{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":1060,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":10,"predictions_cover":1060,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"d84cc5da90c2","filters":{"topic":"Open Education and E-Learning"}},"results":[{"id":"W2621901005","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v18i5.3096","title":"Openness and Praxis: Exploring the Use of Open Educational Practices in Higher Education","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":447,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Open educational resources; Open education; Openness to experience; Praxis; Pedagogy; Sociology; Educational technology; Higher education; Grounded theory; Teaching method; Qualitative research; Mathematics education; Psychology; Social science; Political science; Social psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.4833885901345603,"gpt":0.5306440954106897,"spread":0.04725550527612943,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006324489,0.0000805505,0.0001913671,0.0001154876,0.0004452447,0.002321206,0.004355505,0.00002040344,0.0001329436],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007186035,0.00005296955,0.00001835871,0.0003309091,0.0001977356,0.003860314,0.00383933,0.0005377121,0.000005258125],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006687032,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006254201,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004645626,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000114579,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979472,0.0007867215,0.0003668339,0.0002793164,0.0004578047,0.0001621631],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9967043,0.00168089,0.0006484496,0.0004710641,0.0004416665,0.00005360395],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009120622,0.000481775,0.2716422,0.0008214039,0.0000476561,0.000002091435,0.001415818,0.0001810121,0.00006372027,0.5859329,0.004610883,0.1347093],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004254942,0.00005086785,0.7560581,0.00723047,0.00000554593,0.00001400149,0.003860286,0.00114513,0.00003489967,0.003170223,0.227886,0.0001189525],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4322076,0.01139101,0.0001184156,0.4989518,0.001144386,0.00325924,0.00001512409,0.00001061118,0.05290178],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9799279,0.01657011,0.0008762741,0.0002322915,0.00005110012,0.0002831328,0.00002819726,0.000005501891,0.002025491],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5827627,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9987145,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4248837107","doi":"10.1787/9789264046535-en","title":"Tertiary Education for the Knowledge Society","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"OECD reviews of tertiary education","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":352,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Engineering ethics; Knowledge management; Computer science; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02870380218024712,"gpt":0.3187812550058823,"spread":0.2900774528256352,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00101702,0.0004405266,0.0006037414,0.0001643253,0.0004632109,0.0001532167,0.001948468,0.0002827894,0.0001617241],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001501957,0.0003294287,0.0007465688,0.0001788558,0.0001271583,0.0006257227,0.000229496,0.000503056,0.0005746593],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000358265,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.008175241,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000022604,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004652414,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974629,0.000230029,0.001038396,0.0006884694,0.0002661258,0.0003140598],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9964451,0.000398743,0.00116762,0.001393901,0.0004550742,0.0001395286],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001030954,0.0002815443,0.00004766445,0.0005779703,0.00003159429,1.590504e-8,0.001885082,8.228908e-7,0.00002105845,0.006889125,0.5985444,0.3917197],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008554828,0.00003448159,0.00128386,0.0007131998,0.0001109044,0.00002089958,0.0002124476,0.0003004207,0.00004979198,0.001227588,0.9956006,0.000360286],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.00004747933,0.2771946,0.0173684,0.01513479,0.01882371,0.008056047,0.00001302108,0.0002327479,0.6631292],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.000436964,0.07128926,0.02490509,0.003716771,0.002642504,0.00178119,0.0004821818,0.00008405966,0.894662],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3970562,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999158,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2133474950","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v9i1.469","title":"Open Content and Open Educational Resources: Enabling universal education","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":330,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Distance education; Open education; Reproduction; Production (economics); Universal Primary Education; Quality (philosophy); Business; Economic growth; Economics; Sociology; Developing country; Pedagogy; Microeconomics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1614285131294149,"gpt":0.4369210195471709,"spread":0.275492506417756,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication","open_science"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005227958,0.0001049077,0.0002477021,0.0001704374,0.0005950703,0.001329232,0.005409589,0.00003238247,0.0002360123],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00218702,0.00008200319,0.00002456716,0.0006864482,0.0002024681,0.001624599,0.006363096,0.0005770944,0.00001953672],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001554949,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001302209,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0035971,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003571532,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976752,0.000783305,0.0003794004,0.0003983846,0.0005387608,0.0002249748],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978907,0.0008427261,0.0002190549,0.000291798,0.0006243635,0.0001313356],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002036263,0.0009242317,0.1183814,0.000818119,0.0001119648,0.00001459811,0.005620904,0.0001353824,0.0001875907,0.7463312,0.03082527,0.09644573],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001888279,0.0002383247,0.1073584,0.01125487,0.00001154208,0.0002356898,0.0335564,0.003164206,0.00007927196,0.006319917,0.8354993,0.0003938212],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2622334,0.03728827,0.00164525,0.3036771,0.0008972954,0.00664871,0.00003516546,0.00004729702,0.3875275],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9553604,0.03318353,0.002326305,0.0009639545,0.00007981855,0.000168489,0.0001471491,0.00001066243,0.007759751],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.804674,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999716,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2892918003","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v19i4.3601","title":"Defining OER-Enabled Pedagogy","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":313,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Open educational resources; Open education; Computer science; Context (archaeology); Variety (cybernetics); Educational technology; Open learning; Term (time); Set (abstract data type); Pedagogy; Mathematics education; Teaching method; Sociology; World Wide Web; Psychology; Artificial intelligence; Cooperative learning","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08303704294526316,"gpt":0.4705506648136079,"spread":0.3875136218683447,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007286129,0.00008602947,0.0001981868,0.0001495395,0.0003395121,0.0004848821,0.002491123,0.00003035224,0.0004091859],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003309401,0.00006273433,0.00003343035,0.0008083948,0.0001966904,0.0005191606,0.001852855,0.0006518496,0.0001551163],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007532945,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003496617,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004334226,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002368136,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977278,0.0007261115,0.0003463787,0.0002926085,0.0006170452,0.0002900351],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980664,0.000819542,0.0001482003,0.0002775174,0.0006058682,0.0000824393],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006006702,0.0001528461,0.03632972,0.0006119267,0.00004995801,0.00001411722,0.001391111,0.00007278383,0.000125753,0.8392583,0.01294611,0.1089874],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001289404,0.0004528284,0.02944013,0.01129386,0.000009297139,0.00008644289,0.01154699,0.02207493,0.0004106847,0.008613181,0.9144312,0.0003510924],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.06586493,0.03215817,0.01462639,0.1444222,0.001195558,0.002113477,0.00001865201,0.0001276764,0.7394729],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9869395,0.009655485,0.001404282,0.0004831869,0.00007890342,0.00004555913,0.00004136583,0.00000705708,0.001344659],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9210746,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4675729,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1623579146","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v2i1.32","title":"Learning Objects: Resources For Distance Education Worldwide","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":269,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Perspective (graphical); Computer science; Learning object; Distance education; Synchronous learning; Human–computer interaction; Data science; Multimedia; World Wide Web; Mathematics education; Artificial intelligence; Teaching method; Cooperative learning; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05746918612966657,"gpt":0.427611048821475,"spread":0.3701418626918085,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006076732,0.0001088056,0.0002214499,0.000179979,0.000430689,0.0006080668,0.002061652,0.00003216191,0.00008036382],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004651689,0.00008450044,0.00005230121,0.0009738899,0.0001115003,0.000606742,0.00076178,0.0007235175,0.00001817792],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001366072,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003451475,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000287742,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003298698,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976731,0.0006859659,0.0004088855,0.0003502317,0.0005787817,0.0003030423],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975215,0.00132902,0.0002301153,0.000248748,0.000580782,0.00008987845],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002735086,0.0005510047,0.1287701,0.002132227,0.00008445897,0.000009798629,0.004095353,0.00164585,0.0001749742,0.3680323,0.0132041,0.4810264],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004941731,0.0001455062,0.01081022,0.00676604,0.000005492976,0.00002541638,0.01305832,0.009401106,0.00003334678,0.003553614,0.9555366,0.0001701731],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1563947,0.08590896,0.06786612,0.2158214,0.001829209,0.007445345,0.00003183072,0.0002594333,0.464443],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9671344,0.02415317,0.001581247,0.0004146965,0.000107179,0.0002551108,0.0000905283,0.0000113591,0.006252282],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9423325,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5863602,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1777820723","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v15i1.1687","title":"Challenges and instructors’ intention to adopt and use open educational resources in higher education in Tanzania","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":169,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Tampereen Yliopisto; University of Dar es Salaam","keywords":"Open educational resources; Tanzania; Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology; Expectancy theory; Higher education; Competence (human resources); Open education; Distance education; Knowledge management; Computer science; Psychology; Pedagogy; Sociology; Political science; Social psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.132662400490981,"gpt":0.4314942039602848,"spread":0.2988318034693038,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004928283,0.00009108966,0.0002066548,0.0003076454,0.0001003844,0.0006933681,0.001266474,0.00003480415,0.0000632024],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002199849,0.00007414223,0.00001149263,0.0005040804,0.00008113846,0.001002971,0.001741272,0.0004445465,0.000005683816],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001042172,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002185716,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001617409,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003722643,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979202,0.0008485658,0.0003509453,0.0003575859,0.0003442698,0.0001785072],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998593,0.0007767294,0.0001184387,0.0001871008,0.0002325545,0.00009218391],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000614986,0.0002280651,0.2336133,0.0004947016,0.00001096535,9.833403e-7,0.002094487,0.00003804709,0.00005014515,0.415529,0.0006048353,0.3472739],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000396324,0.00006995183,0.9113743,0.005095455,0.000001410476,0.000009879024,0.002972662,0.0008028452,0.000004602,0.004856668,0.07431559,0.0001003591],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.825479,0.01431269,0.00008836936,0.1245199,0.0003224078,0.001500477,0.000004137452,0.00001037502,0.0337626],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9802281,0.01727252,0.001031279,0.000388652,0.00003108893,0.000102744,0.00002974083,0.000005647053,0.0009102284],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6777609,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6686164,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1828697651","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v13i4.1313","title":"Assumptions and challenges of open scholarship","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":162,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Scholarship; Open education; Openness to experience; Conversation; Sociology; Digital scholarship; SPARK (programming language); Higher education; Public relations; Political science; Engineering ethics; Pedagogy; Psychology; Computer science; Social