335,0.0005113244,0.001652298,0.000870292,0.001538307,0.002692379],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004847024,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005605804,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004460212,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008247328,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998009,0.00002705001,0.00001444258,0.00003530514,0.00009220298,0.00003010277],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998708,0.0000425863,0.00002667577,0.00000767906,0.00003221651,0.00002007239],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005964544,0.0001191168,0.0001839348,0.01620019,0.0000744202,0.0002984714,0.0001609518,0.001053667,0.02790034,0.0233718,0.0180311,0.9125463],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007502055,0.00006723596,0.0002289274,0.001050858,0.00002992528,0.0004847349,0.00004651307,0.000168153,0.004079446,0.003382839,0.9904382,0.00001574456],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0009895568,0.9931131,0.001015236,0.0004042849,0.0002500925,0.000008412438,0.00002948981,0.00002347548,0.004166347],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00562285,0.9905816,0.0008657214,0.0002258132,0.0001294237,0.00001156875,0.00005884873,0.0000064541,0.002497652],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003098853,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01036668,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2015677629","doi":"10.1126/science.1250161","title":"Monolignol Ferulate Transferase Introduces Chemically Labile Linkages into the Lignin Backbone","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":382,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Monolignol; Lignin; Cell wall; Depolymerization; Chemistry; Xylem; Monomer; Biochemistry; Organic chemistry; Polymer; Enzyme; Biosynthesis; Botany; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Curtis G. Wilkerson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Shawn D. Mansfield","is_ca":true},{"name":"Fachuang Lu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Saunia Withers","is_ca":false},{"name":"J.-Y. Park","is_ca":true},{"name":"Steven D. Karlen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Eliana Gonzales‐Vigil","is_ca":true},{"name":"Dharshana Padmakshan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Faride Unda","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jorge Rencoret","is_ca":false},{"name":"John Ralph","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.002094685713522919,"gpt":0.1796465219690013,"spread":0.1775518362554784,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002316319,0.00053921,0.000209976,0.0002784687,0.000137,0.0003750521,0.0002475492,0.0003350523,0.0007455485],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002046712,0.0001609164,0.0002938784,0.0002654772,0.0003053897,0.0003512949,0.0003069358,0.0007873763,0.0004385863],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002739686,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003396021,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005712966,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009582923,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999866,0.00002333348,0.00001003136,0.00003195062,0.00003484837,0.00003393205],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997831,0.00004467828,0.00008286002,0.0000346108,0.00002223165,0.00003247795],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001571338,0.00002004999,0.0001530625,0.00001630216,0.00000392508,0.00002094016,0.00001507432,0.0001070106,0.9977463,0.0002308435,0.00001589331,0.001654922],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001953476,0.00005914323,0.0004876096,0.000001313843,0.00000878215,0.00006262177,0.00001040723,0.0002402265,0.9971303,0.00004528484,0.001949131,0.000003237984],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.946775,0.0009065073,0.04878636,0.000240988,0.00003176983,0.00006949553,0.000389064,0.0003427394,0.00245811],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9656942,0.0008849874,0.02584758,0.00009444741,0.00001117339,0.0000247451,0.000816689,0.000098046,0.006528049],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0007455485,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002494037,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2058919020","doi":"10.1007/s10924-005-2941-0","title":"Lignin-based Carbon Fibers: Effect of Synthetic Polymer Blending on Fiber Properties","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of environmental polymer degradation","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":379,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"North Carolina State University","keywords":"Materials science; Lignin; Carbonization; Composite material; Fiber; Polymer; Hardwood; Synthetic fiber; Polypropylene; Carbon fibers; Yield (engineering); Chemical engineering; Organic chemistry; Scanning electron microscope; Composite number","authors":[{"name":"S. Kubo","is_ca":true},{"name":"John F. Kadla","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004934019076425072,"gpt":0.1754086959648092,"spread":0.1704746768883841,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003916598,0.0005814127,0.0002863109,0.000301838,0.0001743893,0.000390478,0.0002239497,0.0004032633,0.001297434],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006633603,0.0002390428,0.0002400139,0.0004208086,0.0002178982,0.0006146714,0.0001794484,0.0003873103,0.0001566325],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002406706,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001986326,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006661752,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001248262,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996951,0.00006266619,0.00004424129,0.00006599588,0.00006611134,0.00006592234],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994252,0.000210904,0.0001276303,0.00003909313,0.00007397716,0.0001232704],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001391606,0.0001345367,0.0003603955,0.00005131241,0.00002225109,0.00003632961,0.00001945656,0.0002946513,0.9956987,0.00003191753,0.00001777497,0.001941093],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001107931,0.0002148259,0.0007019085,0.000002017714,0.00001326598,0.0000166329,0.000004987578,0.0003622039,0.998579,0.000005083559,0.00008609445,0.000002874595],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9986941,0.0005339708,0.0004289167,0.00001208117,0.00001059724,0.000007856526,0.00006616235,0.00001447768,0.0002319131],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987108,0.000279736,0.0005682235,0.00001135363,0.000004566684,0.000005580872,0.00008815826,0.00001827689,0.0003134535],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001297434,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00434041,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2739023495","doi":"10.1186/s13068-017-0876-z","title":"Lignin valorization: lignin nanoparticles as high-value bio-additive for multifunctional nanocomposites","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biotechnology for Biofuels","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":347,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; China Scholarship Council; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Sichuan University; Simon Fraser University; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Organosolv; Lignin; Nanocomposite; Biopolymer; Biorefinery; Materials science; Nanoparticle; Cellulose; Lignocellulosic biomass; Chemical engineering; Composite material; Polymer; Chemistry; Nanotechnology; Organic chemistry; Raw material","authors":[{"name":"Dong Tian","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jinguang Hu","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jie Bao","is_ca":false},{"name":"Richard P. Chandra","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jack Saddler","is_ca":true},{"name":"Canhui Lu","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01006963296965995,"gpt":0.2367106314884631,"spread":0.2266409985188031,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001037564,0.0004131127,0.00011314,0.0002177561,0.00009506354,0.0002494634,0.000163473,0.0003146521,0.0006286594],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001149284,0.00017893,0.0002106228,0.000112265,0.0001166283,0.0002449333,0.00025922,0.0003752474,0.0002747544],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002231275,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007815432,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002375555,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008219774,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999089,0.00001056357,0.000006477977,0.00003047072,0.00002439151,0.00001911627],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999479,0.000007534268,0.00001565804,0.00000459137,0.00001163701,0.00001263778],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001078777,0.000007514989,0.000024354,0.00003756463,0.000002914988,0.00002082325,0.000007988519,0.00008122577,0.9986884,0.00007256353,0.00002439905,0.001021401],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002562956,0.00004598415,0.0002781381,0.00000311367,0.00000699447,0.00003670896,0.000006264142,0.0007345278,0.9976931,0.00001993581,0.001170039,0.000002538252],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9711349,0.002444399,0.0200755,0.0001556268,0.00006591549,0.00005783562,0.0002202586,0.0003384099,0.005507155],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9904006,0.000552125,0.006492476,0.00005454425,0.00001029399,0.00003121761,0.0001165068,0.00003175888,0.002310427],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0006286594,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002103031,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2066097729","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2004.09.027","title":"Lignin-based carbon fibers: Oxidative thermostabilization of kraft lignin","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Carbon","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":289,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Lignin; Chemistry; Oxygen; Autocatalysis; Carbon fibers; Hydrogen; Softwood; Chemical engineering; Organic chemistry; Materials science; Composite material","authors":[{"name":"Jennifer L. Braun","is_ca":true},{"name":"Kevin M. Holtman","is_ca":true},{"name":"John F. Kadla","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005730419138951415,"gpt":0.1873421533133691,"spread":0.1816117341744177,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001594433,0.0003056006,0.0001063377,0.0002077216,0.0001940419,0.0002553507,0.0001986269,0.0002552903,0.001004671],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008933528,0.00008175256,0.0001287953,0.0002394945,0.0001590189,0.0004502829,0.0001838876,0.0002682505,0.0002012565],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002419115,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001703202,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000726957,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001383486,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999331,0.000006252764,0.000003066399,0.00001353978,0.00001745582,0.0000265524],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999722,0.000003212401,0.000005417931,0.000003122617,0.00000786905,0.000008155523],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001125355,0.00004677981,0.0001882533,0.00009855282,0.000008716491,0.00005671732,0.00003766305,0.0003940904,0.9869685,0.001092725,0.0001157264,0.01087986],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003515579,0.0001112716,0.0006978695,0.000004066174,0.000006138692,0.00006048124,0.0000128552,0.0006232976,0.9966159,0.0001435428,0.001717895,0.000003065302],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9797768,0.007024588,0.009443132,0.0001670239,0.00008203722,0.00002254954,0.0001240846,0.00007493689,0.003284997],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9901162,0.00277999,0.002253579,0.00003366683,0.00001761208,0.000005626227,0.0001727465,0.00001408605,0.004606551],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001004671,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.003360927,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2028870108","doi":"10.1021/jf034320o","title":"Significant Increases in Pulping Efficiency in C4H-F5H-Transformed Poplars:  Improved Chemical Savings and Reduced Environmental Toxins","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":286,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Lignin; Pulp (tooth); Chemistry; Kappa number; Monomer; Kraft process; Organic chemistry; Botany; Pulp and paper industry; Kraft paper; Biology; Polymer","authors":[{"name":"Shannon Kelly Huntley","is_ca":true},{"name":"David