{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":606,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":1,"predictions_cover":606,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"d72906a36fdb","filters":{"topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows"}},"results":[{"id":"W2041472021","doi":"10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00381-1","title":"Improved numerical simulation of aerosol deposition in an idealized mouth–throat","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Aerosol Science","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":293,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations; Mechanics; Deposition (geology); Turbulence; Large eddy simulation; Particle deposition; Reynolds number; Aerosol; Particle (ecology); Flow (mathematics); Lagrangian particle tracking; Materials science; Physics; Meteorology; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01514734792962607,"gpt":0.2822681327374635,"spread":0.2671207848078374,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000860528,0.0001064355,0.0002264298,0.0001564837,0.00005479925,0.00005058688,0.0002869467,0.0000564832,0.00001136347],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002880577,0.0001001992,0.00005573577,0.0007336306,0.0001464187,0.0009356639,0.00001680319,0.0002022958,0.000001986138],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000215251,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008856379,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008690898,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001361205,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985014,0.00005661024,0.0005975983,0.0001293561,0.0004347057,0.0002802919],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992269,0.00007101504,0.0001674394,0.0001872762,0.0001999927,0.0001473767],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001349617,0.00003417949,0.000503803,0.000005352585,0.000002129354,0.000002971006,0.0002065622,0.4524348,0.5464035,0.00003528146,9.779966e-7,0.0003569585],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000482919,0.00009926599,0.000382085,0.00002509902,0.000006125622,0.0000180374,0.00004674064,0.7334036,0.2654275,0.00002714805,3.181378e-7,0.00008119103],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9341787,0.00005421386,0.06516138,0.00001092861,0.0003295707,0.00009054375,0.000001432347,0.00001841286,0.0001547871],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9905466,0.00000953776,0.009386613,0.00001398594,0.00002714994,0.000001579785,3.039431e-7,0.00001222616,0.000001987317],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.280976,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4086005,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2043921511","doi":"10.1002/qj.1897","title":"Droplet growth in warm turbulent clouds","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":289,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Turbulence; Eddy; Coalescence (physics); Entrainment (biomusicology); Mechanics; Physics; Meteorology; Statistical physics; Environmental science; Atmospheric sciences; Astronomy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01074989655297059,"gpt":0.2167539645732287,"spread":0.2060040680202581,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001213877,0.0001845418,0.0003220498,0.0000221075,0.00005991119,0.00002667328,0.0005245158,0.0001868155,0.00006842567],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006077124,0.0001125892,0.0004762733,0.0002046498,0.00009652666,0.0001390998,0.00003461706,0.0007928709,0.00002037224],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002228694,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001103438,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005063542,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001197019,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983014,0.0001681308,0.0005489421,0.00009106963,0.0003480038,0.0005424419],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993074,0.0001624486,0.0001112989,0.0001866874,0.00005378082,0.0001784108],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005237981,0.003494813,0.4884039,0.0003967739,0.002328201,0.0001878894,0.03827843,0.2919164,0.05614867,0.01913131,0.05485162,0.04433821],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003339767,0.001624039,0.2882225,0.0001095257,0.0002478766,0.0003383911,0.001193122,0.6853178,0.002688528,0.01259034,0.003350295,0.0009778708],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9958325,0.0007554918,0.001397642,0.0004981554,0.00104652,0.00009144449,0.000002479073,0.00004287652,0.000332913],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997112,0.00002710595,0.002207406,0.0002338106,0.0003743749,0.000004882908,2.969435e-7,0.00001953003,0.00002062576],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3934013,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4591256,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2042778203","doi":"10.1007/pl00004050","title":"Explosive dispersal of solid particles","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Shock Waves","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":225,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Detonation; Explosive material; Shock wave; Mechanics; Materials science; Blast wave; Flow (mathematics); Particle (ecology); Shock (circulatory); Physics; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01487469498933136,"gpt":0.2438607218123139,"spread":0.2289860268229826,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005395805,0.0001028265,0.0001441895,0.00004247357,0.00002347777,0.000007926212,0.0001296274,0.00004207165,0.00006952708],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003696678,0.0001025745,0.00005122348,0.0001346895,0.00005882953,0.0001167696,0.00003222022,0.00007194552,0.00007284238],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003093731,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006788677,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004052158,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002229462,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993144,0.00001249516,0.0001966646,0.0001043861,0.0001218499,0.0002501905],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996146,0.00004572604,0.00001588782,0.0002309743,0.00002466361,0.00006816383],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003502122,0.0001187452,0.02270741,0.00007714494,0.0001604907,0.00004984409,0.002713165,0.09421849,0.8604269,0.008329364,0.001556451,0.009606957],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000240995,0.00003307586,0.004608985,0.00002272638,0.00002041772,0.0000106183,0.0003414246,0.8668163,0.1257228,0.001389782,0.0006125192,0.0001804141],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9946324,0.0002725463,0.00186434,0.00004002098,0.0002084844,0.00006665757,0.00001765847,0.0001751423,0.002722783],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989472,0.0001294123,0.0007209458,0.00001325778,0.00006795152,0.000009557572,0.000002790757,0.00002674823,0.00008211707],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7725978,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4182865,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2574790547","doi":"10.1146/annurev-fluid-122316-045114","title":"Hydrodynamic Interactions Among Bubbles, Drops, and Particles in Non-Newtonian Liquids","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":146,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Newtonian fluid; Mechanics; Viscoelasticity; Rheology; Non-Newtonian fluid; Intuition; Surface tension; Classical mechanics; Drop (telecommunication); Physics; Bubble; Thermodynamics; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007010944569250942,"gpt":0.2620990329799207,"spread":0.2550880884106698,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005347769,0.0002096463,0.0004438576,0.00008509609,0.00009691971,0.00003918451,0.0004001743,0.0000754163,0.0000197129],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002851926,0.0002166588,0.00008418188,0.0001241786,0.00006691172,0.0005253027,0.0001650279,0.000232997,0.00002368783],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008125623,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002219202,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007655771,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002998075,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986665,0.00003707653,0.0005540152,0.0002351098,0.0001774137,0.0003298602],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988555,0.00005525536,0.0001052341,0.0007777016,0.00007981059,0.000126535],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001079641,0.000862207,0.01005057,0.04201802,0.000768021,0.0003327678,0.005437984,0.01770692,0.4686892,0.05697216,0.006459109,0.3905951],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00026995,0.000054375,0.002887456,0.004573382,0.00005283331,0.00001324303,0.00007398003,0.9880102,0.001958098,0.0006147259,0.001236871,0.0002548393],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9798254,0.01603546,0.002249281,0.0001915971,0.000434884,0.0003887446,0.00005560541,0.00007724337,0.000741768],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9354884,0.06332482,0.0009584388,0.00006605295,0.00003274741,0.00004470236,0.000007060072,0.00003935105,0.0000383983],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9703034,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.883509,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2094981671","doi":"10.1007/s00220-004-1051-5","title":"On the Boltzmann Equation for Diffusively Excited Granular Media","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Communications in Mathematical Physics","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":129,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Pointwise; Boltzmann equation; Bounded function; Uniqueness; Moment (physics); Distribution function; Physics; Hard spheres; Mathematical analysis; Distribution (mathematics); Mathematics; Statistical physics; Classical mechanics; Thermodynamics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07185065301416287,"gpt":0.2926398035966153,"spread":0.2207891505824525,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002781059,0.0001214776,0.0001462686,0.00003788067,0.0001178524,0.00003126189,0.0007543552,0.00005452323,0.000006457843],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005778807,0.0001006839,0.00006202328,0.0002837687,0.0001509191,0.00008051127,0.00008888802,0.0002442313,0.0001094078],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001374709,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001244478,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001108334,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005219692,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992552,0.00004024139,0.0002780023,0.00009551302,0.0001449109,0.0001861677],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9966936,0.001851673,0.0000286519,0.001344955,0.00004707076,0.000034096],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002084986,0.0001721976,0.00000391714,0.00002520682,0.000009006838,1.288055e-7,0.0009478218,0.05136792,0.0006468329,0.9460583,0.00006699664,0.0006995293],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002045979,0.000005748127,0.00007786476,0.00004202808,0.000006873926,2.176958e-7,0.00004217373,0.4711752,0.0001947446,0.5281516,0.00003439977,0.00006458716],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2124147,0.00009742897,0.7803392,0.001368333,0.00007664018,0.0007327662,0.00002551032,0.0002103449,0.004735125],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9763623,0.0000441021,0.02299246,0.0001004252,0.00002797716,0.0003955819,0.00003784192,0.00003437271,0.000004884323],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7639477,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.410577,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1987704370","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2011.01.008","title":"Fuel injection model for Euler–Euler and Euler–Lagrange large-eddy simulations of an evaporating spray inside an aeronautical combustor","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":127,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Sherbrooke","funders":"","keywords":"Mechanics; Combustor; Large eddy simulation; Eulerian path; Materials science; Euler's formula; Drag; Flow (mathematics); Lagrangian particle tracking; Two-phase flow; Computational fluid dynamics; Physics; Turbulence; Combustion; Applied mathematics; Lagrangian; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0494091555896467,"gpt":0.3054047103174681,"spread":0.2559955547278214,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004879471,0.0001860024,0.0002617011,0.0002972468,0.00005846791,0.00004336735,0.0002921903,0.0001190823,0.00004153759],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004344909,0.000189221,0.0001021328,0.00008622471,0.0000608894,0.001012084,0.00003839761,0.0002601031,0.000001769018],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001310804,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004923477,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001156222,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001909481,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984215,0.00005317552,0.0007324912,0.0001664273,0.0004061334,0.0002202456],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984587,0.0002619241,0.0002101649,0.0001704031,0.000705348,0.0001934991],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003240833,0.0006082787,0.001371804,0.00003327857,0.0002184526,0.00002098895,0.003020073,0.9580782,0.03023206,0.0009957302,0.00003974616,0.005057313],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002876632,0.0002530003,0.001797948,0.00005635971,0.00006109993,0.00007666318,0.0001195769,0.9918819,0.001779342,0.0008596449,0.0000562842,0.0001815454],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7225126,0.00006812495,0.2760765,0.00002041508,0.0009012104,0.0001206789,0.0002125797,0.00003652849,0.00005134308],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8807443,0.00001264724,0.1188443,0.00002819509,0.0002737362,0.000006009281,0.00004460841,0.00004029014,0.000005848898],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1582317,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7716206,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2048297663","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2013.08.044","title":"New correlations for heat and fluid flow past ellipsoidal and cubic particles at different angles of attack","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Powder Technology","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":126,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Nusselt number; Drag; Laminar flow; Mechanics; Ellipsoid; Lift (data mining); Angle of attack; Drag coefficient; Flow (mathematics); Classical mechanics; Parasitic drag; Physics; Reynolds number; Materials science; Aerodynamics; Computer