{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":1563,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":9,"predictions_cover":1563,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"c8a13f29b5af","filters":{"topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes"}},"results":[{"id":"W2011141753","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.050","title":"A comparative review of biochar and hydrochar in terms of production, physico-chemical properties and applications","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1697,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","keywords":"Biochar; Hydrothermal carbonization; Pyrolysis; Biomass (ecology); Char; Raw material; Environmental science; Carbonization; Bioenergy; Waste management; Carbon sequestration; Pulp and paper industry; Biofuel; Chemistry; Adsorption; Carbon dioxide; Engineering; Agronomy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03605382951690524,"gpt":0.2657436123391582,"spread":0.2296897828222529,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004189674,0.0003732936,0.002558769,0.0001577288,0.00002688507,0.00001233309,0.0001530693,0.0001514415,0.000005932889],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007545908,0.0002754586,0.00009829775,0.0006379812,0.0001910854,0.0001377813,0.0001463823,0.0001160613,8.085793e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006712353,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008538659,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005875397,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002404014,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982778,0.00008991352,0.0008760526,0.0003827373,0.0001203714,0.0002530666],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990975,0.00003637932,0.0003092738,0.0003204515,0.0001341239,0.0001023092],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003591019,0.00004141269,7.856657e-7,0.6982495,0.0000690874,0.000001235126,0.00008102851,0.000002846854,0.00227453,0.0003097663,0.001557336,0.2974089],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008388735,0.00001812941,1.693345e-8,0.05675868,0.0002421053,0.00001830247,0.00006721094,0.000004685333,0.0107192,0.0003221062,0.9315047,0.0002609375],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00006011988,0.9983461,0.00002337417,0.00001138114,0.00001212139,0.001057145,0.000008130971,0.0000239916,0.0004575821],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0002471014,0.9983788,0.00006797878,0.00001199357,0.00004093063,0.0006991925,0.00004104958,0.00002921681,0.0004836994],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9299474,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999698,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2412133387","doi":"10.1039/c6ee00935b","title":"An overview of advances in biomass gasification","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energy & Environmental Science","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1219,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Kensington Health","funders":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Tsinghua University; University of Sydney; Imperial College London; Government of the United Kingdom","keywords":"Biomass gasification; Biomass (ecology); Environmental science; Waste management; Process engineering; Nanotechnology; Engineering; Materials science; Biology; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009754809906864097,"gpt":0.2247092331967453,"spread":0.2149544232898812,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007961517,0.000063142,0.00006158334,0.00006339086,0.00001757952,0.00000527127,0.0002750665,0.0000220182,0.0001629703],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005649475,0.00004665748,0.00001235223,0.0002230237,0.000304855,0.0007627503,0.00003013839,0.00001260849,0.00001392798],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001174904,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006374109,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003914168,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002802525,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993879,0.000006925627,0.0001157588,0.0001665183,0.0001831691,0.000139716],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997386,0.00001610498,0.00002425967,0.0001616767,0.000001924785,0.00005737943],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001500927,0.00001933156,0.001355696,0.000005557255,4.083643e-7,3.315889e-7,0.00001619509,0.00002339455,0.9256836,0.0003757039,0.000001564287,0.07251668],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008629124,0.00001569581,0.009465071,0.0000203245,7.563705e-7,7.580868e-7,0.00003613784,0.0001086876,0.9877844,0.0002148299,0.002194643,0.0000724356],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9962831,0.002841948,0.0003468844,0.00001976934,0.00005241914,0.00001773714,0.000004651694,0.00003139795,0.0004020922],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9964389,0.003316723,0.0002065713,0.00000932634,0.00000580796,0.000005274103,0.000001257531,0.000005419763,0.00001075796],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.07244425,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1902637,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2604230620","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.084","title":"A review on thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of plastic solid waste (PSW)","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Journal of Environmental Management","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1171,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Waste management; Pyrolysis; Environmental pollution; Environmental science; Plastic pollution; Municipal solid waste; Pollution; Engineering; Environmental protection","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0197060854443111,"gpt":0.2542705042291947,"spread":0.2345644187848836,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001852408,0.000341711,0.001323013,0.000180795,0.00003046586,0.0000180665,0.0004774879,0.00009047728,0.0001414787],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001839283,0.0002569613,0.0004586606,0.00005129278,0.00008784998,0.0001213917,0.0001912714,0.0002504672,0.00004494681],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001620101,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007289204,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":1.831694e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.850457e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985124,0.00002720817,0.0008024971,0.0001662823,0.0003213252,0.0001703072],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986736,0.00008216499,0.0007811052,0.0003545556,0.000004442594,0.0001041442],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009171588,0.00007222909,8.833464e-7,0.09636693,0.001295926,0.0000685461,0.000007772417,0.00002042751,0.0002079153,0.000004423905,0.0009156704,0.9010301],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004858058,0.0001923995,0.00002401684,0.1272203,0.006240402,0.00007124268,0.00003068338,0.000007315671,0.0007284284,0.00001222882,0.8645005,0.0004867834],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0003669677,0.9986236,0.000006973708,0.000008670751,0.0001813617,0.0002788233,0.00003311993,0.000007937573,0.0004925496],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.004333012,0.9953508,0.00004299853,0.0000284714,0.00005706052,0.000009667152,0.000008484827,0.00004732304,0.0001221722],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9005433,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999883,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2007322636","doi":"10.1016/j.biortech.2004.02.003","title":"An experimental study on biomass air–steam gasification in a fluidized bed","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bioresource Technology","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":889,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Heat of combustion; Biomass (ecology); Producer gas; Waste management; Fluidized bed; Gas composition; Syngas; Fuel gas; Pulp and paper industry; Chemistry; Combustion; Materials science; Hydrogen; Organic chemistry; Agronomy; Engineering; Thermodynamics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01042668431812955,"gpt":0.2437794396086198,"spread":0.2333527552904903,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000074263,0.0001931812,0.0001957122,0.0005567954,0.00003564131,0.000009904174,0.0004031496,0.0002585407,0.00002437408],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002754012,0.0001954398,0.00002766725,0.0007425291,0.00009861715,0.00005863621,0.00004543692,0.0001630826,0.0001030909],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002235352,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001209383,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001521912,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006358625,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990022,0.00001756625,0.0002361646,0.0003343186,0.0001362784,0.0002734329],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994075,0.00001416723,0.00003156902,0.0004702946,0.00001758737,0.00005889461],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004051716,0.0007640462,0.001417514,0.000007845237,0.00001114506,0.00001874886,0.0004685585,0.00001531681,0.9963757,0.0001819522,0.00001619282,0.0006824659],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001786516,0.0005562693,0.0005098022,0.00001692832,0.0000049649,0.000006135077,0.00386976,0.00001721555,0.9927022,0.0001754617,0.0001496106,0.0002051478],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9973264,0.0002744614,0.00002699359,0.0002343172,0.00006064148,0.0003746707,0.000003184457,0.001604468,0.00009484959],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995725,0.000002772516,0.0002150493,0.00002801193,0.00001635436,0.0001177883,0.000007666064,0.00003823507,0.000001668],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003673509,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7969803,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2573181069","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.038","title":"Recent advances in the development of biomass gasification technology: A comprehensive review","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":828,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology","funders":"","keywords":"Renewable energy; Biomass (ecology); Bioenergy; Global warming; Environmental economics; Business; Biofuel; Natural resource economics; Biomass gasification; Environmental science; Environmental resource management; Climate change; Waste management; Engineering; Economics; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04579482890296169,"gpt":0.3104242852079004,"spread":0.2646294563049387,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007834163,0.0004630615,0.002199337,0.0003246993,0.0001424669,0.00003397678,0.0008176666,0.0002801045,0.00002031698],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002175661,0.0002962474,0.000165082,0.001028066,0.0001092442,0.0001853772,0.0001609013,0.0001857492,0.000005502964],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001604802,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002424841,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008667709,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000190191,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976048,0.0001519894,0.001253324,0.0003780258,0.0001705427,0.0004413497],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982477,0.0001084925,0.0006032973,0.0008227632,0.0001643345,0.00005337825],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[6.66396e-7,0.00001310192,2.353944e-7,0.2072468,0.00002292925,0.000005822709,0.00001792352,5.757534e-7,0.00001110957,0.0001198257,0.0007085723,0.7918525],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006688763,0.000009731209,5.295936e-8,0.04622076,0.0001631367,0.00001691695,0.0001261509,9.329968e-7,0.0002681472,0.0001742026,0.9526629,0.0002902128],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00000108803,0.9975177,0.00008341458,0.0000560581,0.00004939123,0.0009183892,0.000002825949,0.00004982289,0.00132128],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.000002851507,0.9983478,0.0003025657,0.00003069853,0.00001886812,0.0008556315,0.00007177279,0.00003552014,0.0003342698],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9519543,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999949,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2768035822","doi":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.013","title":"Effect of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and residence time on rapeseed stem derived biochar","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Cleaner Production","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":817,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Tsinghua University; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Biochar; Pyrolysis; Rapeseed; Chemistry; Adsorption; Microporous material; Environmental chemistry; Pulp and paper industry; Organic chemistry; Food science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006356904059050059,"gpt":0.2197932594237664,"spread":0.2134363553647163,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006439764,0.000115737,0.0002530406,0.0001087042,0.00009670603,0.00005038556,0.0001504655,0.00007014275,0.00001650637],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004262725,0.00008800173,0.00005527917,0.00006264498,0.00006212899,0.0003413005,0.00002216199,0.0001812532,0.000006128418],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002730238,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009684553,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":6.463815e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.189975e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992706,0.0000641491,0.0002737943,0.0001209917,0.0001726559,0.00009784359],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992082,0.00009020304,0.0002941554,0.0002164687,0.0001387358,0.00005228506],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002780665,0.000007938793,0.0002381455,0.00019457,0.00005165147,0.000004372206,0.00005725824,0.000489918,0.991277,5.068516e-7,0.0003784055,0.007022153],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003545098,0.0002818226,0.0009868047,0.0002779253,0.00004645831,0.00004100659,0.0000230697,0.00005902585,0.9978111,0.0000105001,0.00002684901,0.00008089287],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9988109,0.0004900841,0.000004639341,0.0002479858,0.0002852039,0.0000801787,8.259174e-7,0.00002482071,0.00005539344],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994855,0.00009180617,0.00006814428,0.000006527102,0.0002106566,9.068472e-7,3.860005e-7,0.00001636342,0.0001197232],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00694126,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3588606,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1996964989","doi":"10.1016/j.cherd.2009.02.005","title":"An overview on oxyfuel coal combustion—State of the art research and technology development","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":802,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Australian Coal Industry’s Research Program; Australian Government","keywords":"Combustion; Process engineering; Computational fluid dynamics; Coal combustion products; Coal; Ignition system; Environmental science; Engineering; Mechanical engineering; Waste management; Aerospace