Ellis","is_ca":true},{"name":"Margarita Gilbert","is_ca":true},{"name":"Clint Chapple","is_ca":true},{"name":"Shawn D. Mansfield","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003556023440578121,"gpt":0.1596830625443182,"spread":0.1561270391037401,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001947062,0.0005516559,0.0003402608,0.0003159211,0.0001777018,0.0004369808,0.0002386905,0.0003671744,0.001040165],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001400429,0.0001730041,0.0002690607,0.0002215976,0.0002928947,0.0002099275,0.0002112098,0.0005135451,0.0002838582],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002768898,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001957955,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007983446,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009650756,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998316,0.00002203612,0.00001409315,0.0000288445,0.00005029089,0.00005316398],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99975,0.00005357157,0.00006144987,0.00003082865,0.00002743013,0.00007677902],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002561281,0.000009759518,0.00006316847,0.000004565195,0.000001985851,0.00001531936,0.000004555023,0.00003014868,0.9995902,0.0000219736,0.000004230801,0.0002284182],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005072807,0.00007337766,0.002630724,0.000001037325,0.000008492567,0.00006241328,0.00001234484,0.0004658067,0.9963778,0.00002059644,0.0003383367,0.000004042339],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9974427,0.0001067212,0.001771533,0.00003063005,0.000005821469,0.000007075811,0.0001839136,0.00009223841,0.0003593421],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9950022,0.0001129689,0.002143478,0.00002265225,0.000004212242,0.000008526444,0.0005623357,0.00007557789,0.002068019],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001040165,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00347966,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1977670861","doi":"10.1021/ie030458k","title":"The Effect of Flow Rate of Compressed Hot Water on Xylan, Lignin, and Total Mass Removal from Corn Stover","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":285,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Biomass Program; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College; National Institute of Standards and Technology; Natural Resources Canada; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Hemicellulose; Corn stover; Lignin; Chemistry; Xylan; Cellulose; Hydrolysis; Biomass (ecology); Depolymerization; Pulp and paper industry; Chemical engineering; Chromatography; Organic chemistry; Agronomy","authors":[{"name":"Chaogang Liu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Charles E. Wyman","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02451685976120004,"gpt":0.2519548930605193,"spread":0.2274380332993192,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002597088,0.0003868581,0.0003550383,0.0002171507,0.0002219613,0.0004264535,0.0002367842,0.0002708559,0.0007418271],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005049567,0.0001709205,0.0003339632,0.0002047157,0.0003414337,0.000533325,0.0001347787,0.0004732607,0.0000900552],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005631424,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002537721,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004604366,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005205018,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998708,0.00002042705,0.00001017228,0.00002323965,0.0000373208,0.00003809251],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996679,0.0001728198,0.00007846908,0.00001587693,0.0000361456,0.00002892274],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006712219,0.00007587245,0.001279639,0.00007523097,0.00001927424,0.00005709157,0.00004822567,0.000659948,0.993087,0.00003313595,0.00002820021,0.003965035],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001125822,0.0004492746,0.005508805,0.000003590171,0.0000199358,0.00001831929,0.0000226149,0.001583565,0.9922093,0.00001170658,0.0001557553,0.000005769052],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9993182,0.0002116016,0.0002727447,0.00001426237,0.000004713586,0.000005351456,0.00004761343,0.00001131857,0.0001141318],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988093,0.0002429557,0.0004465928,0.00001825261,0.000006405789,0.000005207134,0.0001068884,0.00001045924,0.000353984],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004604366,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.009155154,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2980161339","doi":"10.1039/c9gc02598g","title":"Grafting strategies for hydroxy groups of lignin for producing materials","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Green Chemistry","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":283,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University; Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Lignin; Grafting; Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Primary (astronomy); Group (periodic table); Chemical engineering; Polymer; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Armin Eraghi Kazzaz","is_ca":true},{"name":"Zahra Hosseinpour Feizi","is_ca":true},{"name":"Pedram Fatehi","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007774432513642436,"gpt":0.2050450373515266,"spread":0.1972706048378842,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001901655,0.0005810274,0.0001778743,0.0004146887,0.0002997889,0.0003561134,0.0002968331,0.000369173,0.001222645],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001550539,0.0001490025,0.0004278427,0.0003082716,0.0003325745,0.0007239056,0.0003951128,0.001043258,0.0003600953],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002038872,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000161802,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002037581,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006958847,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999057,0.00001156561,0.00000499089,0.00001791057,0.00003624862,0.00002354765],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999539,0.00001336165,0.00001192526,0.000007558833,0.00000671244,0.000006651792],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000345208,0.00005853835,0.000166276,0.0005073377,0.00002498777,0.000245215,0.0001213274,0.0008125723,0.9683927,0.00636583,0.0002107412,0.02306002],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000006661915,0.0002411359,0.0003568681,0.00003850948,0.00004220583,0.000361714,0.00008472364,0.001356563,0.9821184,0.001571755,0.01380068,0.00002085977],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6869618,0.0602931,0.2181507,0.001227014,0.0009697035,0.0003084475,0.0002711023,0.0004830799,0.03133512],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9127529,0.0382264,0.04060517,0.0003461138,0.0001127066,0.00007027471,0.000177302,0.000061965,0.007647182],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001222645,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00409013,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2588747257","doi":"10.3390/polym9020070","title":"Bio-Based Adhesives and Evaluation for Wood Composites Application","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Polymers","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":281,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Adhesive; Materials science; Engineered wood; Composite material; Lignin; Renewable resource; Polymer science; Renewable energy; Chemistry; Engineering; Organic chemistry","authors":[{"name":"Fatemeh Ferdosian","is_ca":true},{"name":"Zihe Pan","is_ca":true},{"name":"Guchuhan Gao","is_ca":true},{"name":"Boxin Zhao","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06178068435414773,"gpt":0.3467268457823869,"spread":0.2849461614282392,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005982218,0.000966026,0.0008106016,0.003152368,0.0002546587,0.0007668944,0.0004874172,0.0009584119,0.002962803],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004997777,0.0002932943,0.0005311969,0.002131001,0.0002584013,0.0009300178,0.0004415257,0.000973547,0.001396941],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003731855,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006562512,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000628612,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001551047,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999592,0.00004235085,0.00004225278,0.00005760144,0.0002352167,0.00003049077],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997643,0.00006289242,0.00006066559,0.00000574313,0.00009267149,0.00001370574],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005929865,0.0002111889,0.0006965114,0.02948339,0.00009131925,0.0004861888,0.0001170108,0.0008123814,0.08150784,0.004709476,0.006113903,0.8757115],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000009559373,0.0003944727,0.002725576,0.004432085,0.000239099,0.002804301,0.0001937337,0.0004983959,0.06858592,0.001532687,0.9185366,0.00004758683],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.002619924,0.9913062,0.001346634,0.0001178104,0.0001728003,0.00003084289,0.00006124618,0.00001755516,0.004326933],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01391248,0.9786674,0.00254344,0.0001535323,0.0001311111,0.00004220177,0.00009225505,0.000006321435,0.004451199],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003152368,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.009911537,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4288489180","doi":"10.1007/s44246-022-00009-1","title":"Lignin derived carbon materials: current status and future trends","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Carbon Research","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":279,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Lignin; Carbonization; Carbon fibers; Lignocellulosic biomass; Biomass (ecology); Materials science; Biochemical engineering; Nanotechnology; Organic chemistry; Chemistry; Engineering; Composite material","authors":[{"name":"Wenli Zhang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Xueqing Qiu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Caiwei Wang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lei Zhong","is_ca":false},{"name":"Fangbao Fu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jiahao Zhu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Zejie Zhang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Yanlin Qin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dongjie Yang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chunbao Xu","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02984883390962214,"gpt":0.3060265744158601,"spread":0.276177740506238,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001066479,0.0004943332,0.0006591722,0.001137005,0.0002362187,0.001470145,0.0005512134,0.00122934,0.004505509],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008180154,0.0002352803,0.0003484106,0.001636057,0.0004672532,0.002025783,0.000581796,0.001162784,0.001699134],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000425335,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001040714,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000437767,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009429038,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997919,0.00003636544,0.00002276548,0.00004465379,0.0000706627,0.00003363869],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991879,0.000409165,0.0001257889,0.00001633763,0.0001895275,0.00007129645],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001440374,0.0001555733,0.0007303049,0.0195236,0.00006490936,0.0002005072,0.000101906,0.0009799536,0.01111779,0.01125036,0.01781433,0.9379166],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002115198,0.0004445197,0.001462811,0.003553195,0.0001457339,0.0007235278,0.000264202,0.0008811457,0.005395613,0.01027414,0.9767809,0.00005298735],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001059458,0.9956458,0.0003941251,0.0007753441,0.0001890398,0.000004528226,0.00003865442,0.00001818274,0.001874783],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.007595823,0.9892057,0.001076581,0.0006515129,0.0003729603,0.00001370966,0.0001037027,0.000004566595,0.0009754379],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004505509,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01507246,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3194119391","doi":"10.1039/d1gc01684a","title":"Multifunctional lignin-based nanocomposites and nanohybrids","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Green Chemistry","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":274,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"H2020 European Research