{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":194,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":194,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"bf26a942a170","filters":{"venue":"Applied Physics B"}},"results":[{"id":"W1967952459","doi":"10.1007/s00340-006-2260-8","title":"Laser-induced incandescence: recent trends and current questions","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":507,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Incandescence; Computer science; Soot; Current (fluid); Interpretation (philosophy); Management science; Statistical physics; Data science; Physics; Chemistry; Engineering; Thermodynamics; Combustion","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01429272681077896,"gpt":0.2250554425057326,"spread":0.2107627156949536,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004077245,0.0001086115,0.00009888469,0.000002773812,0.0001345514,0.00003749749,0.00007390893,0.00003384507,0.0003685144],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001256937,0.00009648145,0.00001936453,0.0002176956,0.00004796746,0.0000556683,0.000008793932,0.0001210148,0.00004733341],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004067907,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002246337,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003487824,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001091709,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993958,0.000007326571,0.0001048015,0.0001965145,0.0001206315,0.0001748881],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997296,0.00002922863,0.00004450785,0.0001152246,0.00001256646,0.00006886281],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007515887,0.00004163155,0.01341259,0.000007941646,0.000004560182,0.000001070157,0.00002773537,0.0003233502,0.003629771,0.0008225421,0.001032183,0.9806891],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002066892,0.000123798,0.7792454,0.00007037984,0.0001100562,0.00001375868,0.000144526,0.0140632,0.06946171,0.03886747,0.0942269,0.001605966],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9439446,0.0001719509,0.0002684914,0.000103559,0.0001319065,0.00006727083,0.0000460428,0.00006542866,0.05520075],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988976,0.00006359452,0.0003002821,0.0000317514,0.0003294791,0.000002605093,0.0002100338,0.000002600589,0.000162037],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9790831,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4034974,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2040265573","doi":"10.1007/s003400000463","title":"The critical laser intensity of self-guided light filaments in air","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":435,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Intensity (physics); Materials science; Quantum optics; Optics; Laser; Plasma; Physics; Nuclear physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00896321182596348,"gpt":0.2631428787390093,"spread":0.2541796669130458,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005102259,0.0001049644,0.0001371731,0.00001132537,0.0001325478,0.00001743635,0.0001636546,0.00001893397,0.0003848551],"category_scores_gemma":[7.969371e-7,0.000081107,0.00006389087,0.0001593871,0.00004793488,0.00006248405,0.00003549938,0.0001467732,0.0003212236],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001628263,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001901066,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001100986,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003827784,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993201,0.0000117207,0.0002226541,0.0001659633,0.00009899648,0.0001804928],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994503,0.0001044715,0.00004377876,0.0003153555,0.00004789757,0.00003820221],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000101461,0.003663939,0.01077307,0.00003537933,0.0002868335,0.000001448197,0.001580013,0.00147174,0.01673499,0.8678914,0.0486729,0.04878679],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00188478,0.00005622758,0.02170662,0.00008073572,0.0001456943,0.00000187436,0.001045671,0.002677412,0.4445078,0.2782457,0.2487963,0.0008511668],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8771281,0.000002278436,0.0006322445,0.001024905,0.00006387348,0.0002546036,0.00003686985,0.0000314484,0.1208256],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988751,0.000001285601,0.0002323194,0.0001767171,0.0001481227,0.0001132867,0.00002047391,0.00001180423,0.000420826],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5896457,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4213893,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1986651679","doi":"10.1007/s00340-003-1214-7","title":"Self-transformation of a powerful femtosecond laser pulse into a white-light laser pulse in bulk optical media (or supercontinuum generation)","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":273,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Supercontinuum; Filamentation; Optics; Laser; Femtosecond; Materials science; Pulse (music); Femtosecond pulse shaping; Pulse duration; Physics; Optoelectronics; Optical fiber; Photonic-crystal