engineering; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02120058004149685,"gpt":0.2439136975737116,"spread":0.2227131175322148,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001362434,0.00009206698,0.00008718663,0.00006773412,0.0001619093,0.000009363203,0.00008715122,0.00007153033,0.00001441977],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007767549,0.00007349957,0.00000737532,0.0001708913,0.0001621666,0.0001049236,0.00002906158,0.0002062608,0.000006428423],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006029968,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006476005,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":6.036481e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001055507,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993781,0.00001695875,0.0001398505,0.0001612014,0.000173225,0.0001306596],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998133,0.000009171456,0.00002744894,0.0001028725,0.000009422711,0.00003778393],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003220764,0.0003019913,0.0008467797,0.000644488,0.00002852129,0.000001102511,0.000680959,0.002715428,0.7455291,0.0001516229,0.00001098482,0.248767],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003374439,0.000271005,0.008352312,0.0001184644,0.000004293891,0.00001381515,0.0001797229,0.001439304,0.9835659,0.004414466,0.001162498,0.0001408035],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9973413,0.000764865,0.0008131809,0.0004173573,0.00002671054,0.0003824762,0.000005733938,0.00008082843,0.0001675065],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992614,0.0006040366,0.00003979931,0.00001781451,0.000005423278,0.0000210116,0.000004715092,0.000007862971,0.00003794256],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2486262,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2997226,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2029364692","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.01.004","title":"Effects of compressive force, particle size and moisture content on mechanical properties of biomass pellets from grasses","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biomass and Bioenergy","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":730,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan; University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministry of Agriculture - Saskatchewan","keywords":"Pellets; Corn stover; Pellet; Straw; Materials science; Biomass (ecology); Water content; Particle size; Composite material; Compressive strength; Moisture; Compression (physics); Stover; Particle (ecology); Agronomy; Chemistry; Food science; Geotechnical engineering; Field experiment","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009327352720319822,"gpt":0.1708675211439427,"spread":0.1615401684236229,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00002749167,0.0001843876,0.0002991455,0.00003561801,0.00002880901,0.00001656949,0.00009721579,0.0001251137,0.000009927936],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003598017,0.0001329428,0.00004964748,0.0001103477,0.0001539383,0.00005124886,0.00006365923,0.00003852073,0.000001013285],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001139536,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006409342,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007720388,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004879005,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991921,0.00002282653,0.0002519515,0.0002091651,0.0001516529,0.0001722611],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995018,0.0001754605,0.00007479441,0.0001214382,0.00005589441,0.00007057218],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009491527,0.00008212004,0.0005757873,0.0004272332,0.00007082779,0.000006169599,0.00002114018,0.000002194447,0.9975374,0.0006249388,0.00008948939,0.0004677974],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008394691,0.0001354953,0.00735549,0.0001626278,0.00004069351,0.000001688106,0.0000427962,0.0001955453,0.9906604,0.0002731687,0.0001278934,0.0001647373],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9949638,0.004591504,0.00003632624,0.00007479398,0.00008643112,0.0001108659,0.00003103524,0.00005413213,0.00005111889],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996294,0.0001202508,0.0001228435,0.00001740793,0.00003155183,0.00001219959,0.000005829583,0.00001747757,0.00004303882],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006876991,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.542125,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2055679005","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.008","title":"A review on the microwave-assisted pyrolysis technique","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":613,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of New Brunswick","funders":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada","keywords":"Pyrolysis; Raw material; Process engineering; Waste management; Commercialization; Biomass (ecology); Process (computing); Syngas; Char; Materials science; Environmental science; Computer science; Engineering; Business; Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Catalysis","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02314897174403421,"gpt":0.2490791789601326,"spread":0.2259302072160984,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009616035,0.0009471133,0.00312091,0.000223808,0.0002184001,0.0001329584,0.0007671248,0.0004744095,0.0004179738],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002816182,0.0005387508,0.0007465089,0.001379864,0.00009146056,0.0001381727,0.0002501548,0.0004195588,0.000119703],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002688991,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001409899,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001268025,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004718973,"domain_scores_codex":[0.996861,0.000365252,0.001152386,0.0006109434,0.0001917924,0.0008185851],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997799,0.0003356443,0.0003646916,0.001165523,0.0001294194,0.0002056768],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[5.234053e-7,0.00001287064,7.752172e-9,0.1912934,0.0001061155,0.00001329963,0.000002633406,5.381713e-7,0.0001183312,0.0004225863,0.1182292,0.6898005],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003952447,0.00002025823,1.715322e-9,0.07398696,0.0006978918,0.00006039117,0.0000186236,0.000001583285,0.0007773947,0.0001912095,0.9236366,0.0005696037],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[1.430379e-7,0.9909377,0.0002913981,0.00006856853,0.00005729671,0.002110625,0.000005878986,0.0002278782,0.006300588],"genre_scores_gemma":[9.083998e-7,0.9795423,0.0001519579,0.0007321106,0.00008114646,0.005122686,0.00007592348,0.0001429163,0.01415003],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8054073,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997064,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2103199339","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.070","title":"Techno-economic and life cycle assessment on lignocellulosic biomass thermochemical conversion technologies: A review","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":524,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Bioenergy; Biomass (ecology); Life-cycle assessment; Greenhouse gas; Environmental science; Biofuel; Waste management; Fossil fuel; Combustion; Liquefaction; Lignocellulosic biomass; Engineering; Production (economics); Chemistry; Economics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01786075443715236,"gpt":0.2640554132014158,"spread":0.2461946587642635,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009358043,0.001055486,0.003534526,0.0003785916,0.000155243,0.0001095266,0.0006548713,0.0008735631,0.00009432872],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001961899,0.0008141561,0.0003645168,0.0006929118,0.000210982,0.0002047081,0.0005674313,0.0004623224,0.00004602765],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007945998,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004389731,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001017011,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001463918,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9965965,0.0001398597,0.001187409,0.0009592424,0.0002463178,0.0008707349],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979857,0.0001817399,0.0004098591,0.0009667678,0.00009036368,0.000365566],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004058753,0.0000347223,3.603568e-7,0.2255493,0.0001657056,0.00004237657,0.000004821835,0.000005601697,0.0000698348,0.0005511405,0.03228721,0.7412849],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000226013,0.00007909397,7.737223e-9,0.02861788,0.00060404,0.00004182825,0.00009712771,0.00009263607,0.0006686769,0.0005223865,0.9681967,0.0008535427],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00001502825,0.9942138,0.00005366079,0.0001200756,0.0001090133,0.001146462,0.00001564716,0.000683591,0.003642723],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00009287932,0.9974808,0.000134917,0.0001305985,0.0000693579,0.0006705152,0.0001232424,0.0001416833,0.001156006],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9359096,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999431,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3176374135","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.05.088","title":"A comprehensive review on hydrogen production from coal gasification: Challenges and Opportunities","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":476,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology","funders":"","keywords":"Hydrogen production; Coal gasification; Waste management; Environmental science; Raw material; Exergy; Sustainability; Hydrogen; Coal; Energy carrier; Production (economics); tar (computing); Process engineering; Chemistry; Engineering; Computer science; Economics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08594430674640381,"gpt":0.2914365454103816,"spread":0.2054922386639778,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001126014,0.0003466392,0.00108367,0.0002360542,0.00002067889,0.00002871071,0.0004948968,0.0001669186,0.0001604682],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006484077,0.0002997158,0.0003405172,0.00006635363,0.00005743585,0.0001551785,0.00007922583,0.0002611103,0.00000990526],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001596907,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001302931,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002432239,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.518015e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99812,0.000116664,0.0008277923,0.0002590258,0.0005468644,0.0001296698],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998484,0.0001758376,0.0005341556,0.000216508,0.000463883,0.0001256011],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000661048,0.00003965805,3.91182e-8,0.004485937,0.00150253,0.0002214581,0.00003110737,0.00002417674,0.0002769941,0.0002824932,0.001309126,0.9918199],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001026849,0.00002590581,1.35143e-7,0.03313747,0.0003873339,0.0008817232,0.00003337195,0.000004782893,0.004803418,0.0001086864,0.9602732,0.0002413065],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002558938,0.9978136,0.000006993388,0.0006173536,0.0008594739,0.00007362628,0.00005328152,0.00004019955,0.0002795806],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0005626889,0.9980922,0.00004328132,0.0001828492,0.000775873,0.00001898002,0.0001958792,0.00005507728,0.00007311077],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9915786,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999455,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2904565408","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2018.12.003","title":"A review of the current knowledge and challenges of hydrothermal carbonization for biomass conversion","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Journal of the Energy Institute","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":453,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Prince Edward Island; University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change","keywords":"Hydrothermal carbonization; Biomass (ecology); Carbonization; Process (computing); Hydrothermal circulation; Greenhouse gas; Process engineering; Environmental science; Fossil fuel; Scale (ratio); Biofuel; Moisture; Waste management; Computer science; Engineering; Materials science; Chemical engineering; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03906841491297561,"gpt":0.2787662289620963,"spread":0.2396978140491207,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002728634,0.0002166959,0.0008582603,0.00009096268,0.0000343394,0.000004448703,0.00061102,0.0001274647,0.000004644626],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001741974,0.0001121539,0.0004921394,0.0002570844,0.0001743547,0.00008790246,0.0001337653,0.000148523,3.93181e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007821333,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000205159,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001217536,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001797368,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988248,0.00007458981,0.0007253447,0.0001003423,0.000169579,0.000105398],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984014,0.000105736,0.0009219693,0.0002702122,0.0002568969,0.00004380328],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007368635,0.00003817667,7.35969e-7,0.356937,0.0003449038,3.139748e-7,0.00003952911,0.000003897391,0.0002493425,0.0005679456,0.002229779,0.639581],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001532131,0.00002386905,4.547502e-7,0.1290483,0.0005950422,0.00002167683,0.00000128407,0.00001670378,0.007296827,0.00004624356,0.862697,0.00009940773],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00004507289,0.9974303,0.00007692932,0.00008773697,0.002005155,0.0001990314,0.00001983847,0.000007278182,0.0001286036],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0008289167,0.9988732,0.00003434976,0.00001203401,0.0002031107,0.000007399478,0.00000218457,0.0000258191,0.00001303577],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8604672,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4573501,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1978988445","doi":"10.1021/ie020107q","title":"Hydrogen by Catalytic Steam Reforming of Liquid Byproducts from Biomass Thermoconversion Processes","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":451,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Université de Sherbrooke; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Steam reforming; Biomass (ecology); Hydrogen production; Biofuel; Biomass to liquid; Naphtha; Waste management; Chemistry; Lignocellulosic biomass; Pulp and paper industry; Hydrogen; Catalysis; Chemical