science; Turbulence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01221611908593553,"gpt":0.2219591285188975,"spread":0.209743009432962,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00002593857,0.0001379347,0.0002053973,0.000122615,0.00005605913,0.00001368881,0.00009001959,0.0001552864,0.00003584236],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003093508,0.0001316448,0.00002634436,0.0001181922,0.0001377572,0.00007421893,0.00009019304,0.00008762534,0.00001879335],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003487015,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000364268,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009545854,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006219806,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992886,0.000006866777,0.0002131847,0.0001730452,0.00005446367,0.0002638728],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995603,0.00008935208,0.00001593281,0.0002286475,0.0000301426,0.00007561857],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002053132,0.00007312897,0.1378931,0.0001771946,0.0001674564,0.000001773999,0.0005558196,0.01668527,0.7751094,0.007429005,0.007813661,0.05407367],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006605071,0.00008668721,0.01934236,0.00002029614,0.00003452972,0.0000216872,0.0000945067,0.9470875,0.02724398,0.00464934,0.0005734848,0.0001850793],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9871681,0.001441903,0.009920783,0.0006860224,0.0001152749,0.0003168262,0.0000166667,0.0002761342,0.00005828469],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9932168,0.0001113643,0.006443889,0.000009799839,0.00002750084,0.00008000522,0.000006291913,0.00002726952,0.00007703673],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9304023,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.536832,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1976341835","doi":"10.1139/f05-091","title":"Evaluation of fish-injury mechanisms during exposure to turbulent shear flow","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":121,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Battelle","keywords":"Chinook wind; Nozzle; Turbulence; Environmental science; Oncorhynchus; Marine engineering; Fishery; Fish <Actinopterygii>; Biology; Mechanics; Physics; Engineering; Mechanical engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01973204528895037,"gpt":0.2313460834075617,"spread":0.2116140381186113,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001299278,0.00008030408,0.0001417898,0.0001802757,0.000115211,0.00007715368,0.0001810485,0.00003150708,0.0001139569],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002002362,0.00007287346,0.00003139231,0.0002314712,0.0001079937,0.000284794,0.000006668929,0.00007089978,0.000002129372],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001330454,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003001094,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001482949,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004611418,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989228,0.00003421919,0.0002983352,0.00008169401,0.0004466242,0.0002162886],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994484,0.00002596923,0.00005063296,0.00008323752,0.00009048598,0.0003012881],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001793283,0.00002321049,0.004290252,0.00007929093,0.0001286436,0.00002902329,0.01039122,0.7474905,0.02893527,0.0006717901,0.004443922,0.203499],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003266698,0.0003139362,0.009364527,0.0001309745,0.00006225958,0.00007726281,0.0009250925,0.9774305,0.008724512,0.001644188,0.0008086809,0.0001913693],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9968364,0.0003244067,0.0006238626,0.001465034,0.0002821025,0.00007794815,0.000004962751,0.000005418538,0.0003798898],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9921767,0.00002075832,0.007621298,0.00009258022,0.00006758365,0.000002290256,1.798013e-7,0.000006606741,0.00001203302],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2299401,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2971694,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2040582352","doi":"10.1002/cjce.5450780413","title":"Modelling high concentration settling slurry flows","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":117,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Saskatchewan Research Council (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Settling; Slurry; Chemistry; Mineralogy; Thermodynamics; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007072572012663517,"gpt":0.1685007028172862,"spread":0.1614281308046227,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002126397,0.0001339887,0.0001672446,0.00005091431,0.00006024117,0.00006688202,0.0002699433,0.00008272854,0.0001175387],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002851236,0.0001203158,0.00008797593,0.0001370721,0.00002392863,0.0001548363,0.000003348352,0.0004417066,0.0000216982],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002842639,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009640925,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002386576,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004375406,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990733,0.000007925868,0.0003368579,0.00006599694,0.0001600753,0.0003559045],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993953,0.00005860709,0.00002387189,0.0001476759,0.00003802615,0.000336485],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002158509,0.000001197632,0.00001233035,0.000008549023,0.000035887,0.00002695432,0.000181651,0.9802558,0.01818344,0.0002985003,0.00006588743,0.0009275815],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001702581,0.000005043063,0.00000510839,0.00004671068,0.00002272267,0.00006505882,0.000003602514,0.9941593,0.004557785,0.0001956423,0.0006360353,0.0001326721],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9964888,0.0005177301,0.002067077,0.0001155499,0.0004624891,0.00004868556,0.000005265391,0.00004873988,0.0002456543],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972982,0.00001016808,0.002312832,0.0000279247,0.0003007472,0.000001762788,0.00000257277,0.00003758861,0.0000082427],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0139035,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4906334,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"simulation_or_modeling","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"simulation_or_modeling","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"}],"label_agreement":"agree"},{"id":"W2065935008","doi":"10.1080/02786826.2013.802761","title":"An Instrument for the Classification of Aerosols by Particle Relaxation Time: Theoretical Models of the Aerodynamic Aerosol Classifier","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Aerosol Science and Technology","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":113,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Aerodynamics; Mechanics; Aerosol; Cylinder; Physics; Geometry; Mathematics; Meteorology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01028953005566526,"gpt":0.2242306875884073,"spread":0.213941157532742,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004890515,0.000113446,0.0001455671,0.00004637414,0.0001959652,0.00003610753,0.0006670752,0.0001350772,0.00001174974],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001564468,0.00007221191,0.00002793213,0.0007425123,0.002673119,0.0003884217,0.00009154797,0.0001397587,0.000005293559],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006100471,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004002509,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001085384,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000806621,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988396,0.0000219842,0.0003163703,0.0002374934,0.00027371,0.0003109072],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988912,0.0001086974,0.00009143593,0.0006386361,0.0002218057,0.0000481703],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002854773,0.0000309294,0.0005868652,0.000007287725,0.000007022189,1.204066e-8,0.00007765599,0.001353211,0.8864071,0.1067884,0.00009034437,0.004648328],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001622036,0.00006825584,0.0008811872,0.000008019052,0.00001240329,0.000001742688,0.0001194434,0.7750733,0.2163547,0.007247854,0.000003152873,0.00006776046],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9885702,0.00007068716,0.008689231,0.001614507,0.00009984305,0.0006941005,0.00001353669,0.00009107321,0.0001568933],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998997,0.00003261435,0.000683949,0.00002954305,0.000005944707,0.0002234248,0.000001774864,0.00001334243,0.00001243206],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7737201,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9849217,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2121341353","doi":"10.1175/jas3493.1","title":"Collision Rates of Cloud Droplets in Turbulent Flow","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":109,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Turbulence; Mechanics; Collision; Dissipation; Physics; Collision frequency; Turbulence kinetic energy; Classical mechanics; Flow (mathematics); Thermodynamics; Plasma","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01303712612751068,"gpt":0.2522775244112538,"spread":0.2392403982837432,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007936439,0.00007514925,0.0001634634,0.000008675381,0.00004646084,0.00002355356,0.0005839698,0.0000299633,0.00002444119],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001040276,0.00004653642,0.0000757603,0.0006702404,0.0001422579,0.000212638,0.00004127632,0.000134683,0.000004317904],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001020301,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004911593,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006117381,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001611658,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989373,0.00004009694,0.0004084147,0.000063182,0.0003817064,0.000169277],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995658,0.00009059196,0.0001273165,0.0001273712,0.00004886893,0.00004004066],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005337239,0.00002468655,0.005173092,0.000004869032,0.00000656224,0.000002642959,0.0002806984,0.9841181,0.007953768,0.00005894409,0.0006777999,0.0016935],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001991319,0.0000473847,0.008518789,0.00006752023,0.000005830466,0.00003942563,0.000101764,0.983209,0.006822729,0.0002630287,0.0006680938,0.00005736639],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.997042,0.0009816611,0.0001879762,0.0006324036,0.0007930783,0.00004963261,4.462443e-7,0.000007270162,0.0003055486],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9817503,0.0001503602,0.0179117,0.00004418626,0.0001106936,6.436397e-7,1.74812e-8,0.000005782398,0.00002632882],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01772372,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.18977,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2069352580","doi":"10.1088/0957-4484/17/6/023","title":"Modelling of nanoparticle formation during spray pyrolysis","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nanotechnology","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":89,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Canada Research Chairs; University of Toronto","funders":"National Science Council","keywords":"Materials science; Evaporation; Pyrolysis; Nanoparticle; Spray pyrolysis; Particle size; Mechanics; Particle (ecology); Chemical engineering; Thermodynamics; Nanotechnology; Thin film; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008372271541251867,"gpt":0.1842273553612018,"spread":0.17585508381995,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007504474,0.00009770371,0.0001563642,0.0001790057,0.0000380813,0.00000626577,0.0001498087,0.0001712227,0.00001092839],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001073326,0.0001105932,0.00004260436,0.0003382303,0.00005612971,0.0001494344,0.00003365094,0.000123993,0.00003441116],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000725739,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003806322,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001981519,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000197532,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992067,0.00000803772,0.0003118266,0.0001089385,0.0001009096,0.0002635941],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996206,0.00001722799,0.00003710436,0.0002776248,0.00003091985,0.00001659425],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002399928,0.000009239068,0.0001308645,0.00001784158,0.000004931262,0.000001697734,0.00001753302,0.4927639,0.5042821,0.00247966,0.000007093561,0.0002827717],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001427993,0.000006252011,0.00002874529,0.000004880384,0.000006174156,0.000005718461,0.000008552957,0.4987965,0.4996237,0.001282126,0.00003700364,0.00005749946],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9358621,0.0002089524,0.06277242,0.00004427645,0.00008908034,0.00007517914,0.000003889159,0.000601345,0.0003427948],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9964973,0.00002168589,0.003397956,0.000002156164,0.00001883929,0.00001616028,0.000002916021,0.00002262552,0.00002040199],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06063519,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4509858,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1499181587","doi":"10.1063/1.4751876","title":"Particle jet formation during explosive dispersal of solid particles","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physics of Fluids","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":88,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Defence Research and Development Canada; McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Explosive material; Particle (ecology); Jet (fluid); Shock wave; Shock (circulatory); Particle size; Volume (thermodynamics); Stokes number; Particle