psychology; Engineering; Library science; Law","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2727454164129062,"gpt":0.4947178553392714,"spread":0.2219724389263652,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01037962,0.00006287659,0.0001858671,0.0001074755,0.0001628227,0.0003605093,0.002322017,0.00002503514,0.00008678519],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002383004,0.00004600168,0.00001981209,0.0003610425,0.0001117568,0.001298948,0.002881348,0.0004992883,0.00001248734],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000377407,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001112004,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001928344,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009081218,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981259,0.0008057409,0.0002732598,0.000171017,0.0004263746,0.0001977176],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985238,0.0007527476,0.0001419572,0.000210451,0.0002801472,0.00009089598],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002070724,0.0002000431,0.09337449,0.0009505727,0.00003679599,0.000001084684,0.000907453,0.00001433912,0.00008642313,0.800914,0.0006689053,0.1028251],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00116863,0.0002027245,0.6088346,0.01472441,0.00001370572,0.00005843426,0.01341583,0.001484853,0.0002604374,0.008826768,0.3507236,0.0002860471],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.158332,0.3601921,0.001885029,0.2360367,0.0005790202,0.003357011,0.00003341195,0.00004427815,0.2395405],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8899049,0.1088469,0.0008861499,0.00008551266,0.00002294686,0.00003883627,0.0000148173,0.000003537914,0.0001963429],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7920873,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4314924,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1908527781","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v15i2.1803","title":"Investigating perceived barriers to the use of open educational resources in higher education in Tanzania","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":158,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Tampereen Yliopisto; University of Dar es Salaam","keywords":"Open educational resources; Tanzania; Higher education; The Internet; Open education; Developing country; Knowledge management; Economic growth; Computer science; Sociology; World Wide Web; Socioeconomics; Economics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.130212726815663,"gpt":0.433080209763591,"spread":0.302867482947928,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007392218,0.00008989958,0.0002234964,0.0002485015,0.0001730316,0.0006755922,0.003319537,0.00002936171,0.0002999294],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009370713,0.00006263708,0.000023128,0.001250569,0.0001243345,0.0007877088,0.001823219,0.0005982923,0.00001177091],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001436978,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009292161,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004219656,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000278271,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9967876,0.001643337,0.0005096269,0.0002960504,0.0005533125,0.0002100888],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973292,0.001673802,0.0002059119,0.0003119774,0.0003542893,0.0001248027],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006064168,0.0003096462,0.5903735,0.0005986322,0.00002553005,9.035329e-7,0.007017902,0.007023655,0.0003270934,0.3127223,0.01517131,0.06636883],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004130222,0.00006751616,0.7218743,0.008120148,0.000002387391,0.000004151012,0.005491465,0.007962194,0.00001701042,0.003053806,0.2528597,0.0001342886],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6789523,0.002035966,0.0002045234,0.2888887,0.0004002631,0.002323481,0.00001050622,0.000009903802,0.02717432],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9940257,0.0008963338,0.001793282,0.001538098,0.00004640087,0.0001526033,0.00003913495,0.00000659634,0.001501862],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3150734,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9989738,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2747646822","doi":"10.1080/01587919.2017.1369350","title":"Open educational resources: removing barriers from within","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Distance Education","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":150,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Open educational resources; Panacea (medicine); Open education; Mainstreaming; Distance education; Educational technology; Sociology; Political science; Engineering ethics; Pedagogy; Special education; Medicine; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0193371178195711,"gpt":0.3117247006940967,"spread":0.2923875828745256,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004065553,0.000126376,0.0001245652,0.00005647549,0.001489655,0.003637116,0.003690216,0.00004917845,0.0003630832],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009333872,0.0001337084,0.00003371823,0.0001244499,0.00007346281,0.00262125,0.0004453136,0.0001809735,0.0002397464],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001630698,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001530621,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001428195,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002295302,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987564,0.00008504702,0.0002373628,0.0005072987,0.0002315151,0.0001823711],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978511,0.00007779484,0.0004257473,0.001267309,0.000160658,0.0002174098],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001562196,0.0001956845,0.07227086,0.00001318897,0.00002054471,5.457375e-7,0.02366921,0.00004628101,0.0002866725,0.844951,0.04009078,0.01843961],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000458065,0.00003162226,0.4779107,0.0002437535,0.00001517062,0.00000560342,0.02156289,0.002448994,0.0005152266,0.07736154,0.4187495,0.0006969238],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3974912,0.0003727283,0.0174074,0.065412,0.01312673,0.0006958439,0.00001109122,0.0001590851,0.5053239],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9559825,0.000006956543,0.02889515,0.001121745,0.0004752687,0.00007746722,0.00004362528,0.00001282049,0.01338449],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7675894,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998103,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2136630123","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v3i2.106","title":"When is a Learning Object not an Object: A first step towards a theory of learning objects","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":145,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Athabasca University","funders":"","keywords":"Learning object; Object (grammar); Confusion; Computer science; Field (mathematics); Educational technology; Term (time); Concept learning; Learning theory; Epistemology; Scale (ratio); Artificial intelligence; Synchronous learning; Cognitive science; Data science; Mathematics education; Psychology; Teaching method; Cooperative learning; Machine learning; Mathematics; Philosophy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1034368961196484,"gpt":0.4000537020053344,"spread":0.296616805885686,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01133549,0.0002316326,0.0005349857,0.0003668094,0.0005987678,0.0006380093,0.003178661,0.00008655027,0.00124242],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006772254,0.0001833998,0.0001229011,0.001178381,0.0002613912,0.001038531,0.001943209,0.001962155,0.00006399208],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000164004,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002812654,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008051082,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004101642,"domain_scores_codex":[0.994043,0.002662002,0.0007591048,0.0006148939,0.001392073,0.000528954],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9963841,0.001708537,0.0004853797,0.0004727374,0.0007655882,0.0001835864],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005671797,0.001473091,0.0690962,0.005574042,0.0004983864,0.00009984382,0.06350051,0.004486686,0.0006888146,0.1274709,0.007982586,0.7185618],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005437077,0.003189013,0.02972633,0.0361457,0.00009097724,0.0002788038,0.1022723,0.321637,0.001701799,0.008887442,0.4889635,0.001670035],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3670112,0.06294193,0.02874885,0.1008686,0.001401091,0.008250475,0.0000918519,0.0005610499,0.430125],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9796045,0.01572845,0.001299732,0.0003187516,0.00006355159,0.00009159598,0.00005157205,0.0000219807,0.002819853],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7168918,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996706,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1537361403","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v14i4.1523","title":"The adoption of open educational resources by one community college math department","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":141,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Open educational resources; Community college; Educational resources; Distance education; Mathematics education; Open education; Educational technology; Medical education; Psychology; Pedagogy; Medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08437578471927064,"gpt":0.4224845345090733,"spread":0.3381087497898027,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.008456974,0.00007511852,0.0001813578,0.00006063427,0.0006616184,0.0007513555,0.004463992,0.00002315883,0.0001653168],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001854161,0.00004820034,0.00002830287,0.0005246876,0.0002003025,0.000651245,0.002881344,0.0006783112,0.00003481586],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001025621,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000253247,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002451612,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004714042,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968544,0.001746227,0.0004113011,0.0001586223,0.0006429263,0.0001865865],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9966329,0.002093773,0.0002593659,0.000345857,0.0006010552,0.00006705416],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009358327,0.001157799,0.02453966,0.0008267934,0.0001327305,6.863565e-7,0.001618368,0.0001149616,0.0003801998,0.8118482,0.1075637,0.05172331],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001500145,0.0004669519,0.1801503,0.01008076,0.00001498537,0.00002370051,0.03393922,0.00942608,0.0002864346,0.02578064,0.7379932,0.0003375083],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4909233,0.02386601,0.001233376,0.3482555,0.0003972785,0.006447509,0.0001494266,0.00003077777,0.1286968],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9852476,0.01162955,0.0007057795,0.0002219125,0.00001932648,0.0002703853,0.0001812484,0.000005038902,0.001719236],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7860675,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8295281,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3021956630","doi":"10.5334/jime.565","title":"Framing Open Educational Practices from a Social Justice Perspective","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Interactive Media in Education","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":140,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Kwantlen Polytechnic University","funders":"","keywords":"Framing (construction); Sociology; Scholarship; Transformative learning; Open educational resources; Pedagogy; Political science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04952985183553242,"gpt":0.4041718485038887,"spread":0.3546419966683563,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000448648,0.0001181738,0.000225006,0.0002086336,0.0001260678,0.0005802641,0.001233743,0.00005156606,0.0003261131],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008619163,0.0001143293,0.00006161551,0.0005231025,0.00002780486,0.004213643,0.0001935861,0.0007550591,0.00007243655],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005244908,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002747397,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003588746,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000539935,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984868,0.0003371783,0.0004544269,0.000257372,0.0003255911,0.0001386918],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9955747,0.001408185,0.001730395,0.000100775,0.001026319,0.0001596275],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003763102,0.002460002,0.008798148,0.00003571616,0.0001607244,0.00001078899,0.8167394,0.0000992513,0.003024846,0.08318378,0.04313187,0.04197918],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001053471,0.0002759482,0.169784,0.0002697328,0.0001022984,0.00005891739,0.7683997,0.002293691,0.0008928542,0.01573472,0.04073656,0.000398152],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5526991,0.0007964405,0.008449852,0.3766677,0.01519449,0.0004999342,0.000004426772,0.00002382582,0.04566428],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9675165,0.00004965278,0.02676031,0.00270994,0.002874651,0.00001687623,0.00000633756,0.000009497329,0.00005623894],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4148174,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997317,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2040593905","doi":"10.1007/s11423-008-9094-5","title":"Assessing learning, quality and engagement in learning objects: the Learning Object Evaluation Scale for Students (LOES-S)","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Educational Technology Research and Development","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":137,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University","funders":"","keywords":"Learning object; Construct validity; Educational technology; Scale (ratio); Object (grammar); Reliability (semiconductor); Quality (philosophy); Construct (python library); Psychology; Face validity; Computer science; Mathematics education; Artificial