engineering; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0476979351342814,"gpt":0.2512845954044465,"spread":0.2035866602701651,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003351659,0.0003278059,0.0003715752,0.0001325289,0.00007239178,0.00003475863,0.000781773,0.000481054,0.0006064253],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008843091,0.0003369554,0.00007285255,0.001238712,0.0001365183,0.0002413009,0.0001861864,0.0007801874,0.00007238605],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002895042,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007993331,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007806947,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.13646e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975414,0.00002049886,0.000470676,0.0004820307,0.000781184,0.0007041983],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985261,0.0003080205,0.000064707,0.000575329,0.0002518948,0.0002739512],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004650845,0.0000436146,0.00002450104,0.0006862318,0.00009777823,0.00001042637,0.0001466265,0.0001496733,0.9949259,2.432284e-7,0.002505282,0.001363262],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006699336,0.00004616232,7.953157e-7,0.0002543089,0.00001857846,0.000004480615,0.0001214519,0.001119517,0.9914022,0.00000465406,0.006026383,0.0003315144],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9947719,0.00347123,0.000002452186,0.0001190249,0.0001430995,0.000236339,0.0001378989,0.0003924788,0.000725589],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988291,0.0001641052,0.000009646174,0.000001835261,0.0004104683,0.00003632334,0.0001018696,0.0000899272,0.0003567174],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00405722,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999083,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2319222399","doi":"10.1021/cr200024w","title":"Catalytic Steam Gasification of Biomass: Catalysts, Thermodynamics and Kinetics","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Chemical Reviews","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":437,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Chemistry; Catalysis; Kinetics; Biomass (ecology); Thermodynamics; Chemical engineering; Environmental chemistry; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04430533726421322,"gpt":0.2710325176176318,"spread":0.2267271803534185,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001738122,0.0005440878,0.002036007,0.0001197566,0.000009819008,0.00001299756,0.0005610205,0.0004805569,0.00003133563],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002207262,0.0004253359,0.0003692825,0.0004383392,0.0001688902,0.0000610864,0.0001330889,0.0002895847,0.0001193792],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001262196,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003877754,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002654591,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.391707e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979955,0.00003336374,0.001160889,0.0004133217,0.0001302788,0.0002666548],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985197,0.0001354742,0.0003969479,0.0007252077,0.00005318736,0.0001695144],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[9.848349e-7,0.0000283148,1.71662e-7,0.07669292,0.00006819001,7.082679e-7,0.00002147205,4.423828e-9,0.02328686,0.00005179956,0.0004565917,0.8993919],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006969782,0.00001040279,1.072517e-7,0.008392829,0.0007500234,0.00002354422,0.000002601338,0.000005964809,0.0536433,0.00005646504,0.936606,0.0004390545],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00007261998,0.9975221,0.00004114298,0.000002365004,0.00009708758,0.0006737831,0.00005955277,0.000113914,0.001417447],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0006580822,0.9984007,0.0003024097,0.000004431139,0.00004732636,0.0001029184,0.0003560407,0.00009825565,0.00002979066],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9361494,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998199,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2040439750","doi":"10.1021/ef901168f","title":"Torrefaction of Agriculture Residue To Enhance Combustible Properties","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energy & Fuels","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":428,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University; University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Torrefaction; Combustion; Bagasse; Pulp and paper industry; Heat of combustion; Coal; Husk; Water content; Briquette; Biomass (ecology); Raw material; Chemistry; Moisture; Waste management; Materials science; Pyrolysis; Agronomy; Organic chemistry; Botany","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005361858613560123,"gpt":0.1938589800052501,"spread":0.18849712139169,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00002877681,0.0000998452,0.000112044,0.00004014961,0.00002291039,0.00001097635,0.0001472246,0.0001000029,0.0001628762],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003224221,0.0000776056,0.00002747419,0.0001831465,0.0000214657,0.00009691137,0.00002793288,0.0001041272,0.00003163983],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001464399,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009443851,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000572084,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008086293,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995053,0.00000522211,0.0001260807,0.0001195364,0.0001127623,0.0001310282],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996707,0.00001479378,0.00002199341,0.0001580078,0.00006659167,0.00006787733],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008396169,0.00001038803,0.00002056526,0.00005225871,0.00001060313,5.269027e-7,0.0000812576,0.0001064905,0.9930542,0.0002124652,0.003226263,0.003216551],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003873184,0.00001631781,0.0001095407,0.00002519923,0.000004810114,0.00000160706,0.00003239615,0.000005368516,0.9792315,0.00006089992,0.02036505,0.0001085673],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9956432,0.0002169395,0.0003040243,0.0001001815,0.0004332149,0.00003631803,0.000003357017,0.0001868607,0.003075929],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979377,0.00002327693,0.0004531722,0.00004758226,0.00008616661,0.00001435142,0.000003903271,0.00001426043,0.001419531],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01713878,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3164665,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2094456151","doi":"10.1007/s12155-012-9281-4","title":"Characterization of North American Lignocellulosic Biomass and Biochars in Terms of their Candidacy for Alternate Renewable Fuels","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"BioEnergy Research","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":420,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan; York University","funders":"","keywords":"Hemicellulose; Biochar; Lignocellulosic biomass; Thermogravimetric analysis; Cellulose; Pyrolysis; Biomass (ecology); Chemistry; Biofuel; Lignin; Pulp and paper industry; Bioenergy; Environmental chemistry; Waste management; Agronomy; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02871565882855178,"gpt":0.2720603079377658,"spread":0.243344649109214,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002502944,0.00010375,0.000205047,0.0003113151,0.00002183236,0.000009461284,0.0001791145,0.00004067531,0.000007488194],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003342584,0.0000905637,0.00002777229,0.0006656899,0.0001831873,0.0001217334,0.00007236098,0.0000560654,9.365744e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003944909,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001520193,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005195109,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001491728,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990634,0.0000338366,0.0002272667,0.0001394323,0.0001687392,0.0003673413],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995024,0.00009833615,0.00005872987,0.0001641279,0.00007586235,0.0001005152],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004256485,0.00003794036,0.07329981,0.0002754385,0.00002052312,2.874127e-7,0.0001355584,0.000003253931,0.92031,0.00002769743,0.00001856471,0.005828401],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002271185,0.00006102772,0.02707152,0.0000335009,0.000002466972,7.800272e-7,0.00002495857,0.0002414584,0.9718531,0.00004213678,0.000352065,0.00008989817],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9992958,0.0001906122,0.00006972101,0.00003706659,0.00004993377,0.0001452703,0.00008891469,0.00002394387,0.00009873315],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993311,0.0003780466,0.0000710032,0.000003821911,0.00004357767,0.00003840763,0.00006427795,0.00002435919,0.0000453777],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05154311,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.369308,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2086788503","doi":"10.1007/s13399-013-0097-z","title":"Pathways of lignocellulosic biomass conversion to renewable fuels","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":398,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan; York University","funders":"","keywords":"Biofuel; Syngas; Biomass (ecology); Lignocellulosic biomass; Renewable energy; Renewable fuels; Biomass to liquid; Bioprocess; Fossil fuel; Waste management; Environmental science; Pulp and paper industry; Chemistry; Engineering; Chemical engineering; Catalysis; Agronomy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01176780046661861,"gpt":0.185012168113405,"spread":0.1732443676467864,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001372695,0.0003796574,0.0004301029,0.0004023956,0.00008688356,0.00005728121,0.0003442631,0.0003021968,0.0009193207],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003743986,0.0003336946,0.0001257172,0.0007127769,0.0001691088,0.0002927076,0.0002404412,0.0000996727,0.0005296338],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007148151,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003564947,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002572514,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002326135,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982291,0.00003074551,0.0004684425,0.0004617028,0.0003360081,0.0004740176],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987887,0.0001079058,0.0001006218,0.0003963639,0.0001670487,0.0004393516],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003295706,0.00004331959,0.001390941,0.0006265101,0.00004516308,0.000006968852,0.00008066842,0.000001126982,0.9702959,0.00002961446,0.02548094,0.00196589],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007684417,0.0001402896,0.0008059515,0.000101667,0.00003043055,0.000007762758,0.0002448811,0.0003198842,0.9845166,0.000100573,0.01251585,0.0004477087],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9956316,0.0008470517,0.0001455321,0.0004471639,0.000524105,0.0003726973,0.00005107773,0.0004044653,0.001576267],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984359,0.0001902494,0.0006079692,0.0002114871,0.00005433529,0.0000243328,0.00004212296,0.00004814163,0.0003854184],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01422067,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999994,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2259725448","doi":"10.1007/s12649-015-9459-z","title":"Biochar as an Exceptional Bioresource for Energy, Agronomy, Carbon Sequestration, Activated Carbon and Specialty Materials","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Waste and Biomass Valorization","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":392,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University; University of Saskatchewan; York University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Biochar; Pyrolysis; Carbon sequestration; Biomass (ecology); Carbon fibers; Char; Lignocellulosic biomass; Slash-and-char; Pulp and paper industry; Biofuel; Chemistry; Environmental science; Waste management; Materials science; Carbon dioxide; Agronomy; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01524553651790838,"gpt":0.2154635991965726,"spread":0.2002180626786642,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001041844,0.0001645886,0.0001425249,0.00009753218,0.0000447079,0.00008320454,0.00005913866,0.00014694,0.00001187643],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002483253,0.0001598427,0.00001314323,0.0001484802,0.00005197072,0.0001920323,0.00002331562,0.00002329278,9.61737e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004899857,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000346779,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001183807,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001137525,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992607,0.00002542119,0.0001948726,0.0002377837,0.0001250287,0.0001561952],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995725,0.00001859234,0.00005478506,0.00009734108,0.0001077245,0.0001490791],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005961068,0.0000126715,0.0002285572,0.00006138961,0.00002003937,6.039255e-7,0.0001525128,0.00000884255,0.9981526,0.0005059801,0.00006552598,0.0007317148],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005606677,0.0001020459,0.0001336335,0.0000204254,0.00002362391,0.000004717344,0.0001899039,0.0007496089,0.9959306,0.001503234,0.0005708605,0.000210734],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9985077,0.0001621585,0.0004324417,0.00007100948,0.0002233566,0.0001545769,0.00003549235,0.0001673491,0.0002459379],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988158,0.00004192607,0.0002108222,0.00001746038,0.0003759903,0.00002537988,0.0004322623,0.00002878414,0.00005157214],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002222006,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6518197,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4213044881","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2022.105479","title":"Review on the catalytic effects of alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) including sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium on the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and on the co-pyrolysis of coal with biomass","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":387,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"","keywords":"Biomass (ecology); Lignocellulosic biomass; Pyrolysis; Coal; Char; Chemistry; Catalysis; Context (archaeology); Pyrolysis oil; Waste management; Pulp and paper industry; Environmental science; Organic chemistry; Lignin; Engineering; Agronomy; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01659617943415696,"gpt":0.2292330304076136,"spread":0.2126368509734566,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00120124,0.0003683168,0.001082363,0.0002842955,0.0002232882,0.00004164443,0.0003529414,0.00008725402,0.00009824149],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001583288,0.0001792023,0.0002171228,0.0009074463,0.0005985714,0.00006078254,0.000185501,0.0004233824,0.000001114916],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000282749,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003050675,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001923429,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002085407,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977194,0.0001662921,0.0007919995,0.0003000773,0.0007520203,0.000270211],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9964386,0.002335606,0.0005792439,0.0003747249,0.000107356,0.0001645226],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006302593,0.000235138,0.0003290063,0.002766234,0.001783318,0.0000204564,0.0002604467,0.00009795304,0.9903163,0.00160748,0.0008142705,0.001139181],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009605974,0.0007673914,0.0005491369,0.0004841954,0.002784024,0.00004046057,0.0005655993,0.0009438547,0.9920928,0.0002752553,0.0002695766,0.0002670967],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9885353,0.00683309,0.00005381103,0.00387567,0.00002430125,0.0003455125,0.00004916648,0.00001251597,0.0002706634],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979768,0.001445445,0.0000222496,0.00044201,0.0000347902,0.00002073133,0.000004541687,0.00003116579,0.00002222337],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009441574,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7307656,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1975394359","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.094","title":"Strength, storage, and