fiber","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00900765584418865,"gpt":0.2346252887317473,"spread":0.2256176328875587,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001371098,0.0002559818,0.0003154233,0.00008204254,0.0001030858,0.00008089532,0.0001737562,0.00007124968,0.001708057],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003228462,0.0002312149,0.0001136991,0.0004161749,0.00004280437,0.0004021086,0.00002772089,0.0002484121,0.0003055522],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005055485,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001022449,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006401711,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001792225,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985862,0.00003450154,0.0005350055,0.0003362626,0.0001997776,0.0003082468],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991899,0.00008577552,0.0001168911,0.0003921592,0.0001040803,0.0001111523],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002063021,0.005900922,0.005351628,0.0002005338,0.0004280897,0.000004355533,0.01735661,0.002649926,0.1385299,0.7996408,0.008815368,0.02091561],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003114661,0.00006693521,0.000829338,0.00004044328,0.0001431916,0.000002960019,0.002184217,0.002280141,0.9151071,0.02135251,0.05403963,0.0008389216],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9242505,0.000005309092,0.01404521,0.0004475283,0.000149809,0.0006855462,0.00008897854,0.00004281906,0.06028433],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9952176,0.000002269816,0.003456903,0.0001638894,0.0002687196,0.0003171897,0.0003002389,0.0000353604,0.0002378894],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7782882,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992045,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1489772784","doi":"10.1007/s00340-003-1115-9","title":"Lasing action in air induced by ultra-fast laser filamentation","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":254,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Université Laval","keywords":"Filamentation; Lasing threshold; Materials science; Fluorescence; Quantum optics; Laser; Sapphire; Protein filament; Optics; Amplified spontaneous emission; Ion; Laser-induced fluorescence; Spontaneous emission; Atomic physics; Optoelectronics; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01678449284472729,"gpt":0.2754643163797781,"spread":0.2586798235350508,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004410007,0.0001336187,0.0001134003,0.00002939788,0.0001160106,0.00003254134,0.00006738803,0.00002816964,0.0002507497],"category_scores_gemma":[6.096155e-7,0.0001435547,0.00004361459,0.0002506234,0.00001515146,0.0001822611,0.000007163148,0.0001752022,0.0002411595],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004741283,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002263882,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001837639,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009122165,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992941,0.00002040581,0.0001791686,0.0002277755,0.00009530779,0.0001832197],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996156,0.00004218839,0.0000942034,0.0001850051,0.00002137813,0.00004158894],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001303263,0.0009524227,0.004534726,0.00001156558,0.00005693012,1.632257e-7,0.0005328524,0.001485469,0.8543579,0.09847435,0.004914696,0.03466588],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007242878,0.00001154763,0.002030107,0.00001303401,0.00001972222,2.705277e-7,0.001277412,0.0001054855,0.9694619,0.01595565,0.01012178,0.0002788191],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9259362,9.458142e-7,0.01251846,0.00007688979,0.00008700226,0.0002616197,0.00003930174,0.00003232331,0.0610472],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998782,4.553062e-7,0.0002593381,0.0001630923,0.000118273,0.0002125881,0.0002153679,0.0000212393,0.0002276472],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.115104,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.585399,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2007576018","doi":"10.1007/s003400100637","title":"Intensity clamping and re-focusing of intense femtosecond laser pulses in nitrogen molecular gas","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":249,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","keywords":"Clamping; Laser; Femtosecond; Materials science; Sapphire; Intensity (physics); Pulse (music); Optics; Femtosecond pulse shaping; Atomic physics; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01269239592317588,"gpt":0.2459845301095438,"spread":0.2332921341863679,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005542389,0.0001374701,0.0002160429,0.00004518569,0.0000644257,0.00003295657,0.00008864595,0.00002518156,0.00009234822],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001156804,0.0001409943,0.00005833339,0.0002090637,0.00006346875,0.00009791332,0.00008206599,0.0001647292,0.00002285817],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001530616,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001846383,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004198525,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001433445,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992729,0.00001105662,0.0002285469,0.0002329758,0.00007153268,0.0001829933],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999491,0.00004509431,0.0001080466,0.0002447743,0.00006399509,0.00004712763],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001722528,0.000916954,0.1349106,0.00006988073,0.0003295171,0.00001130397,0.002068331,0.001179874,0.6941853,0.1072682,0.0009917922,0.05789598],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000967471,0.00002455103,0.004096743,0.0000858493,0.00007239597,0.000004322004,0.002351361,0.0007116474,0.7312667,0.2581352,0.001826966,0.000456804],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9823445,0.0000068108,0.004084107,0.0001346454,0.00002488522,0.0001752328,0.00001726003,0.00001381802,0.01319874],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991589,0.000002705013,0.000425366,0.0001729005,0.0001015106,0.0000462038,0.00003917924,0.00001887355,0.00003432182],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.150867,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5749582,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1978295484","doi":"10.1007/s00340-007-2619-5","title":"Modeling