density","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01899929021388085,"gpt":0.2449320307305141,"spread":0.2259327405166333,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001076276,0.0001201237,0.0001987345,0.00002248061,0.00002837698,0.000005335923,0.0001220393,0.00003431202,0.00001069102],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002753055,0.0001243956,0.00007605446,0.0001680705,0.00006471153,0.0007463836,0.00004557984,0.00006839941,0.00003031332],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004463441,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004978995,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003879708,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001633665,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990612,0.00001908792,0.0003235706,0.00007076533,0.0001897336,0.0003356581],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995102,0.00004479894,0.00004359005,0.0002587441,0.00005479821,0.00008789649],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001208734,0.0001090776,0.01189086,0.000135907,0.00004430902,2.627411e-7,0.003067031,0.011859,0.9646837,0.007149493,0.00002746467,0.00102087],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002020573,0.00001423143,0.004274121,0.00001909124,0.00001984774,8.37034e-7,0.0001275724,0.3422593,0.6525851,0.0004050478,0.000005714254,0.00008713349],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9887025,0.0002748244,0.01046649,0.000011011,0.0001513943,0.00009732457,0.00003139256,0.00009575966,0.0001693187],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999072,0.00004171666,0.0007079693,0.000003556084,0.0001199865,0.00002017806,0.000004741476,0.00002745511,0.000002390279],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3304003,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5072705,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2105665788","doi":"10.1006/jcph.2001.6858","title":"Algorithms for Particle-Field Simulations with Collisions","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Computational Physics","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":86,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Collision; Scaling; Particle (ecology); Statistical physics; Field (mathematics); Molecular dynamics; Algorithm; Particle number; Computer science; Physics; Classical mechanics; Mathematics; Geometry; Quantum mechanics; Plasma","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02409249932348427,"gpt":0.2847998991726274,"spread":0.2607073998491431,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007199791,0.00007574083,0.0001239592,0.00002957499,0.0000611826,0.00002809167,0.00008685701,0.00002339174,0.000007195509],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003294191,0.00006743526,0.0000597073,0.000203558,0.00001774622,0.0002046671,0.000006372919,0.0001003569,0.000003668398],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004343877,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004319268,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":3.389695e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000101892,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993528,0.000008380518,0.0002514386,0.00004857745,0.0002158888,0.0001229754],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989747,0.000509561,0.00006558157,0.00006290939,0.0003191703,0.00006811155],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003008092,0.00005095812,0.0009585317,0.000005105198,0.00006426698,0.000004948884,0.00007826184,0.9888895,0.0003818907,0.005544629,0.0003888025,0.003602981],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000658589,0.0001355843,0.001214827,0.00001820907,0.00002892538,0.00003246299,0.00001565563,0.9666638,0.000441709,0.03014468,0.0005640071,0.00008151934],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4622855,0.0000207369,0.5373069,0.0001207621,0.0001028136,0.00005349907,0.000009826251,0.00001729098,0.00008267947],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.946945,0.000005429143,0.05267601,0.00006554519,0.0002709249,0.000002820167,0.000005528374,0.00001747633,0.0000112263],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4846596,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.274993,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1997601866","doi":"10.1007/s11666-009-9363-9","title":"Assessment of CFD Modeling via Flow Visualization in Cold Spray Process","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":85,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Marshallplan-Jubiläumsstiftung","keywords":"Mechanics; Materials science; Turbulence; Computational fluid dynamics; Mass flow rate; Flow (mathematics); Particulates; Particle (ecology); Two-phase flow; Volumetric flow rate; Pressure drop; Mass flow; Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007564276396907744,"gpt":0.2831132029285963,"spread":0.2755489265316885,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003987507,0.0001327906,0.0003323461,0.0005400379,0.00001827884,0.000009405429,0.0003352697,0.0002170489,0.00001323627],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005540341,0.0001288184,0.00005830307,0.0005582173,0.00003149342,0.0002044818,0.00002013882,0.0004171745,0.000001470512],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001659925,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004123761,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":9.131073e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005916029,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987349,0.00002379998,0.0006779039,0.00009536937,0.0002269723,0.0002410412],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994422,0.00001863239,0.0001719105,0.0001757193,0.0001524909,0.00003903378],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008583345,0.00006941544,0.00265741,0.00001649876,0.00001898592,0.00001585786,0.00003572415,0.5937312,0.3999917,0.001361933,0.000002864254,0.002089856],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005088658,0.0001891378,0.001136721,0.0000803185,0.00001712914,0.00003858972,0.00003923751,0.9308523,0.06564464,0.001363195,0.00001657023,0.0001132721],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8833373,0.0002374035,0.1155939,0.0001283919,0.000172424,0.00009629694,0.000001207797,0.00007819456,0.0003548827],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9912243,0.00004398296,0.008637879,0.00002171057,0.00004440519,0.000003039144,5.422597e-7,0.00002175339,0.000002364822],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3371211,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5253062,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2077337012","doi":"10.1002/cjce.5450780414","title":"The effect of particle shape on pipeline friction for newtonian slurries of fine particles","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":83,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Saskatchewan Research Council (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Slurry; Laminar flow; Turbulence; Viscosity; Mechanics; Particle (ecology); Materials science; Reynolds number; Newtonian fluid; Apparent viscosity; Particle size; Friction loss; Thermodynamics; Composite material; Chemistry; Physics; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005394729384015356,"gpt":0.1914270386820495,"spread":0.1860323092980341,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004422042,0.0001143553,0.0002083032,0.00003765472,0.0000549829,0.000020285,0.0002474922,0.00004920551,0.00002341242],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003040976,0.00007507513,0.0001312547,0.0001600975,0.00006884454,0.00005762033,0.000004238945,0.0001856871,0.000002099125],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008838096,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003810081,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006490951,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001289153,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991125,0.00001593071,0.0004014958,0.00005179047,0.0001397444,0.0002784706],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990754,0.0004813087,0.00005279516,0.00017218,0.0000443467,0.0001740228],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009148419,0.000005703321,0.0003090207,0.00006254345,0.00009663225,0.000003784286,0.0002276178,0.6800455,0.2968338,0.0007027569,0.0003114603,0.02130979],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002968422,0.00008906507,0.0001137757,0.00004926425,0.00003268947,0.000008034279,0.000002969339,0.6092974,0.3896143,0.00005305867,0.000390737,0.00005188283],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9984188,0.0005319886,0.000384463,0.0003000626,0.0001890437,0.000106864,0.00001043268,0.00001575489,0.00004258076],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996038,0.000007090153,0.000233523,0.00000645011,0.000104375,0.000007200465,7.042042e-7,0.00002440443,0.00001242216],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09278052,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3061475,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3023139503","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2020.101226","title":"Numerical modeling of coaxial powder stream in laser-powder-based Directed Energy Deposition process","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Additive manufacturing","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":79,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Coaxial; Laser; Beam (structure); Turbulence; Deposition (geology); Mechanics; Mechanical engineering; Optics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0120446701963787,"gpt":0.2194452917414644,"spread":0.2074006215450857,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004464604,0.0002268855,0.0002865239,0.0001074732,0.00003573268,0.00001976849,0.0001604022,0.00009792519,0.00005971668],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004331113,0.0002582394,0.00006790277,0.0002049528,0.00002972244,0.0001763237,0.00002768151,0.0002267873,0.000008503327],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001104428,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002484819,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009182212,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000440616,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987376,0.00004454084,0.0003618739,0.000285765,0.0002302742,0.0003399609],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995494,0.00009971692,0.00004382161,0.0001405504,0.00004274639,0.0001237945],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005913107,0.00004755249,0.0001534456,0.00009377465,0.00003445399,0.00003172926,0.0002827135,0.9906918,0.004747334,0.00002790612,0.00002053968,0.003809641],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003784186,0.00002813341,0.0002555843,0.00005471176,0.000009411872,0.000001081079,0.0000453986,0.6132341,0.3857564,0.00006648099,0.000009836123,0.0001604548],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9569797,0.00003067946,0.04113476,0.00003800207,0.00008988778,0.0001212569,0.00008773469,0.0003944769,0.001123541],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990111,0.000007953199,0.0005613834,0.00008979929,0.0000881731,0.00004529342,0.0001378352,0.00005687733,0.000001556889],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.381009,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999987,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2087747622","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.07.006","title":"Optimization of supersonic nozzle flow for titanium dioxide thin-film coating by aerosol deposition","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Aerosol Science","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":79,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Nozzle; Coating; Computational fluid dynamics; Materials science; Deposition (geology); Substrate (aquarium); Supersonic speed; Layer (electronics); Composite material; Aerospace engineering; Engineering; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01587492630439735,"gpt":0.2270092666832511,"spread":0.2111343403788537,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007165449,0.0001100628,0.000189498,0.0000895883,0.0001153707,0.00003920394,0.0003927669,0.00005488587,0.00001879478],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000191754,0.0001044283,0.00008155203,0.000355374,0.0001559437,0.0008592444,0.00003053043,0.0001349536,0.000002244886],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001572577,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007153728,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006983503,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005440915,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987116,0.00001233223,0.0004720611,0.0001230565,0.0003926695,0.0002882826],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991939,0.00006069276,0.0001752747,0.0001562749,0.0002963516,0.0001175231],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001300037,0.00002458179,0.00008711919,0.00001752692,0.000007635328,0.000001073376,0.0004458944,0.3727601,0.6264116,0.00003422532,0.0001270076,0.00007026298],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002044134,0.0000933535,0.00001398742,0.00003822936,0.0000126896,0.00002027889,0.00007967957,0.5614466,0.4380175,0.000007455095,4.112558e-7,0.00006535526],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5590866,0.0001314395,0.4397361,0.00001510659,0.0004866768,0.000116732,0.00001282816,0.00002691856,0.0003876278],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8140879,0.00004229666,0.1857817,0.00001560587,0.00004225449,0.000003689002,0.000001131847,0.00001615565,0.00000917524],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2550013,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4258461,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2026817742","doi":"10.1089/jam.2000.13.303","title":"Comparison of Nebulized Particle Size Distribution with Malvern Laser Diffraction Analyzer Versus Andersen Cascade Impactor and Low-Flow Marple Personal Cascade Impactor","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":78,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"SickKids Foundation; Hospital for Sick Children; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Aerosol; Cascade impactor; Geometric standard deviation; Particle-size distribution; Cascade; Particle size; Particle (ecology); Chemistry; Diffraction; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Optics; Chromatography; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01575905265457233,"gpt":0.2830689042996109,"spread":0.2673098516450386,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003056328,0.0002467968,0.0006354483,0.00004308733,0.00006470559,0.00002349291,0.0001118228,0.000121677,0.0006167691],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002081089,0.0001808279,0.00009564933,0.0002709352,0.0001889054,0.0003672919,0.00001229167,0.0004415259,0.000005177475],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002720119,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004337521,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004516152,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006498727,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981702,0.00006104736,0.0006797626,0.0001482993,0.0005683175,0.00037239],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987764,0.0003359865,0.0002346661,0.0001687191,0.0001268892,0.0003572982],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.01696835,0.0008782074,0.1142599,0.0004655732,0.002213491,0.0003151022,0.009768169,0.06176624,0.7669055,0.00001351057,0.01208065,0.01436531],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01607096,0.002339192,0.1309879,0.0004300143,0.0006786239,0.0003579242,0.001513493,0.8162149,0.0307294,0.000006798889,0.0002628048,0.0004079531],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.997716,0.0005859904,0.0006162341,0.0004692692,0.0003231913,0.000136029,0.00005569358,0.00003607052,0.0000614925],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990299,0.0002833282,0.0002398015,0.00002314456,0.000332015,0.000002262628,0.00001503679,0.00003353089,0.00004097825],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7544487,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7373949,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2768089565","doi":"10.1175/jas-d-17-0123.1","title":"Turbulence