Council; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; NordForsk; Vetenskapsrådet; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Academy of Finland; Canada Excellence Research Chairs, Government of Canada","keywords":"Lignin; Nanocomposite; Nanotechnology; Materials science; Chemistry; Organic chemistry","authors":[{"name":"Erlantz Lizundia","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mika H. Sipponen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Luiz G. Greca","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mikhail Balakshin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Blaise L. Tardy","is_ca":false},{"name":"Orlando J. Rojas","is_ca":true},{"name":"Débora Puglia","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01629281894852448,"gpt":0.2394847442574269,"spread":0.2231919253089025,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001374053,0.0002952976,0.0001703681,0.0002886882,0.0001200596,0.0003935632,0.0002649321,0.0004067825,0.001519665],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001233879,0.0001680953,0.0002057932,0.0001814721,0.0001785297,0.0004247461,0.0003209157,0.000491271,0.0004270163],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002988797,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007736992,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001405268,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005393825,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998883,0.00001216814,0.000006632708,0.00003801689,0.00003005222,0.00002475],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999609,0.000009403167,0.00001052902,0.0000027024,0.000007398884,0.000009136141],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002464046,0.00003271629,0.00004819175,0.0002710886,0.00001474103,0.00009435442,0.000033032,0.000399417,0.9897696,0.001880553,0.0003629731,0.007068661],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001108902,0.0001783912,0.0008151358,0.00002746218,0.00003437861,0.0002426185,0.00005513815,0.003446616,0.9594446,0.0008662383,0.03485434,0.00002399533],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.8678085,0.03286307,0.06165627,0.001072801,0.0006374549,0.0001494553,0.0008451262,0.001479523,0.03348778],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9731045,0.004845806,0.01251612,0.0002913109,0.00005948183,0.0001105719,0.0003411293,0.00008032005,0.008650765],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.001519665,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005083859,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2011012527","doi":"10.1021/jf0515330","title":"Quantitative Characterization of a Hardwood Milled Wood Lignin by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":273,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Lignin; Permanganate; Hardwood; Chemistry; Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Carbon-13 NMR; Heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy; Chemical structure; Spectroscopy; Organic chemistry; Nuclear chemistry; Botany","authors":[{"name":"Ewellyn A. Capanema","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mikhail Balakshin","is_ca":true},{"name":"John F. Kadla","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003754311786175619,"gpt":0.1724183293365671,"spread":0.1686640175503915,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002147929,0.0003715829,0.0001332108,0.0007307836,0.0001080665,0.0002805146,0.0001535412,0.0001682138,0.0009426707],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002344235,0.0001209208,0.000134445,0.000366042,0.0001307744,0.0002299012,0.0001345983,0.0002161103,0.0002790545],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001193557,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001170133,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008683797,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001394141,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998784,0.00002045618,0.00000696252,0.00003735616,0.00004136003,0.00001552924],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998435,0.00003732591,0.0000329146,0.00001614304,0.00004973772,0.0000204422],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001968471,0.000005425887,0.0004654742,0.00001592845,0.000003603788,0.00001216059,0.00001012121,0.00004482184,0.9976477,0.00001222821,0.000003205648,0.001759567],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000006536206,0.000264422,0.06728532,0.000009454689,0.00002893287,0.0001372369,0.00004651591,0.001725889,0.9288535,0.00007637559,0.001553649,0.00001215408],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9883602,0.0008911912,0.008984705,0.00001593005,0.000003689375,0.00002349498,0.0006618298,0.00007621352,0.0009828673],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9808534,0.0007472908,0.01408271,0.00004343951,0.000008119388,0.00004642595,0.001590159,0.00004929453,0.002579188],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0009426707,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.003153563,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2093083843","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.024","title":"Valorization of bark for chemicals and materials: A review","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":273,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University; Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Bark (sound); Waste management; Raw material; Pulp and paper industry; Incineration; Environmental science; Lignin; Renewable energy; Fouling; Chemistry; Engineering; Forestry; Organic chemistry","authors":[{"name":"Shanghuan Feng","is_ca":true},{"name":"Shuna Cheng","is_ca":true},{"name":"Zhongshun Yuan","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mathew Leitch","is_ca":true},{"name":"Chunbao Xu","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02020725783527908,"gpt":0.2634039612700886,"spread":0.2431967034348096,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005271198,0.001351725,0.001457253,0.002598245,0.0002914109,0.0008073617,0.0007825024,0.0007471948,0.003283782],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004751268,0.0004721572,0.000593235,0.003159049,0.000408508,0.001527923,0.0007322039,0.001039947,0.001610498],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003170007,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008429592,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000830625,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002545058,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998044,0.00001828228,0.00002776573,0.0000449237,0.00007930643,0.00002537616],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997643,0.00008879934,0.00005637575,0.0000102918,0.00006259061,0.00001766623],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008745158,0.0001508107,0.0002301877,0.04359857,0.0001849344,0.0002488246,0.00008542171,0.0005969197,0.01907335,0.003201466,0.01703116,0.915511],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001851391,0.000163963,0.0007827402,0.00278795,0.0002411611,0.0007713248,0.00007147524,0.000133663,0.007496047,0.001149637,0.9863482,0.00003540968],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0005038418,0.9976979,0.0003532385,0.00008415586,0.0001591863,0.00001032222,0.00003915724,0.000008988669,0.001143258],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001588852,0.9969897,0.000377393,0.000070622,0.0000687369,0.000006663984,0.00003869291,0.000002500918,0.0008568279],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003283782,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01098531,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2026026235","doi":"10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.140","title":"Hydrolytic degradation of alkaline lignin in hot-compressed water and ethanol","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bioresource Technology","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":265,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"","keywords":"Lignin; Chemistry; Phenol; Hydrolysis; Residue (chemistry); Degradation (telecommunications); Ethanol; Alkaline hydrolysis; Catalysis; Organic chemistry; Nuclear chemistry; Condensation reaction","authors":[{"name":"Zhongshun Yuan","is_ca":true},{"name":"Shuna Cheng","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mathew Leitch","is_ca":true},{"name":"Chunbao Xu","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004195034867506707,"gpt":0.187635635656371,"spread":0.1834406007888643,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001898942,0.0003663052,0.0002580197,0.0002700988,0.0001931049,0.0002729323,0.0002253618,0.0002778844,0.00126631],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002621501,0.0001258463,0.0002039319,0.0003343516,0.000231714,0.0004309993,0.0001391845,0.0004158786,0.0001565595],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003973057,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003860204,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004910632,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006766244,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998553,0.00001620301,0.00001028614,0.00001426212,0.00004552845,0.00005846476],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998981,0.00003160025,0.00001478745,0.000006894809,0.00002410673,0.00002453949],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005997129,0.00008811649,0.0008134473,0.00009264785,0.00001778718,0.0001392637,0.00007916011,0.0006302851,0.9919307,0.000161458,0.00004294455,0.005404535],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001044999,0.0002044657,0.003159852,0.000004436375,0.000010141,0.00003908948,0.00007056448,0.001118255,0.9950107,0.00003039048,0.0003354592,0.000006209582],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9983882,0.0004175304,0.0003463177,0.00001884415,0.00000748389,0.000006989464,0.0000438581,0.000004694151,0.0007661363],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987229,0.0002037254,0.0001448694,0.000008249463,0.000003139413,0.000002333882,0.00007881326,0.000002529474,0.000833477],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004910632,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.009764075,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2068748441","doi":"10.1021/ma0490552","title":"Poly(Ethylene Oxide)/Organosolv Lignin Blends:  Relationship between Thermal Properties, Chemical Structure, and Blend Behavior","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Macromolecules","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":265,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Organosolv; Ethylene oxide; Lignin; Melting-point depression; Polymer; Crystallinity; Materials science; Chemical engineering; Polymer chemistry; Polymer blend; Oxide; Chemical structure; Hydrogen bond; Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Melting point; Composite material; Molecule; Copolymer","authors":[{"name":"Satoshi Kubo","is_ca":true},{"name":"John F. Kadla","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01408237026685529,"gpt":0.2074903446794008,"spread":0.1934079744125455,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001688623,0.0003107746,0.000176522,0.0003324217,0.0000721199,0.0002871493,0.00009809164,0.0002391675,0.0006857236],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000259884,0.0001448714,0.00009114124,0.0003706609,0.0001081784,0.0003433843,0.00009311699,0.0002536575,0.0001472021],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001048821,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005595724,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002244628,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000421175,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998889,0.00001346074,0.00001149296,0.00002713823,0.00003321534,0.00002580142],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997684,0.00005773851,0.00008006853,0.00001118585,0.00003094294,0.00005159979],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008616439,0.00002865007,0.0005170418,0.000007865123,0.000004219302,0.00001557124,0.000005564929,0.00005975375,0.9987547,0.00001350369,0.000003800841,0.0005031512],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004463732,0.0001833361,0.005840372,0.000001887307,0.00001487509,0.00005647572,0.00001090824,0.001022515,0.9926831,0.00001465226,0.0001645036,0.000002845287],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9987881,0.000243117,0.0006413666,0.000006757476,0.00000206567,0.000005368962,0.00006834709,0.00001748142,0.0002274715],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998364,0.0002269951,0.0006745646,0.000005760158,0.000002013051,0.000007933357,0.0001588973,0.00001443399,0.0005452728],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0006857236,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002293944,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1984807088","doi":"10.1039/c3gc42589d","title":"Highly