laser-induced incandescence of soot: a summary and comparison of LII models","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":248,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"Basic Energy Sciences; Bundesamt für Energie; Vetenskapsrådet; Sandia National Laboratories; U.S. Department of Energy; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; National Nuclear Security Administration; European Commission; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","keywords":"Fluence; Incandescence; Materials science; Sublimation (psychology); Laser; Soot; Thermal; Optics; Excimer laser; Computational physics; Atomic physics; Thermodynamics; Physics; Combustion; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03446869781197954,"gpt":0.2959361762463552,"spread":0.2614674784343757,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009248836,0.0001185638,0.0002561872,0.00002053507,0.00005490329,0.000005911154,0.0001436723,0.00007710225,0.00001074719],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001986942,0.0001284196,0.00003808953,0.0001387358,0.00005668854,0.00005164691,0.00006038839,0.0001596364,0.000001384974],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001869146,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003325994,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001150472,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002233871,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991572,0.000002371161,0.0002988322,0.0002023677,0.0001662886,0.000172869],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994069,0.00006925644,0.0001189098,0.0002998201,0.00004599955,0.00005907676],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006559853,0.0002106394,0.0002983771,0.0001101751,0.00002616564,1.347509e-7,0.0007099462,0.01385459,0.9440221,0.0366281,0.00001935913,0.004054878],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000240373,0.000007282397,0.000009308284,0.00002316765,0.00002341502,1.525187e-7,0.0003411932,0.2771624,0.7098026,0.01229183,0.000007140547,0.00009115287],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9298539,0.00004195486,0.04494003,0.000005959433,0.000006499316,0.00007926057,0.00001887923,0.00003040975,0.02502314],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988295,0.00001127174,0.00101002,0.00001429094,0.00005708371,0.00001650179,0.00002823788,0.00001644467,0.0000166062],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2633078,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5236799,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2036439350","doi":"10.1007/s00340-002-1087-1","title":"Femtosecond laser pulse filamentation versus optical breakdown in H 2 O","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":181,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Filamentation; Supercontinuum; Femtosecond; Laser; Materials science; Optics; Protein filament; Femtosecond pulse shaping; Plasma; Pulse (music); Self-focusing; Optoelectronics; Physics; Laser beams; Wavelength","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01412851868347687,"gpt":0.2674003595385405,"spread":0.2532718408550637,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000446331,0.0001308905,0.0001230112,0.00002651625,0.00008056844,0.00005794874,0.00008705203,0.0000243472,0.001704778],"category_scores_gemma":[8.983276e-7,0.0001356002,0.000053131,0.0002005189,0.00003012834,0.0001205648,0.00001904222,0.0001577678,0.0006999523],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000332725,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002845978,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008325411,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001268869,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992748,0.00001242035,0.000180516,0.0002336211,0.00009195639,0.0002066419],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99955,0.00008244054,0.00005501672,0.0002347097,0.00002070953,0.00005710863],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004269291,0.0007635351,0.002361246,0.000006539123,0.00006327321,6.410469e-7,0.0002325097,0.001230007,0.01180952,0.9560276,0.003292161,0.02417025],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01089737,0.0001085011,0.01372298,0.00003782152,0.0001610715,0.000001797005,0.003344587,0.0009128068,0.6783379,0.1930166,0.09785578,0.001602742],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6367419,0.000001265312,0.00583579,0.00008706867,0.0001408679,0.0002630084,0.00003987298,0.00002417134,0.3568661],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981037,2.900382e-7,0.000805568,0.000116561,0.000149445,0.000244012,0.0001526517,0.00001805218,0.0004097099],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.763011,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992078,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2126677105","doi":"10.1007/s00340-009-3381-7","title":"Filamentation “remote” sensing of chemical and biological agents/pollutants using only one femtosecond laser source","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":143,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Defence Research and Development Canada; Université Laval; Institut National d'Optique","funders":"","keywords":"Filamentation; Femtosecond; Laser; Fluorescence; Materials science; Pulse (music); Optics; Quantum optics; Spectral signature; Supercontinuum; Laser-induced