combustion characteristics of densified lignocellulosic biomass produced via torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Energy","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":381,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","keywords":"Torrefaction; Hydrothermal carbonization; Biomass (ecology); Combustion; Lignocellulosic biomass; Carbonization; Waste management; Pulp and paper industry; Slurry; Environmental science; Biofuel; Materials science; Chemistry; Pyrolysis; Environmental engineering; Composite material; Engineering; Agronomy; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004115423180205137,"gpt":0.1635148262269676,"spread":0.1593994030467625,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004849743,0.000129705,0.0001598632,0.00006433082,0.00002942637,0.00001323483,0.00004490982,0.0001070721,0.000008411954],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001129257,0.0001361282,0.00001065165,0.0001146302,0.00004492615,0.00004997787,0.0000225322,0.00004631227,0.000001214022],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002178345,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004458866,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002200765,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003585483,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994401,0.00001094135,0.0001722316,0.0001729734,0.0000905779,0.0001131981],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996946,0.00003658292,0.00006213889,0.0001215259,0.00003073666,0.00005435702],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001671805,0.00001412626,0.0001535122,0.000130254,0.00001746236,2.053481e-7,0.000049644,0.00007168142,0.9703542,0.0009502391,0.00001454,0.02822743],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002649575,0.00002192317,0.001096114,0.00001194269,0.00002347969,0.000002058641,0.00001221662,0.00904759,0.9890069,0.0001556602,0.0002104657,0.0001467059],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9945294,0.00007860136,0.004769267,0.00001143579,0.0001115485,0.0000569414,0.000002962367,0.0001351842,0.0003046039],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99965,0.00004608544,0.0001376671,0.00001350513,0.00006082069,0.00001027036,0.00004113037,0.00002765868,0.0000128358],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02808073,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5551148,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3087134029","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123970","title":"A technical review of bioenergy and resource recovery from municipal solid waste","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":381,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Mitacs","keywords":"Municipal solid waste; Waste management; Incineration; Resource recovery; Waste-to-energy; Energy recovery; Mobile incinerator; Environmental science; Waste treatment; Engineering; Waste collection; Wastewater","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01872389389725068,"gpt":0.2655740020173855,"spread":0.2468501081201348,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004593245,0.0004154404,0.003577191,0.0001599404,0.00001621312,0.00004454264,0.0005917676,0.0003558162,0.0004269391],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003945791,0.0003132619,0.0004429024,0.00021247,0.00007308515,0.00009544815,0.0002124133,0.0003126823,0.00001861993],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000893199,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001160959,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003834665,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.004384e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9970443,0.0001802531,0.002038405,0.0002049876,0.000322553,0.0002095101],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978907,0.0002708519,0.001253093,0.0003159797,0.00009300814,0.0001763902],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001028354,0.00004410992,4.428212e-8,0.3222214,0.001047542,0.0003074187,0.00003306445,0.00000258918,0.1563493,0.000009591748,0.02086308,0.499019],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001524975,0.00009566632,2.968161e-8,0.1376018,0.001034657,0.0003523062,0.000008060593,3.813054e-7,0.04906826,0.00004616717,0.8113814,0.0002587254],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0005400379,0.9983001,0.00001246593,0.00005538638,0.0004514223,0.0001917205,0.0002890118,0.00004752423,0.0001122876],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0001169767,0.9986051,0.0006188501,0.00007467071,0.0004386638,0.000007507997,0.00003678329,0.00008781887,0.0000136143],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7905183,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999319,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4311774858","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116496","title":"A comprehensive review of primary strategies for tar removal in biomass gasification","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Energy Conversion and Management","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":361,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Eusko Jaurlaritza; European Commission; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades","keywords":"Biomass gasification; tar (computing); Biomass (ecology); Waste management; Commercialization; Wood gas generator; Environmental science; Syngas; Biochar; Biofuel; Chemistry; Engineering; Pyrolysis; Catalysis; Business; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03341422514629937,"gpt":0.257248511230907,"spread":0.2238342860846076,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000118267,0.0002572305,0.000823566,0.0002661618,0.00002841982,0.00001115401,0.0002304178,0.00008769952,0.000183208],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004604973,0.0002476106,0.0001679187,0.0003551085,0.00003561059,0.00007140043,0.0001702107,0.00007831492,0.000002315841],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001891663,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003889564,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009154699,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.646251e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988651,0.00005030712,0.0004645384,0.0002918267,0.0001720038,0.0001562292],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994313,0.0001070271,0.0001550477,0.000238239,0.00002566959,0.00004270695],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005786779,0.00001644675,2.094693e-8,0.4598308,0.0001056294,0.00001198723,0.000009553568,0.000001239614,0.00004586838,0.00162241,0.00395003,0.5344002],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002615174,0.00001992858,2.736415e-7,0.01566954,0.0002357096,0.000005665656,0.0001025677,0.00002093005,0.00007042258,0.00005809677,0.9833314,0.0002239565],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000004731897,0.9964229,0.000215558,0.00002073649,0.0001946085,0.0005874966,0.00002564037,0.00006835275,0.002459926],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0000122265,0.9985529,0.0003907373,0.0001269159,0.00001098186,0.0002572369,0.0004677063,0.00003296587,0.0001482847],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9793814,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999976,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3175640710","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131372","title":"Hydrothermal pretreatment technologies for lignocellulosic biomass: A review of steam explosion and subcritical water hydrolysis","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Chemosphere","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":358,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; BioFuelNet Canada; University of Saskatchewan","keywords":"Steam explosion; Lignocellulosic biomass; Biomass (ecology); Bioconversion; Biofuel; Cellulose; Pulp and paper industry; Waste management; Hydrolysis; Hydrothermal carbonization; Environmental science; Chemistry; Carbonization; Organic chemistry; Agronomy; Fermentation; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01803532002109397,"gpt":0.2540251991129783,"spread":0.2359898790918843,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000111867,0.000549594,0.002021259,0.00003710801,0.00003267044,0.00002070567,0.0003231913,0.0005404632,0.0002656068],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009889802,0.0003783425,0.0005209372,0.0002792714,0.0001263875,0.00007302128,0.0001870973,0.0001839959,0.00001990615],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001220901,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004392537,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":7.557043e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.697875e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982385,0.00002655395,0.0006787337,0.000498586,0.0001879499,0.0003696756],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990396,0.0001652553,0.00008916937,0.0005425195,0.00008785402,0.0000755466],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002009703,0.00004978616,3.743874e-7,0.4287668,0.0003074635,0.000009277084,0.00001194298,4.352686e-8,0.004197318,0.00001073826,0.001178858,0.5654654],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001738854,0.00004356079,6.346039e-9,0.09305433,0.001248631,0.00002396244,0.00003500099,0.000009965378,0.4840184,0.00004110732,0.4209537,0.0003974595],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002953202,0.9978313,0.0000363026,0.00007041382,0.00008645636,0.001036632,0.00005738291,0.000411201,0.0001750089],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0006119598,0.997647,0.000641524,0.00001331958,0.00002584026,0.0006258889,0.0002166786,0.0001138769,0.000103929],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5650679,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998668,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2055434678","doi":"10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.056","title":"A technical and economic evaluation of the pyrolysis of sewage sludge for the production of bio-oil","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bioresource Technology","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":349,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Sewage sludge; Pyrolysis; Waste management; Pulp and paper industry; Sewage treatment; Sewage sludge treatment; Chemistry; Activated sludge; Environmental science; Char; Oil sludge; Yield (engineering); Materials science; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01143151598322766,"gpt":0.2318257191677261,"spread":0.2203942031844985,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005805307,0.00007053946,0.0001370535,0.000139062,0.00002272751,0.000001223115,0.0002284004,0.0001699752,0.000009179235],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003119718,0.00004599642,0.00004762334,0.0002760098,0.0003823502,0.00001555819,0.000065821,0.00006717008,4.666353e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004000713,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001589272,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005558334,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001452769,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994392,0.000008510956,0.000243779,0.0001150412,0.00009487597,0.00009853464],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993667,0.0001157167,0.0001170859,0.0003120229,0.00007906216,0.000009416757],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000182027,0.00001118155,0.000923594,0.00007694221,0.00002667276,1.377015e-8,0.00004178525,0.00007260316,0.9642512,0.0003008359,0.00008638304,0.03419054],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001802995,0.00002580026,0.001571257,0.0000208577,0.00009715186,0.000003650271,0.0002004195,0.0004843051,0.9964072,0.000355019,0.0006087912,0.00004522396],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9977764,0.001026621,0.0002417874,0.0005187357,0.00007161218,0.000208278,0.000008420277,0.00007872284,0.00006936577],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999621,0.00003059292,0.0002896406,0.000002961759,0.00001346851,0.00002190865,7.421349e-7,0.00001002189,0.00000960702],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03414532,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1875679,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3188189605","doi":"10.3390/catal11080939","title":"Hydrochar: A Review on Its Production Technologies and Applications","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Catalysts","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":330,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Hydrothermal carbonization; Biochar; Environmentally friendly; Renewable energy; Environmental science; Waste management; Biomass (ecology); Fossil fuel; Bioenergy; Carbon sequestration; Biofuel; Pyrolysis; Chemistry; Adsorption; Carbonization; Engineering; Carbon dioxide","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03138143304974188,"gpt":0.2815428434731913,"spread":0.2501614104234494,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000614697,0.000270646,0.0007885958,0.0001081036,0.00003214092,0.00001572489,0.0002235102,0.0002198183,0.0000120193],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001566789,0.0002294312,0.0001137654,0.0005916281,0.00003482136,0.00005022122,0.0000831393,0.000247258,0.0002338544],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007303789,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003356738,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":8.22285e-8,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.191428e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990978,0.00001236928,0.0002694027,0.000380874,0.0001022722,0.0001372489],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993099,0.0000421193,0.00007653555,0.0004904254,0.00004471307,0.00003630465],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[6.535654e-8,0.000005777991,7.133509e-9,0.1130898,0.00004922248,0.000002074757,0.000001691265,5.279697e-8,0.00009951764,0.00004443722,0.004144577,0.8825628],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001338602,0.000002724575,6.162049e-9,0.04337766,0.0002915272,0.00005305542,0.000005071848,1.914595e-7,0.007070992,0.00001235743,0.9489543,0.0002187166],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00000113991,0.9979763,0.000007409867,0.00006921947,0.00008917526,0.0007618347,0.00002393115,0.0007688362,0.0003021402],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00002414254,0.9984974,0.0000234372,0.00001363401,0.00005588265,0.0008839539,0.0002709549,0.00004353652,0.000187045],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9448097,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9355934,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2000330305","doi":"10.1021/ef0200323","title":"Pyrolysis of Lignins:  Experimental and Kinetics Studies","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energy & Fuels","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":304,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"","keywords":"Thermogravimetric analysis; Lignin; Pyrolysis; Activation energy; Kraft process; Chemistry; Kraft paper; Order of reaction; Kinetics; Hydrogen; Nuclear chemistry; Organic chemistry; Chemical engineering; Reaction rate constant","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01573944534850091,"gpt":0.2186471063513237,"spread":0.2029076610028228,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00001176557,0.00008958191,0.0001387931,0.00003972053,0.00001067945,0.000005055657,0.00006538552,0.00003906889,0.0001649175],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001246971,0.00008388552,0.00002588582,0.00009574842,0.00006187442,0.00004557303,0.00004051394,0.00002297699,0.000005404757],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001443168,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":6.186307e-7,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001793491,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.672961e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996077,0.000004824628,0.0001196151,0.0000915393,0.00007977638,0.00009657496],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997925,0.00003529854,0.00001821211,0.00009592386,0.0000210679,0.00003700128],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001250387,0.00002075751,0.00002177927,0.00003259425,0.0000672716,0.000001880414,0.000344036,0.000008063001,0.9955594,0.0001429171,0.0009135664,0.002886481],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001456139,0.00003140196,0.000009549793,0.00001496616,0.00001202859,0.000001615023,0.0002807891,0.00003756418,0.9971138,0.00008947308,0.002175695,0.00008746042],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9571053,0.0407348,0.00003285259,0.00003059591,0.00007531017,0.00001208213,0.000002105148,0.00008822908,0.001918702],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982664,0.001174327,0.0002548688,0.000031054,0.00002700099,0.000006513417,8.444603e-7,0.00001376692,0.000225224],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04116108,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3420752,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1154342805","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2015.08.031","title":"Comparative evaluation of torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of solid biofuel","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energy Conversion and Management","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":301,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","keywords":"Torrefaction; Biofuel; Biomass (ecology); Lignocellulosic biomass; Hydrothermal carbonization; Pulp and paper industry; Waste management; Environmental science; Production (economics); Biorefinery; Carbonization; Solid fuel; Biomass to liquid; Bioenergy; Chemistry; Pyrolysis; Agronomy; Engineering; Combustion; Organic chemistry; Biology; Economics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02934458789397697,"gpt":0.2495849683849484,"spread":0.2202403804909714,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002223698,0.00006752032,0.000113821,0.0000755923,0.00001828885,0.000002568274,0.0000427176,0.00003254275,0.00000671937],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001304579,0.00005391611,0.0000172531,0.0001180938,0.00006239446,0.00007011181,0.000027446,0.00001296902,1.580454e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002755811,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008719482,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000230112,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003467306,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995003,0.00002138105,0.0001516411,0.00009713103,0.0001773978,0.00005211315],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996136,0.00002800748,0.00008811959,0.00008456649,0.0001623951,0.00002331564],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002021763,0.00007915993,0.0002280545,0.001329078,0.0003578357,1.13134e-7,0.001578461,0.003646971,0.9623564,0.002285735,0.001365438,0.02657052],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005539634,0.00005099521,0.0001918544,0.00003545404,0.0001337311,3.059825e-7,0.0009647848,0.0454885,0.9516305,0.0001824209,0.000712253,0.00005522322],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9943228,0.001354736,0.003157699,0.0000803354,0.0003423004,0.000339609,0.000004995567,0.00002327745,0.0003741861],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99951,0.0002811724,0.0001026083,0.000004727379,0.00001264901,0.00001924764,0.000008736622,0.000005642598,0.00005518143],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04184152,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2198635,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1975087764","doi":"10.1016/s0961-9534(02)00131-9","title":"Emulsification of pyrolysis derived bio-oil in diesel fuel","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biomass and Bioenergy","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":300,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada","funders":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","keywords":"Emulsion; Diesel fuel; Cetane number; Emulsified fuel; Pulmonary surfactant; Pyrolysis; Viscosity; Heat of combustion; Kerosene; Fuel oil; Volume (thermodynamics); Chromatography; Pyrolysis oil; Chemistry; Pulp and paper industry; Chemical engineering; Materials science; Waste management; Organic chemistry; Biodiesel; Composite material; Combustion","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008811586043419492,"gpt":0.1912958431084254,"spread":0.1824842570650059,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005642723,0.0001118638,0.000149898,0.0001311605,0.00001466543,0.00001037908,0.00007773001,0.00009454435,0.00004199926],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002882893,0.0000996801,0.00003198373,0.0003545627,0.00006347706,0.00005683242,0.00001576752,0.00002866682,0.000003292181],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002049842,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007951382,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003636076,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003321103,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994103,0.00001561187,0.0001962828,0.0001501586,0.00008013228,0.00014746],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997267,0.00002718835,0.00003392778,0.0001302174,0.0000302843,0.00005174208],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006681625,0.00002329203,0.001747838,0.0001303185,0.00002007392,0.000001304363,0.00004598508,0.000004323526,0.9912063,0.0007459523,0.00003069042,0.006037228],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002952366,0.00001362078,0.002336011,0.00001817445,0.000008650947,0.000001537745,0.00009483082,0.0001241336,0.994059,0.0001781603,0.002737267,0.0001333785],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9956654,0.002872546,0.00008829024,0.00005816333,0.00007190018,0.00001827406,0.00000668858,0.00006185596,0.001156849],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989487,0.0006550291,0.00029916,0.00001006227,0.000008613929,0.000008934213,0.000008660099,0.00001254585,0.00004829216],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005903849,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4064837,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2873352890","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2018.07.010","title":"Preparation, modification and development of Ni-based catalysts for catalytic reforming of tar produced from biomass gasification","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":293,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province; Department of Education of Hebei Province; Queen's University; Beihang University; Queen's University Belfast","keywords":"Catalysis; tar (computing); Syngas; Steam reforming; Industrial catalysts; Coke; Catalytic reforming; Chemical engineering; Materials science; Waste management; Chemistry; Catalyst support; Hydrogen production; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0193756259511234,"gpt":0.2533164590021987,"spread":0.2339408330510753,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003135048,0.0001324742,0.0002949548,0.00008617825,0.0001258816,0.00001925035,0.00009430177,0.0000699016,0.000002768768],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001166944,0.0001164881,0.00002358683,0.000230466,0.00005803503,0.0001576555,0.00002589945,0.00001523549,5.286411e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007976959,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001059602,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005616318,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008435495,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990023,0.00001637564,0.0004882812,0.0002332793,0.00008100156,0.0001787975],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991965,0.00003657299,0.0001802872,0.0002577817,0.0002777344,0.0000511759],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005851503,0.00003249084,0.0001002283,0.003628923,0.00004117652,1.763799e-7,0.0006182314,0.00007558959,0.9693313,0.0001398966,0.0006556746,0.02531783],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002357755,0.00003306698,0.00001786284,0.0001115597,0.00002925226,3.813825e-7,0.0002374445,0.001553841,0.9507129,0.0002265605,0.04671866,0.0001227132],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.944216,0.02320746,0.03128946,0.00005110549,0.00006012816,0.0007879316,0.00001277448,0.0000777505,0.0002974163],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9944726,0.0006634915,0.004152944,0.000007722337,0.00002750728,0.0001506926,0.0002023881,0.00001652873,0.0003061362],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05025661,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4750245,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2021454531","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2010.02.014","title":"Recent advances in catalysts for hot-gas removal of tar and NH3 from biomass gasification","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fuel","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":288,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministère de l’Éducation, Gouvernement de l’Ontario; Ontario Centres of Excellence","keywords":"Syngas; tar (computing); Waste management; Biomass (ecology); Producer gas; Biomass gasification; Syngas to gasoline plus; Chemistry; Catalysis; Fuel gas; Integrated gasification combined cycle; Combustion; Environmental science; Biofuel; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007808500976931674,"gpt":0.2195862660666295,"spread":0.2117777650896978,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004887436,0.0000665438,0.00009789956,0.00004584436,0.000007739397,0.000005444209,0.00008371222,0.00006583011,0.00002316511],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001060907,0.00006548818,0.00001434986,0.00009940653,0.0000290292,0.0001054456,0.00001320694,0.00005176389,0.000004385822],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001334757,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007205241,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001265049,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007860639,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995978,0.000003153562,0.0001332135,0.0001199574,0.00005667044,0.00008919718],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997021,0.00006364159,0.00003062964,0.0001233327,0.00004732944,0.00003296452],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002303777,0.00001091966,0.0003028605,0.0001362335,0.000005340003,9.514158e-7,0.0001113639,0.000001148805,0.9539272,0.0000391561,0.0001350318,0.04530682],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003184196,0.000008356728,0.001095232,0.00001778008,0.000006443991,0.000001926627,0.00004101941,0.000258702,0.944181,0.001568012,0.05241821,0.00008493298],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9919018,0.007126824,0.00009294667,0.00008538124,0.0002811002,0.0001071082,0.00004926935,0.00004994427,0.0003055817],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957586,0.001242061,0.002868865,0.00000612632,0.00003793973,0.00001317888,0.00005328906,0.00001140933,0.00000851514],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05228318,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2670531,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2003731584","doi":"10.3390/en5103856","title":"Ash Management Review—Applications of Biomass Bottom Ash","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energies","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":268,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Northern British Columbia","funders":"University of Northern British Columbia","keywords":"Bottom ash; Bioenergy; Environmental science; Combustion; Fly ash; Waste management; Biomass (ecology); Wood ash; Leaching (pedology); Coal; Biofuel; Soil water; Chemistry; Engineering; Agronomy; Soil science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006517090703420398,"gpt":0.2149563251329484,"spread":0.208439234429528,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007292489,0.00009056721,0.0001219161,0.00005200207,0.00001711012,0.000004695811,0.0001733218,0.00003635458,0.0002728097],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006444242,0.00008533907,0.00004353415,0.0002506568,0.00002969695,0.00009486942,0.00005884196,0.00003766755,0.0001111431],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001927897,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000002677136,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002779884,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.724822e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994774,0.000006672857,0.0001614126,0.00007703525,0.0001162368,0.0001612624],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996332,0.00002456236,0.00003036822,0.0002372152,0.00002414803,0.00005053157],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000410555,0.0001122774,0.0008756758,0.009279199,0.0002605599,0.000001353843,0.0002046481,0.00009411147,0.8040094,0.01001396,0.1158463,0.05929846],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007270792,0.000002897839,0.0002926377,0.0001501299,0.00003903547,0.000001081528,0.00007028032,0.000004552509,0.8382815,0.0001636598,0.1607967,0.0001248402],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5889403,0.2841506,0.00327791,0.0006036448,0.0008948866,0.0009222842,0.00005415134,0.001826512,0.1193298],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9908705,0.005598976,0.002734621,0.0000631629,0.00005068226,0.0001008275,0.00001487693,0.00001800769,0.0005483129],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4019303,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3480026,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2061313218","doi":"10.1016/j.biortech.2007.08.069","title":"Pyrolysis of glycerol for the production of hydrogen or syn gas","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bioresource Technology","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":263,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"","keywords":"Glycerol; Biodiesel; Diesel fuel; Pyrolysis; Raw material; Biodiesel production; Chemistry; Hydrogen; Heat of combustion; Syngas; Gas composition; Biofuel; Pulp and paper industry; Chemical engineering; Waste management; Materials science; Organic