efficient, NiAu-catalyzed hydrogenolysis of lignin into phenolic chemicals","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Green Chemistry","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":262,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Hydrogenolysis; Lignin; Organosolv; Catalysis; Chemistry; Monomer; Organic chemistry; Polymer","authors":[{"name":"Jiaguang Zhang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Hiroyuki Asakura","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jeaphianne van Rijn","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jun Yang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Paul N. Duchesne","is_ca":true},{"name":"Bin Zhang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Xi Chen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Peng Zhang","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mark Saeys","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ning Yan","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003645427439155247,"gpt":0.1800226724277345,"spread":0.1763772449885792,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001108188,0.0002172609,0.0001472594,0.0001210516,0.0001152442,0.0002564992,0.000266786,0.0002150966,0.0005432953],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001418251,0.0000818176,0.00008803153,0.000125516,0.000189944,0.0002786644,0.0001977793,0.0002760121,0.0002694866],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003221295,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002413637,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006844547,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001710974,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999912,0.00001022373,0.000004230896,0.00001782562,0.00002976201,0.00002589979],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999747,0.000003515954,0.000004444668,0.000004045021,0.000006718812,0.000006612262],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003736891,0.00001557376,0.0001495863,0.00006352001,0.000004947327,0.00005221746,0.00003145032,0.0001723262,0.9938558,0.0006807086,0.0001082291,0.004828225],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002164732,0.00002831511,0.0002480936,0.000001194728,0.000002367321,0.0000244768,0.000008059939,0.0006181373,0.9975662,0.00004255818,0.001456281,0.000002177125],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9687092,0.001891669,0.02099842,0.0001377746,0.00005424686,0.00003928691,0.0001959509,0.0002759137,0.007697541],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9927841,0.0003789075,0.003647714,0.00001233081,0.000004405643,0.000008776537,0.0001059546,0.00001444502,0.003043379],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0006844547,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002337277,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3038749753","doi":"10.3390/app10134626","title":"Lignin to Materials: A Focused Review on Recent Novel Lignin Applications","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Applied Sciences","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":246,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","keywords":"Lignin; Depolymerization; Materials science; Polymer; Raw material; Nanotechnology; Organic chemistry; Chemistry; Polymer chemistry; Composite material","authors":[{"name":"Osbert Yu","is_ca":true},{"name":"Kwang Ho Kim","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06618534128334257,"gpt":0.3137604391858629,"spread":0.2475750979025203,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003806101,0.001095764,0.001019838,0.002809539,0.0003511287,0.001095771,0.000625864,0.0008932988,0.01196972],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005014177,0.0003637591,0.0006344066,0.003205928,0.0003001327,0.001378253,0.0006818349,0.001444596,0.003985645],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004490861,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007780197,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007423639,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00154375,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998211,0.0000193237,0.00001974631,0.00004301399,0.00007414947,0.00002269455],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997845,0.0001027697,0.00003275459,0.000007350532,0.0000528389,0.00001977483],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006102266,0.0001189123,0.0001459968,0.04457662,0.00007618011,0.0002773757,0.0001006904,0.0005366618,0.008447168,0.008098179,0.03993138,0.8976299],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004661902,0.00006028644,0.000268946,0.002119238,0.00005446837,0.0004508686,0.00003323233,0.00005031998,0.0009821493,0.001025769,0.9949391,0.00001102517],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0003105476,0.9955362,0.0002277458,0.0001777113,0.0003481536,0.000008511937,0.00005021332,0.00001276378,0.003328122],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0008715453,0.9967901,0.0002420164,0.0001529036,0.0001760651,0.000007641935,0.00005783399,0.000003108243,0.001698743],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01196972,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0400427,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2132387734","doi":"10.1186/1754-6834-6-110","title":"The fate of lignin during hydrothermal pretreatment","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biotechnology for Biofuels","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":246,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Office of Science; Ford Motor Company; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Biological and Environmental Research; Georgia Institute of Technology; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Lignin; Depolymerization; Chemistry; Populus trichocarpa; Enzymatic hydrolysis; Lignocellulosic biomass; Corn stover; Hydrolysis; Organic chemistry; Chromatography; Biochemistry","authors":[{"name":"Heather L. Trajano","is_ca":true},{"name":"Nancy L. Engle","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marcus Foston","is_ca":false},{"name":"Arthur J. Ragauskas","is_ca":false},{"name":"Timothy J. Tschaplinski","is_ca":false},{"name":"Charles E. Wyman","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003901007724691726,"gpt":0.1799423112340613,"spread":0.1760413035093696,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009690818,0.0002360104,0.0001156043,0.00009668095,0.0001440307,0.0002443425,0.0001345645,0.0001916874,0.0008612637],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001780732,0.00008293572,0.0001390363,0.0001505289,0.0001453409,0.0002477721,0.0001013197,0.0003596032,0.0001839297],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003553551,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001321754,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001165454,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001222616,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999355,0.000006474512,0.000002771528,0.0000142179,0.00002377042,0.00001731923],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999311,0.00001329034,0.00002039115,0.000005333307,0.00002061495,0.000009289043],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005374179,0.000009027241,0.0006498538,0.00003186253,0.000005719962,0.00005126855,0.00001325545,0.0002201304,0.9974496,0.00004150195,0.00001701311,0.001456999],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002788264,0.00008677469,0.004158128,0.000004224169,0.000005498427,0.00004086503,0.00002270396,0.0009159768,0.9942765,0.0000291344,0.0004548423,0.000002597932],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9950039,0.0004898491,0.00309316,0.00003130515,0.000009048209,0.00001987227,0.0002498151,0.00003215182,0.001070982],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981045,0.0002090358,0.0008338587,0.00001518698,0.000003486495,0.000007340854,0.000196958,0.0000109098,0.0006186673],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001165454,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002881169,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2150046758","doi":"10.1186/1754-6834-6-12","title":"Effect of replacing polyol by organosolv and kraft lignin on the property and structure of rigid polyurethane foam","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biotechnology for Biofuels","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":238,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Organosolv; Polyol; Lignin; Polyurethane; Kraft paper; Materials science; Chemical engineering; Kraft process; Pulp and paper industry; Cellulose; Hardwood; Compressive strength; Composite material; Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Botany","authors":[{"name":"Xuejun Pan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jack Saddler","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.002143425035565475,"gpt":0.1750058585074645,"spread":0.172862433471899,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001714616,0.0004031584,0.0001728113,0.0002234155,0.0001188608,0.0002243913,0.0002281666,0.0002711582,0.001114621],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003172785,0.0001111615,0.0002064052,0.0002253287,0.0001770899,0.0003631593,0.0001250802,0.0003725027,0.0001270803],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001364701,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001445745,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006750742,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008370616,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998572,0.00002415905,0.00001671467,0.00003175607,0.00003659849,0.000033601],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997725,0.00004925284,0.00008195646,0.00001484411,0.00004413678,0.00003732411],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000514705,0.0001160396,0.0004395373,0.0001198789,0.00001549226,0.0000593525,0.00003545138,0.0002140912,0.9960524,0.00003585176,0.00001757211,0.002379686],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000076906,0.001031953,0.001634091,0.00001180773,0.00003194482,0.000035694,0.00002846267,0.0004333589,0.9962782,0.000006946362,0.0004940832,0.000005715927],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9987413,0.0006008378,0.0002080932,0.000009310316,0.000008663863,0.000007575083,0.00004026403,0.000008880917,0.0003750001],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985418,0.0004524717,0.0005931832,0.00001361137,0.000002903937,0.000007854984,0.00006540906,0.000006294742,0.0003165083],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001114621,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.003728747,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3008465725","doi":"10.1039/d0gc00377h","title":"A simple and effective approach to fabricate lignin nanoparticles with tunable sizes based on lignin fractionation","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Green Chemistry","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":232,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Fredericton; University of New Brunswick","funders":"National Key Research and Development Program of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Lignin; Fractionation; Nanoparticle; Nanotechnology; Materials science; Chemical engineering; Simple (philosophy); Chemistry; Organic chemistry","authors":[{"name":"Mingshuai Ma","is_ca":true},{"name":"Lin Dai","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jikun Xu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Zhong Liu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Yonghao Ni","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006812414278576664,"gpt":0.181487835021049,"spread":0.1746754207424724,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001264391,0.0003583097,0.0001765021,0.0002619842,0.0001967591,0.0002223146,0.0002675512,0.0003679602,0.0007428366],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001248883,0.0001150978,0.0002604314,0.0001512049,0.0002193358,0.000464743,0.0003177292,0.0005150781,0.000359387],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002584831,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000228216,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003338541,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007730135,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999129,0.00001002387,0.000007211045,0.0000273795,0.0000274739,0.00001520453],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999427,0.00001133467,0.00001757261,0.000008482529,0.00000970035,0.00001032386],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009799856,0.00001681915,0.00005851591,0.00007078543,0.000003458748,0.00004640495,0.00001453745,0.00006913764,0.9933676,0.000395061,0.00005891561,0.005888988],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004389489,0.00009205486,0.0003416612,0.000003449848,0.000008435453,0.0001527071,0.00001107259,0.0008505276,0.9945204,0.0001339521,0.003874185,0.000007239363],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6831602,0.005020359,0.2969939,0.0007533497,0.0002829948,0.0002525418,0.0002674172,0.0009012955,0.01236801],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9113357,0.00179672,0.08048137,0.000326177,0.00004579233,0.0001141385,0.0001744215,0.00005304399,0.00567253],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0007428366,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002484977,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4206072180","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.758744","title":"A