intelligence; Psychometrics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2365705562528282,"gpt":0.5112728534483177,"spread":0.2747022971954896,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01084951,0.0001598397,0.0001939749,0.0007009438,0.002899449,0.0004606321,0.000603443,0.0001226193,0.00004068057],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003733372,0.0001386916,0.00001752066,0.001036146,0.0003030156,0.000490596,0.0006325695,0.001464575,0.00002805473],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003442782,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001889386,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003726414,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003554572,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9962504,0.001153338,0.0004183896,0.0006344728,0.0009960077,0.0005473997],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976342,0.001224651,0.0001529108,0.0001978065,0.0006857105,0.0001046766],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000149705,0.0002851066,0.9284437,0.00003654485,0.00003052785,0.000001127643,0.01872015,0.0004056906,0.0002862651,0.005316671,0.0002338528,0.04622533],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008550926,0.0002089377,0.9210827,0.00008299449,0.000003120024,0.00003424371,0.04971628,0.002576968,0.0006202321,0.003890971,0.02066362,0.000264881],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9848547,0.000522935,0.002154615,0.00942296,0.0001601461,0.0009450266,1.003294e-7,0.0000943445,0.001845184],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9828016,0.0001988663,0.01366689,0.00005449978,0.0000538554,0.0009770194,0.00002305594,0.00001250432,0.002211725],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04596045,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9983987,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1954581327","doi":"10.21432/t25c8c","title":"A Convergent Participation Model for Evaluation of Learning Objects","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":132,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Formative assessment; Computer science; Metadata; Learning object; Knowledge management; Stakeholder; Process (computing); Social media; Educational technology; Social software; World Wide Web; Mathematics education; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04937423230798772,"gpt":0.3011348285119846,"spread":0.2517605962039969,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009597848,0.00006879944,0.0001532653,0.0005539614,0.0002262959,0.00004833283,0.0001915816,0.00009507208,0.00005824586],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001289682,0.00007048004,0.00003377339,0.0003339332,0.00006063493,0.000181624,0.00001610495,0.0003554685,0.000004370523],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007735435,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000422187,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000487226,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003021961,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991429,0.0001101746,0.0002668675,0.0001225139,0.0001481666,0.0002093872],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987679,0.00005763353,0.0003287119,0.00007750581,0.0006081825,0.0001600457],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001409349,0.00008582264,0.1408207,0.00007505159,0.0001425044,0.00001226289,0.02669099,0.3006599,0.001909088,0.05795647,0.001318788,0.4703143],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005812473,0.0002945832,0.000353788,0.00004005903,0.00003136761,0.00004092507,0.003050426,0.9897465,0.0003897946,0.001355737,0.004032802,0.00008284669],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9404034,0.001172919,0.05167735,0.004341227,0.0003245573,0.0001690008,3.520485e-7,0.00003826493,0.001872914],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9961412,0.0000431766,0.003270045,0.00001500151,0.00002221812,0.000007592201,7.243986e-7,0.000006496774,0.000493527],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6890865,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2874093,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2117818294","doi":"","title":"An Ontology-Based Framework for Bridging Learning Design and Learning Content","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":125,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Ontology; Bridging (networking); Learning object; Process ontology; Ontology-based data integration; Ontology learning; Upper ontology; Context (archaeology); Suggested Upper Merged Ontology; Software engineering; Information retrieval; Artificial intelligence; Semantic Web","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04814234656138164,"gpt":0.2956438193343253,"spread":0.2475014727729436,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008925267,0.0001393361,0.0001710387,0.0001071933,0.0006431988,0.0004846877,0.0003129288,0.0000901286,0.00003929288],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003094971,0.000134592,0.00004263299,0.0001709735,0.00003986235,0.0004250011,0.0000457904,0.0004519108,0.00002028761],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003483989,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000851396,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002030923,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001134575,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985605,0.0003234864,0.0002056772,0.0004248394,0.0001305165,0.0003549071],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998834,0.0006565328,0.0001174737,0.0001811002,0.0001040888,0.0001068648],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000568717,0.0002233009,0.05795621,0.0000424226,0.00002353061,0.000007580876,0.002464539,0.2828525,0.004546452,0.5625503,0.0007480207,0.08852822],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005114442,0.0004131269,0.01305341,0.00003974152,0.000008154383,0.00001022365,0.001664584,0.9739214,0.001535151,0.002315164,0.00623235,0.0002952587],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04632545,0.00005176415,0.9493564,0.001628595,0.0001816228,0.0002283744,5.502422e-8,0.0003433404,0.001884333],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.578741,0.000001307486,0.4197897,0.0003822967,0.00006648009,0.00002177941,0.000003607988,0.000009502046,0.0009843251],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6910689,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5488501,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1583746066","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v10i5.768","title":"Openness, Dynamic Specialization, and the Disaggregated Future of Higher Education","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":118,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Openness to experience; Higher education; Institution; Value (mathematics); Order (exchange); Open education; Public relations; Open educational resources; Distance education; Business; Sociology; Knowledge management; Political science; Economics; Pedagogy; Psychology; Economic growth; Computer science; Social science; Social psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03174009206721293,"gpt":0.4117423450298308,"spread":0.3800022529626179,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003559469,0.00007530992,0.0001956532,0.00008818832,0.000193898,0.0003065809,0.001467021,0.00002702433,0.0001522042],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006696456,0.00004469201,0.00002681381,0.0007550563,0.000187039,0.0004373269,0.0005101599,0.0003758831,0.000004070598],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004944948,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002315456,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001641383,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008963786,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982136,0.0006834829,0.0003331889,0.0001968734,0.0004404436,0.0001324],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998696,0.0003782748,0.0002114041,0.0002188386,0.0004519574,0.00004352649],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006749868,0.0001263115,0.003900928,0.0002503118,0.00001899596,7.777832e-7,0.0005487908,0.00005995304,0.00003113204,0.8361072,0.002964663,0.1559235],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002916086,0.0002080415,0.2588492,0.0115589,0.00002514071,0.00004583661,0.01026743,0.01409075,0.00007084785,0.0406456,0.6609853,0.0003368632],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05385095,0.1584148,0.00324559,0.6609298,0.00150589,0.004053847,0.00002200827,0.00005369721,0.1179234],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9556043,0.04179652,0.000248613,0.000485652,0.0000695375,0.0000272773,0.00007628344,0.000003649106,0.001688165],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9017534,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2956367,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1568034861","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v14i4.1573","title":"Measuring use and creation of open educational resources in higher education","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":112,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Athabasca University; Okanagan College","funders":"","keywords":"Open educational resources; Open education; Higher education; Knowledge management; Computer science; Political science; Library science; World Wide Web","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1777374521065849,"gpt":0.4384673148395885,"spread":0.2607298627330036,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003578519,0.00007387791,0.0001842367,0.0002175009,0.0001185795,0.0009304148,0.001683333,0.00002747736,0.0003947489],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001877409,0.00005761241,0.00001669947,0.0006461394,0.0001064344,0.00176744,0.001427585,0.0003683003,0.0000104069],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009239888,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003486565,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005096825,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003593774,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998116,0.0006484668,0.0003925229,0.0002439818,0.0004503445,0.0001487102],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980614,0.0009128908,0.0001992658,0.0001979676,0.0005660155,0.00006242928],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004483249,0.0004972849,0.5653788,0.0009732568,0.0000333961,7.324394e-7,0.001557366,0.0001910019,0.0004147811,0.3484983,0.004770096,0.07764013],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004254681,0.00005139803,0.9397422,0.006929919,0.000003133332,0.000007560386,0.00279558,0.001713317,0.00006579023,0.007035708,0.04111524,0.0001146518],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7763927,0.01222796,0.0001646182,0.1257274,0.0003293755,0.002728016,0.000007769292,0.00001350296,0.08240861],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.991175,0.005300966,0.001017842,0.0001827186,0.0000285269,0.0001621851,0.00004491856,0.000004749779,0.002083119],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3743634,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8972012,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2120854374","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v13i3.1153","title":"A preliminary examination of the cost savings and learning impacts of using open textbooks in middle and high school science classes","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":111,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Open educational resources; Open education; Mathematics education; Psychology; Sample (material); Pedagogy; Computer science; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.12200637319847,"gpt":0.4322641596801686,"spread":0.3102577864816987,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0133935,0.0000869108,0.0002334964,0.0002231144,0.0003241224,0.000374905,0.001784868,0.00002989065,0.00002584278],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006739531,0.00005935383,0.00001732523,0.0009620719,0.000457559,0.001491436,0.003523299,0.0006542531,8.646158e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001242217,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003983754,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001592745,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001832392,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974627,0.001006496,0.0004007286,0.0002336443,0.0006349326,0.0002614635],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980296,0.0009294671,0.0003414725,0.0001971921,0.0004024128,0.00009984259],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009714351,0.0002507265,0.8614718,0.001563857,0.00002491781,0.000001806526,0.004933639,0.0004643643,0.004844752,0.04021156,0.00006451805,0.0860709],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006026674,0.0001335978,0.9639149,0.01068562,0.000007000197,0.0000314438,0.008887171,0.01319463,0.0009350467,0.000298091,0.00120056,0.0001092187],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9901925,0.00404425,0.0002177241,0.001534238,0.00005595813,0.000808264,0.000003041989,0.000003306085,0.003140746],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.995948,0.003052887,0.0008038892,0.00004352822,0.00001162371,0.00002193165,0.000005309202,0.000004681061,0.0001081358],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1024431,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8068334,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2100291937","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v4i2.155","title":"On the Concepts of Usability and Reusability of Learning Objects","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":110,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Université Laval; Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Usability; Reusability; Computer science; Learning object; Cognitive walkthrough; Object (grammar); Human–computer interaction; Usability engineering; USable; Software engineering; World Wide Web; Artificial intelligence; Programming language; Software","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08676701136945572,"gpt":0.4440773690418398,"spread":0.3573103576723841,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01392456,0.00008459586,0.0002624419,0.00006914464,0.0001886329,0.0001110952,0.001275977,0.00003003126,0.0001817464],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02057277,0.00005217105,0.0000419639,0.0006031559,0.0004422095,0.0002289826,0.000717515,0.0007555807,0.00000356976],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005485671,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002222018,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002305191,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007970578,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9960263,0.002444374,0.000452826,0.0002656143,0.0006321251,0.0001787899],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9946702,0.004186692,0.0002710067,0.0003290631,0.0004878842,0.00005516088],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008131179,0.0003010916,0.1596281,0.001398841,0.00005000369,0.000001762287,0.0020862,0.0006759763,0.0004095391,0.8157668,0.0005862039,0.01901416],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006122126,0.003793416,0.4564308,0.05167694,0.00006570106,0.0001194107,0.1313188,0.03394819,0.01491413,0.1200013,0.1802309,0.001378219],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9100707,0.005847262,0.00107426,0.01464488,0.0001344913,0.001355887,0.000009342823,0.00001443829,0.06684878],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9954494,0.003979843,0.0002994126,0.00007054456,0.000006101344,0.00002363037,0.000007033083,0.000003389167,0.0001607091],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6957655,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9876773,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2154804280","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v10i5.637","title":"The