fluorescence; Remote sensing; Optoelectronics; Physics; Wavelength","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03339950046424277,"gpt":0.2793933910946529,"spread":0.2459938906304101,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003126838,0.0001240692,0.0001743186,0.00001922958,0.00007921325,0.00003274915,0.00005960448,0.0000322704,0.0001296007],"category_scores_gemma":[6.75549e-7,0.000121864,0.00004909119,0.0001177751,0.00005387734,0.00006140738,0.00003211755,0.0001083375,0.00001642944],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001558766,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000163869,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006258304,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.469832e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993421,0.00001003398,0.0001978169,0.0002155105,0.00008195522,0.0001525362],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995937,0.00003854838,0.0001316268,0.0001589266,0.00002600411,0.0000512362],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001575906,0.0001944644,0.0002797141,0.000004968048,0.00004873239,1.362793e-7,0.0001783454,0.0001732054,0.6897159,0.005692217,0.00008591764,0.3036106],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00104365,0.00004164782,0.004632374,0.00004781061,0.00009571025,0.000003151444,0.0005329515,0.01334171,0.9276819,0.05164431,0.0005130505,0.0004216851],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9434657,0.000001521758,0.05342817,0.00005557735,0.00001560337,0.0001527305,0.00005346568,0.00001739138,0.002809849],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9929295,4.695642e-7,0.006581322,0.0001977479,0.0001886056,8.427597e-7,0.00006014198,0.000010126,0.00003123413],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3031889,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4969471,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2060521253","doi":"10.1007/s00340-011-4396-4","title":"Investigation of optical properties of aging soot","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":129,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Soot; Materials science; Refractive index; Wavelength; Extinction (optical mineralogy); Optics; Absorption (acoustics); Infrared; Attenuation; Attenuation coefficient; Combustion; Optoelectronics; Chemistry; Physics; Composite material","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04287751188109599,"gpt":0.1833695043597965,"spread":0.1404919924787005,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004195121,0.00004931139,0.00008825953,0.00000101821,0.00002023892,0.000002450384,0.00006961281,0.00002081633,0.0001251579],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002115875,0.00003953667,0.00001947257,0.00007243509,0.0001421996,0.00004435824,0.000006180319,0.00004077597,0.00001300204],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":5.068042e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001974508,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001332156,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000334169,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996501,0.000003647585,0.0001085714,0.00007629924,0.0000864394,0.00007492655],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997965,0.00001199965,0.00006163042,0.0000849885,0.00001487151,0.00003005016],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004588515,0.0000284599,0.1124243,0.0002309759,0.00003642288,6.513156e-7,0.003538658,0.0007051236,0.8545473,0.007645421,0.00003951947,0.02075725],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000624191,0.00001211961,0.0215942,0.00001493986,0.000007307086,2.272243e-7,0.0001550839,0.0002203765,0.9726194,0.005256627,0.000005113799,0.00005219602],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9698551,0.00002838376,0.0001837154,0.000004231162,0.00001588697,0.00004212928,0.000002744768,0.00000892125,0.02985886],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997922,0.000002116482,0.001992306,0.00001569814,0.00003779208,5.826403e-7,0.00000695256,0.000001369879,0.00002119261],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1180721,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1612258,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2092889624","doi":"10.1007/s003400100738","title":"Filamentation of femtosecond laser pulses in turbulent air","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":123,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Filamentation; Femtosecond; Optics; Protein filament; Physics; Laser; Transverse plane; Turbulence; Pulse (music); Rayleigh scattering; Perpendicular; Materials science; Mechanics; Geometry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01463560705224339,"gpt":0.2410405441504533,"spread":0.2264049370982099,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00002022195,0.00009404268,0.0001197208,0.00002823976,0.00003939497,0.0000130901,0.00008700454,0.00001464183,0.001720675],"category_scores_gemma":[2.031575e-7,0.00009429953,0.00004901247,0.0001639004,0.00002467869,0.00008951785,0.00001958969,0.00008703615,0.0002646456],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001473952,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005181818,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001166984,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004716204,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994491,0.000006666464,0.000193305,0.0001516784,0.00007806851,0.0001212314],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996334,0.0000356231,0.00009403851,0.000189506,0.00002116033,0.0000262941],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004393188,0.007306188,0.03463221