Effects of Collision Efficiency and Broadening of Droplet Size Distribution in Cumulus Clouds","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":77,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Turbulence; Drizzle; Coalescence (physics); Collision; Physics; Mechanics; RADIUS; Stokes number; Turbulence kinetic energy; Computational physics; Dissipation; K-epsilon turbulence model; Clear-air turbulence; Meteorology; Statistical physics; Thermodynamics; Reynolds number; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005702677391836743,"gpt":0.2341987443940041,"spread":0.2284960670021674,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007703169,0.00007348395,0.0002006502,0.000003564546,0.0001394803,0.00003972599,0.0006930478,0.00003522804,0.00000141829],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001328653,0.00004443635,0.00005209093,0.0002778725,0.0004501419,0.000251958,0.0001089448,0.0001217155,1.946049e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006369442,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004525909,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003384012,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004830576,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990423,0.00004164319,0.0003412969,0.00007638231,0.0003491812,0.0001492468],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990659,0.000304661,0.0003398256,0.0001984425,0.00005473992,0.00003644322],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002797328,0.00006496785,0.0905069,0.000146409,0.00001699177,0.00001223237,0.0008148635,0.7939007,0.1105522,0.0002572511,0.00006172962,0.003637739],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003585591,0.0001157895,0.1618338,0.0003155645,0.00001284177,0.00002268418,0.00005942242,0.8198163,0.01706202,0.0003381016,0.000008811355,0.00005610812],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9975871,0.0006737023,0.0008150648,0.00006919729,0.0007072896,0.00007008454,0.000001390819,0.000004003113,0.00007219402],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979379,0.0001571878,0.00186926,0.000003087481,0.00002088133,6.046196e-7,1.888525e-8,0.000003611408,0.000007495211],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09349021,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1812062,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2089055128","doi":"10.1063/1.2743912","title":"Particle momentum effects from the detonation of heterogeneous explosives","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Applied Physics","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":77,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Defence Research and Development Canada; McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Mechanics; Detonation; Explosive material; Physics; Impulse (physics); Momentum (technical analysis); Turbulence; Particle (ecology); Materials science; Classical mechanics; Chemistry; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008678794440537093,"gpt":0.214425389871171,"spread":0.2057465954306339,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001727331,0.00008521601,0.0001496762,0.00001403697,0.00002349758,0.00001372994,0.000163109,0.00002997113,0.00000426378],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001080353,0.00006598171,0.00006773994,0.0001205632,0.00003304041,0.00008425766,0.00001916646,0.0001356225,0.000008454979],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005078169,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007546674,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001604093,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001624919,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992497,0.000009185442,0.000312088,0.00004875656,0.0002318087,0.0001484568],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993306,0.0003030778,0.0001157595,0.0001428057,0.00005751019,0.0000502573],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000028366,0.00005262756,0.0003917681,0.00001449087,0.0001111926,0.000004096546,0.0008648032,0.305682,0.682279,0.001035394,0.0000653384,0.009470898],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003763527,0.00003395764,0.003164842,0.00001879532,0.00003906478,0.000002041629,0.00009585977,0.1611123,0.825217,0.009827893,0.00003872735,0.00007312724],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9803762,0.0001784916,0.01879305,0.000008919504,0.0002203971,0.0001029018,0.000002561879,0.00001756067,0.0002999442],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988573,0.00002744226,0.0008313493,0.00003037094,0.0002294067,0.000003521437,9.807443e-7,0.00001886221,8.291775e-7],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1445697,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2690656,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2001852216","doi":"10.1007/s11666-007-9082-z","title":"A Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Cold Spray Process: The Effects of Substrate Location and Shape","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":76,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"National Research Council Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies","keywords":"Substrate (aquarium); Materials science; Gas dynamic cold spray; Mechanics; Flow (mathematics); Particle (ecology); Process (computing); Coating; Supersonic speed; Spray nozzle; Work (physics); Choked flow; Volumetric flow rate; Nozzle; Composite material; Mechanical engineering; Engineering; Physics; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004234041503681706,"gpt":0.2184492447374087,"spread":0.214215203233727,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006187058,0.0001052546,0.0002881631,0.0003251065,0.00003833819,0.00000534414,0.0003756159,0.0001452041,0.000007041804],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001936965,0.00006275142,0.00009911796,0.001301577,0.0002445862,0.00006911282,0.00004588757,0.0003339018,4.96278e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000361668,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002856469,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003467417,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001054313,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990323,0.00001979419,0.0004718421,0.00007400956,0.0002308736,0.0001712445],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989881,0.0002297749,0.0003095809,0.0002402985,0.0002047127,0.00002755399],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004522611,0.00005537204,0.05117292,0.00008599352,0.0008516469,0.000009692499,0.0001002405,0.05095684,0.8925744,0.001800811,0.00001070025,0.00233612],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005779834,0.0002018253,0.2692724,0.0001555798,0.0009186637,0.00006782356,0.0000796108,0.1614468,0.5663916,0.0007388691,0.00002093265,0.0001279693],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9963437,0.001480738,0.001647501,0.0001761475,0.0001655523,0.0001245585,0.000001777967,0.00002277727,0.0000372945],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995251,0.00002243049,0.0003959969,0.00001777401,0.00002190466,0.000002236759,1.446677e-7,0.00001239877,0.000002018621],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3261829,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2558929,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1971442415","doi":"10.1063/1.3272711","title":"Clustering criterion for inertial particles in two-dimensional time-periodic and three-dimensional steady flows","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Chaos An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":75,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Inertial frame of reference; Cluster analysis; Physics; Classical mechanics; Vortex; Flow (mathematics); Torus; Mechanics; Statistical physics; Cluster (spacecraft); Mathematical analysis; Mathematics; Geometry; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01543592148101712,"gpt":0.3123715648959633,"spread":0.2969356434149462,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001313951,0.000203305,0.0002985855,0.0003638307,0.0002716335,0.0001340785,0.0004642785,0.00006020501,0.00003715411],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009275485,0.0001797553,0.00007443887,0.0002948525,0.0004249992,0.001030936,0.00040778,0.0004558529,0.000009354794],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008537312,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001158162,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003250821,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003402976,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982203,0.00002208045,0.000638563,0.0002804237,0.0003988015,0.0004398828],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990411,0.0001048866,0.0001022745,0.0002451756,0.0002180112,0.0002885247],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001569344,0.0001067955,0.0008995509,0.00002191782,0.000009406683,0.00004777168,0.0007242616,0.122454,0.8686839,0.00001886913,0.00001916178,0.006857503],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009554276,0.0003015877,0.005505634,0.0001081782,0.00001080004,0.0005607629,0.00006025402,0.986091,0.005824622,0.0003620447,0.00001187426,0.0002078265],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9969822,0.00007713126,0.001239803,0.0001897568,0.001268413,0.0001677695,0.00001996627,0.00003519202,0.0000197842],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9566225,0.00000136584,0.04292016,0.00002743573,0.0003850337,0.000007024804,0.000003006262,0.00002849289,0.000004910306],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.863637,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7330207,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3048518450","doi":"10.1017/jfm.2020.453","title":"Microstructure-informed probability-driven point-particle model for hydrodynamic forces and torques in particle-laden flows","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":72,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Particle (ecology); Mechanics; Torque; Point particle; Classical mechanics; Point (geometry); Materials science; Physics; Geology; Thermodynamics; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01931279404330448,"gpt":0.2400114856615232,"spread":0.2206986916182187,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003590272,0.0002239326,0.0004245708,0.00005857564,0.00004817134,0.00006673563,0.0002732684,0.0001260458,0.000006626776],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003594636,0.0002136737,0.0001287041,0.0001946279,0.00002556377,0.0005443527,0.00006733408,0.0002783781,0.000002748089],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000210484,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000876115,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001739954,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007054493,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982855,0.00002767415,0.0008335951,0.0001868441,0.0002325694,0.0004337896],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991916,0.0001158059,0.0001127268,0.0001864899,0.0001206148,0.0002727398],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001361531,0.00002119762,0.0002192493,0.0001610022,0.00004584959,0.000007991657,0.002010596,0.5272765,0.4670043,0.002494306,0.00009879063,0.0005240679],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001422619,0.0002198774,0.00005774053,0.00004992649,0.00004754382,0.0000400162,0.0001323441,0.9637384,0.02565091,0.008379098,0.00004537592,0.0002161235],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9199002,0.0004012866,0.07855217,0.000435813,0.0002075122,0.000394807,0.00002790853,0.00006927468,0.0000110163],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9736269,0.0001822521,0.02585484,0.0001702487,0.00009469118,0.00001696127,0.000002217948,0.00004676031,0.000005119346],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4413534,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.871336,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2032434662","doi":"10.1175/jas3872.1","title":"Statistics and Parameterizations of the Effect of Turbulence on the Geometric Collision Kernel of Cloud Droplets","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":62,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Turbulence; Physics; RADIUS; Dissipation; Collision; Range (aeronautics); Mechanics; Turbulence kinetic energy; Collision frequency; Flow (mathematics); Cluster analysis; Statistical physics; Computational physics; Classical mechanics; Statistics; Mathematics; Thermodynamics; Plasma; Materials science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007683464043227181,"gpt":0.2332999214524482,"spread":0.2256164574092211,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001819092,0.00007853584,0.0001839009,0.00001370007,0.0001003035,0.00001503416,0.000650174,0.00002801901,0.000004812022],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001254573,0.00003412989,0.0000664028,0.001541321,0.0005193647,0.00006352957,0.00007381967,0.0001301467,2.527476e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003025186,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003031418,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001073292,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002749061,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987582,0.00009568699,0.0004178963,0.00006009591,0.0005376808,0.0001304647],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976667,0.001641232,0.0003677529,0.000209793,0.00008469028,0.00002982294],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003593749,0.00003546723,0.0547594,0.00005988783,0.00004764068,0.000001276842,0.0003921196,0.9046201,0.03597512,0.001002076,0.0002789732,0.002792013],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002662269,0.0006066064,0.145347,0.000196889,0.00006561486,0.00002531998,0.0001411535,0.7873633,0.06517576,0.0007029046,0.00003232211,0.00007696021],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9932428,0.0002962146,0.005481177,0.00006581354,0.0006958302,0.0001167379,0.000008678663,0.000002809806,0.00008994898],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9958764,0.00009613602,0.003975569,0.00001248569,0.00002410654,5.143042e-7,2.611836e-8,0.000005161977,0.000009612607],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1172568,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1913621,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2138390793","doi":"10.1089/jam.2006.19.290","title":"Improving Prediction of Aerosol Deposition in an Idealized Mouth Using Large-Eddy