Impact of Openness on Bridging Educational Digital Divides","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":110,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Openness to experience; Sophistication; Open education; Open educational resources; Public relations; Distance education; Bridging (networking); Sociology; Pedagogy; Political science; Computer science; Psychology; Social science; Social psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06689483334470747,"gpt":0.4610838254173605,"spread":0.394188992072653,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004177851,0.00008454505,0.0001696715,0.0000995757,0.0003101294,0.0008047441,0.002414564,0.00001740914,0.00005900308],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003607761,0.00004788047,0.0000657054,0.0005999911,0.0001277504,0.0006297676,0.0006466221,0.0004880808,0.00001543251],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001073429,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003727733,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002171437,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002347448,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982511,0.0003688032,0.0003436318,0.0002012283,0.0006201352,0.0002151278],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9974008,0.001682924,0.0001894405,0.0002520882,0.000410808,0.00006393157],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001411199,0.0005511823,0.06305959,0.0002281817,0.00009312081,0.000004212269,0.0007057969,0.002325438,0.0001189604,0.4646305,0.01195639,0.4561855],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001406426,0.001111818,0.87015,0.01766969,0.000008836151,0.00007709644,0.005345677,0.02907502,0.0002530438,0.032647,0.04180959,0.0004458295],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4992265,0.01833,0.002904688,0.2661061,0.0005204357,0.002631711,0.00006533857,0.00004396861,0.2101712],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9943187,0.004961121,0.00006451787,0.00008642984,0.00003982216,0.00001815383,0.00004440011,0.000003181576,0.0004636798],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8070904,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7760166,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1126497501","doi":"10.1007/s40595-015-0049-6","title":"PLORS: a personalized learning object recommender system","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Vietnam Journal of Computer Science","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":108,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Athabasca University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Mitacs; Athabasca University","keywords":"Computer science; Personalization; Learning object; Recommender system; Learning Management; Learning styles; Personalized learning; Multimedia; Object (grammar); Synchronous learning; Quality (philosophy); Artificial intelligence; World Wide Web; Teaching method; Open learning; Cooperative learning; Mathematics education; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03821834295717074,"gpt":0.2893354685229682,"spread":0.2511171255657974,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004761985,0.0001759528,0.0003314297,0.000512062,0.0004518818,0.001100094,0.002516997,0.00004327817,0.00001161563],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002279587,0.0001434571,0.0001310908,0.001561423,0.0001895888,0.002602373,0.000488159,0.000560541,0.0001021312],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003259224,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001301542,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004827711,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.173643e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9970684,0.0003447465,0.0005579309,0.0003637378,0.001214702,0.0004504671],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972562,0.0001102871,0.0006199625,0.0003264446,0.001112506,0.0005746545],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001894299,0.001044021,0.0182346,0.0002423068,0.0002713746,0.0006230891,0.1633676,0.09617437,0.002914658,0.2137977,0.04263537,0.4605055],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002745847,0.001944175,0.002469131,0.0006221968,0.00002687959,0.004531264,0.01523823,0.879454,0.0005697081,0.000523266,0.09109125,0.0007840968],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03080568,0.0002529529,0.9544253,0.002640113,0.004594866,0.0001071748,9.776581e-8,0.0001358692,0.007037967],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8411967,0.00001478329,0.1578208,0.0003540282,0.0004142377,0.000001721235,1.604599e-7,0.000009185428,0.000188446],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8103909,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999369,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1507770617","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v10i5.664","title":"Open Educational Resources: New Possibilities for Change and Sustainability","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":100,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Thompson Rivers University","funders":"","keywords":"Open educational resources; Sustainability; Knowledge management; Work (physics); Object (grammar); Business; Public relations; Political science; Computer science; World Wide Web; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1433180636482715,"gpt":0.4774942290445774,"spread":0.3341761653963058,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006379155,0.00008576111,0.0002032738,0.0001051403,0.0002911488,0.001015202,0.002619617,0.00002765073,0.0000887752],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004949995,0.00006381747,0.00002894785,0.0004339478,0.0001129132,0.0009549554,0.001537378,0.000358729,0.000002649167],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001373337,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006139484,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001342174,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002602034,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998287,0.0004492607,0.0003135656,0.0003344299,0.000383562,0.0002321399],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977201,0.001185835,0.0001313194,0.0002498488,0.0006018595,0.0001110946],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001413939,0.0002550617,0.02398236,0.001153455,0.00002543669,0.000001539841,0.00479581,0.00003143725,0.000009443065,0.7290388,0.01222798,0.2283372],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001743151,0.0006297697,0.1750167,0.006657428,0.000009778185,0.00003299875,0.02432631,0.005859896,0.00002482902,0.2691317,0.5162311,0.0003363822],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05591853,0.03132041,0.003932467,0.8641012,0.0002745237,0.007120588,0.00003547796,0.00003601779,0.03726083],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9822363,0.008717376,0.002365425,0.001362007,0.000150353,0.0002552344,0.0001022474,0.000006612125,0.004804417],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9263178,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9789621,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2898686577","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v15i2.1700","title":"Cost-savings achieved in two semesters through the adoption of open educational resources","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":100,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Open educational resources; Open education; Educational resources; Educational technology; Quality (philosophy); Higher education; Business; Medical education; Mathematics education; Pedagogy; Economics; Psychology; Economic growth; Medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1062307227614245,"gpt":0.471104821686348,"spread":0.3648740989249236,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.009442675,0.00008997745,0.0002267743,0.0001077732,0.0002118617,0.0005657409,0.004208615,0.00002107903,0.0000967687],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002937751,0.00005860599,0.00003444853,0.0008400701,0.0001893431,0.0008693071,0.002286076,0.0006381433,0.00001388508],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009257143,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002481302,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002371932,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001099314,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969166,0.001495027,0.0004712013,0.0002718424,0.0006338981,0.000211467],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972264,0.001782289,0.0002816967,0.0003166618,0.0003483719,0.0000446464],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001845484,0.0005292144,0.181439,0.0009259029,0.00006514371,0.000002151887,0.009627756,0.003901431,0.000224864,0.7061,0.007411866,0.08958807],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002964445,0.0002845207,0.321991,0.01885845,0.00001495574,0.00004059452,0.02883434,0.02955534,0.000156567,0.02502261,0.5718531,0.0004240496],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3694377,0.01007889,0.01040544,0.4339346,0.0006825245,0.00594158,0.00002910774,0.00003376398,0.1694564],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9937559,0.003623371,0.001319467,0.0005334246,0.00003980299,0.0001291041,0.00006959352,0.000005855612,0.0005234222],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6810775,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7820723,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1503803710","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01121.x","title":"Learning by creating and exchanging objects: The SCY experience","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"British Journal of Educational Technology","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":98,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Institute for Christian Studies","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Process (computing); Mathematics education; World Wide Web; Knowledge management; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005949691683286691,"gpt":0.2638703052738147,"spread":0.257920613590528,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004994699,0.00007316278,0.0001118927,0.0001751272,0.0005989305,0.000350698,0.0007211924,0.00007749912,0.0001392992],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001805709,0.00007093587,0.00002952839,0.0004490775,0.0001792328,0.0005041526,0.0001460686,0.0009491475,0.000008074559],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002198533,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002057333,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003771386,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001211871,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991483,0.00005425783,0.0002635779,0.0001632106,0.0001752039,0.0001954515],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989894,0.0002884327,0.0002934864,0.000120227,0.0002398623,0.00006861651],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007166325,0.0004152002,0.08247872,0.00002409027,0.00006933811,0.00003473101,0.02493508,0.00007699705,0.04387966,0.34761,0.01132468,0.4891444],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002583999,0.001146579,0.1509997,0.00124205,0.00005371269,0.111232,0.2613789,0.005755561,0.01637147,0.1087316,0.3385192,0.001985182],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9702048,0.001452561,0.001302984,0.02120981,0.0008787495,0.00006041295,2.884546e-7,0.00003578545,0.004854608],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9855266,0.0002351157,0.01293419,0.0001895378,0.0001901831,0.00001042229,8.158484e-7,0.000006802638,0.0009063482],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4871592,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.460655,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2139266672","doi":"","title":"Learning Design Based on Graphical Knowledge-Modelling.","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":97,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Learning sciences; Abstraction; Knowledge integration; Instructional design; Human–computer interaction; Engineering design process; Process (computing); Collaborative learning; Active learning (machine learning); Knowledge engineering; Knowledge management; Experiential learning; Software engineering; Artificial intelligence; Engineering; Multimedia; Mathematics education; Programming language","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02919577726246273,"gpt":0.268457023582271,"spread":0.2392612463198082,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000463634,0.0001053535,0.00009328117,0.0001563142,0.0002423437,0.0002337992,0.0004015911,0.00005350656,0.0001369904],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003044545,0.00009281073,0.00005300334,0.0004659974,0.00002215388,0.0001808949,0.00004303522,0.000284456,0.0006694157],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002534405,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009946935,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000472592,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002894687,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989378,0.0002007242,0.0001469516,0.0003085097,0.000172598,0.0002333824],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993482,0.0002476703,0.00003979315,0.0002183648,0.0000698119,0.00007621731],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000531791,0.0001877842,0.0007422381,0.000003250838,0.000001888584,0.00000204863,0.0001975382,0.8250942,0.00005427365,0.1648959,0.003959964,0.004855539],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001665511,0.000125115,0.000521191,0.00001010466,0.000001523827,0.000001236909,0.00006701897,0.9794177,0.0004445086,0.001114017,0.01799419,0.0001368559],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.001194762,0.00001105929,0.8010006,0.0008895576,0.0001761692,0.00006117588,1.562501e-8,0.0002466911,0.19642],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8865054,0.000001677272,0.1056766,0.0002544574,0.00007978776,0.000007855757,0.000001766232,0.000008187982,0.007464246],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8853106,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8604208,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2769127449","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v18i7.3541","title":"Special