,0.0001162537,0.0003458165,0.000001930891,0.004900112,0.02315477,0.1365886,0.5355853,0.05941453,0.1979103],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002535497,0.00005783664,0.02209676,0.00006484513,0.00007732396,8.903915e-7,0.001863524,0.004911411,0.8601129,0.08111513,0.02639302,0.0007708549],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9357347,0.000003809412,0.001857258,0.0001985715,0.00003388681,0.0002368682,0.00005186183,0.00001504373,0.06186804],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987341,8.865736e-7,0.0002556241,0.00012681,0.0001163205,0.0001510547,0.00008089203,0.00001184087,0.0005224901],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7235243,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991919,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2095769083","doi":"10.1007/s00340-007-2643-5","title":"The passive optically pumped Rb frequency standard: the laser approach","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":121,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Frequency standard; Laser; Quantum optics; Context (archaeology); Microwave; Optics; Stability (learning theory); Resonance (particle physics); Materials science; Computer science; Physics; Atomic physics; Telecommunications","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01069676642938799,"gpt":0.2598107201031472,"spread":0.2491139536737592,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006548738,0.0002781418,0.0002582545,0.00001657659,0.0009219407,0.000190156,0.0007962103,0.00005461455,0.00005543408],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000554681,0.0001603328,0.0001771197,0.0003602802,0.0004524374,0.00009664298,0.0002064088,0.0006576375,0.0002002873],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009025873,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002824469,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006027724,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002265045,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978347,0.00004947894,0.0003286745,0.0003828706,0.0005987023,0.0008055404],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982013,0.0006013248,0.0001348131,0.0007659593,0.0001375965,0.000159084],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006658256,0.0001019463,0.0005186034,0.000004267466,0.000167605,9.655663e-7,0.0005847617,0.00008171913,0.001552446,0.8722966,0.001600753,0.1230237],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001689788,0.00003273567,0.0008486037,0.000009834604,0.00009645621,0.000001022944,0.00808476,0.005802421,0.03716502,0.9325094,0.01298454,0.0007754785],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1115412,0.00002952656,0.434632,0.0003273209,0.000142483,0.0008925729,0.00006287092,0.00006632073,0.4523057],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975598,0.000004725216,0.0004940041,0.0001141422,0.001075399,0.0001362976,0.00005287747,0.00004799001,0.0005147585],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8860186,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7090916,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2072980784","doi":"10.1007/s00340-006-2196-z","title":"Influence of polydisperse distributions of both primary particle and aggregate size on soot temperature in low-fluence LII","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":118,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo; National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Soot; Materials science; Incandescence; Pyrometer; Particle size; Particle (ecology); Thermal conduction; Dispersity; Thermodynamics; Composite material; Temperature measurement; Chemistry; Physics; Polymer chemistry; Physical chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003138542566757528,"gpt":0.174473018424623,"spread":0.1713344758578655,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005160865,0.00009987856,0.0001592801,0.000001590629,0.00004023935,0.00001003494,0.00009374688,0.00004461872,0.00002424644],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008698729,0.00008801639,0.00002349825,0.0002269662,0.0001873316,0.00007729432,0.00001048084,0.0001052636,0.000005243229],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000003694173,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003346403,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006133147,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000051121,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993508,0.000009363855,0.0001799196,0.0001696035,0.0001276727,0.0001625676],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995823,0.000120716,0.00009262361,0.0001486006,0.0000141476,0.00004161059],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001240809,0.0001868844,0.2449412,0.0001331785,0.00001028597,0.000004929608,0.0002049942,0.08878656,0.6599724,0.003971761,0.00004192485,0.001621754],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003254755,0.00002936941,0.7317178,0.00006019457,0.000006695682,7.520902e-7,0.00003295787,0.0002823596,0.2652974,0.002115549,0.00001501739,0.0001164304],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9981291,0.00007678549,0.000008188215,0.000027125,0.000007047559,0.00009162231,0.0001271789,0.000009323423,0.001523674],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996587,0.00001402392,0.0001518928,0.00006082534,0.00003096219,0.000001805497,0.00004897951,0.000002142291,0.00003068422],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4867765,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3589204,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2070554783","doi":"10.1007/s00340-002-0906-8","title":"Acceleration of ultra-relativistic electrons using