{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":2557,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":3,"predictions_cover":2557,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"605ce1fd6d14","filters":{"topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training"}},"results":[{"id":"W2085487772","doi":"10.1056/nejmra054785","title":"Teaching Surgical Skills — Changes in the Wind","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"New England Journal of Medicine","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":1726,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University Health Network","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Medical education; Surgical procedures; Medical physics; Surgery","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02086599527920327,"gpt":0.3091708207848233,"spread":0.28830482550562,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001973354,0.0000881183,0.0003177872,0.0001574216,0.00003763887,0.000006831526,0.00007882861,0.00004662927,0.000354467],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002789111,0.00004108214,0.00005054681,0.0001474316,0.00005329393,0.00003634101,0.000005949772,0.0005357397,0.000002557284],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002111775,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000392503,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001795773,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008250955,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987746,0.0001531146,0.0003681169,0.00006985742,0.0004850609,0.0001492324],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988239,0.0007950977,0.0001382928,0.00008142865,0.00004754328,0.0001137388],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001258001,0.0004412529,0.1171634,0.00003341132,0.00006224574,0.006564654,0.006165399,0.0003428876,0.0003527828,0.00356254,0.004714139,0.8593392],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.09682067,0.0009470861,0.1178598,0.0004884755,0.00009158892,0.004665535,0.0005934899,0.0001099227,0.0000300415,0.001220755,0.7770982,0.0000743801],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9148253,0.0008062256,0.00004705561,0.0475395,0.0002349861,0.0000834751,2.414552e-7,0.00000761391,0.03645567],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9900047,0.00004564983,0.00009172301,0.001311112,0.007849783,1.896089e-7,0.000003453207,0.000006749165,0.0006866921],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8592649,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3881166,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2107835408","doi":"10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.04.004","title":"A global assessment tool for evaluation of intraoperative laparoscopic skills","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The American Journal of Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":906,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; McGill University Health Centre","funders":"Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada","keywords":"Checklist; Intraclass correlation; Medicine; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Competence (human resources); Physical therapy; Confidence interval; Rating scale; Visual analogue scale; Surgery; Psychometrics; Psychology; Clinical psychology; Internal medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04870957729403331,"gpt":0.3988705501773763,"spread":0.350160972883343,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002402756,0.0000646365,0.0004055734,0.00005491684,0.00003372475,0.000008165048,0.0000441272,0.00001205582,0.0001383865],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000460378,0.00003820414,0.0001779398,0.0002305352,0.0001200539,0.00006949629,0.000006479554,0.00007403819,0.000001174105],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000128421,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003936777,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003581727,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.810493e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987406,0.0001727433,0.000448619,0.0000571084,0.000473523,0.0001073982],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99787,0.000907657,0.0005204042,0.00008772688,0.0005579045,0.00005630845],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006622872,0.0002731197,0.151379,0.000009470888,0.0002713967,0.000003178023,0.0003215384,0.004532851,0.0001852698,0.0002186622,0.0002817749,0.8418615],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004356051,0.0004274117,0.9836554,0.0001981394,0.0004375188,0.00009200974,0.0008252512,0.006950901,0.0006561076,0.0003198923,0.0019887,0.0000926342],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9964192,0.00009042447,0.0009789334,0.001704667,0.0001099908,0.0001462535,0.00000434591,0.000003935992,0.000542266],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977365,0.00002688888,0.001314139,0.0006463884,0.0002513959,0.000004801363,0.000002157262,0.000004887289,0.00001284732],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8417689,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.155792,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2023136255","doi":"10.1097/01.sla.0000136941.46529.56","title":"Proving the Value of Simulation in Laparoscopic Surgery","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annals of Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":813,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Construct validity; Face validity; Laparoscopic surgery; Inter-rater reliability; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Laparoscopy; Physical therapy; Reliability (semiconductor); Rating scale; Surgery; General surgery; Psychometrics; Patient satisfaction; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.3243916196305798,"gpt":0.3900780517595778,"spread":0.06568643212899794,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001001589,0.00007233335,0.0003746619,0.0001864244,0.00002134522,0.000003874551,0.00002854391,0.00005431897,0.00005084764],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00102713,0.00005158731,0.0001735373,0.0003845175,0.000065077,0.00007907151,0.00001185363,0.00008672148,0.000003548779],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008715289,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001418273,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001050587,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004489706,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989526,0.00005285294,0.0004946249,0.0001058976,0.0002359197,0.0001580907],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9970798,0.002446283,0.0001690887,0.000152374,0.0001086917,0.00004369761],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003116598,0.0003149043,0.8442466,0.0002458151,0.00005598988,0.00003142501,0.0005278359,0.1243037,0.0003482873,0.00112413,0.00006882956,0.02842075],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007707563,0.00002567867,0.9812671,0.0008424085,0.00001628727,0.000002552625,0.000135092,0.002497774,0.01208417,0.001100295,0.00116075,0.00009714142],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9971987,0.0002650472,0.00006221079,0.001353731,0.00009381375,0.0001196548,0.000001596372,0.00001603626,0.0008892241],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992948,0.00005645967,0.00001799808,0.0005454172,0.00004569798,0.000003298714,0.000008127235,0.000008848863,0.00001941769],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1370205,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2103669,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1977807688","doi":"10.1097/01.sla.0000234808.85789.6a","title":"Teaching Surgical Skills: What Kind of Practice Makes Perfect?","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annals of Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":652,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Checklist; Medicine; Curriculum; Test (biology); Dreyfus model of skill acquisition; Medical education; Test score; Standardized test; Psychology; Mathematics education; Cognitive psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1357791077864686,"gpt":0.3902556531472805,"spread":0.2544765453608119,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001488921,0.0001103758,0.0004617757,0.0001617418,0.00004106919,0.0000182832,0.00003528159,0.00008977746,0.0002938686],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009350758,0.00009169698,0.0002777475,0.000177815,0.00008376545,0.0004013122,0.00001755623,0.0001855315,0.00001195286],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000005035113,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005271977,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001947272,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001499636,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985632,0.000153591,0.0005198156,0.0001658405,0.0003830048,0.000214545],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9951058,0.004153137,0.0002487674,0.0001726757,0.0002334716,0.00008616073],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002055627,0.004282644,0.2463747,0.000532606,0.0004595043,0.001293356,0.001227695,0.0004061604,0.0009008563,0.007598348,0.005592681,0.7292758],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002840824,0.0002142361,0.245039,0.00187367,0.0001810388,0.0003360589,0.001972433,0.0003457257,0.0142615,0.0006683573,0.7318178,0.0004493067],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9578996,0.001970872,0.00001101929,0.00357172,0.0001480578,0.00008014477,0.000002871004,0.00003364622,0.03628209],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980611,0.0004010852,0.0001255231,0.0006976132,0.0002225317,0.000001970457,0.00002533078,0.00001493457,0.0004498624],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7288265,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3739294,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2074942916","doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61083-7","title":"Evaluation and stages of surgical innovations","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Lancet","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":556,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University Health Centre","funders":"Health Technology Assessment Programme; Society of University Surgeons; McGill University","keywords":"Surgical procedures; Medicine; Surgical robot; Computer science; Operations management; Risk analysis (engineering); Process management; Management science; Surgery; Business; Engineering; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1154748095950303,"gpt":0.3975440517027428,"spread":0.2820692421077124,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005416884,0.00002116958,0.00009383413,0.00001562627,0.00001981507,0.000003314754,0.00001607193,0.00001329527,0.0001456329],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008830035,0.00001221562,0.000009144189,0.0001081635,0.00002252539,0.00001381541,0.000003077124,0.00004239352,0.000001810209],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004243354,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001255916,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001265452,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.642877e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996716,0.0000278083,0.00007250691,0.00003607037,0.0001486495,0.00004339798],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999732,0.00007348389,0.00002135336,0.00008013423,0.00008062027,0.00001245845],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004083498,0.0001283555,0.1152736,0.00002073249,0.00006353826,0.000008259971,0.0009471238,0.0002443054,0.0009369361,0.09380687,0.001580826,0.7865811],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005226753,0.00009890404,0.957571,0.00002764895,0.00005329643,0.00001117998,0.00004896896,0.004213122,0.0002568681,0.004811137,0.02764846,0.00003263267],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9568413,0.0001350776,0.00001927648,0.01035623,0.00001242621,0.00008713771,0.00000138122,0.000014869,0.03253223],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992641,0.00002501889,0.00009033788,0.0004230008,0.000124846,9.752563e-7,0.000006105168,0.000001075549,0.00006450867],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8422974,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1594578,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2025018107","doi":"10.1136/bmj.b1802","title":"Effect of virtual reality training on laparoscopic surgery: randomised controlled trial","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"BMJ","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":548,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"St. Michael's Hospital","funders":"","keywords":"Interquartile range; Medicine; Virtual reality; Laparoscopic surgery; Physical therapy; Randomized controlled trial; Laparoscopy; Surgery; Simulation; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05467683544590347,"gpt":0.367749905699669,"spread":0.3130730702537656,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002662834,0.0001169438,0.001091338,0.00007735054,0.0000334796,0.000006554223,0.00002823827,0.0001143137,0.0002107398],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003935821,0.00007769845,0.0003524098,0.0001168522,0.0000307039,0.00002091185,0.000002770567,0.0001506641,0.00001017921],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001687147,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006753318,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003151796,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.299848e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998444,0.0004225452,0.0005252081,0.0001522583,0.0002929232,0.0001630352],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9946591,0.004870095,0.0001676797,0.0001620557,0.00003269402,0.0001083405],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"randomized_trial","study_design_gemma":"randomized_trial","study_design_scores_codex":[0.9395056,0.0001232375,0.0001266836,0.00001094269,0.00007318328,0.00002201026,0.000140818,0.00008218498,0.0001732051,0.000292863,0.000383845,0.05906544],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.9915933,0.002989065,0.00220773,0.0001161156,0.0001169024,0.000002517064,0.00001919052,0.0009749202,0.001072239,0.00002274478,0.0008098729,0.00007542937],"study_design_candidate":"randomized_trial","study_design_consensus":"randomized_trial","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9618027,0.00001281108,0.00002922656,0.001268041,0.0002976251,0.002461683,0.000001408735,0.00006034547,0.03406622],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987272,0.000002327942,0.000007387086,0.0005430067,0.0003974306,0.00005246412,0.00001569101,0.00000686175,0.0002476575],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05899001,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.471183,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2109287282","doi":"10.1016/j.amjsurg.2009.07.035","title":"Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery simulator training to proficiency improves laparoscopic performance in the operating room—a randomized