Report on the Role of Open Educational Resources in Supporting the Sustainable Development Goal 4: Quality Education Challenges and Opportunities","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":93,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Athabasca University","funders":"Ministry of Advanced Education; Athabasca University","keywords":"Open educational resources; Open education; Sustainable development; Quality (philosophy); Educational technology; Goal setting; Goal orientation; Knowledge management; Educational resources; Distance education; Computer science; Process management; Psychology; Pedagogy; Business; Political science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1793474979920153,"gpt":0.4754508911129904,"spread":0.2961033931209751,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01960093,0.00008461576,0.000196968,0.0001003813,0.0007527353,0.000993924,0.003463104,0.00002408085,0.00009719728],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006891728,0.00004974582,0.00002121473,0.0001340119,0.000258536,0.0006679309,0.002906257,0.0004801647,0.000002350131],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001052185,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001309081,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001585664,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001246294,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974118,0.0009652575,0.0005449614,0.0002593087,0.0006085861,0.0002100849],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9970282,0.001349943,0.0006195657,0.0004474223,0.0005048351,0.00005006233],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003512924,0.000156004,0.02099123,0.0002749172,0.00001768756,0.000004161991,0.004677239,0.000008830222,0.000005018358,0.8043274,0.00108591,0.1684165],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002261894,0.00004650759,0.3808886,0.003257439,0.000002657868,0.00002543276,0.1316399,0.0001847742,0.00006067191,0.01757886,0.4659763,0.0001126339],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2961621,0.01090997,0.00001603014,0.2986501,0.0002373589,0.001749127,0.00000403069,0.000005598868,0.3922656],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9841981,0.01228013,0.0001370949,0.000167777,0.0001417111,0.0001655939,0.00002933823,0.000004526279,0.002875755],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7867485,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9584432,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2745854326","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v18i5.3063","title":"Repositories of Open Educational Resources: An Assessment of Reuse and Educational Aspects","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":92,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación","keywords":"Context (archaeology); Metadata; Open educational resources; Computer science; Sociology; World Wide Web; Geography; Archaeology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1011590760438083,"gpt":0.5167488109898316,"spread":0.4155897349460232,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["open_science"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005896787,0.0000835434,0.0002607879,0.0001201922,0.000455521,0.0009807012,0.005641418,0.0000281503,0.0001258953],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005310978,0.00006479341,0.00002623089,0.0002420173,0.0003320188,0.00129335,0.004180557,0.0003929342,0.000001280258],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006972593,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009021531,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001803881,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003613026,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978102,0.0006042892,0.0004678836,0.0002955931,0.0006752137,0.0001467729],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9968368,0.0009571824,0.0005900255,0.0007284728,0.0008001192,0.00008734884],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003930543,0.0003930813,0.2578918,0.0007840271,0.00005135485,0.000001404435,0.001207723,0.00004954033,0.0003340046,0.7302794,0.001892053,0.007076279],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006752682,0.00024099,0.9372014,0.007581941,0.00001012939,0.00002927986,0.004090563,0.002435892,0.0002619294,0.02576739,0.02154699,0.0001581594],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5745046,0.008357947,0.0005198502,0.1974374,0.0007136322,0.002191817,0.00005403954,0.00001230051,0.2162085],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9906853,0.004338707,0.004035824,0.00005304552,0.00006169915,0.0000550019,0.0000590585,0.000004987291,0.000706377],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7045121,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997385,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2471420471","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v17i4.2409","title":"Increasing Access to Higher Education Through Open and Distance Learning: Empirical Findings From Mzuzu University, Malawi","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":90,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Distance education; Remuneration; Higher education; Payment; Flexibility (engineering); Medical education; Open university; Pedagogy; Sociology; Psychology; Business; Political science; Management; Computer science; Medicine; Economics; World Wide Web","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1596988923886541,"gpt":0.4786630026721883,"spread":0.3189641102835342,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003297035,0.0001165645,0.000243841,0.0001200583,0.0003792006,0.001228565,0.003630598,0.00004194242,0.0003627966],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001900188,0.00008116716,0.00002692287,0.0007884655,0.0001375183,0.001970611,0.005376059,0.0005001017,0.00003372589],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002226907,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003776739,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002142096,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003278173,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9973692,0.001105856,0.0002824629,0.000466379,0.0005212796,0.0002548814],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99769,0.001417533,0.0001470241,0.0002516674,0.0003553761,0.0001383778],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002765889,0.0002397836,0.7395967,0.000282685,0.00005954949,0.00001240094,0.001154895,0.00004552929,0.0003276208,0.1790638,0.01477087,0.0641696],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006663959,0.0000942855,0.2794375,0.007734126,0.000007397191,0.0000122126,0.002470207,0.0002709378,0.00005804055,0.004112138,0.704933,0.0002036443],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5729289,0.005047185,0.0118999,0.319381,0.0005350666,0.002260538,0.00004213971,0.00006332403,0.08784191],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9861041,0.007526008,0.001503333,0.0006902829,0.00004726107,0.00002410328,0.00004371664,0.00000868682,0.004052524],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6901622,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998083,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2103246996","doi":"","title":"Applying Collaborative Tagging to E-Learning","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":88,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"","keywords":"Metadata; Computer science; World Wide Web; Domain (mathematical analysis); Learning object; Information retrieval; Metadata repository; Object (grammar); Data science; Key (lock); Focus (optics); Geospatial metadata; Meta Data Services; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01306663029218733,"gpt":0.2918566100601117,"spread":0.2787899797679244,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008448113,0.000089709,0.00009308138,0.0001643401,0.000327713,0.0003311094,0.0004207318,0.00002968323,0.0001416355],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001713866,0.00008636818,0.00002069832,0.001147137,0.000009482533,0.0004347717,0.0001971941,0.0001994507,0.0007795876],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005715092,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007585663,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000272468,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001546923,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99899,0.00004889705,0.0001623407,0.0002778264,0.0002022064,0.0003187432],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993258,0.0001341264,0.00005235679,0.0001699378,0.0001356555,0.0001821674],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001284163,0.00008043797,0.008689241,0.00001111609,0.00002283291,0.00002163823,0.02671419,0.005373926,0.008397952,0.6144082,0.009088945,0.3271787],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002193658,0.0001098292,0.004787348,0.00002639293,0.000002318954,0.000009735944,0.03580469,0.009090357,0.007591351,0.0001800408,0.941806,0.0003725537],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.009006088,0.00001100363,0.57147,0.001810397,0.0003448771,0.000243107,3.642571e-8,0.0003012507,0.4168133],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8519633,0.00000188715,0.1376816,0.002197142,0.00008332809,0.00002961625,7.702866e-7,0.000007743678,0.008034606],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9327171,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999985,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2799628910","doi":"10.5206/cjsotl-rcacea.2018.1.5","title":"As Good or Better than Commercial Textbooks: Students’ Perceptions and Outcomes from Using Open Digital and Open Print Textbooks","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":88,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Kwantlen Polytechnic University","funders":"Kwantlen Polytechnic University","keywords":"Open educational resources; Open education; Electronic publishing; Pedagogy; Psychology; Sociology; Humanities; Library science; Art; Computer science; The Internet; World Wide Web","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09835930729927725,"gpt":0.3780843701918418,"spread":0.2797250628925645,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004163234,0.0001568048,0.0002321598,0.0001029715,0.009073494,0.01078625,0.002098201,0.00005833824,0.00006456187],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008991318,0.00009349403,0.00004531287,0.00006048021,0.0002403447,0.001505679,0.0008489084,0.001690453,0.000005973744],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006594737,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003654334,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01849398,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01060382,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983398,0.0006616242,0.0002543169,0.0002445441,0.000192389,0.000307279],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985077,0.0005931871,0.0002145153,0.0002492888,0.00008739198,0.0003479126],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005964186,0.00002410621,0.7501364,0.00000731392,0.0002015319,0.000004199921,0.0495956,0.00003959442,0.0001058642,0.006181387,0.0001237757,0.1935206],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001221276,0.0004968376,0.9251963,0.0003343612,0.0001091835,0.0003299502,0.02961131,0.001609265,0.00001452993,0.005225791,0.03545391,0.0003972571],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9900523,0.00007049191,0.001353809,0.005300134,0.0002550534,0.0003628389,0.00000525458,0.000010134,0.002589986],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9916284,0.000005159099,0.004300204,0.0008998476,0.0001764626,0.00000561007,0.000001400518,0.00001804516,0.002964839],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1931234,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9922166,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2038805469","doi":"10.4018/jswis.2006040103","title":"Ontology-Based Automatic Annotation of Learning Content","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":82,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Ontology; Metadata; Information retrieval; Annotation; Domain (mathematical analysis); Focus (optics); Identifier; Heuristics; World Wide Web; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01636991418385134,"gpt":0.2566403092921575,"spread":0.2402703951083061,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000621301,0.00009405194,0.0001551391,0.0004456385,0.000127184,0.0005991198,0.0003147055,0.00004717809,0.00001758519],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001283446,0.00007969831,0.00005127447,0.0001325278,0.00002442338,0.002108614,0.00002926794,0.0001972163,0.00007068774],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007123181,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001241924,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005559169,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001528891,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984519,0.0001169445,0.0006988822,0.00007898939,0.0005378862,0.0001154284],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983716,0.0001239183,0.0007353407,0.00007961099,0.0006362536,0.0000532985],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007089032,0.0002544161,0.03887526,0.0001930772,0.0001671691,0.00001740531,0.003594692,0.09061983,0.001840052,0.8236045,0.003264418,0.03749833],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001532511,0.000236346,0.0386556,0.0003948212,0.000008940599,0.0003199522,0.002848836,0.9143502,0.0003034096,0.0001519584,0.04101162,0.0001858112],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7712545,0.00009910628,0.1818907,0.004175872,0.005095709,0.0002968862,0.000003497215,0.0001486054,0.03703513],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984403,0.00001695869,0.0009599313,0.0002380012,0.000110553,0.000005525138,0.00001607815,0.000003157269,0.0002094611],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8237303,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5777326,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1614176464","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v10i4.705","title":"Harnessing Open Educational Resources to the Challenges of Teacher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":81,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Open educational resources; Faculty development; Technology integration; Teacher education; Distance education; Accommodation; Professional development; Pedagogy; Political science; Sociology; Open education; Educational technology; Economic