chemistry; Catalysis; Combustion","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009040847110247677,"gpt":0.2165000883244173,"spread":0.2074592412141696,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001556809,0.00009173276,0.000162547,0.0002002375,0.00002514936,0.000001344329,0.0002966855,0.0001870395,0.00003062873],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002974457,0.00006193655,0.00005447103,0.0005906469,0.0002213774,0.00001656585,0.00004311931,0.0000714132,0.000003551966],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002126448,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007925557,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003311099,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005263576,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993762,0.000002654351,0.0002327323,0.0001279914,0.00008513208,0.0001752591],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993892,0.0001354996,0.00007494479,0.0003161613,0.00006641875,0.0000177582],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001010343,0.00001803839,0.0003169797,0.0001082629,0.0000725326,5.230454e-7,0.00005540152,0.00004004992,0.9719809,0.0001556328,0.0003002037,0.02685045],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001452126,0.00006438792,0.00004248707,0.00001729824,0.00004455041,0.000008220485,0.0002917904,0.0001056842,0.9926377,0.0002072525,0.006369261,0.00006619027],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9966736,0.0008449066,0.001270404,0.0005188964,0.00007278908,0.0002403055,0.00000560021,0.0003218094,0.00005173465],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991803,0.00003486315,0.0006501878,0.000006985877,0.00002893728,0.0000218191,0.000001299238,0.00001928047,0.00005638944],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02678425,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2525699,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3130640969","doi":"10.1039/d0gc04092d","title":"A review on key design and operational parameters to optimize and develop hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass for biorefinery applications","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Green Chemistry","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":245,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Kelowna General Hospital; University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Biorefinery; Hydrothermal liquefaction; Hydrothermal circulation; Liquefaction; Biomass (ecology); Yield (engineering); Key (lock); Process (computing); Process engineering; Biochemical engineering; Environmental science; Computer science; Chemistry; Waste management; Engineering; Chemical engineering; Materials science; Biofuel; Geology; Organic chemistry; Oceanography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0372422071154214,"gpt":0.276636668567829,"spread":0.2393944614524076,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001173369,0.0002852807,0.0007295483,0.00004122916,0.0000309043,0.00001870584,0.0001357212,0.0002303115,0.00003423141],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000689724,0.000264132,0.00009231373,0.0002726359,0.00003965024,0.00003323157,0.00004765853,0.0001106015,0.000003051712],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006220109,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000110556,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002392827,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.006663e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999032,0.00001740176,0.000384397,0.0003373392,0.00009200977,0.0001368273],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999255,0.0002488491,0.00009379337,0.0002110982,0.00008462833,0.0001066353],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009818547,0.0000247938,2.684539e-7,0.2153006,0.0002674034,0.000001336209,0.00001146735,0.00001575803,0.02091775,0.000009781495,0.00158671,0.7618543],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001988337,0.0000211457,1.144086e-7,0.02901858,0.0004260241,0.00004965797,0.00000381436,0.00008313883,0.2114737,0.00001118958,0.7581502,0.000563536],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00005860721,0.9917592,0.006900886,0.00006248424,0.00001585298,0.0009580446,0.000143097,0.00005798284,0.00004378593],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00001998221,0.977939,0.02039283,0.00007717656,0.00003320713,0.001175213,0.0002545568,0.00004849791,0.00005953703],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7612907,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999811,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4214834239","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134181","title":"Catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for bio-oil production: A review","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Chemosphere","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":241,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Lignocellulosic biomass; Pyrolysis; Biomass (ecology); Raw material; Pulp and paper industry; Pyrolysis oil; Catalysis; Biofuel; Environmental science; Waste management; Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Engineering; Agronomy; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03071042974906965,"gpt":0.260383639256239,"spread":0.2296732095071693,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002108331,0.0005425618,0.001967956,0.00004641122,0.00005525027,0.00001303892,0.0006916742,0.0002545517,0.001466285],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002313197,0.0004963443,0.0008585909,0.001263441,0.00007541804,0.0000709653,0.0001338361,0.000261801,0.00007027516],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002514856,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001667914,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000230359,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.926534e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979735,0.00002412618,0.0008531839,0.0005630238,0.0002674252,0.0003187298],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998479,0.0001648881,0.0003368426,0.0008355164,0.00008338565,0.000100376],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000137503,0.00002215757,6.310065e-8,0.377665,0.0002344881,0.000001572263,0.000006726048,1.975168e-7,0.0002667532,0.000001567571,0.02131891,0.6004812],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000848429,0.00001538536,4.777168e-9,0.02069277,0.001725049,0.00002167075,0.00001102689,0.000001962478,0.04507267,0.00001358659,0.931906,0.0004550395],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000008317941,0.9970891,0.00000680462,0.00005732665,0.0005228976,0.0006794924,0.0001558268,0.0003012161,0.001179046],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00001835643,0.9966212,0.0002464005,0.00001967743,0.0001453246,0.0008515659,0.0005817121,0.0001618303,0.001353969],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9105871,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997488,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2890443641","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2018.09.008","title":"Production, prospects and potential application of pyroligneous acid in agriculture","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":239,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"","keywords":"Pyrolysis; Biomass (ecology); Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Agriculture; Pulp and paper industry; Waste management; Environmental science; Agronomy; Biology; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.002875967388368529,"gpt":0.1829010232773014,"spread":0.1800250558889329,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009735302,0.00008686935,0.0002268042,0.0001006775,0.00001992999,0.00001284154,0.00006580144,0.00007229298,0.00001339979],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001886799,0.00006254268,0.00003422966,0.0003093506,0.0001109021,0.00005750675,0.00001967211,0.0001077881,0.000001768913],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001461044,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006527334,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001001709,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001485112,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993559,0.000004131442,0.0002903526,0.0001064462,0.0001458005,0.00009736552],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996583,0.00001152972,0.0000875451,0.00006185927,0.000105919,0.00007486616],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007112065,0.00004068802,0.0004530103,0.00007234996,0.00006356167,0.00000228426,0.0000976596,0.00009370093,0.9922044,0.0003395772,0.0002381725,0.006323535],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003766145,0.00006917499,0.002726141,0.00002136408,0.0001190915,0.00006099947,0.00012337,0.001026076,0.9935449,0.001620288,0.0002012418,0.0001106964],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9982145,0.0002942627,0.0008833152,0.0002082605,0.00002766455,0.0000605742,0.000001024662,0.0000123847,0.0002980525],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992665,0.00009024004,0.0004458542,0.00001329421,0.0001614038,0.000001757017,6.619831e-7,0.000005971683,0.00001431605],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006212839,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2550417,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2017865626","doi":"10.1007/s13399-012-0058-y","title":"A review on advances of torrefaction technologies for biomass processing","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":238,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Torrefaction; Briquette; Biomass (ecology); Waste management; Environmental science; Coal; Solid fuel; Renewable energy; Pellets; Biofuel; Pulp and paper industry; Bioenergy; Combustion; Environmentally friendly; Pyrolysis; Materials science; Engineering; Chemistry; Agronomy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03641442039029783,"gpt":0.2853349065430997,"spread":0.2489204861528019,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002000148,0.0005907679,0.001430856,0.00041815,0.00007205563,0.00002128609,0.0003240309,0.0006096577,0.00002832129],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006645751,0.0004272199,0.0003532531,0.0006171933,0.0001866018,0.0002197415,0.000102414,0.0001837425,0.00002331098],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001038007,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005516412,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000147463,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.595145e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982833,0.00002895292,0.0006726953,0.0004379747,0.0002016611,0.0003754473],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989054,0.0001836103,0.0003987086,0.0003264539,0.00008983337,0.00009600045],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009914985,0.00002336811,0.000001404133,0.2654028,0.00005089873,6.191872e-7,0.000002710407,4.407654e-9,0.002091618,0.00001198524,0.001419731,0.7309849],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001988745,0.00007368554,2.765783e-7,0.03926504,0.0006158184,0.00001352289,0.00002393697,0.000004867748,0.02426916,0.000009943317,0.9350439,0.0004810267],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00004238325,0.9976499,0.000042167,0.00005094332,0.0004956308,0.0008167364,0.0001516744,0.0006272154,0.0001233507],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0008831998,0.9983529,0.0002562725,0.00002976403,0.0000617205,0.000153681,0.0001538281,0.0000711021,0.00003755886],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9336241,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999818,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2753037190","doi":"10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.162","title":"Pyrolysis, kinetics analysis, thermodynamics parameters and reaction mechanism of Typha latifolia to evaluate its bioenergy potential","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bioresource Technology","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":229,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Alabama Commission on Higher Education","keywords":"Bioenergy; Pyrolysis; Kinetics; Biofuel; Mechanism (biology); Chemistry; Biomass (ecology); Environmental science; Thermodynamics; Environmental chemistry; Waste management; Environmental engineering; Engineering; Ecology; Biology; Physics; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008939399488694568,"gpt":0.2255982317019496,"spread":0.216658832213255,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008720077,0.0001782208,0.0003080673,0.0005731406,0.00007396349,0.00002777345,0.0004514865,0.0003186664,0.00001515974],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001070702,0.0001739603,0.00007444742,0.0004300704,0.0001397342,0.00004746177,0.0001920709,0.0001117111,0.00001135804],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000379424,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005741425,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002810368,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001865591,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991009,0.00001219183,0.0002324606,0.0002702662,0.0001529107,0.000231221],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990697,0.00001723487,0.0001349456,0.0006208248,0.00008249214,0.00007483329],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001898444,0.00001548732,0.0001875343,0.000022031,0.0003073141,0.000003297815,0.00002361899,0.0003498397,0.9908879,0.001070001,0.00001215784,0.007101797],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002557157,0.00007721961,0.001644895,0.00001368672,0.0004311663,0.000005555414,0.0000569697,0.02275694,0.9729859,0.00137773,0.0001802986,0.000213888],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959931,0.0002273548,0.00275344,0.0003755245,0.00008805855,0.0001093743,0.00001964166,0.0003015192,0.000132016],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985782,0.00009060601,0.001224875,0.00001580875,0.00001167064,0.00001226392,0.00000884302,0.00002696305,0.00003076617],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0224071,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7093893,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4294162691","doi":"10.3390/en15176352","title":"A Review of Thermochemical Conversion of Waste Biomass to Biofuels","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Energies","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":227,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; BioFuelNet Canada","keywords":"Biofuel; Biomass (ecology); Biochar; Waste management; Raw material; Fossil fuel; Biodiesel; Bioenergy; Torrefaction; Renewable energy; Commercialization; Environmental science; Renewable fuels; Combustion; Lignocellulosic biomass; Renewable