Review: Depolymerization of Lignin to Generate High-Value Bio-Products: Opportunities, Challenges, and Prospects","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":217,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Dalhousie University","funders":"","keywords":"Depolymerization; Lignin; Bioproducts; Biochemical engineering; Renewable energy; Renewable resource; Biotechnology; Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Biofuel; Engineering; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Ningning Zhou","is_ca":true},{"name":"Wasitha P. D. W. Thilakarathna","is_ca":true},{"name":"Quan He","is_ca":true},{"name":"H.P. Vasantha Rupasinghe","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04995308172407075,"gpt":0.2621046137758633,"spread":0.2121515320517925,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004896101,0.001296941,0.001501718,0.002496461,0.0003381913,0.001474265,0.0007621203,0.001092717,0.004690612],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006805061,0.0003268263,0.0005134321,0.003896636,0.0003521859,0.002098802,0.0005905108,0.001377637,0.002678575],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005414353,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001493462,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000712222,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001084925,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997577,0.00002921758,0.00004150863,0.00005742734,0.0000926153,0.00002155301],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995108,0.0001791953,0.0001088181,0.00001295557,0.0001343724,0.0000538736],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001217463,0.0001476329,0.0002417048,0.07969699,0.0002618516,0.0004118896,0.0001187578,0.0008418981,0.01279081,0.003993437,0.07038119,0.830992],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001190946,0.0001232267,0.0007792036,0.005599266,0.0001590987,0.0008536835,0.00008269195,0.0001114142,0.002286873,0.001160505,0.9888026,0.00002941294],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002007114,0.9978801,0.0002471654,0.0002815591,0.0004556763,0.000007571077,0.00003682615,0.00001036363,0.000880003],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0006485906,0.9980168,0.0003169737,0.0001895496,0.0002384934,0.000006495534,0.00004947151,0.000001968966,0.0005315917],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004690612,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0156917,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2588064525","doi":"10.15376/biores.12.1.1548-1565","title":"Solubility of Lignin and Acetylated Lignin in Organic Solvents","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"BioResources","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":213,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Lignin; Solubility; Organic chemistry; Softwood; Kraft paper; Chemistry; Solvent; Hildebrand solubility parameter; Materials science","authors":[{"name":"Javad Sameni","is_ca":true},{"name":"Sally Krigstin","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mohini Sain","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008074302417741888,"gpt":0.206010474721953,"spread":0.1979361723042111,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000470134,0.0007187551,0.0002699109,0.0008552216,0.0003603543,0.0004565289,0.0003262084,0.0002733964,0.001179877],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009760477,0.0002409976,0.0003187845,0.001379145,0.0003237774,0.0006915639,0.0003776464,0.0004774498,0.0003147133],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004127088,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004847647,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002042615,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001818255,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999261,0.0001476653,0.00008455371,0.0001094519,0.0002772085,0.0001201705],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999353,0.0001968752,0.0001644695,0.00004320009,0.0001958198,0.00004657476],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002157623,0.00003962052,0.00128527,0.0001314617,0.00002763039,0.0001152279,0.000116167,0.0006302079,0.9940122,0.0002364064,0.00003244999,0.003157548],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001062592,0.0002166049,0.003036781,0.00001196134,0.00002246803,0.000136005,0.00008032785,0.00140112,0.9936457,0.0001789145,0.001245895,0.0000134919],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9766352,0.005002303,0.01311645,0.00007528275,0.00002662821,0.00007466628,0.001210796,0.00007460947,0.003784056],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9773588,0.004172063,0.01128079,0.00004728681,0.00003613672,0.0001705426,0.00342791,0.0000564421,0.003449947],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002042615,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.004061401,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2035891260","doi":"10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.061","title":"Conversion of lignin to aromatic-based chemicals (L-chems) and biofuels (L-fuels)","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bioresource Technology","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":209,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; Biotechnology Research Institute; Université de Sherbrooke","funders":"Enerkem","keywords":"Lignin; Chemistry; Methanol; Organic chemistry; Acetic acid; Formic acid; Fraction (chemistry); Biofuel; Guaiacol; Depolymerization; Catalysis","authors":[{"name":"Romain Beauchet","is_ca":true},{"name":"Fanny Monteil‐Rivera","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jean‐Michel Lavoie","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005742207990884217,"gpt":0.1974870657830514,"spread":0.1917448577921672,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000130121,0.0002413775,0.0001178343,0.0002644796,0.0001492989,0.0002793715,0.0001678764,0.0002071062,0.001735467],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001418194,0.00007724033,0.000168817,0.0003848985,0.0001127695,0.000297508,0.0002282138,0.0002723786,0.0006242605],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004465041,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003311877,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001989515,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003873004,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999003,0.00001157636,0.000005133806,0.00001545165,0.00002825269,0.00003920882],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999614,0.000005579298,0.000006886137,0.000004618639,0.0000118797,0.00000960269],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001324391,0.0001246189,0.001091326,0.0002553758,0.00002102958,0.0001652887,0.00004612888,0.0005608427,0.9638249,0.001500345,0.0004129436,0.03186464],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002973692,0.00004250777,0.0007428472,0.000004247941,0.000004451609,0.0000308116,0.00001760397,0.0004623532,0.9950264,0.00009563544,0.003568088,0.000002044603],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9724085,0.004625,0.007061261,0.00019786,0.00007011204,0.00002727185,0.0005574873,0.0001164986,0.01493613],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.990993,0.001557767,0.00145537,0.00004753112,0.000006548447,0.000006450964,0.0003226477,0.00001278234,0.005598023],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001989515,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005805731,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3106450913","doi":"10.1002/marc.202000492","title":"Lignin‐Based Polyurethane: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Macromolecular Rapid Communications","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":203,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"National Key Research and Development Program of China; Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Lignin; Polyurethane; Raw material; Renewable resource; Materials science; Adhesive; Elastomer; Polymer; Renewable energy; Polymer science; Pulp and paper industry; Organic chemistry; Nanotechnology; Composite material; Chemistry","authors":[{"name":"Xiaozhen Ma","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jing Chen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jin Zhu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ning Yan","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01948380098103606,"gpt":0.2840750777922174,"spread":0.2645912768111813,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006392676,0.0007500963,0.0009125294,0.001651731,0.0002284052,0.00107375,0.0006338276,0.000870389,0.004806802],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005098729,0.0002972624,0.0004006468,0.002274037,0.0003616687,0.001671286,0.0005942856,0.001440288,0.00207367],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004299191,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009087516,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007547853,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001540896,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998697,0.00001526758,0.00001556539,0.00003006812,0.00004586773,0.00002341006],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999683,0.000126112,0.00004777557,0.000008351853,0.00008431848,0.00005032395],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000756781,0.0001003197,0.0001887498,0.02203382,0.00006051061,0.0002300417,0.00009605745,0.0005757618,0.005206468,0.007065248,0.01847214,0.9458953],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001053356,0.000144181,0.0006248005,0.002178536,0.00009096317,0.0006548455,0.00008538258,0.0001809862,0.001074981,0.002625648,0.9923077,0.00002135762],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002251415,0.9983289,0.0001220431,0.0001901221,0.0001530745,0.000002171426,0.00001083406,0.000006511057,0.0009613317],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0009785444,0.9979626,0.0001399834,0.0001262908,0.0001442456,0.000003209334,0.0000186085,0.000001262047,0.0006252523],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004806802,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01608038,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3099711033","doi":"10.1080/14686996.2020.1848213","title":"Recent progress in the conversion of biomass wastes into functional materials for value-added applications","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Technology of Advanced Materials","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":200,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Biomass (ecology); Reuse; Raw material; Waste management; Environmental science; Value added; Engineering; Chemistry","authors":[{"name":"Chufan Zhou","is_ca":true},{"name":"Yixiang Wang","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008830123056510838,"gpt":0.2325710418972717,"spread":0.2237409188407609,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009130216,0.0006265661,0.000407464,0.001389778,0.0002252827,0.000789928,0.0004416321,0.0006875222,0.002698286],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006207346,0.0002646443,0.0004418559,0.002410551,0.0003236891,0.001276816,0.0005057211,0.0007914372,0.001238711],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003632727,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006351764,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004278645,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006819697,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997278,0.00004176851,0.00002827218,0.00006923186,0.00009979196,0.00003320455],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994475,0.0001910626,0.0001017746,0.00003651691,0.0001771668,0.00004592827],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000194797,0.0002883021,0.00213356,0.01526471,0.0001013237,0.0004177636,0.000244102,0.00209734,0.1750428,0.01192195,0.007267505,0.7850258],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002101124,0.0007921705,0.00540746,0.001142671,0.0002765971,0.001927427,0.0003865479,0.003831642,0.1709552,0.005551211,0.8096291,0.00007895695],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.03261977,0.9279126,0.01508004,0.001309133,0.0005367511,0.00003465167,0.0001423063,0.0001268735,0.02223788],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.07978528,0.896673,0.01626702,0.000478721,0.0006735717,0.00003621649,0.0003023412,0.00002997683,0.005753842],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002698286,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.009026647,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3018568798","doi":"10.1016/j.jobab.2020.04.001","title":"Processing