Simulation","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Aerosol Medicine","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":62,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; Carleton University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Aerosol; Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations; Deposition (geology); Large eddy simulation; Mechanics; Reynolds number; Dispersity; Computational fluid dynamics; Materials science; Turbulence; Meteorology; Physics; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01802132835511608,"gpt":0.2725871000150669,"spread":0.2545657716599508,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006812632,0.0001482573,0.0003762386,0.0002621804,0.00003724605,0.00001220984,0.0001138137,0.0001135252,0.0000134906],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001199217,0.0001367267,0.00005554992,0.000300929,0.00004220449,0.0005022308,0.00001354753,0.0002760995,5.039412e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002456606,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002708696,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001044684,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008069042,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980845,0.00006671758,0.001085661,0.0001068138,0.0004170232,0.0002392799],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991376,0.00008226674,0.0003333064,0.0001636679,0.0001999104,0.00008323773],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004674603,0.00004245286,0.002471883,0.00004096391,0.000009545644,0.0000107511,0.0002187961,0.514731,0.4820949,0.000009127635,0.000007587492,0.0003162581],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002800941,0.0002313937,0.002691508,0.0003214267,0.00007248566,0.00004039041,0.0001438923,0.967048,0.02652458,0.00003578538,6.303475e-7,0.00008900121],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8497522,0.0002759044,0.1492465,0.00001708429,0.0004939648,0.000130017,0.000009620728,0.00003622956,0.0000384161],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9949687,0.00001581784,0.004419881,0.00001284284,0.0005316402,0.000001503916,0.00001457288,0.00003258602,0.000002425251],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4555703,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5575553,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2033340613","doi":"10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000235","title":"Experimental Study of Sand and Slurry Jets in Water","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":58,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Froude number; Slurry; Jet (fluid); Turbulence; Flux (metallurgy); Volume (thermodynamics); Particle (ecology); Mechanics; Geotechnical engineering; Geology; Chemistry; Physics; Flow (mathematics); Thermodynamics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005720159562190436,"gpt":0.2187307309396214,"spread":0.213010571377431,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002528293,0.0001133793,0.0002339347,0.0002561795,0.00001046317,0.00001389636,0.000116974,0.00004894605,0.00000892596],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003250018,0.00009542099,0.00003800859,0.00009738521,0.00001135878,0.0001704197,0.00003384624,0.0003551997,0.000001056876],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003372155,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006082419,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005970164,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005169246,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991857,0.000007447144,0.0004032095,0.0000641451,0.0001615953,0.0001778491],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997312,0.00003143151,0.00002924369,0.0001166108,0.00001643525,0.00007501043],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000613482,0.0001148747,0.002473377,0.00001852511,0.00003713327,0.00006606095,0.002166423,0.1888219,0.8060983,0.00001394779,0.000005369997,0.0001778416],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002199446,0.0003539864,0.01664039,0.00006340635,0.00002154502,0.0002041101,0.0004341727,0.5399655,0.4396952,0.00002324968,0.0001500266,0.0002489082],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9987087,0.0002725288,0.0001756222,0.00001085917,0.0005795868,0.00007411306,2.902561e-7,0.00002110917,0.000157219],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991967,0.000008372138,0.0006719923,0.000002788281,0.00008958366,0.000002753887,1.408273e-7,0.00002535698,0.000002298165],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3664031,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3891155,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2534706551","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2016.06.023","title":"Investigation of particle-laden turbulent pipe flow at high-Reynolds-number using particle image/tracking velocimetry (PIV/PTV)","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":57,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canadian Natural Resources Limited","keywords":"Reynolds number; Turbulence; Particle image velocimetry; Particle tracking velocimetry; Mechanics; Pipe flow; Materials science; Velocimetry; Two-phase flow; Particle (ecology); Physics; Optics; Flow (mathematics); Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02470200505283084,"gpt":0.272954768867601,"spread":0.2482527638147702,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005539504,0.0002429143,0.000330181,0.0001416203,0.00005573222,0.00006528384,0.0004857968,0.0001139114,0.0003030632],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004013042,0.0002032318,0.0001912845,0.0001968267,0.0001641323,0.0008884022,0.00009956628,0.0002115652,0.00009087182],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007044654,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006383109,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001781519,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001038219,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997381,0.00009084812,0.001071252,0.0002000114,0.0008942336,0.0003625935],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981204,0.0002994495,0.0003435609,0.000253479,0.0007478283,0.0002352969],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001751418,0.00006839997,0.02206234,0.00001968554,0.0003341518,0.0001982681,0.0003894767,0.08720811,0.8798664,0.00007860341,0.0003087146,0.009290665],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002084925,0.00003048863,0.004349147,0.0002158055,0.00004931939,0.0002669536,0.00001636165,0.571646,0.4208967,0.0002017129,0.00007345803,0.0001691027],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.940338,0.0001359102,0.05722383,0.000562096,0.001492716,0.0001022253,0.00005922743,0.00006402662,0.00002193573],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9487643,0.0000635243,0.05053104,0.0000628964,0.0004751576,0.000003882466,0.00000532149,0.00005476326,0.00003907272],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4844379,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8287551,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2075399198","doi":"10.1016/j.camwa.2010.09.042","title":"Homotopy perturbation method for motion of a spherical solid particle in plane couette fluid flow","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computers & Mathematics with Applications","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":55,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Couette flow; Mathematics; Homotopy analysis method; Perturbation (astronomy); Homotopy; Homotopy perturbation method; Mathematical analysis; Convergence (economics); Conic section; Plane (geometry); Flow (mathematics); Classical mechanics; Mechanics; Geometry; Physics; Pure mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0101105280249862,"gpt":0.2588107537613045,"spread":0.2487002257363183,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002282748,0.0001342589,0.0002260475,0.00004972385,0.00004087743,0.00002332777,0.0001965975,0.00007255354,0.000007659753],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002552595,0.0001301659,0.00003972383,0.0002704077,0.00004862345,0.0000761901,0.0000217938,0.0001376526,0.000009768803],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000039405,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001564941,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001556801,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001770324,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991166,0.00001116106,0.0003626452,0.0001716717,0.0001305007,0.0002074487],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990899,0.0002972626,0.00006189986,0.0004074058,0.00007478207,0.00006875258],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002913032,0.0007148332,0.000403909,0.0006592027,0.0001022154,0.000001509197,0.0025768,0.3985669,0.4762587,0.08537577,0.0004005288,0.03491051],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004541816,0.00003201498,0.0002733066,0.00002295353,0.00002451757,0.00001067322,0.00003106529,0.9775468,0.01436498,0.006856248,0.0002477671,0.0001355018],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.1868811,0.00001109723,0.8119538,0.00007412242,0.00006028374,0.000760747,0.00002041839,0.0001221259,0.0001163359],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.3662833,0.000003185099,0.633084,0.00001358678,0.00003662803,0.0005238713,0.00002167813,0.00002571625,0.000008036173],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5789798,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.530801,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2032760397","doi":"10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2004.09.004","title":"A reappraisal of why aspirating pipes do not flutter at infinitesimal flow","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Fluids and Structures","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":55,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Flutter; Infinitesimal; Flow (mathematics); Work (physics); Mathematics; Newtonian fluid; Mechanics; Calculus (dental); Mathematical analysis; Classical mechanics; Engineering; Geometry; Physics; Aerodynamics; Mechanical engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01037400499595514,"gpt":0.2365641755885155,"spread":0.2261901705925603,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002318294,0.0001547642,0.0002974032,0.0001258267,0.00005190646,0.00004360522,0.0001436943,0.00009170433,0.00007915809],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001067171,0.0001256461,0.00009443026,0.00008462473,0.00006757178,0.0002119145,0.00004282808,0.0002375153,0.000001328094],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002928832,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001429715,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002232902,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000886219,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988633,0.00002741525,0.0005571459,0.00008851194,0.0002627425,0.0002009313],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999469,0.00010932,0.00009824144,0.0001323729,0.00009182507,0.00009925108],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001095408,0.00001651004,0.006074754,0.00008659045,0.0001530282,0.00002559956,0.001301188,0.09200929,0.8523979,0.001543344,0.003759604,0.04252268],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002560851,0.0004735437,0.0517124,0.0001646685,0.0001471034,0.0008057271,0.0001317316,0.7746804,0.1504842,0.00135838,0.01688635,0.0005946032],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9958283,0.001216016,0.001640433,0.0001107537,0.0002578739,0.00003728572,0.00001613004,0.00001979046,0.0008734568],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9795513,0.00007904265,0.01974921,0.0001454877,0.0004423231,6.231106e-7,7.75968e-7,0.00002130189,0.000009975231],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7019137,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5123699,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2059719164","doi":"10.1016/s0045-7930(02)00115-9","title":"Surface effects on transient three-dimensional flows around rotating spheres at moderate Reynolds numbers","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computers & Fluids","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":54,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Strouhal number; Reynolds number; Vortex shedding; Mechanics; Wake; Physics; Drag; Lift (data mining); Drag coefficient; Classical mechanics; Vortex; Turbulence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01087508403123144,"gpt":0.2155592265730239,"spread":0.2046841425417924,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002246418,0.0004187227,0.0003732617,0.00005615379,0.0002060186,0.00008466962,0.000250774,0.0001467291,0.00004739938],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002818829,0.0004525899,0.0001463998,0.0002561469,0.00005209713,0.0001504401,0.00005362446,0.0003046979,0.0002378662],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003389794,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002651889,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001606679,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001025892,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997944,0.0001083687,0.0003869498,0.0004850137,0.0004056618,0.0006699854],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988189,0.0003757094,0.0000266575,0.0005146553,0.00004512101,0.0002189334],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003637085,0.00004061911,0.0009176714,0.00007329079,0.00009852505,0.00006751627,0.0002266227,0.9507359,0.04106752,0.0008520429,0.00336468,0.002519301],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009710661,0.0001054484,0.0005444813,0.0001374323,0.00002400317,0.0000280677,0.000008324533,0.9809453,0.01593257,0.0002955514,0.0005346516,0.0004730865],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9388748,0.0004560247,0.05580649,0.0000271961,0.00213493,0.0003574247,0.000007780709,0.0005330601,0.001802235],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9629152,0.000007656062,0.03658924,0.0001853521,0.00009605435,0.00001889508,0.00001320727,0.0001055173,0.00006892526],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03020948,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997926,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1983352307","doi":"10.1205/cerd.82.8.979.41546","title":"Gas Mixing in Circulating Fluidized Beds with Secondary Air Injection","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":54,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Carleton University; Dalhousie University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Injector; Mixing (physics); Dispersion (optics); TRACER; Mechanics; Fluidized bed combustion; Secondary air injection; Materials science; Volumetric flow rate; Chemistry; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Thermodynamics; Fluidized bed; Chromatography; Optics; Physics; Nuclear physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004697910979582245,"gpt":0.1747767085442724,"spread":0.1700787975646901,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001289623,0.0001426986,0.0001175883,0.00007426822,0.0001384521,0.00001370309,0.00003767576,0.00008019185,0.00001239308],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005461301,0.0001503561,0.00001586573,0.0001459352,0.00005084239,0.0003773189,0.00001688777,0.0002742909,0.000006269826],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000348998,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007939244,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000434784,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005309644,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992631,0.00001419882,0.0001959576,0.0002057572,0.0001214193,0.0001995442],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998394,0.000006222174,0.000026748,0.00008151204,0.000002371836,0.00004373679],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001114323,0.00002669961,0.001869546,0.000137905,0.0000143994,0.000005943036,0.000850912,0.936187,0.05021382,0.00002053743,5.216155e-8,0.01056178],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002886806,0.0002041734,0.02247204,0.0001834031,0.00001788759,0.0002777811,0.0008300194,0.9462993,0.02418485,0.00215212,0.00002444959,0.0004671765],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9492439,0.0001812022,0.04955313,0.00003218176,0.0000577797,0.000355366,0.000004052063,0.0001484714,0.000423892],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994517,0.00006833502,0.0003078792,0.00001116817,0.00003011684,0.00008451007,0.00001277636,0.00003042879,0.000003064558],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05020779,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6131345,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2026913133","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2012.07.002","title":"Computational investigation of vertical slurry jets in water","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":53,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Slurry; Drag; Turbulence; Mechanics; Nozzle; Drag coefficient; Entrainment (biomusicology); Jet (fluid); Particle (ecology); Air entrainment; Materials science; Phase (matter); Physics; Thermodynamics; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01584591235939783,"gpt":0.2657256115029288,"spread":0.2498796991435309,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003856085,0.0000878201,0.0001430092,0.0003246553,0.000009474254,0.00001300667,0.0002053071,0.00005362853,0.0000520583],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001438747,0.00007540335,0.00006762907,0.00007901684,0.0000515067,0.0004252387,0.0000276125,0.0001774085,0.00001986782],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000196168,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003257467,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004259802,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002401723,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987438,0.00003541657,0.0005552353,0.00004843482,0.0004452169,0.0001718783],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994357,0.0001159222,0.00004068804,0.00005859489,0.0002426344,0.0001064194],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007515697,0.0001162979,0.04700517,0.00001152601,0.0001005058,0.00002751681,0.001292894,0.8770193,0.07119418,0.0004971067,0.0001148919,0.002545476],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001382296,0.00002241063,0.02569116,0.0000607729,0.000008408229,0.00008124125,0.00002280538,0.9384967,0.03316285,0.0008236825,0.0001600011,0.00008765073],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9790925,0.0001021805,0.01914187,0.0002093007,0.001283259,0.00004030461,0.00000926317,0.00001332671,0.0001080282],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9833195,0.00001117128,0.01624978,0.00004711463,0.0003386631,0.000001732369,0.00001504754,0.00001391826,0.00000305735],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06147745,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3074859,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2080154997","doi":"10.1115/1.1624426","title":"Analysis of the Flow Through a Vented Automotive Brake Rotor","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Fluids Engineering","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":53,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Rotor (electric); Mechanics; Particle image velocimetry; Inlet; Flow (mathematics); Suction; Brake; Centrifugal pump; Materials science; Airflow; Mechanical engineering; Impeller; Engineering; Physics; Turbulence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007315091107008565,"gpt":0.2108565966185769,"spread":0.2035415055115683,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002866277,0.0001706904,0.0004276385,0.0002508312,0.00002687167,0.00001798066,0.0003017225,0.00007662662,0.0000356039],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003642622,0.0001377559,0.0005127079,0.001289175,0.00002173882,0.0001917578,0.00002221222,0.0003178687,0.000002136424],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001645942,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003123494,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001396474,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001834466,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986871,0.00003511965,0.0006000496,0.0000850678,0.0003456523,0.0002469872],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993092,0.00009838729,0.00009386283,0.0002982664,0.0001290715,0.00007119292],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003041873,0.00002321711,0.001807747,0.00002738986,0.001221346,0.00001213145,0.0003786373,0.9361986,0.05968851,0.0004324972,0.00009493159,0.0001119502],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000336176,0.00003028539,0.008861628,0.00007561628,0.0006492397,0.00002683984,0.00003400371,0.96615,0.02296712,0.00003028768,0.0006959174,0.0001428081],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8999399,0.0007824296,0.09754592,0.00001711676,0.00114392,0.00009092492,0.00001150327,0.00005523752,0.0004130833],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9886493,0.00004929101,0.01117927,0.00001300663,0.00005291661,0.000003359552,6.309102e-7,0.0000357192,0.00001647984],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08870946,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5617521,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1936061803","doi":"10.5194/acp-16-9273-2016","title":"Theoretical analysis of mixing in liquid clouds – Part 3: Inhomogeneousmixing","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Atmospheric chemistry and physics","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":52,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","funders":"Office of Science; Israel Science Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Mixing (physics); Volume (thermodynamics); Thermodynamics; Evaporation; Chemistry; Mechanics; Homogeneous; Dispersion (optics); Physics; Optics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004560852117697422,"gpt":0.2004878410254038,"spread":0.1959269889077064,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009906982,0.0001248652,0.0002494639,4.897169e-7,0.00001584224,0.000006760901,0.00009809651,0.0000699192,0.0003207937],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002131253,0.0001072829,0.00007184825,0.0004520857,0.0001399347,0.00004792783,0.00003125339,0.00007438221,0.000002482621],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004225656,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008137524,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000297485,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001251995,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993088,0.00001142976,0.0002241728,0.0001598878,0.00009373323,0.0002019528],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995522,0.0001198557,0.00002277237,0.0002288022,0.00001796946,0.00005837885],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000625843,0.00008669256,0.008173002,0.0001714777,0.0007177295,0.00001652718,0.0003945411,0.07337415,0.7479432,0.01297969,0.00002181725,0.1560586],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002839546,0.00001371552,0.0005336406,0.00006187358,0.0001727763,0.000002229606,0.00001824317,0.8833346,0.1127779,0.002396664,0.0001762417,0.0002281603],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9856022,0.0001654699,0.0106781,0.00001157827,0.0000324438,0.00002809839,0.0000115985,0.00005022026,0.00342026],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966293,0.0001387833,0.003094487,0.000007308799,0.00006237588,0.000006993431,0.00000414094,0.00001719585,0.0000394192],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8099605,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.437487,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1953184950","doi":"10.5194/acp-16-9235-2016","title":"Theoretical study of mixing in liquid clouds – Part 1: Classical concepts","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Atmospheric chemistry and physics","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","funders":"Israel Science Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy; Office of Science; Transport Canada; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Mixing (physics); Homogeneous; Adiabatic process; Statistical physics; Mixing patterns; Convection; Mechanics; Physics; Thermodynamics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006647498201002445,"gpt":0.230348608076139,"spread":0.2237011098751366,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007738482,0.000125183,0.000193914,1.166663e-7,0.0000155295,0.000006071744,0.0001004515,0.00006431282,0.0001906082],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002123597,0.0001022404,0.00002703149,0.0001134703,0.000182615,0.00004986867,0.00003638784,0.0001071632,0.000004370403],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003522652,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008740597,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000161253,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.374254e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993166,0.00001773974,0.0002077623,0.000160806,0.000106044,0.0001910211],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995616,0.0001296386,0.00001784658,0.0002119895,0.0000159348,0.00006298318],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002684587,0.001203699,0.01293836,0.0003127398,0.0001955677,0.00004779265,0.002527509,0.009517691,0.6826999,0.02980708,0.000215713,0.2602655],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00469589,0.0004135336,0.002373044,0.0002915745,0.00007622814,0.00001173322,0.0006545812,0.8277358,0.1514214,0.01014495,0.001277924,0.0009033893],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9950821,0.00006098207,0.001393003,0.00001541578,0.00005615375,0.00007097101,0.000004065778,0.00005249519,0.00326477],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989436,0.00003221087,0.0008128074,0.000005353775,0.0001089494,0.00001445976,9.403718e-7,0.0000184366,0.00006323458],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8182181,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4169244,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1852637228","doi":"10.1175/jas-d-15-0203.1","title":"Cloud Droplet Collisions in Turbulent Environment: Collision Statistics and Parameterization","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Environment and Climate Change Canada; McGill University","funders":"Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Turbulence; Collision; Physics; Statistical physics; Direct numerical simulation; Reynolds number; Taylor microscale; Adiabatic process; Range (aeronautics); Computational physics; Mechanics; Computer science; Aerospace engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01848953525792161,"gpt":0.231954746302917,"spread":0.2134652110449954,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006269241,0.0000675813,0.0001131099,0.000007164148,0.00006079442,0.00005156692,0.0002507069,0.00002709745,0.00000587386],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000160562,0.00004460335,0.00001844021,0.0003267451,0.000156758,0.0001602185,0.00004986809,0.00009904381,0.000002757183],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001176735,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000415117,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005199583,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003028214,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991211,0.00005382341,0.0002733388,0.00006721818,0.0003551476,0.0001294055],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996167,0.00009336488,0.00009138338,0.00009553934,0.00002485781,0.00007809768],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004790844,0.00001640412,0.007848744,0.000002917548,0.000004252875,0.000006000649,0.0003478078,0.9896213,0.0008544068,0.0002698805,0.0006690695,0.0003544372],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002329489,0.00010303,0.005358936,0.0000268909,0.000008429,0.00004506169,0.0001942558,0.9911501,0.0001933361,0.00189218,0.0007356122,0.00005918299],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9944838,0.0004467707,0.004123055,0.0002007854,0.0006143305,0.0000662891,0.000003157894,0.000006067357,0.00005569806],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9686874,0.0003321599,0.03088693,0.00003480943,0.0000356894,0.000001164507,1.224327e-7,0.000005998801,0.00001576449],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02676387,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1818872,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1576575350","doi":"10.1006/jaer.2000.0660","title":"PA—Precision Agriculture","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; University of Saskatchewan","funders":"","keywords":"Nozzle; Mechanics; Wind tunnel; Flow (mathematics); Flow velocity; Materials science; Analyser; Spray characteristics; Particle size; Particle (ecology); Drift velocity; Chemistry; Spray