controlled trial","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The American Journal of Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":543,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Randomized controlled trial; Medicine; Physical therapy; Randomization; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Rating scale; Laparoscopic surgery; Curriculum; Surgery; Laparoscopy; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04765300689988797,"gpt":0.3237449712325464,"spread":0.2760919643326585,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00974754,0.0002061508,0.003080057,0.0003670868,0.0001174891,0.00004630069,0.0001834356,0.00003202379,0.00003952031],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003181346,0.00009880658,0.0007216669,0.0007862897,0.0002382662,0.0001371497,0.00001354877,0.0003520261,0.000001892872],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004313944,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003829101,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009816705,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.504669e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9959625,0.000920995,0.001931816,0.0001514675,0.0006680918,0.0003651465],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9878048,0.01030626,0.001381912,0.0002200957,0.0001555265,0.0001313661],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"randomized_trial","study_design_gemma":"randomized_trial","study_design_scores_codex":[0.9114264,0.0004731978,0.01814329,0.00002677817,0.0002426359,0.00004556507,0.005486578,0.002240941,0.002643253,0.00004547836,0.0000268692,0.05919898],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.9146422,0.001632853,0.06964476,0.001037528,0.0003407369,0.00009582139,0.006598101,0.004571436,0.001007203,0.00005097613,0.0001025546,0.0002758387],"study_design_candidate":"randomized_trial","study_design_consensus":"randomized_trial","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9958724,0.0002443829,0.00003649601,0.001831236,0.0003695875,0.00130246,7.401434e-7,0.00001132792,0.0003313968],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972376,0.00007407932,0.00008247905,0.002221071,0.0003105852,0.00003161103,0.000001120906,0.00001286547,0.00002857142],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05892314,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4029216,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2013681472","doi":"10.1109/tmi.2014.2321777","title":"Electromagnetic Tracking in Medicine—A Review of Technology, Validation, and Applications","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":489,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Robarts Clinical Trials","funders":"Hungarian Scientific Research Fund; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum; Nemzeti Kutatási és Technológiai Hivatal; Varian Medical Systems","keywords":"Computer science; Robustness (evolution); Tracking (education); Context (archaeology); Tracking system; Medical imaging; Video tracking; Tracking error; Data science; Artificial intelligence; Computer vision; Object (grammar); Kalman filter","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03295844657262619,"gpt":0.3837409358765452,"spread":0.350782489303919,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009394728,0.0003053801,0.00186685,0.0008932787,0.0000664169,0.00000651141,0.0001577669,0.0002770634,0.0008331683],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002814408,0.0002368139,0.0002232626,0.001392177,0.0003985441,0.00004492307,0.000002255325,0.001111333,0.00001754648],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007544207,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002293071,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007398538,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002167985,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9973392,0.0001475607,0.001221211,0.000448532,0.0005797376,0.0002637457],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982831,0.0007292867,0.000274042,0.0003569931,0.0001200968,0.0002364406],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003085779,0.00008424756,0.000004555677,0.03675465,0.00003821901,0.00001245913,0.000008471497,9.071439e-7,9.419654e-7,0.00009205807,0.00002168437,0.9629787],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001158044,0.00007862015,0.000003674659,0.2395596,0.001065657,0.0003138165,0.00002062931,0.0002637561,0.00001223935,0.00007838467,0.7572433,0.000202259],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00000177041,0.926086,0.06965047,0.00168586,0.0000848183,0.001001449,0.000003728633,0.00009287345,0.001393021],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001267392,0.9972288,0.0002409357,0.0007547931,0.00009986648,0.0002924865,0.00002799664,0.00004264812,0.00004510447],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9627765,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9656989,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2112521440","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-070909-105249","title":"Image-Guided Interventions: Technology Review and Clinical Applications","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":448,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Psychological intervention; Field (mathematics); Medical physics; Computer science; Visualization; Medicine; Data science; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05412981033496111,"gpt":0.4515666838337838,"spread":0.3974368734988227,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001443743,0.0003600086,0.003617952,0.0003426969,0.00002699141,0.000005605532,0.0002389564,0.0005677285,0.0003890412],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003529524,0.0002616422,0.001235597,0.001210621,0.0003247614,0.00004980071,0.0001669075,0.001261266,0.00007102858],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002756129,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001680182,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":6.900058e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.542282e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9964306,0.00006799483,0.002492395,0.0004486852,0.0003044576,0.0002558527],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978035,0.0004792724,0.0005303186,0.0005548855,0.0002523605,0.0003796488],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[2.56595e-7,0.00006435406,4.890138e-7,0.3930086,0.0001103319,0.00000681421,5.007543e-7,1.404202e-9,6.097333e-8,0.0001313755,0.0004063862,0.6062708],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002002366,0.00005593322,0.000002184662,0.3762997,0.002712981,0.0001701741,0.000001158346,0.000007103458,2.814451e-8,0.000003251764,0.6204216,0.0001255808],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[9.481422e-8,0.9948283,0.001521178,0.0009265459,0.0001321709,0.002012003,0.00007342749,0.0001328956,0.0003733172],"genre_scores_gemma":[5.494392e-7,0.9934027,0.005100428,0.0005530833,0.0001920145,0.0003324479,0.000310231,0.00004774728,0.00006084828],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6200153,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999836,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2000401568","doi":"10.1097/01.sla.0000133346.07434.30","title":"The Educational Impact of Bench Model Fidelity on the Acquisition of Technical Skill","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annals of Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":422,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Anastomosis; Checklist; Fidelity; Surgery; Physical therapy; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.223337730191275,"gpt":0.4222956736006435,"spread":0.1989579434093684,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008541032,0.00006014154,0.0001959455,0.00005105605,0.00004286125,0.000002632647,0.00004914115,0.00004727658,0.0001492939],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006884323,0.00003057264,0.0003004863,0.0001673451,0.0001368133,0.00003375299,0.00001139801,0.00008442847,0.000002289689],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001540948,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002501923,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006086903,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001261315,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991398,0.00003168114,0.0003643741,0.00007674052,0.0002813074,0.0001060463],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973738,0.001929797,0.0001686293,0.0002015409,0.0002803118,0.00004594823],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.007096504,0.008507677,0.3377342,0.0003691757,0.001412547,0.00001196529,0.002019807,0.2426528,0.01992174,0.2799585,0.03009096,0.07022409],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003576859,0.0001048676,0.9684229,0.0002143218,0.00001802598,0.000003879379,0.0000539879,0.001200892,0.006524041,0.02297348,0.00006903514,0.00005680593],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9868122,0.000118799,0.00005003789,0.009602726,0.00002772421,0.00008848761,0.0000142954,0.000006067853,0.003279607],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992891,0.00008195465,0.00002680539,0.00051658,0.00003749353,0.000003992785,0.00001636223,0.000004547596,0.00002318759],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6306887,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1634663,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2036966949","doi":"10.1097/sla.0b013e318288c40b","title":"State of the Evidence on Simulation-Based Training for Laparoscopic Surgery","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Annals of Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":380,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa; The Wilson Centre; University of Toronto; University Health Network","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Psychological intervention; Randomized controlled trial; Physical therapy; Intervention (counseling); Laparoscopic surgery; Laparoscopy; Surgery; Nursing","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.7475172051954153,"gpt":0.4865400262155185,"spread":0.2609771789798969,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001627539,0.0003041829,0.002612914,0.000349031,0.00005737157,0.00001278131,0.0001162251,0.0001702136,0.0001562965],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006882643,0.0001905994,0.001929316,0.0005205183,0.0001224509,0.00007398962,0.00001782174,0.0002165097,0.00001057137],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001687781,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009353186,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009896066,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.182733e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972911,0.0002310629,0.001373583,0.0003050721,0.0004767577,0.0003223479],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9466323,0.05127838,0.001112441,0.0004710045,0.000388389,0.0001174324],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008536507,0.00007101457,0.000507538,0.01301599,0.0001583963,0.000002337334,0.00003476375,0.001527876,3.759216e-7,0.00001169933,0.0004703445,0.9841143],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004048394,0.00008102447,0.00144698,0.1523337,0.0004925325,0.00000131545,0.00001361595,0.001655412,0.0001864932,0.00009512821,0.8429,0.0003889351],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0060667,0.991248,0.00009857197,0.0003388683,0.0005362,0.001409024,0.00009209225,0.00003994913,0.0001705599],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1915015,0.8071499,0.00002677354,0.000713118,0.0001453806,0.0001136239,0.00008132301,0.000063663,0.0002047124],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9837254,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8239664,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3183250866","doi":"10.1016/j.jss.2021.06.045","title":"Immersive Virtual Reality for Surgical Training: A Systematic Review","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Journal of Surgical Research","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":380,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia Hospital; University of British Columbia; McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"PsycINFO; MEDLINE; CLARITY; Virtual reality; Medical education; Medicine; Medical physics; Physical therapy; Computer science; Applied psychology; Psychology; Human–computer interaction","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.5310328615885523,"gpt":0.5728834462861075,"spread":0.0418505846975552,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow","research_integrity","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01922923,0.0004858431,0.009283536,0.0006433831,0.0001838258,0.0000952319,0.0004856169,0.0006169198,0.001002162],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01023593,0.0002948258,0.004422369,0.001642622,0.0002738964,0.0001065413,0.0001476266,0.003058568,0.00004906836],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004964405,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003017347,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001866841,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.721411e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9884797,0.003292053,0.003709225,0.00053286,0.003092677,0.0008934776],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9734295,0.02042392,0.001325869,0.0005743571,0.003040967,0.001205372],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002875882,0.0003012204,3.014772e-7,0.7612883,0.00125459,0.01047889,0.00007677595,7.158718e-7,2.833977e-8,0.002376619,0.001980134,0.2219548],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002322441,0.0005624496,6.810721e-8,0.4372952,0.001869249,0.005813458,0.0001755028,0.000008873479,1.046687e-7,0.00002486758,0.5517847,0.0001430664],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000002647404,0.9913313,0.00004280655,0.001242884,0.000226173,0.002924571,0.00003458613,0.0000119032,0.004183165],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00009284156,0.9966693,0.00005774241,0.00007678023,0.001082783,0.0001464287,0.0001067718,0.00007678625,0.001690562],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5498046,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999504,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3101230421","doi":"10.1097/sla.0000000000004594","title":"Artificial Intelligence for Intraoperative Guidance","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annals of Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":366,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University Health Network","funders":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","keywords":"Medicine; Artificial intelligence; Gallbladder; Cholecystectomy; Dissection (medical); Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Cystic duct; Deep learning; Random