and valorization of cellulose, lignin and lignocellulose using ionic liquids","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":199,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Ionic liquid; Cellulose; Lignin; Environmentally friendly; Biomass (ecology); Renewable resource; Pulp and paper industry; Environmental science; Chemistry; Renewable energy; Organic chemistry; Agronomy; Catalysis; Engineering; Ecology","authors":[{"name":"Zhenghao Xia","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jinyang Li","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jinming Zhang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Xiaocheng Zhang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Xuejing Zheng","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jun Zhang","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01361622190420475,"gpt":0.1896612498298277,"spread":0.176045027925623,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002991631,0.0006966462,0.0005842246,0.0008876519,0.0001580383,0.0004757248,0.000415312,0.0003541775,0.001153332],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003085372,0.0002212098,0.0005899685,0.0009536726,0.0001744473,0.001164209,0.0003499743,0.0006124997,0.0006356927],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002803564,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004213975,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003683439,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007593207,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998071,0.00001955688,0.00002938858,0.00004242558,0.0000689239,0.00003265265],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999156,0.00002500664,0.00002150224,0.000004092004,0.00002759806,0.000006175414],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001824241,0.0001568207,0.001150443,0.03060407,0.000283203,0.0006579626,0.0002240418,0.002130496,0.3599093,0.005688233,0.006258375,0.5927547],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001584914,0.0005882884,0.003100979,0.001253425,0.0004150019,0.001839403,0.0001984176,0.001411441,0.4320541,0.00165966,0.5573755,0.00008796528],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02192689,0.9656715,0.006754247,0.0002712143,0.0004040477,0.00003353408,0.0001541997,0.00007014295,0.004714244],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.03735299,0.9522983,0.006077586,0.0002747426,0.0001888384,0.00003950101,0.0002999554,0.00002050263,0.00344754],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.001153332,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.003858268,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2605570255","doi":"10.1002/app.45124","title":"Replacing 100% of phenol in phenolic adhesive formulations with lignin","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":195,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture; U.S. Department of Agriculture","keywords":"Adhesive; Lignin; Phenol; Thermogravimetric analysis; Differential scanning calorimetry; Phenol formaldehyde resin; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Materials science; Formaldehyde; Pulp (tooth); Nuclear chemistry; Hydrolysis; Phenols; Chemistry; Composite material; Chemical engineering; Organic chemistry","authors":[{"name":"Somayyeh Kalami","is_ca":false},{"name":"Maryam Arefmanesh","is_ca":true},{"name":"Emma R. Master","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mojgan Nejad","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008739483434436469,"gpt":0.2310401474706324,"spread":0.2223006640361959,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002027471,0.0004823073,0.0002042236,0.0003012837,0.0001011211,0.0002163536,0.0002090845,0.0001871757,0.0007460386],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002267399,0.00009882849,0.0001831784,0.0003141919,0.0001067835,0.0002633618,0.0001606452,0.0004008586,0.0001493059],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001759988,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001608044,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004823632,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001010113,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997895,0.00003619367,0.00001564933,0.00004268824,0.00007682806,0.00003905271],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998665,0.00001803915,0.00005940962,0.0000129557,0.00002382388,0.00001936134],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005027617,0.00002480271,0.0001242734,0.000107366,0.000008333093,0.00004760833,0.0000132038,0.00005443154,0.9968641,0.00002242919,0.00001601133,0.002667142],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003738709,0.0003691803,0.001603859,0.00001241828,0.00002962705,0.0001112638,0.00001786265,0.0001886201,0.9964176,0.0000068249,0.001235618,0.000003496118],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9944741,0.002495317,0.002115774,0.0000177353,0.00002279374,0.00002432841,0.00009316389,0.00003020475,0.0007265617],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9944717,0.001130927,0.003304952,0.00002414073,0.000006442832,0.00001678593,0.000120613,0.00001707878,0.0009074969],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0007460386,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002495766,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2724123589","doi":"10.1038/ncomms15946","title":"Understanding the mechanism of catalytic fast pyrolysis by unveiling reactive intermediates in heterogeneous catalysis","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Communications","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":194,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Bundesamt für Energie; Universität Ulm; Queen's University; Queen's University Belfast; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Guaiacol; Catalysis; Reactive intermediate; Pyrolysis; Chemistry; Reaction intermediate; Photochemistry; Reaction mechanism; Lignin; Ketene; Organic chemistry; Combinatorial chemistry","authors":[{"name":"Patrick Hemberger","is_ca":false},{"name":"Victoria B. F. Custodis","is_ca":false},{"name":"András Bödi","is_ca":false},{"name":"T. Gerber","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jeroen A. van Bokhoven","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02822463955161916,"gpt":0.2625722995838756,"spread":0.2343476600322564,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003498739,0.0004491542,0.0002395612,0.0003497745,0.0001810091,0.0005499534,0.0004721891,0.0006382616,0.000697932],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003229441,0.0001868861,0.0002809643,0.0002529221,0.0005561103,0.00172335,0.0003448132,0.0009129951,0.0001761096],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003748365,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001931421,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003600192,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003212463,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998752,0.00001274323,0.000004669891,0.00003176807,0.00004015895,0.00003544035],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999121,0.00003759509,0.00001924063,0.00001233123,0.00001164101,0.000007062279],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005533059,0.00004718768,0.001094238,0.0002200766,0.00001256861,0.0002617734,0.00006441052,0.002800093,0.9744685,0.01132218,0.00009903361,0.009554582],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001141498,0.00009012277,0.001826187,0.00001383892,0.0000172894,0.0002966586,0.00009401389,0.02309524,0.9641435,0.008272182,0.002120295,0.00001922677],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8416013,0.007742402,0.1446705,0.0005678419,0.00008113646,0.00007018414,0.0001436957,0.0001984793,0.004924485],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9840788,0.002186488,0.01303109,0.00006431766,0.00001545652,0.00001551584,0.00007304993,0.00001356602,0.0005216378],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.000697932,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002719641,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2090427457","doi":"10.1039/c4gc01242a","title":"CO<sub>2</sub>-responsive diethylaminoethyl-modified lignin nanoparticles and their application as surfactants for CO<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub>-switchable Pickering emulsions","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Green Chemistry","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":192,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; China Scholarship Council; McMaster University","keywords":"Lignin; Nanoparticle; Pickering emulsion; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Materials science; Organic chemistry; Nanotechnology","authors":[{"name":"Yong Qian","is_ca":true},{"name":"Qi Zhang","is_ca":true},{"name":"Xueqing Qiu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Shiping Zhu","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00892013566958152,"gpt":0.2182328844212543,"spread":0.2093127487516727,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009380259,0.0003027303,0.0001523504,0.0001348824,0.0001093502,0.0002179013,0.0001582247,0.000321408,0.0006419806],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001388348,0.0001383493,0.0001466101,0.0001366401,0.0001435588,0.0002593901,0.0001723279,0.0002897343,0.0002119161],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002598104,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001637736,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006365114,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001598339,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999922,0.000007020446,0.000005621287,0.0000232889,0.00002374194,0.00001831097],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999367,0.000007237521,0.00002428426,0.000004876037,0.00001599346,0.00001092057],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001997927,0.000003980534,0.0000319464,0.00001623215,0.000001419682,0.0000206363,0.000004654373,0.00004234697,0.9991925,0.00004652493,0.00001013517,0.0006095709],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001750814,0.00001839781,0.0002575511,7.266767e-7,0.000002440725,0.00002679139,0.000004407523,0.0002399263,0.9989349,0.000008764529,0.0005027509,0.000001528509],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9828363,0.001706544,0.01161229,0.00007499632,0.00003750491,0.00004945018,0.0001497029,0.0001200972,0.003413033],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9909692,0.000532,0.005569228,0.00005664256,0.000006733309,0.00003025042,0.0001073463,0.00002114758,0.002707415],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0006419806,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002147615,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2941294342","doi":"10.1039/c9gc00596j","title":"Diol pretreatment to fractionate a reactive lignin in lignocellulosic biomass biorefineries","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Green Chemistry","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":180,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Institute for Biological Sciences","funders":"Innovation and Technology Fund; Environment and Conservation Fund; Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","keywords":"Lignin; Chemistry; Diol; Lignocellulosic biomass; Ether; Organic chemistry; Biomass (ecology); Biorefinery; Raw material; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Chengyu Dong","is_ca":false},{"name":"Xianzhi Meng","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chi Shun Yeung","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ho-Yin TSE","is_ca":false},{"name":"Arthur J. Ragauskas","is_ca":true},{"name":"Shao‐Yuan