growth; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09258128574589326,"gpt":0.4376203409085765,"spread":0.3450390551626833,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007891727,0.00009008148,0.0002139716,0.0002138064,0.0001928982,0.000488457,0.003741634,0.00002841782,0.00008182247],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002407247,0.00006011001,0.00002922185,0.0008861805,0.00007477865,0.0005809789,0.00113626,0.0005559266,0.00001820574],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001086802,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000712519,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004792112,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006485538,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974868,0.001005431,0.0004235078,0.0002915556,0.0005802985,0.0002124412],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984004,0.0006509884,0.0001926799,0.0003125884,0.0003742283,0.00006904278],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008993471,0.0009382007,0.008321516,0.0004021572,0.00002108499,0.000001421939,0.005031196,0.0004359793,0.0002462869,0.2953683,0.02366088,0.6654831],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005794319,0.0002033,0.4027515,0.01493946,0.000005888288,0.00001727722,0.01285192,0.001871508,0.000107719,0.01137611,0.555064,0.0002318746],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0693286,0.1021438,0.0003390984,0.6069686,0.0003136203,0.002671527,0.000008435976,0.00001528731,0.218211],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9781975,0.01982704,0.0005825064,0.0003648247,0.00006204649,0.0001023961,0.00002333328,0.000004857125,0.0008355313],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9088688,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6952949,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1938155837","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v14i1.1351","title":"Identifying barriers to the remix of translated open educational resources","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":80,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Open educational resources; Mainstream; Context (archaeology); Open education; Computer science; Instructional design; Educational resources; Portuguese; Multimedia; World Wide Web; Engineering ethics; Sociology; Political science; Pedagogy; Engineering; History","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08199282362312657,"gpt":0.442530260159936,"spread":0.3605374365368094,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["open_science","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006960785,0.00008567948,0.0002048678,0.0001390792,0.0003526109,0.0009310627,0.005384201,0.00002554622,0.001001125],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003791841,0.00005377725,0.00003900252,0.001063994,0.0001260948,0.0007556624,0.001935018,0.0005410139,0.00005936445],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006124062,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004129573,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002399922,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003846944,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997439,0.0009123943,0.00045159,0.0002695986,0.0007053691,0.0002220588],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99771,0.001012691,0.000185128,0.0003333567,0.0006120395,0.0001467163],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002312184,0.0005635369,0.1327413,0.002898908,0.0003726412,0.000007226019,0.03635693,0.002839111,0.002365883,0.4329494,0.155749,0.2329248],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001627214,0.0003164907,0.1835386,0.02787289,0.00001994099,0.00005397501,0.05229264,0.01416836,0.0007155046,0.01797538,0.7008707,0.0005483154],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2265615,0.01278669,0.003765089,0.6536124,0.0005435802,0.006426867,0.0000330471,0.00003141224,0.09623939],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9943882,0.002234912,0.001124466,0.0006308162,0.00003535574,0.0002093064,0.00003655935,0.000006639544,0.001333769],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7678267,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999971,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W10540979","doi":"10.1023/a:1008081501857","title":"Evaluating Learning Objects for Schools","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":79,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Learning object; CLARITY; Quality (philosophy); Object (grammar); Computer science; Digital learning; Open learning; Synchronous learning; Learning sciences; Educational technology; Active learning (machine learning); Artificial intelligence; Mathematics education; Cooperative learning; Psychology; World Wide Web; Teaching method; Epistemology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06348443897875768,"gpt":0.381509251997289,"spread":0.3180248130185313,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007211384,0.00006707459,0.00007282936,0.00005642886,0.0002796955,0.0003246584,0.0003530312,0.00002678744,0.0001817625],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005129338,0.00006213406,0.00003859451,0.0001751627,0.000004947574,0.0006135718,0.00008992646,0.0001754402,0.0005858009],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004014818,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001162604,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008557154,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004842188,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991951,0.00006234823,0.000135036,0.0002304554,0.0001580493,0.0002190328],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994813,0.0001269469,0.00005716485,0.0001577749,0.0001024583,0.00007439012],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005191885,0.00006671168,0.002071831,0.00001522789,0.00001455596,3.062087e-7,0.004483056,0.02962565,0.004217312,0.1244397,0.006417722,0.8286427],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005411082,0.0002040852,0.001390417,0.00002095736,0.000004465949,0.000006815681,0.004018429,0.9040981,0.003777685,0.0007123834,0.08497705,0.0002485334],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.08449914,0.00009441353,0.5838045,0.01278766,0.0006940686,0.0005481722,1.085107e-7,0.0007855993,0.3167863],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6663809,0.000001785015,0.3180134,0.0005611297,0.0001546459,0.0000230421,0.000001063409,0.000005184562,0.01485891],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8744724,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7529481,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2626116174","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v18i4.3118","title":"Open Educational Resources and Student Course Outcomes: A Multilevel Analysis","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":78,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Open educational resources; Open education; Class size; Multilevel model; Medical education; Higher education; Distance education; Community college; Mathematics education; Psychology; Computer science; Pedagogy; Political science; Medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1246417534494304,"gpt":0.5216956609113534,"spread":0.397053907461923,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication","open_science"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007303186,0.0001015185,0.0003205875,0.0001580297,0.0008053167,0.002949626,0.006394602,0.00002682276,0.0001992537],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003167826,0.00007080086,0.00005020088,0.0003550664,0.000222015,0.0009440201,0.006344008,0.0005010613,0.00001478596],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006522975,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002618621,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001857541,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001095446,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977792,0.0005606824,0.0003605615,0.0003696441,0.0007205079,0.0002094205],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976022,0.0009916382,0.0003281915,0.0005404214,0.0004273503,0.0001102307],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001855204,0.0002485573,0.9151981,0.0001587992,0.0002679831,0.000004097767,0.001083856,0.00009002097,0.000005461779,0.05879427,0.001485564,0.02264472],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000483667,0.00003511367,0.9620765,0.001327992,0.00002703918,0.00000524468,0.003382336,0.004664903,0.000002871146,0.001002337,0.02689305,0.00009888357],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4713096,0.01456809,0.002305437,0.4013855,0.0005182899,0.003414042,0.0000717115,0.00003158984,0.1063958],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9899508,0.006565424,0.0008884104,0.0002722545,0.00002594165,0.00009707519,0.00004534093,0.00000463343,0.002150104],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5186412,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9989813,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2626144824","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v18i4.3006","title":"The Adoption of an Open Textbook in a Large Physics Course: An Analysis of Cost, Outcomes, Use, and Perceptions","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":75,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"License; Open educational resources; Open education; Mathematics education; Quality (philosophy); Class (philosophy); Open university; Perception; Psychology; Massive open online course; Course (navigation); Open learning; Closed-ended question; Distance education; Medical education; Computer science; Teaching method; Pedagogy; Mathematics; Engineering; Cooperative learning; Physics; Statistics; Medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1315706062500173,"gpt":0.4949550752568751,"spread":0.3633844690068577,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007513966,0.00007305256,0.0002995712,0.0001087589,0.0004509175,0.0009882037,0.003078339,0.00002547773,0.00004007133],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001667491,0.00004784593,0.00003647697,0.0004522063,0.0002194993,0.001609753,0.001785923,0.0003924696,0.000001604317],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004939325,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001822156,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001961324,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008459506,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979387,0.0008252313,0.0003764306,0.0002250563,0.0004661045,0.0001684939],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979283,0.0006323502,0.0003618517,0.0005405382,0.0004735695,0.00006345382],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004139144,0.0003602931,0.8398011,0.0001178594,0.0001166761,0.000001635893,0.0008783188,0.0005303069,0.00004896455,0.116678,0.0001053708,0.04132009],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004037348,0.0000767434,0.9455979,0.0008554108,0.00002331245,0.000001365194,0.004175166,0.04517497,0.000006069326,0.0005368323,0.003089052,0.00005940905],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9779296,0.001396814,0.003235306,0.01154121,0.00008246033,0.001686141,0.0001046502,0.000008009739,0.004015797],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9925929,0.006518151,0.0004343753,0.00004932303,0.000008029079,0.00004486514,0.0001231062,0.000003727904,0.0002254674],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1161412,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9529271,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2524112281","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v17i5.2523","title":"Institutional Culture and OER Policy: How Structure, Culture, and Agency Mediate OER Policy Potential in South African Universities","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":73,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of South Africa; University of Fort Hare; International Development Research Centre","keywords":"Agency (philosophy); Institution; Context (archaeology); Political science; Public administration; Sociology; Social science; Law; Geography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0389832375878772,"gpt":0.375823298620176,"spread":0.3368400610322989,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001273026,0.000113706,0.0001931994,0.0002790264,0.0002399762,0.0003639625,0.0009591859,0.00005303734,0.00004001816],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001393562,0.00006820428,0.00002457325,0.0006722427,0.0003353374,0.0007575548,0.001205986,0.0004852964,0.000002617045],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000183722,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006028138,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007182755,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004580822,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982463,0.0004630811,0.0002016886,0.0002961039,0.0005424355,0.0002503525],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991537,0.0001971386,0.0001215266,0.0001390572,0.0002765497,0.0001120192],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001489131,0.0001398466,0.03450416,0.0008117494,0.0001091833,0.00005537425,0.01674236,0.0001530353,0.0008950155,0.8685038,0.003653897,0.07428268],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006066215,0.0004511005,0.3564388,0.01411738,0.00002927655,0.0001916581,0.05779285,0.004030665,0.0001888309,0.03811147,0.5215893,0.0009923887],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7092922,0.02886818,0.005393357,0.2151204,0.001291467,0.00245312,0.0006526809,0.00008703365,0.0368416],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9818098,0.01603651,0.0003208263,0.0001551993,0.0002174758,0.00000856766,0.00004985315,0.000004234671,0.00139755],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8303923,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3509699,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1872918746","doi":"10.14742/ajet.1192","title":"A multi-component model for assessing learning objects: The learning object evaluation metric (LOEM)","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Australasian Journal of Educational Technology","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":72,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University","funders":"","keywords":"Usability; Interactivity; Metric (unit); Computer science; Learning object; Mathematics education; Sample (material); Component (thermodynamics); Reliability (semiconductor); Perception; Quality (philosophy); Psychology; Artificial intelligence; Human–computer