nozzle; Physics; Optics; Geology; Thermodynamics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0236528229658135,"gpt":0.2825740472220967,"spread":0.2589212242562832,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008932851,0.0001864878,0.0002639758,0.0002754353,0.0000731948,0.000109834,0.0004868548,0.0001426006,0.00004220876],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003232289,0.0001157307,0.0001500042,0.001092683,0.00002712864,0.0004141734,0.0000651328,0.001137873,0.00007208266],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003143781,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001569825,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002908175,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002595291,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978781,0.00004239355,0.0004793119,0.0001199706,0.0009208824,0.00055931],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986917,0.0002445379,0.00004199598,0.0001703103,0.0005877065,0.0002637054],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001186573,0.00003344753,0.0002908731,0.00003231326,0.00006983536,0.0001126823,0.0001650881,0.5603505,0.4240322,0.0002983641,0.0125986,0.00200422],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002836304,0.0009485981,0.5191101,0.001136071,0.00008993513,0.007806509,0.001301039,0.2887523,0.05624087,0.0003937217,0.1196403,0.001744273],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9951196,0.00134265,0.0009712655,0.0001834141,0.0007499024,0.0001111275,0.000002256458,0.0001219174,0.001397854],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.996331,0.000823973,0.001744838,0.000003748469,0.0007538581,0.000005328576,0.000002511983,0.00002587307,0.0003089141],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5188192,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4943556,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2025335335","doi":"10.1080/02786820300932","title":"Simulation of Particle Deposition in an Idealized Mouth with Different Small Diameter Inlets","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Aerosol Science and Technology","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":48,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations; Turbulence; Mechanics; Deposition (geology); Reynolds number; Lagrangian particle tracking; Large eddy simulation; Particle deposition; Particle (ecology); Inlet; Two-phase flow; Flow (mathematics); Stokes number; Physics; Particle size; Materials science; Geometry; Chemistry; Mathematics; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01282988390918221,"gpt":0.2330278028180359,"spread":0.2201979189088537,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001462384,0.00006749939,0.0001008236,0.0001273303,0.00003533591,0.00001441331,0.00009828243,0.00005569154,0.000001631217],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007570886,0.00005670516,0.000004665968,0.0006673103,0.0002964979,0.0001539729,0.00001789233,0.00006940014,7.177638e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003944754,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001164377,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005947721,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001987134,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993976,0.00001215078,0.0001302323,0.0001511206,0.0001019906,0.0002069006],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996927,0.00002741054,0.00001805966,0.0001756946,0.00004916426,0.00003699665],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008296849,0.00005391016,0.08332597,0.00001092767,0.000003251067,0.00000356029,0.0002406704,0.08057869,0.8251367,0.005778036,1.260417e-7,0.004859908],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003228859,0.00008219251,0.004541352,0.000009920875,0.000003293936,0.00000269572,0.00005496881,0.7020736,0.2924365,0.000405087,2.966375e-7,0.00006719741],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9922938,0.00003356817,0.007373681,0.00002254764,0.00002458148,0.0001102026,7.566923e-7,0.00008907564,0.00005178368],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998583,0.00000506566,0.001378839,0.000008303815,0.000001281038,0.00001587877,4.079199e-7,0.000006294156,9.289225e-7],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6214949,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2312369,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2045696140","doi":"10.1016/s1468-6996(02)00023-2","title":"Effect of a cylindrical shroud on particle conditions in high velocity oxy-fuel spray process","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Technology of Advanced Materials","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":47,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University of New Brunswick","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Shroud; Mechanics; Materials science; Nozzle; Air entrainment; Entrainment (biomusicology); Supersonic speed; Thermal spraying; Jet (fluid); Particle (ecology); Particle velocity; Compressibility; Coating; Thermodynamics; Composite material; Mechanical engineering; Physics; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0058235182195385,"gpt":0.2548530582178192,"spread":0.2490295399982807,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000384322,0.00009114149,0.0002460399,0.0002031108,0.00003593212,0.000007023485,0.0002035642,0.00008023104,0.00002657641],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003143946,0.00008252727,0.00000807924,0.0008281819,0.0008837823,0.0001660714,0.00003981898,0.00007272414,0.000006977031],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003575888,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001055668,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001804123,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002388466,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991705,0.00001498847,0.0002396332,0.0001818437,0.000151372,0.0002417022],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99961,0.00006340876,0.00004310134,0.0001975812,0.00005526909,0.000030649],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001336683,0.00003667817,0.0006728667,0.00008984491,0.000002795156,0.000002987178,0.00005533259,0.001688372,0.9891772,0.005753447,0.000002260712,0.002504847],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004965824,0.0002998999,0.00158944,0.00004761953,0.000004438485,0.000004092117,0.00002572525,0.005858689,0.9882515,0.003339665,0.000004765241,0.00007756133],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9992144,0.0000516814,0.00002095823,0.0001036404,0.0001350956,0.0001875296,0.00002022752,0.00010269,0.0001637715],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994105,0.00004055241,0.0004868878,0.000005298641,0.000004184658,0.00004317503,5.986086e-7,0.000006674002,0.00000212655],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004170317,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3365365,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2314410389","doi":"10.1021/ie200135r","title":"Determination of Agglomeration Kinetics in Nanoparticle Dispersions","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":45,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología","keywords":"Economies of agglomeration; Nanoparticle; Kinetics; Particle (ecology); Chemical engineering; Adsorption; Mass transfer; Particle size; Base oil; Materials science; Chemistry; Nanotechnology; Chromatography; Physical chemistry; Composite material; Scanning electron microscope","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1183123076954103,"gpt":0.3104814280616456,"spread":0.1921691203662353,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004606872,0.0001087244,0.0001391666,0.0001283079,0.00002025756,0.00001507606,0.0002150683,0.0001823986,0.00007715605],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004095875,0.0001299156,0.00003110049,0.0006392479,0.00005573613,0.0001072677,0.00005410784,0.0004746035,0.0000101567],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001954948,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002506199,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002340756,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004240484,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988269,0.00002255637,0.0003208172,0.0001471937,0.0003050428,0.0003774749],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994441,0.0001077474,0.00001591252,0.0002561659,0.00008108476,0.00009494638],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001061537,0.00007391085,0.0007598027,0.00004682792,0.000005801401,0.000008945652,0.0002627273,0.01364952,0.9835848,0.00006677559,0.00003045942,0.001499825],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003404076,0.00001983944,0.0004901916,0.00004451118,0.000002441735,0.000002219037,0.00003406033,0.3526139,0.6462883,0.00002515131,0.00005621132,0.00008278618],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9976507,0.00004500661,0.0001537829,0.000009527665,0.0001411763,0.0001383712,0.000008072313,0.00008874988,0.001764562],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994739,0.00001344264,0.0003147447,3.962609e-7,0.00009100445,0.00003353012,0.000006636803,0.00002825442,0.00003806002],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3389644,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5297806,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2040523431","doi":"10.1021/ie049173d","title":"Characterization of the Contact between Liquid Spray Droplets and Particles in a Fluidized Bed","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":45,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Syncrude (Canada); Western University","funders":"Syncrude","keywords":"Mixing (physics); Nozzle; Fluidized bed; Jet (fluid); Spray nozzle; Materials science; Thermocouple; Spray characteristics; Draft tube; Cross section (physics); Mechanics; Chemistry; Chromatography; Composite material; Thermodynamics; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05437317480895097,"gpt":0.2910469228845359,"spread":0.2366737480755849,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007803254,0.0001480201,0.0002371736,0.00007602276,0.00003839189,0.00003685052,0.0002824438,0.0002252805,0.00002287136],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004766201,0.0001410103,0.00003887274,0.0005370661,0.00006510624,0.0001252964,0.0001169517,0.0007255637,0.000003930044],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001923457,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005081512,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001246877,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002442495,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998565,0.00004868822,0.0003912118,0.0001861031,0.0003602217,0.000448766],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999272,0.0002233675,0.00002597,0.0003120542,0.00005639625,0.0001102233],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002919362,0.00001601034,0.002705052,0.00005216246,0.00002239447,0.000002011971,0.0001341268,0.002087239,0.9938982,0.0000209199,0.00001318147,0.001019536],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008602332,0.00001752764,0.00180938,0.0001112537,0.000006376437,0.00000259703,0.00001153719,0.04618856,0.9503272,0.000002701982,0.0005372227,0.0001254577],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9992273,0.00007216763,0.000009301292,0.0001816765,0.00007652709,0.0002545641,0.00002991123,0.00008336248,0.00006512782],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999472,0.00003077216,0.00002010974,0.000001649662,0.0003776413,0.00003836535,0.0000110775,0.00003597083,0.00001238147],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04410132,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5750235,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2159676881","doi":"10.1175/jas3397.1","title":"Improved Formulations of the Superposition Method","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":45,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"McGill University; National Center for Atmospheric Research; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Superposition principle; Drag; Mechanics; Representation (politics); Collision; Lubrication; Bubble; Physics; Classical mechanics; Falling (accident); Computer science; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Thermodynamics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01112078325320298,"gpt":0.2613108522635697,"spread":0.2501900690103667,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006299395,0.00005325954,0.00009063366,0.000003550084,0.0001298937,0.00002242526,0.0005784518,0.00002269967,0.00001699551],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008993565,0.00002688227,0.0001156637,0.0004929387,0.00010887,0.0002683669,0.0000435627,0.0001095058,9.450987e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006355416,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004131423,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005469534,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001095615,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992722,0.00004333605,0.00027288,0.00004212813,0.0002553449,0.0001140579],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995571,0.00009035225,0.000118173,0.0001504677,0.00005940675,0.00002449208],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002087643,0.00001329573,0.001790206,0.000003338461,0.00001664152,7.273692e-8,0.0002862533,0.8561401,0.1358722,0.001039673,0.0001591684,0.00467695],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009361918,0.00002215349,0.009345641,0.00001804729,0.00001942149,0.00002758508,0.00006110569,0.9758037,0.01326067,0.001067788,0.000244007,0.0000362069],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9858931,0.0001942189,0.01157176,0.0007869706,0.0006282131,0.00005918331,8.469885e-7,0.000008778293,0.0008568743],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8996071,0.00001188386,0.1002135,0.00005206107,0.00007559914,7.495471e-7,1.088892e-8,0.000004093717,0.00003506154],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1226115,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1096227,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2075308822","doi":"10.1016/s0032-5910(99)00196-5","title":"Particle clustering in down flow reactors","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Powder Technology","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":44,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Economies of agglomeration; Particle (ecology); Cluster (spacecraft); Agglomerate; Residence time (fluid dynamics); Mechanics; Residence time distribution; Flow (mathematics); Cluster analysis; Intrusion; Process (computing); Particle size; Magnetosphere particle motion; Chemistry; Process engineering; Physics; Computer science; Engineering; Chemical engineering; Geology; Physical chemistry; Geotechnical engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006504553954127659,"gpt":0.2089385596496435,"spread":0.2024340056955158,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008620654,0.0001322349,0.0001606351,0.0001588469,0.00002410493,0.00001307051,0.0002283548,0.0001861703,0.000418355],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002494087,0.0001486605,0.00002554937,0.0005627346,0.00006860107,0.00009973703,0.00003909663,0.0002750948,0.0004865845],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001018158,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005384717,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001326057,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000166242,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990428,0.00001053231,0.0002338618,0.0001882683,0.00007484319,0.0004497016],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995356,0.00002066475,0.000007946382,0.0003836555,0.000008338353,0.00004378737],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002833644,0.0001404564,0.04804124,0.00005147462,0.00006073864,0.0001811989,0.0008033669,0.3074797,0.1282351,0.002784022,0.0005212913,0.511673],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004059419,0.00001962939,0.003580994,0.00001639,0.000004414186,0.00002963538,0.00004181921,0.9785712,0.0109359,0.001427299,0.004751797,0.00021501],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9923979,0.000301668,0.0003644993,0.0003449357,0.0001550832,0.0001036643,0.000003067507,0.001194819,0.005134352],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982318,0.00009159002,0.001419846,0.00003658117,0.00002126165,0.00004353496,0.000001870411,0.00003488235,0.0001186403],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6710914,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6254221,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2027294712","doi":"10.1615/atomizspr.v17.i3.30","title":"ROLE