forest; Surgery; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.6007137186538722,"gpt":0.4405008646572766,"spread":0.1602128539965956,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002590921,0.00005852334,0.0002394915,0.00003186617,0.00002370615,0.000005602291,0.00002480277,0.00003365181,0.0002493565],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001198069,0.00004977531,0.0001392513,0.0001684865,0.00004652585,0.00004597094,0.000007855451,0.00005030827,0.00001893983],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00000169648,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004641029,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002010453,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.637163e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993196,0.00001597389,0.0003155482,0.0001211954,0.0001070407,0.0001206828],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998876,0.0007007482,0.00006023977,0.0000588714,0.0001933636,0.0001107942],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002279729,0.000217578,0.01566502,0.0002517638,0.0001609477,0.00003853567,0.001676513,0.0005007136,0.002515453,0.01694459,0.006582899,0.9531662],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004549622,0.0006571267,0.02302918,0.0004901554,0.00006807649,0.000006896301,0.001333111,0.03577642,0.7923527,0.008573232,0.1367266,0.0005315118],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9128942,0.0006386447,0.023736,0.0562273,0.0002494179,0.0004442726,0.00003472655,0.0001024178,0.00567303],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9934074,0.00003620902,0.0003296239,0.005975082,0.0002047939,0.000007220209,0.0000119415,0.000007148998,0.00002053702],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9526348,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2730278,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1976263109","doi":"10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65274-3","title":"THE EFFECT OF BENCH MODEL FIDELITY ON ENDOUROLOGICAL SKILLS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDY","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Journal of Urology","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":349,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University Health Network; St. Michael's Hospital","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Randomized controlled trial; Fidelity; Medical physics; Surgery","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02194975631929527,"gpt":0.3067753755428899,"spread":0.2848256192235946,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007847458,0.0001159027,0.001312314,0.00005946652,0.00009826844,0.000005157043,0.0001546258,0.00007142973,0.0002135808],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004962116,0.00003836044,0.0004288139,0.00007645405,0.0002290124,0.00001581083,0.00002206222,0.0004961074,0.000006409875],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001029015,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001252859,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002040465,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.111768e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.995849,0.002759929,0.000812152,0.00007103101,0.0003408957,0.0001669607],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9804395,0.01867189,0.0005154542,0.0001790345,0.0001233179,0.00007077403],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"randomized_trial","study_design_gemma":"randomized_trial","study_design_scores_codex":[0.9552488,0.0007174654,0.002301974,0.000003588596,0.001054287,0.00007249765,0.0008980928,0.03236505,0.00006597486,0.0002962287,0.0001209261,0.006855141],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.7834828,0.0100174,0.002241232,0.000006617165,0.001323647,0.0001800057,0.00006166304,0.2016983,0.00002685776,0.0007422457,0.0001731562,0.00004597488],"study_design_candidate":"randomized_trial","study_design_consensus":"randomized_trial","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.991217,0.0007187768,0.0003092931,0.003213176,0.0001177674,0.0009341837,3.019335e-7,0.000007367189,0.003482093],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987941,0.0001359921,0.00001004437,0.0008596157,0.0000882598,0.000009425031,1.163735e-7,0.000005690608,0.00009675704],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1717659,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5940475,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2409354676","doi":"10.1007/s00464-002-8828-4","title":"Evaluating laparoscopic skills","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Surgical Endoscopy","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":322,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Laparoscopy; Abdominal surgery; Laparoscopic surgery; Test (biology); General surgery; Endoscopy; Hepatology; Physical therapy; Surgery","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0532698914778492,"gpt":0.3965047947586168,"spread":0.3432349032807676,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004377649,0.000139565,0.0003135177,0.00005918011,0.00008991576,0.00002042517,0.00004237497,0.00009106992,0.004968135],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005864654,0.0001099862,0.0001288616,0.0002709297,0.000060735,0.00004819062,0.00001266148,0.0002159958,0.0003675962],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003765282,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008188048,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002747245,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.053742e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985967,0.0001279721,0.0002805321,0.0002757146,0.0003897602,0.0003292736],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989697,0.0004421399,0.00004742974,0.0002070526,0.00006504115,0.0002685939],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003366371,0.003912318,0.5589806,0.0003745195,0.0006241801,0.003467829,0.001324411,0.001451738,0.002567137,0.2439955,0.000646374,0.1792891],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.1632836,0.001078801,0.01702771,0.0003234232,0.0001812855,0.0003654003,0.0001763828,0.002476881,0.02530293,0.00383623,0.7853189,0.0006284546],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7420787,0.0001754727,0.00001764207,0.00009548179,0.0002065296,0.0001591128,0.000001058236,0.0001097734,0.2571562],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9952123,0.00001446851,0.001955075,0.0004406261,0.0001396846,0.00001530485,0.00001198476,0.00001994218,0.002190627],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7846726,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9959415,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2761957138","doi":"10.1016/j.wneu.2017.06.140","title":"Virtual Reality and Simulation in Neurosurgical Training","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"World Neurosurgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":317,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Research Council Canada; Medical Research Council Canada","keywords":"Virtual reality; Medicine; Surgical simulation; Robotics; Simulation training; Neuroimaging; Augmented reality; Medical physics; Human–computer interaction; Artificial intelligence; Surgery; Simulation; Robot; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.3204258511674202,"gpt":0.4364556295917207,"spread":0.1160297784243005,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008546559,0.0004563667,0.002425673,0.0007318424,0.0001766777,0.0001201678,0.0001089797,0.000254935,0.0001132048],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001340742,0.0003879971,0.0005052388,0.0004688127,0.000159416,0.0001270511,0.00009241856,0.0009626343,0.00002247022],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007053735,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001928034,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005842059,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001280639,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969379,0.0003772687,0.001134982,0.0007562472,0.0003618805,0.0004317242],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9955565,0.003072403,0.0004881629,0.0005439048,0.00003081282,0.0003082112],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006313779,0.00005783056,0.0004500465,0.001104724,0.00001885619,0.0008426191,0.00004030997,0.000182921,7.13749e-8,0.0001084789,0.00003207282,0.9970989],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008914405,0.0000354215,0.002265345,0.0053476,0.0001834238,0.0001048524,0.000003356625,0.002079218,4.671747e-8,0.00001820791,0.9887706,0.0003004762],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001112105,0.9863622,0.0000152866,0.0003694496,0.001062047,0.001028451,0.00002636115,0.0002113385,0.009812783],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.09329026,0.9041231,0.000005768607,0.0003515086,0.0003712001,0.00003284536,0.00009236358,0.00008591184,0.001647104],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9967985,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998572,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2015336238","doi":"10.1097/acm.0b013e3182677805","title":"The Ottawa Surgical Competency Operating Room Evaluation (O-SCORE)","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Academic Medicine","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":314,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Ottawa Hospital; University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Competence (human resources); Medicine; Rating scale; Competency assessment; Medical education; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09197362330058255,"gpt":0.3915653634681007,"spread":0.2995917401675181,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004555916,0.0001558957,0.0002984359,0.00005918886,0.0002803327,0.00000621796,0.000118225,0.0001728206,0.001671698],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002066677,0.00008327014,0.00005353885,0.0002828399,0.0001584939,0.0001185806,0.00003372415,0.0007555026,0.0001162239],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007610065,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000871248,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001916731,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001529322,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976169,0.0002241247,0.0005879605,0.000190451,0.0009290396,0.0004514929],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977968,0.001320375,0.0001260128,0.0002305071,0.0001625477,0.0003637274],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002488521,0.00006315514,0.5657113,0.00006136053,0.0001918448,0.00003825198,0.007989535,0.0001301522,0.001347648,0.07684751,0.01103725,0.3363332],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0154043,0.000313296,0.178911,0.0005747866,0.0004551386,0.000454908,0.003173136,0.0286866,0.0002722474,0.001058104,0.7703763,0.000320254],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8342422,0.01026799,0.0002026894,0.01485437,0.001123152,0.0007039518,7.170785e-7,0.0001283664,0.1384765],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9938794,0.0002847059,0.00005761161,0.001582487,0.002830482,0.00003102418,0.00004327407,0.00001843607,0.001272562],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.759339,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992409,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2896322559","doi":"10.1002/ca.23292","title":"Virtual reality and cardiac anatomy: Exploring immersive three‐dimensional cardiac imaging, a pilot study in undergraduate medical anatomy education","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Clinical Anatomy","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":310,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto General Hospital; Hospital for Sick Children; University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Health Science Centre","funders":"Nvidia; National Geographic Society; Facebook","keywords":"Medicine; Gross anatomy; Anatomy; Virtual reality; Human–computer interaction; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1059991842045886,"gpt":0.4239394686422525,"spread":0.3179402844376639,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002573101,0.0003083273,0.0009302907,0.0002476577,0.0001802389,0.00003851577,0.0001519818,0.0001334078,0.0002190871],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001284792,0.0002672924,0.0002156104,0.0006258567,0.0006806536,0.0002400846,0.000219417,0.0007907235,0.00007074208],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001314774,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00075734,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000745439,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002071036,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9960892,0.0005419807,0.001087284,0.0008955234,0.0009119345,0.000474035],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9969548,0.001214011,0.0001805877,0.0004542904,0.000343261,0.000853062],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005707664,0.001661747,0.8856199,0.00001482507,0.0002086277,0.0001227792,0.0002372137,0.000001557084,0.000002991496,0.002816218,0.000610821,0.1081326],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00670913,0.001678792,0.9678124,0.000218718,0.0001902657,0.00001138064,0.001899255,0.002490934,0.00001176271,0.00131918,0.01729422,0.0003639215],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9886444,0.0005302147,0.00006014631,0.006201212,0.001504388,0.0008063297,0.000008375807,0.00008647249,0.0021585],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974425,0.0001161155,0.00008871358,0.001116553,0.000992105,0.00008032374,0.00004739898,0.00003676887,0.00007951379],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1077686,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999779,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2146069698","doi":"10.1016/j.surg.2006.09.012","title":"Teaching suturing and knot-tying skills to medical students: A randomized controlled study comparing computer-based video instruction and (concurrent and summary) expert feedback","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":307,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University Health Network; The Wilson Centre; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Knot tying; Blinding; Randomized controlled trial; Test (biology); Physical therapy; Repeated measures design; Medical physics; Surgery; Statistics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02215127707782676,"gpt":0.3315822172280652,"spread":0.3094309401502384,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006409592,0.0002429595,0.001631783,0.000364189,0.0002170846,0.0001241566,0.00005231266,0.00008954524,0.00003292241],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001638564,0.000185846,0.0001427694,0.0001281713,0.0001129758,0.0001055454,0.000128449,0.0003248111,0.000001027111],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004908748,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004849689,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001532668,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003465686,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997284,0.0003755506,0.0008497316,0.0004204063,0.0007452467,0.0003250607],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9934595,0.005594566,0.0001487685,0.0001209216,0.00005914284,0.0006170514],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"randomized_trial","study_design_scores_codex":[0.03865166,0.0006358799,0.6940819,0.00008496219,0.0004145739,0.0001748323,0.002441486,0.00003762214,0.00002576492,0.00003152941,0.00004297903,0.2633768],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.6855013,0.00017347,0.2900966,0.001600225,0.0002434383,0.00007017003,0.001453133,0.01942502,0.00005289272,0.00001006875,0.0009321582,0.0004415702],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9937847,0.0005374762,0.003049135,0.0003441645,0.0006534096,0.001339045,3.495939e-7,0.0001018955,0.0001898348],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983196,0.00004428809,0.0003074415,0.0008516009,0.0003966122,0.00003552516,0.000006186778,0.00002131057,0.0000174288],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6468496,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7578581,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2889701275","doi":"10.1007/s10278-018-0122-7","title":"Applying