resource; Pyrolysis; Engineering; Business; Chemistry; Agronomy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02621247358451284,"gpt":0.2695955463165758,"spread":0.243383072732063,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001633014,0.0003870677,0.001716052,0.0002431889,0.00001922258,0.000004615204,0.0007226869,0.0001910887,0.001721935],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001356991,0.0003286187,0.0005144666,0.0009166359,0.0000818789,0.00004495701,0.0003487075,0.0001915064,0.00002907855],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001007987,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008513726,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004715129,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.866086e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983128,0.00006415167,0.0007985651,0.0002879979,0.0003114401,0.0002250994],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987941,0.000278149,0.0002505929,0.0005266809,0.00005473924,0.00009569197],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004340725,0.00002451976,1.244741e-7,0.6782392,0.0002201389,0.00000390063,0.00004130917,0.000003540509,0.02628058,0.00002142201,0.007389809,0.2877711],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005071224,0.00002307333,7.466429e-9,0.04804468,0.0002421447,0.000005182336,0.00002646826,6.243703e-7,0.2068248,0.000006962433,0.7445282,0.0002471084],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0003478166,0.9979028,0.000003201535,0.000009184982,0.0002741604,0.0003248643,0.0001105586,0.0001340349,0.0008933909],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0001688343,0.9992527,0.0001627263,0.00003965982,0.00003625711,0.00008918719,0.0001181303,0.00007604726,0.00005642683],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7371384,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999166,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3204160106","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2021.111698","title":"Variation of lignocellulosic biomass structure from torrefaction: A critical review","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":227,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"National Cheng Kung University; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; Ministry of Education","keywords":"Torrefaction; Biomass (ecology); Lignocellulosic biomass; Biofuel; Pulp and paper industry; Cellulose; Environmental science; Pyrolysis; Thermogravimetric analysis; Raw material; Lignin; Materials science; Waste management; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Agronomy; Organic chemistry; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01877159423068547,"gpt":0.2587567283652021,"spread":0.2399851341345167,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002949044,0.000632274,0.003346216,0.0001536663,0.00008264324,0.0000622278,0.0003127506,0.0005483605,0.0008067503],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000445035,0.0005169801,0.000489024,0.001006585,0.00006281955,0.0002223043,0.0001712186,0.0002320627,0.000005916067],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002034581,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002480235,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003426749,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008211006,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971925,0.0002531878,0.001255854,0.0005744705,0.0002319766,0.0004920247],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982924,0.0003250533,0.0003112782,0.0006481102,0.0002341046,0.0001890288],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001217627,0.0000224435,1.407021e-7,0.4486515,0.0002126569,0.00004299179,0.00001351706,0.000002184824,0.0004188907,0.0007955435,0.009146131,0.5406928],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006368506,0.00001451366,3.625733e-8,0.05599742,0.001289565,0.00002464608,0.00001997617,0.000007086677,0.00103374,0.0004085435,0.9406847,0.0004560804],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000001528944,0.9979896,0.0006652997,0.00002417323,0.0002634906,0.0003855449,0.0000679356,0.00009186164,0.0005105968],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00002063275,0.997599,0.0003243683,0.00006289021,0.0001939031,0.0001275619,0.0004878065,0.00008124985,0.001102569],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9315386,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997282,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1267894554","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2015.08.055","title":"Hydrothermal liquefaction of woody biomass in hot-compressed water: Catalyst screening and comprehensive characterization of bio-crude oils","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fuel","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":226,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Hydrothermal liquefaction; Catalysis; Chemistry; Phenol; Nuclear chemistry; Yield (engineering); Liquefaction; Pyrolysis; Organic chemistry; Materials science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01637420754389881,"gpt":0.2137429634089947,"spread":0.1973687558650959,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005253445,0.0001124984,0.0002061385,0.0001447081,0.000007902833,0.000008108193,0.00008672242,0.00008729289,0.00001600272],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001045138,0.000101634,0.0000231591,0.0001488768,0.00004933551,0.0001772379,0.00003892197,0.00005791042,0.000004505416],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002101947,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007763678,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007038962,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003654003,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993702,0.00001921587,0.00024153,0.0001225211,0.0001146661,0.0001319315],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996674,0.00002139473,0.00005729222,0.0001172208,0.00007700998,0.00005970577],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007445663,0.00001938079,0.000828739,0.0003860409,0.00002272349,0.000001692107,0.0005429108,0.00003682569,0.9972321,0.000003652905,0.000005664874,0.0008458255],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005928676,0.00002756787,0.006986417,0.00007149378,0.000009680076,0.000002698709,0.0000718739,0.0009827878,0.9909495,0.00001823457,0.0001779646,0.0001089484],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9988415,0.0001964768,0.0005847096,0.00002716707,0.00007052304,0.0001117665,0.00002611563,0.0000659473,0.00007582214],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996542,0.00002487474,0.0001689656,0.000008561155,0.00001672688,0.000006247651,0.00009501036,0.00001853151,0.000006901574],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006282622,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4144515,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3131884509","doi":"10.1007/s10311-020-01165-9","title":"Biochar production, activation and adsorptive applications: a review","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Environmental Chemistry Letters","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":222,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Biochar; Torrefaction; Waste management; Environmental science; Slash-and-char; Biomass (ecology); Carbon sequestration; Carbonization; Pyrolysis; Fossil fuel; Charcoal; Renewable energy; Amendment; Adsorption; Chemistry; Carbon dioxide; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008478007873903666,"gpt":0.2125990071513443,"spread":0.2041209992774407,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004390814,0.0003439837,0.0005789377,0.00001957618,0.00003667789,0.00001606975,0.0001487319,0.0001490915,0.0004738319],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001574477,0.000351065,0.0001306017,0.0001438477,0.00009370574,0.00009990342,0.000073427,0.0002611128,0.00008587565],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002499236,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001096835,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":1.187462e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.296221e-9,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989374,0.00001610519,0.0003011136,0.0004433356,0.0001481414,0.0001539065],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994622,0.00003089681,0.0001076508,0.0003218808,0.000003293196,0.00007402399],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[3.51151e-7,0.00002740737,5.356021e-7,0.1139586,0.0001888907,0.000002786147,0.00001083507,6.843783e-7,0.4265638,4.087555e-7,0.005469148,0.4537766],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003275118,6.96919e-7,1.102214e-7,0.01351479,0.0002266514,0.00004641584,0.000008981062,1.362708e-7,0.1466807,0.000001024799,0.8391585,0.0003292186],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001461536,0.9989141,0.00006022126,0.0001384145,0.00003187331,0.0005142607,0.00004278504,0.0001098623,0.00004238938],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00005304477,0.9980821,0.0000955275,0.0001436594,0.0001432118,0.00056423,0.0007800224,0.00006020375,0.00007802722],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8336893,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998941,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2050523536","doi":"10.1016/j.biortech.2005.06.019","title":"Specific energy requirement for compacting corn stover","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bioresource Technology","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":221,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan; University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Corn stover; Briquette; Stover; Moisture; Raw material; Biomass (ecology); Pulp and paper industry; Bioenergy; Environmental science; Water content; Biofuel; Waste management; Agronomy; Materials science; Coal; Crop; Chemistry; Composite material; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01374362052145662,"gpt":0.2134049329028043,"spread":0.1996613123813477,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005044492,0.0001569835,0.0001682361,0.0002043631,0.00005328254,0.00001364237,0.0002911196,0.0002186221,0.0001476605],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002599475,0.0001593141,0.00005040682,0.0002713787,0.00009549988,0.00004511165,0.00006074458,0.00009682674,0.00006277591],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001288126,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000601724,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000127399,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001867501,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991546,0.000003625654,0.0002011664,0.0002113532,0.00009063334,0.000338575],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995452,0.00004875282,0.00004097992,0.0002755995,0.00003602636,0.00005348194],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001755327,0.0000247832,0.0001215903,0.00002703982,0.0000298195,0.000001666604,0.00003570195,0.00006977511,0.8990261,0.002586467,0.01383131,0.0842282],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002529967,0.00002185769,0.00000835011,0.000009948113,0.000004720683,0.000005116568,0.00006467757,0.0005992884,0.5853155,0.0002640776,0.4133259,0.0001275983],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9659789,0.003240972,0.02035786,0.002139891,0.0002870554,0.0002640364,0.0000255957,0.003972454,0.003733191],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9952896,0.00003539929,0.004205054,0.00009647953,0.0001310948,0.00003367652,0.000008568234,0.00004095977,0.0001591362],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3994946,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.649664,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2011594513","doi":"10.1155/2012/542426","title":"Biofuels Production from Biomass by Thermochemical Conversion Technologies","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Chemical Engineering","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":221,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique; Centre de Recherche Industrielle du Québec","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Biomass (ecology); Biofuel; Raw material; Fossil fuel; Agriculture; Environmental economics; Renewable energy; Natural resource economics; Bioenergy; Environmental science; Production (economics); Productivity; Business; Waste management; Biochemical engineering; Engineering; Economics; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005345086369440365,"gpt":0.1971878371636804,"spread":0.19184275079424,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009760019,0.0001824138,0.0001995006,0.0001413817,0.000008471628,0.000027238,0.000516583,0.0001863356,0.00008907422],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002854261,0.0001674764,0.0001060403,0.0001482519,0.00005206346,0.0004516342,0.00007766211,0.0003014051,0.00002184258],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001985332,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009509507,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000135083,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.893256e-9,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988559,0.000004565701,0.0003810609,0.000110734,0.0004076162,0.0002400788],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994166,0.00009353449,0.0001022723,0.0001126253,0.0001633084,0.0001116082],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002487816,0.0000423458,0.0002783975,0.00002365796,0.0001616319,0.000004082791,0.00005102023,0.00002444777,0.9936417,0.00001221863,0.002589154,0.003146482],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002817367,0.000006549623,0.00001228134,0.00007672425,0.00002030138,0.00005598951,0.0000369107,0.000255473,0.9953096,0.0001111314,0.003653358,0.0001799624],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9930067,0.002676144,0.001404896,0.0004295133,0.002040554,0.00003869471,0.0000156516,0.0003355247,0.00005231486],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997475,0.00009474379,0.001869213,0.00001607153,0.0004844143,0.000002844222,0.00002059851,0.00003187405,0.000005232712],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0044683,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.682949,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2091178324","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2013.02.006","title":"Fuel characterization and co-pyrolysis kinetics of biomass and fossil fuels","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fuel","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":221,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; University of British Columbia","funders":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of Toronto","keywords":"Pyrolysis; Char; Biomass (ecology); Coal; Thermogravimetric analysis; Kinetics; Sawdust; Coke; Chemical engineering; Solid fuel; Chemistry; Nitrogen; Materials science; Pulp and paper industry; Organic chemistry; Combustion; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006908239651765046,"gpt":0.1928201378326524,"spread":0.1859118981808874,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00002101368,0.00009899209,0.0001331456,0.00006288613,0.000009811913,0.00002837755,0.00006198231,0.00007749402,0.0001720473],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001992419,0.00009427297,0.00001577371,0.0001192765,0.00006084919,0.000137791,0.00002715292,0.00003627387,0.00002116872],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007871606,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000002400021,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006434663,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.590763e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999541,0.000006111108,0.000148354,0.0001125785,0.00008044312,0.0001115584],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997098,0.00003129776,0.00003615158,0.0001083669,0.00004695844,0.00006744476],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002315055,0.000009415593,0.001065109,0.0004897374,0.00001926176,3.730482e-7,0.000120752,1.525157e-7,0.9881717,0.00001763337,0.00009050553,0.01001303],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002308734,0.00002771769,0.02427369,0.0000185235,0.00001671969,0.000002815209,0.00003276354,0.0001506691,0.9734887,0.0002842181,0.001350872,0.000122475],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9974315,0.001144759,0.0005116367,0.00008597174,0.00005303967,0.00009068429,0.00002405204,0.00008550625,0.000572852],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992808,0.0002859718,0.0002677606,0.00001585302,0.00002194506,0.000009337636,0.00002101211,0.00001567141,0.00008170591],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02320858,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.384434,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2517737338","doi":"10.18331/brj2016.3.4.3","title":"A