interaction; Multimedia; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07100787450322213,"gpt":0.3638243565181534,"spread":0.2928164820149313,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001863387,0.000199967,0.0002854609,0.001106194,0.001028692,0.000197607,0.001093965,0.0001645254,0.00005754761],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003295701,0.0001641582,0.0001715329,0.001467316,0.0001577486,0.0009235608,0.00009852178,0.001232959,0.00002489521],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003083,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001887758,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005929119,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002510234,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977567,0.0002977393,0.0006682993,0.0003227645,0.0005546329,0.0003999277],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9969907,0.0006203692,0.0009429518,0.0002598156,0.00107375,0.0001124456],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004246603,0.001410788,0.08275662,0.00005912826,0.0003915414,0.0000121346,0.01922324,0.7751231,0.008039463,0.05927427,0.002798192,0.05086902],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001593646,0.0004060897,0.04510096,0.0001239703,0.000102801,0.00198171,0.01595192,0.9219145,0.000871884,0.009224899,0.00229893,0.0004287343],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5968828,0.000874745,0.3415496,0.05629427,0.001720622,0.0007436958,6.463263e-7,0.0001393033,0.001794278],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8970766,0.00005162167,0.1011034,0.00007777188,0.0001919779,0.00005406155,0.000005722205,0.00001858419,0.001420241],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3001938,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7911972,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2626576383","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v18i4.3022","title":"A Preliminary Exploration of the Relationships Between Student-Created OER, Sustainability, and Students Success","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":71,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Open educational resources; Context (archaeology); Class (philosophy); Educational technology; Sustainability; Mathematics education; Open education; Pedagogy; Computer science; Psychology; Geography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1657213150210195,"gpt":0.4974515495548635,"spread":0.3317302345338441,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.008774807,0.00007889823,0.0001974793,0.00008518951,0.0008170626,0.0007940253,0.003826675,0.00003411491,0.00001408469],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006649319,0.00005112651,0.00003097516,0.0003172008,0.0002857129,0.001244155,0.00426633,0.0006671913,0.000001988307],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008381,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002031701,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006075919,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002238457,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9970412,0.00133697,0.0003840525,0.0002410683,0.0008369822,0.000159713],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9974806,0.0009022842,0.000367902,0.0004893992,0.0007026352,0.0000571241],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002020496,0.00008083977,0.9737909,0.0003396197,0.00002649454,0.000001139963,0.001066467,0.00006524874,0.000004396173,0.01726511,0.0001270002,0.007212506],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003995344,0.00007981837,0.9842814,0.002518858,0.000009927507,0.0000026673,0.006588792,0.0007936806,0.00003462867,0.003501083,0.001729282,0.00006038465],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9434278,0.002730828,0.0009754325,0.04588485,0.0001250609,0.001723225,0.00000995217,0.00001200613,0.00511085],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9958091,0.003617865,0.000082123,0.00001930181,0.00001915904,0.00005747916,0.00002203064,0.000004006098,0.0003688682],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05238137,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7960336,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2511703825","doi":"10.5811/westjem.2016.6.30825","title":"Derivation of Two Critical Appraisal Scores for Trainees to Evaluate Online Educational Resources: A METRIQ Study","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Western Journal of Emergency Medicine","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":71,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"The Wilson Centre; University of Saskatchewan; McMaster University; University of Toronto; University Health Network","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Critical appraisal; Medical education; Alternative medicine; Pathology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1106208813091469,"gpt":0.463013328219765,"spread":0.3523924469106181,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001776127,0.0001280153,0.000327725,0.000432247,0.00007051706,0.00001209172,0.0006797257,0.00002288952,0.0004783205],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007819184,0.00007853495,0.00007918571,0.0005051609,0.00004794499,0.0004082159,0.00006015558,0.0001002831,0.00000613481],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003207286,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001825846,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002173128,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003937956,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997703,0.0001866188,0.001043755,0.0002018753,0.0006702059,0.0001945918],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9968273,0.001173508,0.0004242492,0.0002183667,0.001130254,0.0002263218],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000628712,0.005903636,0.7284333,0.0002718504,0.0004703115,0.000008219656,0.1115274,0.0005292545,0.05261587,0.01814,0.02513567,0.05633581],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01201951,0.01907861,0.9055221,0.002182893,0.0004281476,0.0001282381,0.02990833,0.001569906,0.001355098,0.006948992,0.02007098,0.0007872166],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.853204,0.0001652144,0.1111596,0.03110935,0.004020062,0.0002212691,0.000002688568,0.000009095515,0.0001087229],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9898047,0.00002482577,0.008274859,0.00009934952,0.001421947,0.00001207205,0.000001292142,0.0000111415,0.0003498006],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1770888,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9360858,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2171676008","doi":"10.1145/1013367.1013371","title":"The interoperability of learning object repositories and services","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":71,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Canarie","keywords":"Interoperability; Computer science; Object (grammar); Learning object; World Wide Web; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007890875899401888,"gpt":0.2490676861229051,"spread":0.2411768102235032,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002812825,0.0000398062,0.00005255645,0.00001233127,0.0002495475,0.0002312653,0.000267273,0.00001341495,0.000004388845],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004166975,0.00002409919,0.00001356567,0.0001056524,0.00004249646,0.0002733998,0.0001570523,0.00009239359,0.000005864406],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000123746,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003383116,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003322795,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006959797,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995567,0.00005452595,0.0001106336,0.000123253,0.00007889305,0.00007599509],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996375,0.00006591787,0.0000463556,0.0001621399,0.00006249748,0.00002555693],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000024804,0.0001472704,0.2609753,0.0001434749,0.0000529967,0.000002349193,0.1071783,0.001856241,0.006471369,0.5691503,0.00007351096,0.05392408],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001492955,0.00130693,0.5598249,0.0002927244,0.00002251689,0.0001276649,0.2333254,0.01346517,0.09998151,0.01575037,0.07355422,0.0008556337],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9661916,0.00009014411,0.003283651,0.001944995,0.000321784,0.00004904489,1.732966e-8,0.00006457493,0.02805422],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9958487,0.00001914922,0.003211532,0.00004197696,0.00001888799,0.000001760143,1.24236e-7,0.000001614608,0.0008563185],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5533999,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2230097,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2104683267","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v14i3.1370","title":"Rethinking OER and their use: Open education as Bildung","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":68,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Bildung; Open educational resources; Open education; Openness to experience; Distance education; Sociology; Pedagogy; Open learning; Epistemology; Psychology; Teaching method; Philosophy; Social psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1064471281294929,"gpt":0.439656521754331,"spread":0.3332093936248381,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005270125,0.0001009917,0.0002031203,0.0001322262,0.0003229449,0.002429614,0.002672186,0.00003568792,0.0002901686],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002664986,0.0000612588,0.00002369688,0.0005770336,0.0001169579,0.002003285,0.003248533,0.0006882699,0.00005163109],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007844402,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004418663,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004924404,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002317866,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979298,0.0007943041,0.0003300024,0.0003230585,0.0004044862,0.0002183241],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978527,0.001020045,0.000167694,0.0002910775,0.0005674353,0.0001010738],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003570714,0.0003078613,0.05408237,0.0008538162,0.00007372329,0.000003019365,0.00527637,0.00006021848,0.0003640706,0.3871254,0.02312608,0.5286914],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001212341,0.0002907687,0.1001042,0.02389306,0.00001014856,0.0001478254,0.02970292,0.01747662,0.0002981137,0.08095774,0.7453424,0.0005638505],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4025056,0.02907087,0.003615445,0.3016122,0.001006896,0.008077292,0.00001531345,0.00009633632,0.254],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9760018,0.01771691,0.001505325,0.001103803,0.0000400824,0.0001885463,0.00006079438,0.000008669689,0.003374081],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7222164,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.998606,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2624822974","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v18i4.3120","title":"Higher Education Faculty Perceptions of Open Textbook Adoption","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":68,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Open educational resources; Perception; Open education; Distance education; Quality (philosophy); Class size; Educational technology; Socioeconomic status; Psychology; Higher education; Medical education; Class (philosophy); Mathematics education; Pedagogy; Computer science; Sociology; Political science; Medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1643117260279602,"gpt":0.5087128557808327,"spread":0.3444011297528725,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004282666,0.00007606558,0.0001976555,0.0001031571,0.00051937,0.001124442,0.004969033,0.00003111917,0.0005374225],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001268542,0.00005664916,0.00003744103,0.0002336768,0.0001739958,0.00133741,0.003044541,0.0004612092,0.00003808746],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009001878,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004402708,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001352871,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001734202,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983167,0.0004430541,0.0003396411,0.0002453068,0.000498736,0.0001565667],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982617,0.0002234446,0.0003488179,0.0004723978,0.0006276091,0.00006604798],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005327394,0.0005152049,0.1266155,0.0008925954,0.00005181642,0.000001910618,0.000722166,0.000115554,0.0003568626,0.6612025,0.02079464,0.188678],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000674261,0.0001140294,0.6679906,0.008772822,0.00000911076,0.00001177073,0.004852036,0.00158934,0.00007166657,0.005528535,0.3102103,0.0001755417],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.09680017,0.007163264,0.002874674,0.1661532,0.001177738,0.003924818,0.00006772772,0.0000413175,0.7217971],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9845757,0.006723613,0.001256679,0.0001567092,0.0000446246,0.00009564278,0.0001319551,0.000005065844,0.007009952],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8877756,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999125,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1594453045","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v5i1.169","title":"The future of learning: From eLearning to mLearning","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":68,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Educational technology; Multimedia; Mathematics education; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05934838392931094,"gpt":0.4167152814341361,"spread":0.3573668975048251,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.008065908,0.0001501084,0.0003248134,0.0001709549,0.0006964555,0.0005904034,0.003543578,0.00005474393,0.00009648201],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004531993,0.00009877933,0.00007549894,0.00129035,0.0001720883,0.0004584199,0.00215993,0.0017351,0.00005356413],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001482922,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003852093,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000799021,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000483664,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9962688,0.001224951,0.0006093035,0.0004102823,0.00108149,0.0004051687],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9967846,0.001700033,0.0003523607,0.0003887951,0.0006324814,0.0001417154],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002950296,0.0003369289,0.08448868,0.0008181608,0.0002222883,0.00003034467,0.007617812,0.04109617,0.001274451,0.5007433,0.00322267,0.3598542],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001509399,0.0004939563,0.03855176,0.01138797,0.00001481926,0.00002757261,0.04787023,0.00549726,0.0005550746,0.006847806,0.8868548,0.0003894113],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4409451,0.1007249,0.03348586,0.3421522,0.002034324,0.00461848,0.00002613063,0.0002162316,0.07579676],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9722642,0.02515288,0.001455504,0.0002158597,0.0001324994,0.00006178608,0.0000525822,0.00001410068,0.0006505916],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8836321,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7538241,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2147155497","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v16i4.2381","title":"Mainstreaming