Modern Virtual and Augmented Reality Technologies to Medical Images and Models","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Journal of Digital Imaging","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":293,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Augmented reality; Workflow; Virtual reality; Variety (cybernetics); Computer science; Mixed reality; Human–computer interaction; Multimedia; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08695886967301864,"gpt":0.3857781955441869,"spread":0.2988193258711682,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004877275,0.0002478632,0.001168151,0.0003332995,0.0000569671,0.000200533,0.0001221954,0.0001381149,0.000009598615],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001112866,0.0001672252,0.0001914416,0.0001781397,0.0002051678,0.0004795592,0.0002137891,0.0005155763,0.00000234653],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005970761,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001722575,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":9.105902e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.211772e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982124,0.00002762003,0.0007688267,0.0002409158,0.0005350211,0.0002151918],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986844,0.0002895736,0.0003553487,0.0001369451,0.0001564397,0.0003772578],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002634821,0.0000306159,0.00005633484,0.000708,0.0001101021,0.0002073001,0.00004857275,0.00000208919,2.92405e-7,0.00004064105,0.0001074498,0.9986622],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002775772,0.000345367,0.00002000194,0.03930444,0.0009403464,0.006996968,0.0005327728,0.009242295,0.000003299943,0.004119547,0.9351746,0.0005445561],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002153525,0.98835,0.007313776,0.0008117329,0.00008727452,0.0003765865,0.00001725798,0.00007910975,0.002748961],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.06617904,0.9328228,0.0004861001,0.0001722446,0.0002121394,0.00001125251,0.00001045133,0.0000405072,0.00006549466],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9981177,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6819246,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3007803772","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0229596","title":"The Virtual Operative Assistant: An explainable artificial intelligence tool for simulation-based training in surgery and medicine","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PLoS ONE","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":292,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Montreal General Hospital; McGill University; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital","funders":"King Abdulaziz University; King Fahad Medical City; McGill University","keywords":"Computer science; Virtual reality; Artificial intelligence; Psychomotor learning; Virtual training; Human–computer interaction; Subject-matter expert; Software; Machine learning; Expert system; Cognition; Medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2640426698681665,"gpt":0.3567522743935525,"spread":0.09270960452538601,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006151923,0.0001068891,0.0003276238,0.00005555074,0.0002385834,0.00004233735,0.00004059467,0.00005175546,0.0001126579],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004187923,0.00007536897,0.00003233982,0.0002476186,0.0001400677,0.00009650867,0.000008816667,0.0001366313,0.000001924243],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000259686,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001294391,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000620251,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002097795,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988554,0.00007414638,0.0003826983,0.000229659,0.0002582552,0.0001999132],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9941807,0.005407272,0.00005836988,0.00009256304,0.0001182501,0.0001428299],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.01512183,0.002271301,0.02590272,0.0005937031,0.0005660062,0.0001765199,0.06922297,0.1619929,0.008226161,0.05757687,0.00001933833,0.6583297],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008377678,0.0005502652,0.001153182,0.000274465,0.00005576096,2.18179e-7,0.005753487,0.9885264,0.001918525,0.0005959699,0.0002174113,0.0001165577],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9711119,0.00008465443,0.02007804,0.007755045,0.00003152951,0.0006553222,0.0000069327,0.00006053299,0.0002160614],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977329,0.000006460783,0.0005610678,0.001334941,0.0002475827,0.00004835299,0.00003612899,0.00001520638,0.0000173293],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8265334,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5013637,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2798381377","doi":"10.1117/12.536128","title":"Accuracy assessment and interpretation for optical tracking systems","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":284,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Northern Digital (Canada); University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Calibration; Protocol (science); Ambiguity; Measurement uncertainty; Data mining; Orientation (vector space); Statistics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02237884506790441,"gpt":0.2966309217744283,"spread":0.2742520767065239,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006598437,0.0002518997,0.0004604636,0.00009514609,0.00008810445,0.0001445359,0.0002509634,0.0001802959,0.000005758416],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009544969,0.0002016977,0.0004686946,0.000192352,0.0001622615,0.0004550108,0.00006885034,0.0002776126,5.276498e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002282515,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000596077,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000519161,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.425084e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980697,1.147842e-8,0.0006925633,0.0003518641,0.000567638,0.0003181959],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976251,0.0004107933,0.0003040146,0.00004232701,0.001446108,0.0001716258],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003625673,0.0001915662,0.0008481812,0.00103552,0.0005226111,2.294708e-7,0.0003540539,0.0009053465,0.1365917,0.8552309,0.0001073493,0.003849944],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.03085034,0.003578095,0.02590713,0.005387892,0.001803579,0.0002508372,0.01188549,0.7999464,0.09727251,0.009811062,0.01171935,0.001587261],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9924662,0.0001295479,0.0009272728,0.002510035,0.0002302418,0.001013045,0.00001992413,0.00008415287,0.002619541],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9110714,0.00005083875,0.08816269,0.0001256835,0.0003219947,0.0001657152,0.00001438257,0.00004336453,0.0000439024],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8454199,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8224994,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2951405082","doi":"10.1016/j.jsurg.2019.05.015","title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Best Practices Using Machine Learning to Assess Surgical Expertise in Virtual Reality Simulation","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of surgical education","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":283,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Montreal General Hospital; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; McGill University","funders":"Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada; McGill University; Williams","keywords":"Virtual reality; Checklist; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Quality (philosophy); Psychomotor learning; Field (mathematics); Machine learning; Medicine; Psychology; Cognition","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1747863888737946,"gpt":0.4830863517665958,"spread":0.3082999628928011,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002301042,0.0001695509,0.0005010398,0.0005781639,0.00004949751,0.0000598244,0.0001275649,0.0002237321,0.001768679],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003007811,0.0001455103,0.000124608,0.0009345542,0.0000427423,0.0004783411,0.00003541692,0.0009101662,0.00004215742],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004417523,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002218314,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003482815,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006705256,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9967288,0.0004456906,0.001327618,0.0002814069,0.0009645335,0.0002519535],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971378,0.001081605,0.0007160422,0.0001486837,0.0004307478,0.0004850678],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002974913,0.004606855,0.1768738,0.00006339331,0.00002654022,0.000288869,0.002026046,0.1666943,0.0001204317,0.001622063,0.000008132426,0.6446947],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003131709,0.001087484,0.02350542,0.00228327,0.00007398242,0.00150285,0.007726109,0.9152895,0.000240556,0.0004462924,0.04422413,0.0004886708],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9912821,0.0003539797,0.0006277915,0.004267695,0.0009027123,0.0003277713,4.033014e-7,0.00001172306,0.002225817],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981661,0.00009666137,0.0004550262,0.0002746333,0.0007793583,0.000005999705,0.00001634986,0.00001762124,0.000188281],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7485952,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991438,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2094846082","doi":"10.1136/bmj.39517.686956.47","title":"Teaching procedural skills","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"BMJ","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":261,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; St. Michael's Hospital","funders":"","keywords":"Competence (human resources); Curriculum; Medical education; Patient safety; Constructive; Skills management; Medicine; Psychology; Health care; Pedagogy; Computer science; Process (computing)","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08131619782681843,"gpt":0.4256479298392357,"spread":0.3443317320124173,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001290475,0.0001732214,0.0008767668,0.00007951622,0.00005987729,0.000007364766,0.00004948027,0.0001644224,0.0002423231],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003256744,0.0001151401,0.0003723126,0.00009474231,0.00002021101,0.00002038232,0.00001950975,0.000443535,0.0003736076],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004327747,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001847555,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000035148,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.075171e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990402,0.00005626349,0.000374254,0.00018475,0.0001904923,0.0001540421],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994004,0.0001724278,0.0001302188,0.0001649692,0.00001979593,0.0001121919],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002088769,0.00003760705,0.00000712792,0.002569545,0.00005351082,0.0001163076,0.00004618303,1.64318e-7,2.580754e-9,0.00008817258,0.003248042,0.9938313],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004233318,0.00001984242,0.00002037928,0.00948309,0.0001545282,0.0008332028,0.000004677863,0.000009312273,1.969075e-8,0.000003296235,0.9889212,0.0001271793],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000003048841,0.88798,0.000005065875,0.0001320379,0.0001183021,0.0006060571,0.000001883139,0.00008992534,0.1110637],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00003609276,0.9894634,0.000310814,0.0004431282,0.00092939,0.00003857927,0.00008131243,0.00003250532,0.008664785],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9937041,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4802094,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2320880770","doi":"10.1097/sla.0000000000001214","title":"Comprehensive Surgical Coaching Enhances Surgical Skill in the Operating Room","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annals of Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":260,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; St. Michael's Hospital","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Coaching; Surgical procedures; Physical therapy; Surgery; Psychotherapist","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.3650420561108868,"gpt":0.4195494538120876,"spread":0.05450739770120078,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001877387,0.000138481,0.0005346556,0.0001303886,0.00005495573,0.00002668905,0.00008347723,0.00008804142,0.0001032875],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004971856,0.00008878304,0.0002065084,0.0003794503,0.00008814667,0.0001250399,0.00003291478,0.0002727594,0.00001918146],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008148389,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009879642,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008849009,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003716638,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980985,0.0003352957,0.0005527217,0.0002046794,0.0005091456,0.0002996687],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.995541,0.003765488,0.0001107657,0.0001828446,0.000233873,0.0001660542],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002208941,0.00186913,0.8605011,0.0002746944,0.0002881231,0.008444516,0.01084475,0.003235279,0.000175061,0.004744028,0.006035975,0.1013784],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01108212,0.0005090098,0.3487134,0.001585587,0.00007818339,0.001370658,0.01850413,0.008512341,0.005196544,0.0009613767,0.6024516,0.001035068],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9803357,0.001124823,0.000006327133,0.002525177,0.0001390679,0.0001305266,0.000002975563,0.00002924954,0.01570618],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983749,0.0001411869,0.00003891317,0.001108918,0.0002253693,0.0000070991,0.00002862439,0.00001130702,0.00006364306],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5964156,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3620467,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2086321319","doi":"10.1097/sla.0b013e318207a789","title":"Mental