critical review on biomass gasification, co-gasification, and their environmental assessments","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Biofuel Research Journal","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":220,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Biomass (ecology); Greenhouse gas; Environmental science; Waste management; Renewable energy; Fossil fuel; Environmentally friendly; Coal; Biomass gasification; Life-cycle assessment; Coal gasification; Biofuel; Engineering; Production (economics); Ecology; Economics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1302835788543371,"gpt":0.4233110377950486,"spread":0.2930274589407116,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001967522,0.0005079923,0.0009691126,0.0005214246,0.0003214723,0.0002495371,0.000849527,0.0003737698,0.001037711],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008451817,0.0003197607,0.0002693697,0.0004018528,0.0004963449,0.00025341,0.0001219566,0.001286181,0.001014032],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006436316,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002618599,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":2.622197e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.601122e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9963491,0.0006045106,0.0008708145,0.0005226475,0.0009246874,0.0007282545],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971806,0.001287419,0.0001595754,0.0005791296,0.0001843325,0.0006088815],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006163926,0.00007598337,0.000003639147,0.02976097,0.000145272,0.00002081721,0.000009105647,2.096999e-9,0.001979675,0.00008769384,0.01233081,0.9555799],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001603088,0.00007976211,0.000005605939,0.03735662,0.00006083023,0.0003644436,0.00002192413,0.000001347839,0.0007856121,0.0004812659,0.9603332,0.0003491259],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00001635086,0.9975845,0.0002086845,0.0003844112,0.0001854727,0.0006061037,0.0002706198,0.00007991838,0.0006639542],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0004960117,0.9985356,0.0001405745,0.00003955163,0.0003081479,0.0001418126,0.00007564558,0.0001050226,0.0001576249],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9552308,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999254,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2404527719","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02064","title":"Comprehensive Investigation of Various Structural Features of Bituminous Coals Using Advanced Analytical Techniques","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energy & Fuels","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":220,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Baosteel Group Corporation; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Aromaticity; Raman spectroscopy; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Chemistry; Spectroscopy; Diffraction; Infrared spectroscopy; Molecule; Organic chemistry; Physics; Optics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02004810006475051,"gpt":0.2478612174931839,"spread":0.2278131174284334,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003337879,0.0001346084,0.0002636741,0.000102939,0.00001289184,0.000006574936,0.0001387145,0.0001083263,0.00001267924],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004044752,0.0001261085,0.00004600005,0.0002272748,0.0001340177,0.0001125671,0.00004371938,0.00006941026,4.535785e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005036174,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004239148,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006857519,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002533013,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992731,0.00002138365,0.0002514814,0.000126065,0.0001910649,0.0001368872],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993817,0.00005996404,0.0000849346,0.0001630531,0.0002133746,0.00009701613],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001951191,0.000003593991,0.0001557323,0.00009161299,0.00003659161,0.000002705256,0.0001453429,0.0004135443,0.9920689,0.000555784,0.00009569498,0.006410946],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001847882,0.00004408398,0.0002912442,0.00004861848,0.00002299766,0.00001052163,0.00007434328,0.0006419401,0.99678,0.001589139,0.0001864281,0.0001258692],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9979647,0.0009315605,0.0004017887,0.00001323578,0.00009553551,0.00004560245,0.00001052396,0.0001412219,0.0003958318],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9947398,0.00001674748,0.005132843,0.00002922978,0.00002782951,0.000002505944,0.00001468007,0.00001899307,0.00001733186],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006285076,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5142556,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3162575831","doi":"10.3390/ma14102586","title":"Pyrolytic Conversion of Plastic Waste to Value-Added Products and Fuels: A Review","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Materials","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":219,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Pyrolysis; Waste management; Diesel fuel; Petrochemical; Raw material; Materials science; Heat of combustion; Fluid catalytic cracking; Environmental science; Flash point; Municipal solid waste; Pyrolysis oil; Cracking; Combustion; Organic chemistry; Chemistry; Composite material; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02371345982176565,"gpt":0.2588534028698726,"spread":0.235139943048107,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000238237,0.0003864904,0.002110065,0.0001091788,0.00001565772,0.00003400327,0.0002404492,0.0001820835,0.0006946813],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005677215,0.0003244517,0.0001199461,0.0003711853,0.00003373503,0.00005301714,0.000197729,0.00007927528,0.0001856201],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000649374,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008018618,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001428525,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.158836e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983894,0.00009611426,0.0007168612,0.0003819919,0.0001882551,0.0002273998],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990522,0.0001862347,0.0001707307,0.0003947681,0.00008699372,0.0001090239],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004571185,0.00001318181,3.877404e-8,0.8563346,0.0001979976,0.00001659155,0.0000184941,3.826274e-7,0.09610287,0.00001762846,0.005891586,0.04140201],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009786831,0.00002495418,5.69992e-8,0.1515122,0.0008872327,0.00002713776,0.000005665433,2.213551e-7,0.3067588,0.000002932432,0.5403196,0.0003633989],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001159166,0.9969146,0.000003247413,0.00001683908,0.0008247069,0.0007831336,0.0001415206,0.000101954,0.00005484077],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0003229492,0.9990942,0.000117677,0.00003508548,0.0001036561,0.00007377479,0.0001030762,0.00007354048,0.00007607006],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7048224,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999207,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1984301701","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.195","title":"A review of biomass co-firing in North America","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":218,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Alberta Innovates; European Commission; University of Alberta","keywords":"Biomass (ecology); Greenhouse gas; Coal; Cofiring; Renewable energy; Environmental science; Waste management; Power station; Renewable resource; Biofuel; Natural resource economics; Environmental protection; Engineering; Ecology; Economics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01451949411296061,"gpt":0.258917901834109,"spread":0.2443984077211484,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005208129,0.0006660337,0.00427924,0.0003990244,0.00004441598,0.00002708042,0.0004825082,0.0002651447,0.00009539117],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002518677,0.000536309,0.0004571557,0.001773599,0.00008450789,0.000137557,0.0001664641,0.0002104944,0.00001675291],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001922625,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001510956,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000236696,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004131084,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968073,0.000221699,0.001602691,0.0004930507,0.0001679189,0.0007073347],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984227,0.0001787666,0.0004795867,0.0006543541,0.00008817171,0.0001763967],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[6.341466e-7,0.000009356392,0.000001147692,0.4918445,0.00003304331,0.00001135078,0.000004368047,0.000003427827,0.000005429331,0.00001601887,0.005988418,0.5020823],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008543438,0.00002033713,3.52375e-8,0.1158562,0.0002320563,0.00001277936,0.00001274904,0.000007026489,0.00008760101,0.00002277368,0.8832044,0.0004585583],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000001880376,0.9963596,0.0001678016,0.000005546249,0.0000497665,0.0005855744,0.00001053239,0.00008271397,0.002736612],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.000004844246,0.9979562,0.00009872256,0.0001206485,0.0000542795,0.0003465157,0.0001825213,0.00009209965,0.001144187],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.877216,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997088,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2018584224","doi":"10.1016/s0961-9534(00)00043-x","title":"Bio-oils obtained by vacuum pyrolysis of softwood bark as a liquid fuel for gas turbines. Part I: Properties of bio-oil and its blends with methanol and a pyrolytic aqueous phase","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biomass and Bioenergy","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":212,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Québec Metro High Tech Park (Canada); Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Softwood; Pyrolytic carbon; Pyrolysis; Pyrolysis oil; Heat of combustion; Chemical engineering; Biomass (ecology); Materials science; Viscosity; Water content; Aqueous solution; Methanol; Aqueous two-phase system; Chemistry; Raw material; Organic chemistry; Pulp and paper industry; Combustion; Composite material","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00836545365494877,"gpt":0.1973853482967188,"spread":0.18901989464177,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009708614,0.000344005,0.0005129836,0.0001565771,0.00005194667,0.00003223898,0.0001342889,0.0001793707,0.00005820797],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002750643,0.0002478721,0.00006518632,0.0003448568,0.000228243,0.0001373194,0.00004417403,0.00004735826,8.17235e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001635017,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004572748,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005942113,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007277203,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986914,0.00002088627,0.0003862306,0.000388016,0.0001745612,0.0003389102],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993553,0.00006100232,0.00009720473,0.0001873827,0.000114323,0.0001848395],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001072899,0.0001071697,0.000009276743,0.001347478,0.0002814071,0.000004263566,0.0001470474,0.000001363072,0.9727204,0.00003249457,0.00009266496,0.02418358],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002429209,0.001094687,0.000001989085,0.0001785777,0.0001921479,0.00002960917,0.00008121728,0.0005964371,0.9920345,0.00004469625,0.002971689,0.0003452698],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9735248,0.02569598,0.00002187066,0.0002233579,0.00003212137,0.0001188513,0.0001454968,0.0001115946,0.0001259087],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9956821,0.003629477,0.0001544625,0.00003737777,0.00003411396,0.00006988934,0.00002746215,0.00004709254,0.000318001],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02383831,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999974,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1999511671","doi":"10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.092","title":"Oxidative torrefaction of biomass residues and densification of torrefied sawdust to pellets","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bioresource Technology","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":210,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Polytechnique Montréal; University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; China Scholarship Council","keywords":"Torrefaction; Sawdust; Pellets; Biomass (ecology); Pulp and paper industry; Briquette; Bioenergy; Materials science; Waste management; Oxidative phosphorylation; Chemistry; Biofuel; Pyrolysis; Composite material; Coal; Agronomy; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01021270894584986,"gpt":0.2170701915634,"spread":0.2068574826175502,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006953614,0.0001002637,0.0001650666,0.0003037359,0.00001593146,0.00000211365,0.0001242086,0.0002202983,0.00002456041],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001068601,0.00009780258,0.00001778263,0.0004172733,0.0001267635,0.00005131484,0.00006201285,0.0000677124,0.00001444173],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003245831,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004436484,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001177351,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002096606,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994361,0.000009290103,0.0001927147,0.0001154908,0.00008206133,0.0001643095],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995787,0.00004228233,0.0000648316,0.0001996698,0.00005957839,0.00005494196],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001621681,0.00001792129,0.006860834,0.00007102281,0.00001794315,1.242468e-7,0.000258529,0.000001174793,0.9868242,0.0003545798,0.0003096501,0.005267785],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001090367,0.00004020012,0.005822512,0.00002215728,0.00001308569,0.000003054764,0.0005719684,0.00001240962,0.9905503,0.0000558871,0.00270608,0.00009328035],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9979087,0.0008261611,0.0004505377,0.0001931566,0.00006671074,0.0001093388,0.000008426201,0.000242708,0.0001943019],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989611,0.00002276235,0.0009472707,0.0000068974,0.00001689028,0.000008436739,0.000003468386,0.00001457278,0.00001858072],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005174505,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3988273,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}