OF VISCOSITY ON TRAJECTORY OF LIQUID JETS IN A CROSS-AIRFLOW","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Atomization and Sprays","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":44,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Nozzle; Viscosity; Mechanics; Penetration (warfare); Materials science; Jet (fluid); Penetration depth; Airflow; Wind tunnel; Thermodynamics; Physics; Optics; Composite material","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00615878677692135,"gpt":0.2385810600054111,"spread":0.2324222732284897,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002310265,0.00006045908,0.0001146051,0.0001229053,0.00001108453,0.000004148598,0.00004588821,0.00005741491,0.000009636361],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004940916,0.00006631658,0.00001874152,0.0001910948,0.00003551153,0.00005969625,0.000009986802,0.00005819635,0.000002113664],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003540009,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001078942,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001353345,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007699211,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995044,0.00001095795,0.0002202867,0.00007457501,0.0000846884,0.0001050838],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999768,0.00004916807,0.0000247299,0.0001012639,0.00002459522,0.00003225918],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003857281,0.0001730629,0.1056743,0.0001254453,0.00002996767,0.000004623943,0.001898425,0.4022876,0.4644469,0.01896972,0.0000170669,0.005987116],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008260356,0.00007167176,0.2038754,0.00003541814,0.00000390796,0.000001182314,0.00004724724,0.6328028,0.1619629,0.0001722784,0.00009421654,0.0001069724],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9921963,0.000107362,0.004801669,0.000004572745,0.00004694636,0.00007333548,0.000004867647,0.00003440272,0.002730529],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994565,0.00004191895,0.0004531043,0.00001194367,0.00001300136,0.000001465191,0.000003230871,0.00001052907,0.000008270406],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.302484,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2704312,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2080545167","doi":"10.2202/1542-6580.1148","title":"Horizontal Penetration of Gas-Liquid Spray Jets in Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":44,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Syncrude","keywords":"Nozzle; Mechanics; Penetration (warfare); Jet (fluid); Materials science; Thermodynamics; Physics; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006280841126712173,"gpt":0.2361010939428544,"spread":0.2298202528161422,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002333253,0.0001762082,0.0003029793,0.0003589134,0.000002193025,0.00002433027,0.0004128603,0.000116375,0.00001322699],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004869529,0.0001876659,0.0001709135,0.0001966151,0.00002032809,0.0003471982,0.00003785561,0.0003809565,0.000004073153],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007330116,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007452161,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008561977,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002434846,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983163,0.000007244126,0.0007757887,0.0001057791,0.0005686866,0.0002262025],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993798,0.0001029108,0.0001175693,0.0001154481,0.0001650614,0.0001191816],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008655569,0.00006275815,0.0001051003,0.00001655598,0.0001125838,0.00008742901,0.00014147,0.02674787,0.971563,0.0006646575,0.00000882579,0.0004032274],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001257548,0.00006912409,0.0000981507,0.0002283098,0.00001236775,0.0001243451,0.000009585988,0.02486307,0.9728907,0.0001911817,0.00009858293,0.0001570027],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9944201,0.0001997986,0.003867818,0.0001235368,0.00109308,0.00005737206,0.000008578339,0.00004562595,0.0001840565],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9960524,0.00009732374,0.003397054,0.000007372285,0.0003951448,0.000003494456,0.000008748751,0.00003825671,2.415571e-7],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001884806,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7652792,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2098584510","doi":"10.4209/aaqr.2013.07.0239","title":"An Overview of Airborne Nanoparticle Filtration and Thermal Rebound Theory","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":44,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Nanoparticle; Filtration (mathematics); Thermal; Brownian motion; Adhesion; Materials science; Nanotechnology; Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Composite material; Physics; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1244607059294857,"gpt":0.3996400844085781,"spread":0.2751793784790924,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003721124,0.00008338696,0.0001537735,0.00003670475,0.0001084321,0.00004120697,0.0001157098,0.0000608666,0.00002726157],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001732977,0.0000768428,0.00002203569,0.0001503524,0.000269186,0.0002061755,0.00005077929,0.0001743093,0.000008351419],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001526512,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001184075,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005443229,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004514154,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984236,0.0006157939,0.0002331119,0.0001756673,0.0002765657,0.0002752309],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990399,0.0004296116,0.00001621192,0.0003228969,0.00007567152,0.0001156364],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000513442,0.00007239883,0.003666701,0.0002940407,0.00002538106,7.166385e-7,0.001085183,0.0008361562,0.8613177,0.1048745,0.00003427463,0.02774155],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001358671,0.0006267327,0.2074163,0.0001254495,0.00002099457,0.000006944499,0.0008343766,0.5229968,0.2403434,0.02552642,0.0002686735,0.0004753535],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9976265,0.0009495885,0.0003390985,0.0001117097,0.00003220836,0.0001232474,0.000009014458,0.00006003486,0.0007486232],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993865,0.0002091243,0.0002623216,0.00003304668,0.00003995876,0.00001448672,0.000004112915,0.00001522852,0.00003519338],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6209744,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3133558,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2105521207","doi":"10.1002/ppsc.200390011","title":"A Predictive Model for the Initial Droplet Size and Velocity Distributions in Sprays and Comparison with Experiments","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Particle & Particle Systems Characterization","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Breakup; Nozzle; Mechanics; Instability; Wavelength; Materials science; Physics; Thermodynamics; Optics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02855758830921673,"gpt":0.2696469842539596,"spread":0.2410893959447429,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003224727,0.0001617612,0.0002101847,0.0000168745,0.0001644043,0.000119823,0.00006043561,0.0000571855,0.000002353473],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001259105,0.0001355535,0.0000160288,0.0002076364,0.00009998272,0.000328993,0.00002013443,0.0000933138,0.000002395426],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008707861,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001920298,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001210166,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002532178,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988247,0.00008662406,0.0003656498,0.0002259365,0.0001439288,0.0003531957],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993854,0.0002002501,0.00005638466,0.0001941288,0.00005562065,0.0001082096],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002282342,0.0002391078,0.1515193,0.0001346904,0.0001074816,0.000003204868,0.007384947,0.1996349,0.6259067,0.01414854,0.00001152511,0.0006813803],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00106377,0.00005930849,0.05359585,0.00002843712,0.00003188879,0.000007256147,0.0003445139,0.9202161,0.02442662,0.00003956549,0.00003355706,0.0001530705],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7917176,0.0001324312,0.2071147,0.00004394646,0.00009331985,0.0007174531,0.00007937784,0.00008625694,0.00001487731],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989893,0.00002137926,0.0002573586,0.00001180067,0.00002668768,0.0006348566,0.00001892584,0.00002929889,0.00001037722],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7205813,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5527712,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2786204985","doi":"10.5194/acp-18-7251-2018","title":"Bridging the condensation–collision size gap: a direct numerical simulation of continuous droplet growth in turbulent clouds","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Atmospheric chemistry and physics","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission; Environment and Climate Change Canada; Western Canada Research Grid; Compute Canada; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Turbulence; Condensation; Collision; Direct numerical simulation; Mechanics; Adiabatic process; Cloud condensation nuclei; Physics; Computer simulation; Statistical physics; Work (physics); Meteorology; Aerosol; Thermodynamics; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006811949474717241,"gpt":0.2207643875634963,"spread":0.213952438088779,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001020188,0.0001209602,0.0001712484,1.785649e-7,0.00004650254,0.00001831023,0.00008931965,0.00005538843,0.0000405715],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006442088,0.0001083283,0.00003487885,0.0002306052,0.00009887241,0.00006000196,0.00001892132,0.0001125817,0.000003842205],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004872504,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001064853,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002359124,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.781414e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993523,0.00001771603,0.0002080714,0.0001406817,0.0001253007,0.0001559521],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994758,0.0002233816,0.00004021257,0.0001673041,0.00005850486,0.00003480694],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000500376,0.0000876164,0.006298321,0.0001597799,0.00005872024,0.000005638761,0.00146625,0.8811066,0.08686884,0.000178579,0.0001194046,0.02360016],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000279443,0.00001358706,0.002327867,0.00002878845,0.00001360221,0.000002587933,0.0000263503,0.9668571,0.02975295,0.0004883041,0.00009168317,0.0001177817],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9879115,0.00008816625,0.009618901,0.00002579818,0.00005199059,0.00009069751,0.000004157342,0.00005758882,0.00215116],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987692,0.00002255911,0.0008877385,0.00002267454,0.0001924573,0.000008371268,0.000004296413,0.0000181199,0.00007463135],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08575041,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4417501,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2058808528","doi":"10.1007/s00348-012-1357-6","title":"A vision-based hybrid particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) technique using a modified cascade correlation peak-finding method","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Experiments in Fluids","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"CAE (Canada)","funders":"National Institutes of Health","keywords":"Particle tracking velocimetry; Tracking (education); Particle image velocimetry; Artificial intelligence; Computer vision; Pixel; Cascade; Sensitivity (control systems); Particle (ecology); Computer science; Mean squared error; Matching (statistics); Velocimetry; Template matching; Algorithm; Optics; Image (mathematics); Physics; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04319044205332971,"gpt":0.3515249563778599,"spread":0.3083345143245302,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001035921,0.0003203924,0.0003204127,0.0002782635,0.0001316253,0.00006657988,0.00024226,0.0001725365,0.00007392151],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001263709,0.0003736647,0.00009218668,0.000580084,0.00004754993,0.0006249039,0.00007441048,0.0003790458,0.00003180855],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00087036,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004413197,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003921451,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001025555,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977203,0.0001795732,0.0005926223,0.0003177104,0.0003681807,0.0008216132],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990978,0.0001845869,0.00005296003,0.0004425217,0.00003290896,0.000189247],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002033259,0.0001397863,0.004170565,0.00002310334,0.00002427617,0.00001485837,0.001266161,0.215122,0.7772577,0.0004586431,0.00003337604,0.001469175],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004332396,0.00001548208,0.0008916453,0.00006310709,0.00001096143,0.00001601411,0.00009038042,0.5735037,0.4246704,0.00004006445,0.00002401884,0.0002409735],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5775395,0.0005720104,0.4203006,0.000004511753,0.0005046241,0.0003175666,0.000004778392,0.000258413,0.0004980087],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9063799,0.000003447592,0.09319735,0.00003190103,0.0001115355,0.0001511323,0.00001057545,0.00009989039,0.00001423385],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3583817,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998716,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}