Practice Enhances Surgical Technical Skills","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annals of Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":258,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"St. Michael's Hospital","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Quality (philosophy); Randomized controlled trial; Mental health; Medical education; Psychiatry; Surgery","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2897003589880692,"gpt":0.416250520435943,"spread":0.1265501614478738,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00079076,0.00009383194,0.0003342949,0.00009760429,0.00003151839,0.000004435953,0.00004059935,0.00008724118,0.001664304],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007309337,0.0000745328,0.0002234809,0.000205644,0.0001150991,0.0001605844,0.00002443466,0.000125362,0.00006574891],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004594578,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004947786,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001999249,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.927143e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988842,0.00006112441,0.0003801976,0.0001638542,0.0003027558,0.0002078675],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981007,0.001297213,0.0001339707,0.0001519351,0.0001593906,0.0001567857],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.01177971,0.01430732,0.3864944,0.000339823,0.001249296,0.005029852,0.003407462,0.000003128878,0.005354323,0.01323847,0.03342863,0.5253676],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002288626,0.0003876224,0.2857253,0.0005045226,0.00012273,0.0007337027,0.0006248674,0.00003525859,0.1001168,0.0005699445,0.6084126,0.0004780181],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8393864,0.0004098956,0.00001133311,0.001481971,0.0001780937,0.0001049871,0.000004237529,0.00007605109,0.158347],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976683,0.0005107564,0.0003393943,0.001114702,0.00009311409,0.000004788782,0.0000131219,0.00001063563,0.0002451421],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.574984,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992483,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2042641515","doi":"10.1088/0031-9155/51/14/r01","title":"Image-guidance for surgical procedures","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Physics in Medicine and Biology","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":254,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","keywords":"Computer science; Stereoscopy; Visualization; Process (computing); Medical physics; Neuronavigation; Computer vision; Artificial intelligence; Radiology; Medicine; Magnetic resonance imaging","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.3679112552702222,"gpt":0.5078824929531989,"spread":0.1399712376829767,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002700239,0.0002383831,0.001611244,0.00008878715,0.00003020261,0.000003219014,0.00005554113,0.0002352222,0.00002707242],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002287505,0.0001400464,0.0001529737,0.0002152425,0.0002659075,0.00001475309,0.00002328781,0.0002766923,0.000003676015],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002298268,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001020617,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001442936,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003436007,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988243,0.00005882523,0.0004738328,0.0003468717,0.000060326,0.0002358658],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987355,0.000877861,0.0001404845,0.0001198429,0.00005517171,0.0000711417],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003830907,0.00005767959,0.0001276607,0.009201276,0.00004296484,0.00002363846,0.00001758065,1.685407e-7,5.544499e-7,0.005250885,0.0006004273,0.9846389],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003185359,0.0002253973,0.00002039979,0.006155399,0.0002585952,0.00005304663,0.00000909008,0.00006566849,1.804212e-7,0.002333874,0.9875559,0.0001371403],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00002671611,0.99147,0.0001827498,0.0002308926,0.0001156144,0.0006411286,0.0000137262,0.00002687901,0.007292336],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0003592677,0.9963741,0.000370979,0.00020605,0.001879542,0.0001125864,0.000520893,0.00002312109,0.000153461],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9869554,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5710925,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4212922284","doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.49008","title":"Effect of Artificial Intelligence Tutoring vs Expert Instruction on Learning Simulated Surgical Skills Among Medical Students","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"JAMA Network Open","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":250,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"McGill University Health Centre; McGill University; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital","funders":"","keywords":"Debriefing; Psychological intervention; Dreyfus model of skill acquisition; Virtual reality; Randomized controlled trial; Intervention (counseling); Procedural knowledge; Medical education; Psychology; Computer science; Medicine; Artificial intelligence; Knowledge base; Surgery; Nursing","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02215304962815856,"gpt":0.3642167553717402,"spread":0.3420637057435816,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003597379,0.0001702443,0.0005084795,0.00008308922,0.0003300754,0.00009377263,0.0004455387,0.0001364204,0.003187435],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006867215,0.0001437822,0.0001161926,0.0005921801,0.00007842566,0.000116363,0.000651849,0.0009141837,0.00001831149],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001172345,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004786701,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008730161,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002347082,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9964387,0.0008807476,0.000561904,0.0003545918,0.001447031,0.0003170077],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977762,0.001568185,0.0001811489,0.0001956997,0.0000493606,0.0002293788],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.007190879,0.0003163297,0.2809523,0.00001871662,0.0001117849,0.0004063285,0.0006015273,0.314465,0.000004041975,0.000411387,0.00005232473,0.3954694],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.02588037,0.01391764,0.2473059,0.002475695,0.0002256689,0.0002372677,0.001243012,0.6349859,0.001645323,0.0003597115,0.07063888,0.001084617],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9946884,0.00004071059,0.00007750746,0.0002199784,0.0006309444,0.0006484227,7.028779e-7,0.00007292584,0.003620394],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986517,0.0000159248,0.00003226131,0.0002670214,0.0006900444,0.00003741518,0.00004393207,0.00002718712,0.0002345092],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3943847,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9977238,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2762030399","doi":"10.3390/s17102294","title":"Augmented Reality as a Telemedicine Platform for Remote Procedural Training","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Sensors","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":249,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","keywords":"Telemedicine; Augmented reality; Computer science; Training (meteorology); Virtual reality; Multimedia; Human–computer interaction; Engineering; Health care; Geography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.128659801242324,"gpt":0.3893374913852028,"spread":0.2606776901428788,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003409156,0.0001244098,0.0002852978,0.00004877602,0.000331591,0.00002924924,0.0000757211,0.00008214504,0.000184344],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001656593,0.00009591674,0.0001065116,0.00004345175,0.0001022586,0.00006356044,0.00001812363,0.0001385265,0.00001890526],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003855479,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006992788,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001067246,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001968064,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989973,0.000007997444,0.0002508851,0.0002282003,0.0002255071,0.0002901568],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999096,0.0001323693,0.0001421852,0.0003212593,0.000102931,0.0002052794],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003599536,0.0001483708,0.008879701,0.0003558657,0.0003788449,0.0002877274,0.006346148,0.000145696,0.001321817,0.003770032,0.001276147,0.9734901],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.05409716,0.001641261,0.2346264,0.001165658,0.0004669255,0.0004853211,0.006749896,0.1964334,0.003402227,0.004792506,0.4953108,0.0008284395],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9336045,0.00001101353,0.0001705492,0.005843954,0.0001753835,0.0005730005,0.00000666198,0.0001186901,0.0594962],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.994077,0.000005320454,0.001163311,0.001044836,0.0003780173,0.000005203944,0.00004433173,0.00002059867,0.003261418],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9726617,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3911371,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2886322012","doi":"10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.06.030","title":"Break out of the Classroom: The Use of Escape Rooms as an Alternative Teaching Strategy in Surgical Education","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of surgical education","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":247,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Ottawa Hospital; University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Debriefing; Session (web analytics); Medical education; Curriculum; Psychology; Medical knowledge; Tertiary care; Medicine; Pedagogy; Family medicine; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06815405200636922,"gpt":0.3859957922834084,"spread":0.3178417402770392,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001102086,0.0001290793,0.0003510452,0.000172878,0.00008065259,0.00003381969,0.0001923143,0.0001082332,0.0003543462],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004692659,0.00007004241,0.0001980412,0.0002915499,0.0002171447,0.0003645306,0.00002679482,0.0005724714,0.000005393433],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001099486,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001123413,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002617816,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003303347,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977708,0.0004823878,0.0008752284,0.000146107,0.0005671103,0.0001583285],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975264,0.0006386543,0.0007615392,0.0002466449,0.0006676767,0.0001590906],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003870255,0.009061583,0.1510539,0.0001059233,0.0002647847,0.00003735319,0.01255357,0.002458638,0.0008629253,0.0297846,0.001168881,0.7887775],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01039366,0.002886372,0.5489197,0.002221563,0.0003948335,0.001647438,0.01578448,0.009444457,0.002976404,0.007016388,0.3978531,0.0004616566],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9856727,0.0001300164,0.00002215489,0.002098808,0.0008529974,0.000219414,0.000001498644,0.000004720705,0.01099771],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978945,0.00005336244,0.0001600484,0.0002071802,0.001033239,0.000003362306,0.000006717853,0.00001288203,0.0006287431],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7883159,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3879843,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2100089544","doi":"10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.03.016","title":"Verbal feedback from an expert is more effective than self-accessed feedback about motion efficiency in learning new surgical skills","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The American Journal of Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":243,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University; University of Toronto","funders":"Imperial College London","keywords":"Test (biology); Tying; Motion (physics); Economic shortage; CLIPS; Medical education; Computer science; Knot tying; Randomized controlled trial; Motor skill; Multimedia; Psychology; Medicine; Artificial intelligence; Surgery","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01472147203132409,"gpt":0.2986321643957367,"spread":0.2839106923644126,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009472991,0.0002295124,0.0008470018,0.0002531699,0.0001074811,0.00005815013,0.0001538512,0.0000636233,0.0002738812],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001600247,0.0001535629,0.0003418002,0.0008426014,0.0002017747,0.0002470539,0.0000269951,0.0005916287,0.00001798405],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001400155,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001639533,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001111162,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004056471,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975827,0.0004613923,0.0007297621,0.0002475286,0.0006066168,0.0003719906],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9966283,0.002062392,0.0007011656,0.0001954843,0.0001441675,0.0002684598],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002313031,0.0007170837,0.7689998,0.000008865931,0.0001450312,0.0006201121,0.00508392,0.004053843,0.0004521772,0.00001124412,0.0002535584,0.2173413],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00299522,0.0002707365,0.9895365,0.0002698354,0.00006084141,0.0001739051,0.001700416,0.002039627,0.0005416641,0.0000718391,0.002137017,0.0002024243],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9968663,0.0004823667,0.0002750562,0.00136134,0.0002197492,0.0001383145,0.000001939612,0.00004937095,0.0006055373],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979907,0.0001309626,0.0001588335,0.0004682509,0.001137331,0.000002400157,0.00001302966,0.00003229457,0.00006614766],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2205367,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6262115,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2009307792","doi":"10.1067/mog.2002.123481","title":"Teaching the surgical craft: From selection to certification","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Current Problems in Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":240,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Craft; Certification; Selection (genetic algorithm); MEDLINE; General surgery; Medical