Open Textbooks: Educator Perspectives on the Impact of OpenStax College open textbooks","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":68,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"William and Flora Hewlett Foundation","keywords":"Open educational resources; Open education; Open university; Mainstreaming; Educational technology; Distance education; Faculty development; Pedagogy; Mathematics education; Medical education; Library science; Psychology; Professional development; Computer science; Special education; Medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1495613698436631,"gpt":0.4793923262943386,"spread":0.3298309564506754,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication","open_science"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01328126,0.000165857,0.0004138618,0.0001712042,0.0004353938,0.001442766,0.009399485,0.0000380948,0.0003128364],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00511812,0.00009583732,0.00007768068,0.0008202294,0.0002804313,0.0009673559,0.007012055,0.0008513139,0.00004438302],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003875465,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002057462,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004975255,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003863356,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9962156,0.00167329,0.0005083419,0.0004391413,0.0008310708,0.0003325889],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.996478,0.001469577,0.000368207,0.000595573,0.00091053,0.0001780991],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004318757,0.0008889277,0.01930628,0.0002796924,0.0002608346,0.00001968824,0.008765381,0.0005970741,0.0001069186,0.8742886,0.06831729,0.0267375],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006836402,0.00308356,0.04402817,0.03648277,0.00003973459,0.0001862469,0.6509041,0.01668017,0.0006728299,0.02880666,0.2110925,0.001186859],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1729841,0.007109766,0.0003044168,0.05808099,0.000304652,0.006612474,0.0001340731,0.00002578342,0.7544438],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9936687,0.002479857,0.000458809,0.0001948618,0.00004056551,0.0001677402,0.00003283991,0.00001232714,0.002944292],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8454819,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995939,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2566790236","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v17i6.2736","title":"In Search for the Open Educator: Proposal of a Definition and a Framework to Increase Openness Adoption Among University Educators","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Openness to experience; Open education; Open educational resources; Process (computing); Set (abstract data type); Mathematics education; Work (physics); Order (exchange); Dimension (graph theory); Sociology; Class (philosophy); Pedagogy; Distance education; Relation (database); Knowledge management; Psychology; Computer science; Engineering; Mathematics; Business; Social psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0729621766929047,"gpt":0.412625464309172,"spread":0.3396632876162673,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00725737,0.0000720505,0.0001802685,0.0001746277,0.0002050753,0.0002676141,0.00225593,0.00003180465,0.00005994636],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002251626,0.00004290017,0.00002375199,0.0007549425,0.0001714122,0.0007838059,0.002126062,0.0003377686,0.000004371479],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001331963,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006516536,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00273743,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001144789,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981776,0.0007719582,0.0002477755,0.0002624456,0.0003466674,0.0001935509],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9970942,0.002151004,0.0001148623,0.0002215465,0.0003283619,0.00009003831],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002659272,0.0002168451,0.07730416,0.0004844881,0.0000275239,0.000002647969,0.00146849,0.00003667738,0.00009593093,0.8829591,0.001150819,0.03598738],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005940125,0.00128877,0.6070278,0.07004701,0.00005018239,0.00006716134,0.1162217,0.00440305,0.001347939,0.05367804,0.1390033,0.0009249755],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8274077,0.001814881,0.01445986,0.1415166,0.0002654467,0.005095033,0.00005098697,0.0000110952,0.009378387],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9931532,0.004479487,0.001925151,0.000118619,0.00002202344,0.00008292787,0.00001206436,0.000004679089,0.0002018528],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8292811,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4192117,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2626156988","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v18i4.3012","title":"Investigating the Perceptions, Use, and Impact of Open Textbooks: A survey of Post-Secondary Students in British Columbia","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Kwantlen Polytechnic University","funders":"Kwantlen Polytechnic University","keywords":"Open educational resources; Context (archaeology); Psychology; Open education; Perception; Purchasing; Medical education; Mathematics education; Pedagogy; Marketing; Geography; Medicine; Business","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1349210414385368,"gpt":0.4792312561161831,"spread":0.3443102146776463,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01264088,0.00006134608,0.000276166,0.00006351792,0.0004244221,0.00347291,0.004497941,0.00002633321,0.0001342238],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01099989,0.00005328952,0.00003192999,0.0002871379,0.000372419,0.001177969,0.004552515,0.0005026404,0.000001558143],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006193773,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005178962,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.2976218,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02788759,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972118,0.001399231,0.000461635,0.0002263338,0.0005339034,0.000167149],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972495,0.00121545,0.0004057847,0.0003641783,0.0007034448,0.00006162187],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007476882,0.00005667916,0.9834877,0.0001512881,0.0000210448,0.00000142306,0.0003519582,0.00001601173,0.00004325664,0.0002460782,0.000598564,0.01501847],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004172279,0.0000825757,0.9918268,0.004545168,0.000001984278,0.00001101495,0.001841546,0.0006841602,0.000002393688,0.0002387843,0.0002956157,0.00005269492],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9951827,0.00141199,0.00001781962,0.001436204,0.0000282874,0.0006796106,0.00005695138,0.000001976528,0.001184439],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9931816,0.006192865,0.0001996948,0.00006788711,0.000005649617,0.0000311292,0.00005527711,0.000004545335,0.0002613856],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2697343,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9975616,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2567161559","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v17i6.2686","title":"Maintaining Momentum Toward Graduation: OER and the Course Throughput Rate","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"William and Flora Hewlett Foundation","keywords":"Open educational resources; Graduation (instrument); Open education; Throughput; Community college; Academic achievement; Higher education; Mathematics education; Computer science; Psychology; Medical education; Medicine; World Wide Web; Mathematics; Telecommunications; Political science; Wireless","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09431853160429607,"gpt":0.4350587583132342,"spread":0.3407402267089381,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01214864,0.00009055798,0.0002007159,0.0000637857,0.0002935349,0.0004636531,0.001567874,0.00002229079,0.000136148],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002535511,0.00004367714,0.00003395444,0.0004108913,0.0003603552,0.0005750011,0.001431363,0.0004263067,0.00002504304],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008849391,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001847112,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001767012,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004962954,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972947,0.001329403,0.0003284443,0.0002668772,0.0005459662,0.0002346017],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997215,0.001971753,0.000168067,0.0002404608,0.0003393323,0.00006543681],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007503718,0.00004893728,0.009058427,0.0001598765,0.00004663753,0.000005403983,0.0008964551,0.00003475527,0.00004225175,0.9273478,0.003006785,0.05927759],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01089031,0.0004370515,0.08199987,0.02755161,0.00004954026,0.0001720975,0.03230375,0.03151057,0.0003257777,0.1073813,0.706627,0.0007512118],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02817111,0.01796183,0.02475333,0.8875464,0.0004707295,0.001939803,0.00001397093,0.00004657696,0.03909621],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9628829,0.03533645,0.000266052,0.0004946278,0.00005187089,0.0000806452,0.00001290762,0.000005273926,0.0008692648],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9347118,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4471017,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2561398806","doi":"10.11647/obp.0103","title":"Open Education","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"Open Book Publishers","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center; School of Liberal Arts; University of British Columbia; University of Southern Queensland; University of Tasmania; Joint Information Systems Committee; Higher Education Academy; University of Edinburgh; University of Pittsburgh; William and Flora Hewlett Foundation","keywords":"Open education; Political science; Pedagogy; Mathematics education; Sociology; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02424574138169333,"gpt":0.2989665517590231,"spread":0.2747208103773298,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","scholarly_communication","open_science","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["scholarly_communication","insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001085314,0.0003771542,0.000464954,0.0002681756,0.0003811229,0.03474652,0.01901203,0.0003146473,0.007735196],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001697271,0.0003274247,0.0001028454,0.0002262165,0.0000723404,0.02640595,0.007665085,0.0005600292,0.004758603],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007266747,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01486835,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002614323,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002919549,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9973412,0.0001641008,0.000449244,0.001143047,0.0004520733,0.0004503672],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9968418,0.0001092582,0.0005349381,0.001736938,0.0003944671,0.0003825372],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002755108,0.00004274214,0.00000623018,0.000008475463,0.00002248971,0.000001127201,0.0002059495,2.895222e-7,0.000001136763,0.2275044,0.7042658,0.06793864],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000299395,0.00004600631,0.00003463293,0.0002711001,0.00001110147,0.00001033816,0.0002152827,0.000009121314,0.000006073837,0.01436838,0.9842095,0.0005190719],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[3.101302e-7,0.000237082,0.0005419845,0.01649369,0.003686293,0.001468016,0.000003184707,0.0001106315,0.9774588],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00001728334,0.00004888376,0.00628705,0.008026802,0.0004619763,0.0002759196,0.0001362218,0.00006494285,0.9846809],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2799438,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999178,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2076367793","doi":"10.1016/j.chb.2011.04.007","title":"Evaluating learning, design, and engagement in web-based learning tools (WBLTs): The WBLT Evaluation Scale","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computers in Human Behavior","topic":"Open Education and E-Learning","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":65,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology","funders":"","keywords":"Scale (ratio); Construct validity; Construct (python library); Reliability (semiconductor); Psychology; Quality (philosophy); Computer science; Convergent validity; Cognition; Mathematics education; Psychometrics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2264882103137949,"gpt":0.3870420259793445,"spread":0.1605538156655496,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006793197,0.0002143066,0.0002133334,0.0003263178,0.0006086253,0.0004516699,0.0008011711,0.00007663909,0.0001567572],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000198799,0.0001979132,0.00004868868,0.0004648889,0.0000883399,0.0005240032,0.0003510874,0.0009013105,0.000025663],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002035223,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001818251,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006844924,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003289196,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9956455,0.002380802,0.0004665901,0.0005898055,0.0005300455,0.0003872304],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988135,0.0003652444,0.000226747,0.0003803799,0.0001323736,0.00008182431],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002270774,0.000571329,0.3114983,0.00002844446,0.00001032688,0.0000203102,0.04557822,0.1083919,0.003307077,0.001780788,0.0001509464,0.5286396],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001410223,0.0003972519,0.3807044,0.0001253714,0.00002744036,0.000004999576,0.00140021,0.6147103,0.0004581525,0.00012721,0.0003338816,0.000300595],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9467984,0.00005949743,0.05009772,0.0001207732,0.0003857774,0.00134289,8.461315e-8,0.000129718,0.001065157],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9256898,0.000004498988,0.07357222,0.0001229454,0.00003784065,0.0004515527,0.000007075041,0.00001876939,0.0000952832],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.528339,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8070667,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}