high-intensity TM01 laser beams","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Plasma Interactions and Diagnostics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":115,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Acceleration; Electron; Laser; Transverse plane; Atomic physics; Phase (matter); Phase velocity; Beam (structure); Quantum optics; Optics; Relativistic electron beam; Cathode ray; Nuclear physics; Classical mechanics; Quantum mechanics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01984163427507924,"gpt":0.2340383211866066,"spread":0.2141966869115274,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003158305,0.0001723989,0.0002422496,0.00002985158,0.000146573,0.00003913375,0.00009496767,0.00003788268,0.0009991924],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004891613,0.0001719481,0.00008642601,0.0001956767,0.00005273071,0.0001370727,0.000021351,0.0002008718,0.0002945243],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003400305,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001812958,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003245007,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002694884,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991587,0.00001175126,0.0002364168,0.0002151964,0.0001419231,0.0002359533],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992618,0.0001546738,0.0001695681,0.0002474953,0.0001082774,0.00005819054],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007659342,0.002747087,0.007076445,0.00005214844,0.0005452108,0.000002477041,0.0007335238,0.1055254,0.16325,0.6993559,0.009094618,0.01154055],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001257466,0.0001122482,0.001513344,0.00004894781,0.0003040716,0.000001706594,0.0002050785,0.03206161,0.8984145,0.06441652,0.001034672,0.000629816],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8720261,0.000002084101,0.08170901,0.00003022538,0.0002225212,0.0002336738,0.00007931145,0.00003508299,0.04566197],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980994,0.000001506477,0.0009644544,0.00003676433,0.0003736486,0.00001799853,0.00009581577,0.00002428682,0.0003861319],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7351645,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999141,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2029840765","doi":"10.1007/s00340-011-4448-9","title":"Spectrally resolved light absorption properties of cooled soot from a methane flame","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":109,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Soot; Materials science; Extinction (optical mineralogy); Wavelength; Optics; Absorption (acoustics); Rayleigh scattering; Attenuation; Refractive index; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Combustion; Physics; Chemistry; Optoelectronics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02763968398212999,"gpt":0.1804269371461651,"spread":0.1527872531640351,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006492288,0.0001330633,0.0002032993,0.00000223447,0.00004182455,0.00001158443,0.0001898433,0.00005861212,0.001179007],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003788195,0.0001062425,0.00005581003,0.0001171066,0.00007909666,0.00008017418,0.00001135458,0.0001051492,0.0001793863],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000002254177,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003317604,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001068981,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008119567,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992303,0.00001320437,0.0001881449,0.0002179118,0.0001652345,0.0001852022],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995654,0.00002189995,0.0001147939,0.0002214598,0.00002215242,0.00005435682],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003107866,0.00006620244,0.002828752,0.00003028714,0.00006824114,0.00000274335,0.001674689,0.0001501262,0.98821,0.0004655545,0.0001329259,0.006059711],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003034376,0.00003427951,0.009166059,0.0000203096,0.00003053371,4.195836e-7,0.0001713881,0.0002834058,0.9836154,0.005975813,0.0002266645,0.0001722908],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9573209,0.0001225578,0.0005247042,0.00001595191,0.00005657905,0.000136558,0.00002512547,0.00004341957,0.04175421],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973227,0.00001220954,0.002181895,0.00005561846,0.0001832921,0.000003044944,0.00006826732,0.00000489878,0.0001681001],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04158611,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999734,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2116423861","doi":"10.1007/s00340-005-2008-x","title":"Remote sensing of pollutants using femtosecond laser pulse fluorescence spectroscopy","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":109,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Femtosecond; Fluorescence; Materials science; Quantum optics; Laser-induced fluorescence; Laser; Lidar; Optics; Spectroscopy; Fluorescence spectroscopy; Pulse (music); Molecule; Remote