Leu","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004143490042247978,"gpt":0.1835662734330738,"spread":0.1794227833908258,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009205058,0.0002856533,0.0001088203,0.0001865608,0.0001339637,0.000199425,0.0001362616,0.0001360402,0.001305674],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007013646,0.0001150564,0.0001502158,0.0002308032,0.0001190811,0.0002062535,0.0001220208,0.0005235723,0.000301232],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004042693,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002379361,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001424144,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003355996,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999379,0.000004956132,0.000003985708,0.00001538423,0.00001329614,0.00002452555],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999965,0.000005865013,0.000007025174,0.000003991551,0.000008050686,0.00001002432],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002497642,0.00001670149,0.00009255102,0.000009598261,0.000001439951,0.000009832796,0.000006235109,0.00005758265,0.9989857,0.00004457984,0.000009354429,0.0007414197],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000178208,0.00002678874,0.0006357699,7.186267e-7,0.000002919713,0.000007242821,0.000007719471,0.0001192714,0.9988172,0.00001507551,0.0003644284,0.000001073669],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9933035,0.000391079,0.004409855,0.00006145337,0.00002049379,0.00001729152,0.0001506624,0.00002903154,0.001616646],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9923592,0.0004909642,0.001707947,0.00004749966,0.00000536388,0.00001176142,0.0003740307,0.0000174609,0.004985839],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001424144,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.004367888,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3041614764","doi":"10.1016/j.jobab.2020.07.002","title":"Conversion of biomass lignin to high-value polyurethane: A review","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":180,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Lignin; Depolymerization; Pulp and paper industry; Polyurethane; Pulp (tooth); Biomass (ecology); Raw material; Value added; Alkylation; Biorefining; Organic chemistry; Materials science; Chemistry; Biorefinery; Catalysis","authors":[{"name":"Hui Li","is_ca":false},{"name":"Pengcheng Li","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chaobin He","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01209930468860313,"gpt":0.2434030662239754,"spread":0.2313037615353722,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003544205,0.001116188,0.001041427,0.002206526,0.0002507537,0.0007546232,0.0005484421,0.0006543252,0.003425508],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003546264,0.0003864208,0.0005567709,0.002724926,0.0002352318,0.001056857,0.0003929932,0.0009259696,0.001629884],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000317865,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007976723,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008979659,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001382974,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998546,0.00001197196,0.0000205046,0.00003687826,0.00005845814,0.00001765016],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998248,0.0000657936,0.00003967254,0.000007114095,0.0000445598,0.00001803076],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006824397,0.0001791957,0.000275782,0.05037757,0.0001829622,0.0002447598,0.0000855209,0.00109385,0.01382625,0.004562405,0.01604774,0.9130556],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001271812,0.0002019848,0.001251506,0.003109713,0.0002147394,0.0008077312,0.00005862239,0.0002377198,0.004750201,0.001243315,0.9880806,0.00003111773],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0007128085,0.9968954,0.0003846184,0.000100468,0.0001770211,0.00001063671,0.00004789756,0.00001330392,0.001657739],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001912936,0.9967685,0.0003609515,0.00006623243,0.00006538949,0.000009697577,0.00005949313,0.000002066778,0.0007546915],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003425508,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01145947,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2012574178","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.048","title":"Torrefaction and densification of different species of softwood residues","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fuel","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":179,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Torrefaction; Pellets; Softwood; Materials science; Pulp and paper industry; Pellet; Heat of combustion; Pelletizing; Moisture; Water content; Sawdust; Composite material; Waste management; Chemistry; Pyrolysis; Combustion; Organic chemistry","authors":[{"name":"Jie Peng","is_ca":true},{"name":"Xiaotao Bi","is_ca":true},{"name":"Shahab Sokhansanj","is_ca":true},{"name":"C. Jim Lim","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007985287690797918,"gpt":0.1761258281203706,"spread":0.1681405404295727,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002191485,0.0004197998,0.0003334297,0.0003481038,0.0002544185,0.0002605181,0.0002893672,0.0002115908,0.002098019],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002856737,0.0001492209,0.0002552597,0.0003941531,0.0002392133,0.0005664707,0.0001861874,0.0003977189,0.0001717853],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003634286,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002372373,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004189109,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008931688,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998353,0.00001058058,0.000007678025,0.00003293096,0.00003491982,0.00007863108],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999138,0.00003049916,0.0000142579,0.000008662229,0.0000165581,0.00001620294],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000688942,0.00006688731,0.001145788,0.0001298405,0.00003064194,0.0001074504,0.0001610914,0.000873317,0.9864758,0.0002875588,0.0000754448,0.009957233],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000919045,0.0001284581,0.00389891,0.000004019654,0.00001198417,0.00002874651,0.00005752272,0.0007307556,0.9946631,0.00003016512,0.0004318176,0.000005258185],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9981321,0.0003130966,0.0004759925,0.00001146839,0.000008035492,0.000005648312,0.0001224415,0.000008354506,0.0009230203],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975067,0.0003845603,0.0004637294,0.00001245134,0.000004064095,0.000004952406,0.0002816792,0.00001145178,0.001330382],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004189109,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.008329451,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2162866928","doi":"10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.010","title":"Depolymerization of steam-treated lignin for the production of green chemicals","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bioresource Technology","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":179,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Sherbrooke","funders":"CRB Innovations; Enerkem","keywords":"Depolymerization; Lignin; Softwood; Char; Chemistry; Raw material; Steam explosion; Aqueous solution; Pulp and paper industry; Organic chemistry; Monomer; Waste management; Chemical engineering; Polymer; Pyrolysis","authors":[{"name":"Jean‐Michel Lavoie","is_ca":true},{"name":"Wadou Baré","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mathieu Bilodeau","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01317452431823098,"gpt":0.1909711589878853,"spread":0.1777966346696543,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001901916,0.0002629509,0.0001652289,0.0002662323,0.0001227949,0.0001481903,0.0001948061,0.0002114585,0.001319716],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001986778,0.0001166198,0.0002594633,0.0002328155,0.0001637945,0.0002673681,0.0001786353,0.0005592795,0.0002842677],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000210236,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002738007,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006750749,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00202017,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999192,0.0000134846,0.00000594448,0.000009072864,0.00002933122,0.00002301817],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999425,0.00001291006,0.00001257812,0.000007089499,0.00001044904,0.00001428479],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005045381,0.0000326071,0.00006562725,0.0000794361,0.00000986189,0.00004371001,0.00002676364,0.0001746111,0.9952961,0.0002036069,0.00005011568,0.003967224],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007700841,0.00008499235,0.0006106126,0.000003766284,0.000007334485,0.00003397511,0.00001007256,0.0004982681,0.9975086,0.00004599007,0.001184737,0.00000379315],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9815907,0.00280618,0.01238671,0.0001694517,0.00007011193,0.00003631245,0.000153744,0.000049581,0.002737079],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9935727,0.001611939,0.002457241,0.00005036275,0.0000150955,0.00001067019,0.0001555792,0.00001687514,0.002109596],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001319716,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.004414856,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1969423681","doi":"10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.199","title":"Production of polyols via direct hydrolysis of kraft lignin: Effect of process parameters","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bioresource Technology","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":175,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"FPInnovations; Western University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico; FPInnovations","keywords":"Chemistry; Lignin; Yield (engineering); Hydrolysis; Catalysis; Hydroxyl value; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Substrate (aquarium); Polyol; Organic chemistry; Solvent; Nuclear chemistry; Polyurethane; Chemical engineering; Materials science","authors":[{"name":"Nubla Mahmood","is_ca":true},{"name":"Zhongshun Yuan","is_ca":true},{"name":"John A. Schmidt","is_ca":true},{"name":"Chunbao Xu","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.002397110125214729,"gpt":0.1844841816232831,"spread":0.1820870714980684,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002377293,0.0004634064,0.0003397427,0.0001917951,0.0001279544,0.0003918656,0.0003040206,0.000315547,0.001065241],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003566873,0.0001676315,0.000314183,0.0002947901,0.0001909072,0.0006062932,0.0002612247,0.0005190968,0.0003837594],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002772934,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002881204,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008771774,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002161907,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998341,0.00002094607,0.00001465578,0.00003511568,0.0000400245,0.00005511353],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998322,0.00005562558,0.0000326427,0.00002533952,0.00002451587,0.00002969499],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002418618,0.0000955381,0.000107114,0.00004856822,0.000008528978,0.00002542295,0.00001948972,0.0002162112,0.9965963,0.00002667455,0.00002006365,0.002594132],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000009233167,0.0001248755,0.0002883723,0.000001405992,0.00000750793,0.000009872592,0.000005635618,0.0002861595,0.9991271,0.000007033863,0.0001303917,0.000002396374],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9969864,0.0003720096,0.001841642,0.00002438429,0.00001031483,0.0000152735,0.000105756,0.00002820942,0.0006160135],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968401,0.0003406935,0.001528063,0.000009779765,0.000003399039,0.000008679658,0.0001730716,0.00001660079,0.001079639],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001065241,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.003563643,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2121573470","doi":"10.1002/cssc.201300509","title":"Methanol Fractionation of Softwood Kraft Lignin: Impact on the Lignin Properties","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ChemSusChem","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":173,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Kruger (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Lignin; Fractionation; Softwood; Char; Chemistry; Yield (engineering); Depolymerization; Kraft paper; Fraction (chemistry); Molar mass distribution; Methanol; Organic chemistry; Chromatography; Pyrolysis; Chemical engineering; Polymer; Materials science; Composite material","authors":[{"name":"Tomonori Saito","is_ca":false},{"name":"Joshua H. Perkins","is_ca":false},{"name":"Frédéric Vautard","is_ca":false},{"name":"Harry M. Meyer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jamie M. Messman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Balázs Tolnai","is_ca":true},{"name":"Amit