physics; Medical education; Artificial intelligence; Visual arts; Management","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1271353591469142,"gpt":0.3342594637658894,"spread":0.2071241046189752,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006679471,0.0001140119,0.0002173062,0.0001524494,0.0001088295,0.00003430428,0.00005349128,0.00006006364,0.0008334345],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003066634,0.00008036404,0.0001018633,0.0004027216,0.0000254121,0.00008811608,0.00002055008,0.0004161214,0.0001845706],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007760853,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001524987,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008407114,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001771902,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986781,0.0001492051,0.0004037612,0.0002732463,0.0002629862,0.0002327292],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986783,0.000927492,0.00006540936,0.0001708452,0.00004083077,0.0001170734],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004857523,0.0004033171,0.3022802,0.00003459477,0.00001819776,0.000008311135,0.001349406,0.0009144133,0.0001055739,0.0002048165,0.003733496,0.6908991],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000895715,0.00002185826,0.1159575,0.000406309,0.00002402121,0.00001483068,0.00005917422,0.02416098,0.00007032559,0.0003466943,0.8578463,0.0001963065],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.985647,0.001240136,0.0006460031,0.005928644,0.0008178451,0.0004858814,0.000003190191,0.0001550959,0.005076174],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988903,0.00007090905,0.00004390911,0.0001719656,0.0003455908,0.00005743438,0.00003487626,0.00001431851,0.0003706511],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8541128,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9125522,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2032071364","doi":"10.1145/968363.968370","title":"Eye gaze patterns differentiate novice and experts in a virtual laparoscopic surgery training environment","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":236,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Gaze; Eye movement; Task (project management); Eye–hand coordination; Computer science; Eye tracking; Laparoscopic surgery; Virtual reality; Human–computer interaction; Visual search; Artificial intelligence; Physical medicine and rehabilitation; Medicine; Surgery; Laparoscopy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04037634373924746,"gpt":0.2770635356619561,"spread":0.2366871919227086,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001077973,0.0001152478,0.0002684911,0.00009007996,0.00002960361,0.00001462355,0.00001892351,0.00005749765,0.0008175264],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002827618,0.00009250618,0.00004548069,0.00005608272,0.00003049721,0.00005267874,0.00002162978,0.00008855337,0.00001475906],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004434062,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000207518,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005737673,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003451755,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991497,0.00002135629,0.0002304729,0.0002185736,0.0001631417,0.0002167463],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995903,0.0001401567,0.00002823123,0.00009712329,0.000004209005,0.0001399289],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001684198,0.0003898049,0.9177577,0.00004406687,0.00005071278,0.0002512246,0.006901091,0.0005398327,0.001152792,0.0005972797,0.00000445959,0.07214265],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008120173,0.0001084014,0.9860385,0.0002951768,0.0000207912,0.00001362612,0.002457011,0.0007541146,0.0008359781,0.00008055175,0.001066143,0.0002095418],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9971254,0.00005516028,0.0009240687,0.0004580223,0.0000569268,0.0001159093,0.000001302031,0.00004323008,0.001219905],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987251,0.00005725205,0.00006576444,0.0008790109,0.00004507352,0.00001158462,0.00001522698,0.00001291182,0.0001880868],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.07193311,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8951341,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2081356678","doi":"10.1097/sla.0000000000000826","title":"Simulation in Surgery","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annals of Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":232,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Lagging; Medicine; Curriculum; Simulation training; Surgical simulation; Medical education; Simulation; Computer science; Surgery","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.4274761903215155,"gpt":0.4014730221264465,"spread":0.02600316819506893,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001144688,0.00006615835,0.000355315,0.000272791,0.00001291214,0.00000394046,0.00001497736,0.00005928341,0.0002399031],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002204361,0.00005962795,0.0001696261,0.0002936514,0.00002820085,0.00007102871,0.00000698752,0.00006575928,0.00002318904],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000003692495,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003350417,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001861229,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001577069,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991003,0.00006223313,0.0003814209,0.0001135999,0.0001815627,0.0001609312],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9939687,0.005638097,0.00009097366,0.0001248692,0.0001009243,0.00007646404],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001753557,0.0001129547,0.83986,0.00005972635,0.00001589772,0.00001414823,0.0000500969,0.007426863,0.00002927215,0.0002006525,0.0004337284,0.1516213],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00033355,0.00001328261,0.9493054,0.0002232628,0.00000591581,0.000001271892,0.00001918433,0.02635099,0.0007584988,0.0004325719,0.02245808,0.0000980564],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9933384,0.000080585,0.0001716901,0.000860668,0.0001071994,0.00004734875,7.785151e-7,0.00003027565,0.005363036],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985644,0.00002963205,0.00001809542,0.00121491,0.00008579211,0.00000181447,0.00001764642,0.000009223527,0.00005854147],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1515233,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2638985,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2019727982","doi":"10.1007/s00464-008-9745-y","title":"Certification pass rate of 100% for fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery skills after proficiency-based training","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Surgical Endoscopy","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":228,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University Health Centre","funders":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","keywords":"Certification; Medicine; Educational measurement; Curriculum; United States Medical Licensing Examination; Medical physics; Abdominal surgery; Medical education; Physical therapy; Surgery; Psychology; Medical school","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07742934621037487,"gpt":0.3338586336582989,"spread":0.256429287447924,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005361162,0.0001635306,0.0006632899,0.0001676775,0.00006378752,0.000005154819,0.00005882981,0.0001114403,0.000640022],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003086289,0.0001338209,0.000310968,0.0003549969,0.0002488375,0.00006173259,0.00001075502,0.0001010817,0.000008349433],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003399005,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002411496,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001125315,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.178976e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982941,0.00009552743,0.0007226399,0.0002911913,0.0002866187,0.000309941],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976063,0.001604041,0.0002414356,0.0002267767,0.0001642446,0.0001572409],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.02756749,0.0061104,0.8879848,0.002638402,0.0005106516,0.0004867187,0.005002632,0.001634039,0.03258147,0.00325838,0.000455843,0.03176915],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.07918087,0.001560376,0.3240778,0.001593739,0.0003191204,0.00005623191,0.0005691137,0.008526151,0.5475953,0.0004460183,0.03521662,0.0008587409],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9971417,0.0001441589,0.000399462,0.0002637506,0.0001711228,0.000554582,0.00003834219,0.00005027665,0.001236629],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998475,0.00002233054,0.0007759419,0.0001812191,0.00007787423,0.0001113407,0.00009234871,0.0000232088,0.0002407928],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5639071,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7007792,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2052410085","doi":"10.1007/s00464-007-9451-1","title":"FLS simulator performance predicts intraoperative laparoscopic skill","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Surgical Endoscopy","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":227,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Montreal General Hospital; McGill University Health Centre","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Abdominal surgery; Cutoff; Receiver operating characteristic; Laparoscopic surgery; Laparoscopy; Physical therapy; Multivariate analysis; Surgery; Internal medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01842756861310729,"gpt":0.3149255815869213,"spread":0.296498012973814,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004822271,0.0002248683,0.0004371697,0.0001110992,0.0001360099,0.0000262456,0.00008592472,0.0001682196,0.002223627],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001724092,0.000172201,0.0001239483,0.000377924,0.0001486477,0.0001351936,0.00003808987,0.0003857137,0.0003226619],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007941307,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007806488,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006941322,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002281318,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981139,0.00004135859,0.0004618754,0.0003606199,0.0004713528,0.0005509455],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985322,0.0005489627,0.00006382544,0.0002429376,0.0001197769,0.0004923418],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.02028589,0.002705902,0.8151444,0.000557803,0.0007570643,0.005031317,0.004602951,0.005818073,0.001555363,0.01614715,0.0006572837,0.1267369],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.1660828,0.002596559,0.2213928,0.0007469153,0.0002127754,0.0002958227,0.0005397932,0.02961821,0.09234942,0.0001693251,0.4848851,0.001110453],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9288597,0.0001497693,0.0001055151,0.0001535365,0.0003448374,0.0003216318,0.000004747827,0.0002138117,0.0698465],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9969252,0.00005247008,0.0003030489,0.0006170443,0.0004644917,0.000009029244,0.00003669489,0.00002824544,0.001563766],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5937515,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9986885,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2137983914","doi":"10.1097/01.sla.0000154456.69815.ee","title":"Establishment of the World's First Telerobotic Remote Surgical Service","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annals of Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":227,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; General surgery; Service (business); Laparoscopy; Robotic surgery; Surgery; Operations management; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.214819263874799,"gpt":0.3590117030581967,"spread":0.1441924391833977,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005561903,0.00009585069,0.0003674706,0.0001162013,0.00004081728,0.000005695338,0.00007333038,0.00004882563,0.0007798014],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001775701,0.00006367229,0.0002569753,0.0006641783,0.00006287015,0.00006912408,0.00004026261,0.0001153779,0.00001871056],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008601601,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005975922,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006208126,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006314198,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987968,0.00004565092,0.000459721,0.0001335699,0.0003626662,0.0002016327],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981684,0.001063209,0.0001671802,0.0002770599,0.0002177739,0.0001063632],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001791438,0.0016288,0.4898624,0.001000247,0.0005535951,0.000151307,0.0009006999,0.01469343,0.0002056317,0.001610258,0.02354524,0.464057],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001542813,0.00003152784,0.434535,0.001086389,0.00006494733,0.00003491272,0.00007798675,0.003645753,0.009669012,0.0001047136,0.5490108,0.0001961033],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9527215,0.0003385315,0.000005409524,0.02917027,0.0001360845,0.000125123,0.000003636244,0.00002691995,0.01747247],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9965279,0.00009215489,0.00009702273,0.002294222,0.0001433873,8.964757e-7,0.000005607902,0.00001094906,0.0008278501],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5254656,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8538278,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1970629036","doi":"10.1007/s00464-009-0572-6","title":"Telesimulation: an effective method for teaching the fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery in resource-restricted countries","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Surgical Endoscopy","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":215,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"SickKids Foundation; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Western Hospital; University of Toronto; University Health Network","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Certification; Test (biology); Session (web analytics); Laparoscopic surgery; Abdominal surgery; Medical physics; Hepatology; Laparoscopy; General surgery; Physical therapy; Medical education; Surgery; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02673454822569979,"gpt":0.371693419537601,"spread":0.3449588713119012,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001250917,0.0001630923,0.0005777691,0.000158651,0.0001299103,0.00002368054,0.00007574562,0.0001139206,0.0001232566],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006161841,0.0001097085,0.0001692151,0.0003144117,0.00009593968,0.00009738072,0.00001211717,0.0002663745,0.000002308449],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006457187,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005342604,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004363187,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004727015,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981517,0.0004690774,0.0005035355,0.0002719989,0.0003132622,0.0002903939],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9922032,0.007254304,0.0001384,0.000219355,0.00006392824,0.0001208029],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.04156719,0.003356979,0.2670223,0.0005230648,0.0004363705,0.0004309058,0.006444191,0.01606757,0.002034992,0.05666474,0.0006419516,0.6048098],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.09307602,0.002995265,0.5344248,0.001030143,0.0002983166,0.00007976896,0.001546837,0.05989019,0.01297342,0.003675626,0.2892452,0.0007644771],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9942276,0.0001991256,0.0007231318,0.0008754991,0.00007442258,0.0009454287,0.00001434119,0.00006972197,0.002870689],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974601,0.000009060675,0.001583697,0.0006035818,0.0001501917,0.00004139641,0.00007516448,0.00001421904,0.00006259233],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6040453,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4473784,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1876130903","doi":"10.1007/s00464-005-3008-y","title":"The MISTELS program to measure technical skill in laparoscopic surgery","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Surgical Endoscopy","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":215,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; McGill University Health Centre","funders":"","keywords":"Intraclass correlation; Inter-rater reliability; Cronbach's alpha; Reliability (semiconductor); Medicine; Test (biology); Confidence interval; Internal consistency; Physical therapy; Psychometrics; Psychology; Clinical psychology; Rating scale; Internal medicine; Developmental psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02535159427740566,"gpt":0.3229635636114008,"spread":0.2976119693339951,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007267933,0.0001904499,0.0004580626,0.0001126748,0.0001235605,0.00005694622,0.0001092802,0.0001550767,0.0002115606],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004276136,0.0001221094,0.0002037582,0.0007360228,0.0001282075,0.0000401839,0.00003928502,0.0003552961,0.0001176227],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008893308,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009727669,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007902434,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008464685,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979123,0.0001188012,0.0005409917,0.0003505099,0.0005178158,0.0005595736],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977908,0.001514973,0.00005325988,0.000307714,0.00007504666,0.0002582081],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.009220834,0.004541197,0.5883343,0.0001790437,0.0001219349,0.004397819,0.0001714004,0.0006652682,0.0007005697,0.02201176,0.008937079,0.3607188],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01675072,0.0002560512,0.1247381,0.000315509,0.00003089727,0.0001062801,0.00004539005,0.000253989,0.0014584,0.0005237381,0.8551924,0.0003285588],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9341123,0.0005275689,0.00001721023,0.004018632,0.000273017,0.0009736965,0.000003210673,0.0003596386,0.05971473],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977893,0.0000216621,0.00027064,0.000284127,0.000225275,0.0001649537,0.00002172263,0.00002518676,0.001197143],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8462553,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4979478,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2064249883","doi":"10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.11.032","title":"Randomized controlled trial of virtual reality simulator training: transfer to live patients","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The American Journal of Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":214,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"The Wilson Centre; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Virtual reality; Simulation; Randomized controlled trial; Transfer of training; Computer science; Training (meteorology); Human–computer interaction; Psychology; Medicine; Physics; Surgery; Knowledge management","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0611256784499074,"gpt":0.3292793182679443,"spread":0.2681536398180369,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.009098319,0.0001492332,0.002759101,0.0002623442,0.00004381606,0.000007958883,0.00008942954,0.00003338258,0.0001314394],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003922979,0.00007934837,0.001219219,0.0003731573,0.0003538825,0.00004911119,0.000008327645,0.0002403923,0.000003408121],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003440294,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001813867,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001673442,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.644757e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9966341,0.0005962376,0.001716873,0.000103685,0.0006995882,0.0002494849],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9845996,0.01389865,0.0005926961,0.0001539786,0.0004446571,0.0003103673],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"randomized_trial","study_design_gemma":"randomized_trial","study_design_scores_codex":[0.9528645,0.0003035197,0.001213373,0.000002998851,0.0005128986,0.00002291003,0.002546784,0.0003871441,0.00003904248,0.00003550162,0.00001806552,0.04205326],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.9866588,0.00108035,0.009161956,0.0001019586,0.0003948746,0.00001194455,0.001978202,0.0001516268,0.00008251258,0.00003180563,0.0002494329,0.00009659048],"study_design_candidate":"randomized_trial","study_design_consensus":"randomized_trial","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9957235,0.00002157901,0.0017664,0.0006005521,0.0004445472,0.0008348926,0.000002557886,0.00001044041,0.000595561],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986109,0.00001950708,0.00003287993,0.0009207494,0.0003647576,0.000004836904,0.000001658316,0.00001611318,0.00002859537],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04195667,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4696456,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1986805838","doi":"10.1227/neu.0b013e318249c744","title":"NeuroTouch","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Operative Neurosurgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":204,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; National Research Council Canada","funders":"National Research Council Canada","keywords":"Haptic technology; Medicine; Virtual reality; Aspirator; Task (project management); Neurosurgery; Software; Debulking; Medical physics; Simulation; Computer science; Surgery; Human–computer interaction","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06223509817956564,"gpt":0.3447244207481901,"spread":0.2824893225686245,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001400772,0.00009436579,0.0001700871,0.00005317925,0.00009128799,0.00001828256,0.00002059533,0.00003399492,0.001217485],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002393406,0.00007299482,0.00007968613,0.0001760252,0.00003683766,0.0001541846,0.00001725723,0.000145418,0.0002722454],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001011546,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002090746,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001236665,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.118685e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992513,0.00006576435,0.000151564,0.0001289141,0.0001543875,0.0002480894],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993693,0.000211558,0.00002274709,0.0001250834,0.00004451093,0.000226839],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001805006,0.0003801061,0.9707835,0.00001361829,0.00002488991,0.0001041846,0.0005256962,0.00002892832,0.009054733,0.00167776,0.001882665,0.01534339],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001287715,0.00008246532,0.6781396,0.00002056821,0.00002133797,0.0001011948,0.00005625148,0.0003713225,0.007271547,0.000008307998,0.3124816,0.0001581112],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9500903,0.00005460829,0.00005358846,0.001045577,0.0005327942,0.0001726338,0.000001543092,0.00008223641,0.04796674],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.992799,0.0000110987,0.00006377603,0.004838493,0.0003131858,0.00001544179,0.000007521638,0.00001729769,0.001934118],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3105989,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996955,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4307511335","doi":"10.1038/s41746-022-00707-5","title":"Computer vision in surgery: from potential to clinical value","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"npj Digital Medicine","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":198,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University Health Network; Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","funders":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; European Commission","keywords":"Value (mathematics); Medicine; Optometry; General surgery; Medical physics; Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Machine learning","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1653322886345929,"gpt":0.4473304925536011,"spread":0.2819982039190083,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000884328,0.0004117345,0.003318839,0.0004934052,0.00004256796,0.00003804066,0.0001764975,0.0002959445,0.003309392],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001279376,0.0002878791,0.0006894708,0.0007746422,0.000107137,0.00009117104,0.000219495,0.000925452,0.000283525],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001503385,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002279419,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000383951,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001460631,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9960968,0.0002241432,0.001752547,0.0007463918,0.0008262731,0.0003538609],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9947153,0.003998444,0.000260726,0.0004386217,0.00003680299,0.0005501477],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001132095,0.0001947211,0.0002912488,0.0005378603,0.0001024277,0.001077301,0.00002949656,0.000006600448,8.772092e-9,0.00002393577,0.002660388,0.9949628],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001792766,0.0005801098,0.001377353,0.01245714,0.0003101055,0.00006781139,0.00001846583,0.0001935528,5.531167e-9,0.00004292818,0.9829101,0.0002496491],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0008945617,0.9807891,0.0003446357,0.0009460849,0.004199041,0.001287465,0.0001032009,0.0001696705,0.01126621],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.008746865,0.9808067,0.0001395369,0.002171914,0.004498804,0.00004306247,0.003175762,0.0001010897,0.0003162716],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9947131,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999573,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2031570967","doi":"10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.02.003","title":"A universal global rating scale for the evaluation of technical skills in the operating room","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The American Journal of Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":197,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Cronbach's alpha; Reliability (semiconductor); Rating scale; Scale (ratio); Variance (accounting); Psychology; Applied psychology; Medical education; Computer science; Medicine; Psychometrics; Clinical psychology; Developmental psychology; Geography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06697677732544131,"gpt":0.3816214712775985,"spread":0.3146446939521572,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01277749,0.00006430717,0.0002766067,0.00005781793,0.00009374356,0.00001268868,0.0001210746,0.00001745522,0.00002020992],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001497599,0.00002832066,0.0001812331,0.0005439728,0.0001797302,0.00005269401,0.0000131545,0.0001925305,3.538252e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000886491,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001902178,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003220871,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001237412,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998449,0.0002611148,0.0005030727,0.0000585001,0.0005770244,0.0001513283],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9931547,0.005885485,0.0004925954,0.0001256672,0.0003022338,0.00003931696],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00112065,0.0002395637,0.2794253,0.00001043844,0.0001013475,0.00002769081,0.001942006,0.006890859,0.001081842,0.0002107006,0.00014096,0.7088087],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001690466,0.0001863404,0.9726099,0.000199512,0.0002425167,0.000298043,0.01588189,0.008186155,0.0001735327,0.000170514,0.0002951851,0.00006596658],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9939843,0.0001317623,0.002631447,0.002145094,0.00008167397,0.0001919718,0.000001179886,0.000003879911,0.0008286524],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987342,0.00001397965,0.0004660655,0.0005870822,0.000187891,0.000001811701,7.661373e-7,0.000004965718,0.00000324081],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7087427,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4428449,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2082622722","doi":"10.1016/s0039-6060(03)00248-4","title":"Visual-spatial ability correlates with efficiency of hand motion and successful surgical performance","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":195,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"The Wilson Centre; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Test (biology); Fixation (population genetics); Spatial ability; Physical medicine and rehabilitation; Physical therapy; Medical physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01530226206468977,"gpt":0.2642812367533772,"spread":0.2489789746886874,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004714313,0.00008596975,0.0002654654,0.00006734239,0.00006633587,0.000009790775,0.00001136443,0.0000582193,0.0003016829],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001849906,0.00006045196,0.00004751943,0.0001947359,0.0001901847,0.00006235916,0.000005815389,0.00009365775,0.000003579709],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001155115,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004837753,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001994201,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000253775,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992002,0.00005729743,0.000232572,0.0001661277,0.000198991,0.0001448076],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990857,0.0005825331,0.00006867407,0.00008666866,0.00008373219,0.00009267189],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002999223,0.0001386668,0.975543,0.0000730211,0.00001159038,0.00001745105,0.00007989044,0.00007906558,0.00005255778,0.00005560093,0.000001657232,0.02364753],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002458697,0.0002205598,0.980509,0.0001384734,0.00004077079,0.00009196357,0.00007466854,0.009969221,0.005249294,0.00001931586,0.001088594,0.0001393762],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9963276,0.0001261983,0.0003930873,0.00002729704,0.00008886513,0.000104498,7.981659e-7,0.00002314384,0.002908531],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9998667,0.00002258352,0.00001915184,0.00001641299,0.00002229461,0.000002836516,0.00000797295,0.000007172083,0.00003492596],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02350815,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3303216,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2014876636","doi":"10.1097/sla.0b013e3181deb630","title":"Warm-up