K. Naskar","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01240049245352941,"gpt":0.194873185861905,"spread":0.1824726934083756,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001204443,0.0003622368,0.0002088701,0.0002002711,0.0001284916,0.0002241309,0.0001276327,0.0001623785,0.0007954388],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001804638,0.00009319729,0.0001665579,0.0001951269,0.0001606714,0.0002761624,0.0001313204,0.0003353389,0.0001594775],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001825025,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001798926,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007664158,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001696981,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999129,0.000009986285,0.000005641266,0.00001825735,0.00002996481,0.00002332985],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999293,0.00001959416,0.00002067083,0.00000833416,0.00001072086,0.00001144469],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006204894,0.0000159524,0.0003088563,0.00003066915,0.00000676132,0.00001563628,0.000007895796,0.00009445808,0.9975252,0.00001499816,0.0000076918,0.00190988],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002031112,0.00004874961,0.002794562,0.00000193882,0.000007961784,0.00002365825,0.000007644996,0.000296192,0.9966266,0.00001099174,0.0001773347,0.000002332646],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9966612,0.001394607,0.001355759,0.00003581279,0.000007427531,0.00001001923,0.00007698904,0.00002147062,0.0004367591],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979778,0.0007044202,0.0007950598,0.00003032765,0.000004444464,0.000004436173,0.00005939469,0.00001002279,0.0004140954],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0007954388,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00266093,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2897559540","doi":"10.1038/s41598-018-34204-1","title":"Liberation of recalcitrant cell wall sugars from oak barrels into bourbon whiskey during aging","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Scientific Reports","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":171,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tobacco Research Unit","funders":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","keywords":"Cellulose; Hemicellulose; Pulp and paper industry; Barrel (horology); Charring; Sugar; Cell wall; Chemistry; Botany; Food science; Materials science; Composite material; Waste management; Biology; Organic chemistry; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Jarrad Gollihue","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mitchell D. Richmond","is_ca":true},{"name":"Harlen Wheatley","is_ca":false},{"name":"Victoria G. Pook","is_ca":false},{"name":"Meera G. Nair","is_ca":false},{"name":"Isabelle A. Kagan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Seth DeBolt","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004079027776509351,"gpt":0.1889700206991688,"spread":0.1848909929226594,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002603641,0.0003154044,0.0001832807,0.0001997192,0.0001768419,0.0003709023,0.0001343644,0.0001930108,0.0005296008],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000296221,0.0001545649,0.0001432495,0.0002345036,0.0002593941,0.0003326296,0.0001616276,0.000573574,0.0001479372],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001463576,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000166969,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001038991,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001703439,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998915,0.000009809103,0.000006114524,0.00002779024,0.00003375678,0.00003107976],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997805,0.0000308347,0.00007620339,0.00002057477,0.00004651938,0.00004552895],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005592319,0.000012605,0.001396272,0.00001591183,0.000003909633,0.00003875685,0.0000847437,0.00005427498,0.9970625,0.00003153952,0.00001043875,0.001233177],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002365178,0.000176986,0.03180571,0.000005713857,0.00001061463,0.0001198449,0.0001591814,0.0005624575,0.9664646,0.00004712903,0.0006357631,0.000009731489],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.997065,0.0003846956,0.001958331,0.00001262294,0.00001076222,0.00001045798,0.0001162308,0.00002558926,0.0004163027],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9951752,0.0003820343,0.002687064,0.00004001701,0.000005352052,0.00001257866,0.000198363,0.00002093162,0.001478468],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001038991,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002065837,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2982300690","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1904643116","title":"Passive membrane transport of lignin-related compounds","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":167,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Center for Bioenergy Innovation; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Biological and Environmental Research; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Laboratory Directed Research and Development; U.S. Department of Energy; Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Lignin; Chemistry; Membrane; Organic chemistry; Biochemistry","authors":[{"name":"Josh V. Vermaas","is_ca":false},{"name":"Richard A. Dixon","is_ca":false},{"name":"Fang Chen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Shawn D. Mansfield","is_ca":true},{"name":"Wout Boerjan","is_ca":false},{"name":"John Ralph","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael F. Crowley","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gregg T. Beckham","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01302780047783189,"gpt":0.2329959188974528,"spread":0.2199681184196209,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001320221,0.0003849242,0.0003434533,0.0001423721,0.0006270159,0.0006298351,0.0005457912,0.0005175893,0.001831945],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003095737,0.0002203644,0.0004057414,0.0001665236,0.000481072,0.001120994,0.0003655412,0.0005775154,0.000221564],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008861366,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001020346,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006337408,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003307421,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999943,0.000007063884,0.000001894161,0.00001179625,0.00001254018,0.00002365644],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999138,0.0000289836,0.00001283741,0.000008952228,0.00001902165,0.00001630848],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000577841,0.0004009464,0.006714835,0.0004020472,0.0001708137,0.000450211,0.0003140699,0.5550155,0.394239,0.029927,0.00153666,0.01025099],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008653171,0.0001485095,0.001028258,0.00001353305,0.00003150233,0.00003613334,0.00008695882,0.9548393,0.03929503,0.002792981,0.001614365,0.00002704098],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9842151,0.0003017522,0.01179799,0.0002798622,0.00003408577,0.00002417315,0.0002002669,0.00007098857,0.003075742],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9951642,0.0004066971,0.002864505,0.00006822014,0.000005710488,0.00004251446,0.0003065198,0.00001832422,0.001123374],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006337408,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01260102,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2585922870","doi":"10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b03043","title":"Valorizing Recalcitrant Cellulolytic Enzyme Lignin via Lignin Nanoparticles Fabrication in an Integrated Biorefinery","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":167,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"China Scholarship Council; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Lignin; Biorefinery; Corn stover; Softwood; Hardwood; Chemistry; Enzymatic hydrolysis; Lignocellulosic biomass; Biorefining; Cellulose; Pulp and paper industry; Hydrolysis; Biomass (ecology); Chemical engineering; Organic chemistry; Botany; Raw material; Agronomy; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Dong Tian","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jinguang Hu","is_ca":true},{"name":"Richard P. Chandra","is_ca":true},{"name":"J. N. Saddler","is_ca":true},{"name":"Canhui Lu","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007777870559417544,"gpt":0.2049369591858215,"spread":0.197159088626404,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001184582,0.0002978673,0.0001279546,0.0001315101,0.00008597458,0.000221887,0.0002169088,0.0002858314,0.0002812741],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008681374,0.0001533357,0.0002268201,0.0001054266,0.0001160673,0.0002344099,0.0001825253,0.0002610524,0.0001724387],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002138178,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000127493,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006085499,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00173878,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999198,0.00000708581,0.000005365013,0.00002371998,0.00002743709,0.00001660081],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999635,0.000004656813,0.00001248499,0.000004794032,0.00000936898,0.000005102485],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009331322,0.000008617808,0.0000787713,0.00002198317,0.000002373573,0.00002976257,0.000007900124,0.0001960196,0.998173,0.0000587524,0.00001444783,0.001399106],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003872114,0.00008658735,0.0006011142,0.000002331751,0.000007852088,0.00005185666,0.0000117742,0.002063796,0.9961755,0.00002331229,0.000968433,0.000003478834],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9770072,0.0006721973,0.02040326,0.00005080832,0.00002591978,0.0000331941,0.00009795586,0.0001577389,0.001551665],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9852325,0.0003583161,0.01294916,0.0000281955,0.000005020591,0.0000269476,0.0001082801,0.00001411772,0.001277349],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0006085499,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00155133,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2514423992","doi":"10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00907","title":"LignoForce System for the Recovery of Lignin from Black Liquor: Feedstock Options, Odor Profile, and Product Characterization","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":166,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"FPInnovations","funders":"Natural Resources Canada","keywords":"Black liquor; Chemistry; Lignin; Kraft paper; Sulfuric acid; Kraft process; Permanganate; Sulfur; Hydrogen sulfide; Organic chemistry; Cellulose; Pulp and paper industry; Raw material; Lignosulfonates; Dimethyl sulfide","authors":[{"name":"Lamfeddal Kouisni","is_ca":true},{"name":"Alain Gagné","is_ca":true},{"name":"Kirsten Maki","is_ca":true},{"name":"Peter Holt-Hindle","is_ca":true},{"name":"Michael Paleologou","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003553967511081261,"gpt":0.1654204289603907,"spread":0.1618664614493094,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003171255,0.0003178777,0.000303178,0.0005903035,0.0002943189,0.0002922762,0.0002852856,0.0002841799,0.001286085],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002079737,0.0001001161,0.0002172559,0.0005690804,0.0001382874,0.0003799724,0.0002488922,0.0003697003,0.0002925893],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003050606,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002964764,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002508574,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00538528,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997683,0.00001797333,0.00001213922,0.00002965891,0.0001386532,0.00003329506],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999249,0.00001241297,0.00001947095,0.000009490477,0.00002410414,0.000009728119],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001331433,0.00007827252,0.0007526404,0.00006893797,0.000006679229,0.00004951495,0.00003501218,0.0002471148,0.9889821,0.00009757527,0.000063142,0.009485845],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004035797,0.0001524491,0.002720685,0.000004844204,0.000006267807,0.00007386877,0.00002050246,0.0009770868,0.9948772,0.00001319666,0.001141714,0.000008131359],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9872324,0.0005797358,0.009378701,0.00003720114,0.000005137208,0.00009221325,0.0008621306,0.0001692206,0.001643152],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9721099,0.00112901,0.02067601,0.00004377857,0.000004662887,0.0001124713,0.002074713,0.000057753,0.003791901],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002508574,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.004987955,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}