in a Virtual Reality Environment Improves Performance in the Operating Room","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annals of Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":192,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"St. Michael's Hospital","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Cronbach's alpha; Virtual reality; Reliability (semiconductor); Physical therapy; Laparoscopy; Rating scale; Surgery; Medical physics; Human–computer interaction; Psychometrics; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.189249770988683,"gpt":0.3526451441002435,"spread":0.1633953731115605,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001663154,0.00006955669,0.0002061741,0.00007714823,0.00002661979,0.000007250211,0.00004550997,0.00005443092,0.0001194952],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000272481,0.00004658989,0.00006405971,0.0001232461,0.00004580273,0.00008518425,0.00001709329,0.0002570608,0.000007148145],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00000407974,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003132016,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006712711,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001645918,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991297,0.00005517136,0.0003334268,0.0001203244,0.0001947289,0.0001666753],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991395,0.000578513,0.00005936907,0.0001642487,0.00001727286,0.00004108117],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002007059,0.0003243773,0.7718905,0.00004851388,0.00001567219,0.00003550148,0.002097933,0.0005049172,0.005765942,0.0002658215,0.0001376928,0.2187124],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004763017,0.00004088647,0.9867222,0.00006683922,0.000002833442,0.000004578188,0.0003984936,0.004051706,0.002978377,0.00002521818,0.005165539,0.00006707213],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9960253,0.00003654079,0.000003735907,0.001900436,0.00008625574,0.0001006993,0.000001531446,0.000006869868,0.001838697],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987345,0.00009667017,0.00001123025,0.001021427,0.00006089349,0.000009843831,0.000009028706,0.000005330091,0.00005102286],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2186453,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1899881,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2088979628","doi":"10.1097/00006123-200204000-00021","title":"Laser Surface Scanning for Patient Registration in Intracranial Image-guided Surgery","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Neurosurgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":187,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Neuronavigation; Laser; Image registration; Patient registration; Artificial intelligence; Image-guided surgery; Computer vision; Magnetic resonance imaging; Surgery; Nuclear medicine; Radiology; Computer science; Optics; Image (mathematics)","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06634039010568489,"gpt":0.294968200980341,"spread":0.2286278108746562,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003705788,0.0001397569,0.0003268255,0.0001331451,0.00007512759,0.00003756237,0.00002397191,0.0000836643,0.0003297002],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009606254,0.0001358868,0.0001770808,0.0003097629,0.000039782,0.0001475669,0.00001039199,0.0001585955,0.00002716556],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004998824,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003152372,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000136703,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003901013,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998533,0.00006887456,0.0005467028,0.0002928327,0.0002518772,0.0003067649],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983229,0.001162498,0.0001272501,0.0001710201,0.00008980962,0.0001265309],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001528029,0.001766295,0.5895776,0.0003770068,0.00007076695,0.002964669,0.00118294,0.008424382,0.01031682,0.0001263444,0.06994127,0.3137239],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01273609,0.0004997059,0.341407,0.0007896499,0.0001289502,0.0005002143,0.0002465798,0.502366,0.01224164,0.0002147281,0.1274703,0.001399102],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9942886,0.00003937889,0.0002117189,0.001742351,0.0005292551,0.0003190921,0.000006078234,0.00009908638,0.002764482],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975549,0.00002720818,0.0004821856,0.001332714,0.0001541504,0.0000179249,0.00002931024,0.000030165,0.0003714216],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4939416,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5541303,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2518696313","doi":"10.1002/bjs.10236","title":"Systematic review of e-learning for surgical training","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"British journal of surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":182,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University Health Centre; Montreal General Hospital; McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Psychomotor learning; Psychological intervention; Popularity; Intervention (counseling); E learning; Medical education; MEDLINE; The Internet; Cognition; Nursing; Psychology; World Wide Web","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1301046590588568,"gpt":0.3723751337114714,"spread":0.2422704746526145,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005473464,0.0002585546,0.007535487,0.0003097809,0.00005495543,0.00002632063,0.0001230757,0.0002290042,0.0004079655],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008766634,0.0001874168,0.003704063,0.0003071185,0.00006131137,0.00009244554,0.00001859298,0.0005484365,0.000007976129],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007345839,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006978457,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":5.943796e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.155677e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9947115,0.0005194847,0.003699225,0.0001837717,0.0005931007,0.0002929216],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.986859,0.008730761,0.003399612,0.0001349756,0.0006130838,0.0002625832],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001228241,0.00002192716,0.000002476894,0.5346437,0.0003530142,0.0008177279,0.000004561347,6.162728e-8,6.176993e-9,0.000007607156,0.0001612559,0.4639754],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005312873,0.00003007772,0.000001222473,0.5780963,0.001770977,0.0161909,0.00001251648,7.246724e-7,3.505098e-8,0.000003725218,0.4032589,0.0001032818],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":"systematic_review","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000007082831,0.9980224,0.00008374418,0.00002706588,0.0003395379,0.0007788183,0.00001633998,0.00001612688,0.0007088805],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0000994437,0.9987742,0.00007629717,0.00006079731,0.0005441174,0.00002939877,0.00003191754,0.00006371157,0.0003201183],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4638721,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995829,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2023989473","doi":"10.1002/1097-0150(2000)5:2<98::aid-igs4>3.0.co;2-h","title":"Comparative tracking error analysis of five different optical tracking systems","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computer Aided Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":181,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Jitter; Computer science; Tracking system; Tracking (education); Computer vision; Artificial intelligence; Telecommunications","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0997192915611973,"gpt":0.3345912256724557,"spread":0.2348719341112584,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002906219,0.0001941636,0.001324792,0.0004012927,0.0000627884,0.00004351664,0.00006502005,0.00009094126,0.0007023871],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003095351,0.0001553791,0.0005634364,0.0007403901,0.00007913797,0.00009145298,0.0000178497,0.0001861906,0.00002027612],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000442298,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003144962,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001816768,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002959477,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982073,0.0001310957,0.0006999913,0.0003203173,0.0003655434,0.0002757359],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973932,0.001898012,0.00012724,0.0002439876,0.0001431853,0.0001943825],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001391965,0.001635973,0.3008446,0.0003459823,0.009915237,0.0005465485,0.007203891,0.3552288,0.0003199647,0.0008265722,0.00068913,0.3210514],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007812328,0.00004003157,0.5010548,0.000222829,0.0007115733,0.00001245435,0.00013643,0.4961406,0.0001976276,0.000006899234,0.0005356394,0.0001599814],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9900996,0.0001724597,0.007169536,0.00006655,0.0002480265,0.0001734748,0.000006851652,0.00008997045,0.001973494],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991627,0.000008786158,0.0002434645,0.0001538485,0.0001856941,0.00000638333,0.00008360281,0.00001334724,0.0001421431],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3208914,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7690646,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1968732724","doi":"10.1007/s11605-007-0355-0","title":"FLS Assessment of Competency Using Simulated Laparoscopic Tasks","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":180,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University Health Centre; McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Inter-rater reliability; Laparoscopic surgery; Reliability (semiconductor); Construct validity; Component (thermodynamics); Test (biology); Specialty; Medical physics; Construct (python library); Internal consistency; Face validity; Medical education; Surgery; Laparoscopy; Computer science; Psychometrics; Psychology; Rating scale; Pathology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05886129835811926,"gpt":0.3651457159673649,"spread":0.3062844176092457,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001636604,0.000134093,0.0006644664,0.0003496486,0.00004246847,0.00001079193,0.0000564796,0.00003727654,0.0002860961],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007561501,0.000106971,0.0003210364,0.000337099,0.00007733428,0.00009867349,0.0000180821,0.0003562044,0.000001507037],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000102118,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003882039,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001238306,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.925996e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978495,0.00005727122,0.00116717,0.0001012787,0.0005400341,0.0002846971],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9967837,0.001426652,0.0008246841,0.0001110446,0.0005824027,0.0002714955],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005092752,0.0002788503,0.978882,0.00005892729,0.00005754965,0.001009208,0.00001874695,0.00484931,0.01218115,0.00005992566,0.00002666712,0.002068446],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003120513,0.0006552315,0.9731218,0.002311667,0.0001549103,0.005511333,0.000165713,0.01304784,0.001423933,0.00006711178,0.0002921127,0.0001278743],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.987312,0.00005755216,0.01087596,0.00008499466,0.0002122841,0.0000668642,0.000001346341,0.0000142301,0.001374753],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9786779,0.000003266038,0.02095795,0.0001119605,0.000210893,3.438879e-8,0.00000293099,0.00001506804,0.0000200262],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01075721,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4362152,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2126972458","doi":"10.1093/bja/aep241","title":"Assessment of procedural skills in anaesthesia","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":180,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Ottawa Hospital; SickKids Foundation; University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Regional anaesthesia; Anesthesia; Psychology; Medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03172254951261874,"gpt":0.3594736620602247,"spread":0.327751112547606,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009369066,0.0002834555,0.002816632,0.0003732903,0.00002915487,0.00004075137,0.0002212025,0.0002953724,0.0001049241],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001832708,0.000257753,0.000912156,0.0006088328,0.00006851224,0.0001214499,0.00001286363,0.0009111053,0.000003164866],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001863478,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008218459,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001973299,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001016562,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9967967,0.0002168744,0.001862984,0.0002147072,0.0006220193,0.0002867694],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979404,0.00008198227,0.001332014,0.0001610228,0.000242878,0.0002417174],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001245309,0.0004288596,0.0007599074,0.001818419,0.00008371144,0.005375948,0.00001558457,0.000008341649,3.5671e-8,0.00006448011,0.00007814892,0.9913541],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002589425,0.001020955,0.06288449,0.08658538,0.0007287373,0.01547941,0.00003190607,0.00001876238,2.231829e-7,0.00005402131,0.8303101,0.0002966089],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.004686786,0.9924664,0.00001298061,0.00007430735,0.00004985346,0.000410793,0.000003164517,0.00001159924,0.002284041],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.02149074,0.9765041,0.001536716,0.0001878268,0.0001533347,0.000003489251,0.00001500546,0.00004112049,0.00006770101],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9910575,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999875,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}