sensing; Pollutant; Physics; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01564753767954933,"gpt":0.2662118269149965,"spread":0.2505642892354472,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000584537,0.0002128702,0.000259502,0.0000271846,0.0001366154,0.00002700206,0.0002090082,0.00009058311,0.0005766249],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004449493,0.0002370048,0.00008091449,0.0002567158,0.0001123361,0.00008272423,0.00006171852,0.0002385774,0.00007795055],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001024818,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006989074,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006200957,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001500016,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987626,0.000005876451,0.0002922326,0.0003641075,0.0002158278,0.0003593255],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999042,0.00004935219,0.000177248,0.0006037409,0.0000368568,0.00009078056],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003424057,0.0000545501,0.00001708402,0.00003297367,0.00002928792,9.676293e-7,0.0001636889,0.000629464,0.9645128,0.0019866,0.00006935537,0.03246894],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000355178,0.000004412372,0.0000364011,0.00002866222,0.00004291796,0.0000040273,0.00007606662,0.03023397,0.9640449,0.004449671,0.0005040703,0.0002197678],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9224737,0.00003316028,0.01791616,0.00005649007,0.0000321341,0.0001299987,0.00008674114,0.0001063275,0.05916534],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9572936,0.000009959246,0.04185067,0.0001249175,0.0005290515,0.0000011161,0.0000177456,0.0000429242,0.0001299877],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05903535,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9664775,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1994543977","doi":"10.1007/s00340-008-3129-9","title":"Pulsed quantum cascade laser instrument with compact design for rapid, high sensitivity measurements of trace gases in air","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":107,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Toronto","keywords":"Trace gas; Quantum cascade laser; Laser; Calibration; Detector; Optics; Parts-per notation; Materials science; Cascade; HITRAN; Absorption (acoustics); Sensitivity (control systems); Measuring instrument; Xenon; Optoelectronics; Volume (thermodynamics); Environmental science; Remote sensing; Physics; Absorption spectroscopy; Atomic physics; Chemistry; Meteorology; Electronic engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.052565442355888,"gpt":0.2573300179784477,"spread":0.2047645756225597,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001258871,0.0001977789,0.0003053437,0.00002450251,0.0001052469,0.000004281559,0.00009976252,0.00006278768,0.00002716554],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004833936,0.0001860238,0.00005522058,0.0001824375,0.00009806591,0.00005624906,0.0000115702,0.0001376077,0.000005855785],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009077123,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000094059,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001948685,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003517685,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989514,0.00001988958,0.000219195,0.0002916557,0.0002493359,0.0002685401],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992257,0.0001864275,0.0001397124,0.0003347539,0.00004947179,0.00006389135],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008141037,0.001140055,0.002821955,0.0001094959,0.0001283067,0.000004360564,0.0004355917,0.02357911,0.9680221,0.001976242,0.0004660018,0.0005026971],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001881694,0.000047258,0.002798888,0.00002695953,0.00004134254,0.000003643158,0.0000852922,0.001896771,0.9920447,0.0008998572,0.00007232244,0.0002012723],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.981483,0.00001061762,0.0163872,0.00005085921,0.00001008302,0.0004631516,0.00007454194,0.00004683424,0.001473666],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982032,0.000004886049,0.001372411,0.00004647842,0.00006138471,0.0001829891,0.0000737396,0.00003069187,0.00002428807],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02402262,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7585829,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2085077566","doi":"10.1007/s00340-008-3125-0","title":"Applications of quantum cascade lasers for sensitive trace gas measurements of CO, CH4, N2O and HCHO","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":100,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Detection limit; Quantum cascade laser; Trace gas; Quantum optics; Laser; Duty cycle; Spectrometer; Materials science; Parts-per notation; Cascade; Physics; Optics; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Atomic physics; Environmental science; Meteorology; Chemistry; Environmental chemistry; Voltage","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02815510656297033,"gpt":0.277984597259087,"spread":0.2498294906961167,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006004585,0.0001369591,0.0002354499,0.00001999595,0.0001334098,0.000003789583,0.0001114049,0.00007092049,0.00001452222],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004224464,0.0001515002,0.00006720756,0.0001403353,0.0001930227,0.00003318978,0.00001818287,0.00009552213,0.000004031255],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002660322,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005163369,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002959189,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001990061,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991712,0.000004576911,0.0002287806,0.0002517438,0.0001772112,0.0001664712],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992228,0.0001126241,0.0001873719,0.0003163919,0.00009875331,0.00006210662],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006426482,0.0002712161,0.0004105733,0.0001418137,0.0001184685,1.160353e-7,0.0006282498,0.0001073041,0.9737502,0.02280891,0.0005996424,0.001099275],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006480538,0.00001307419,0.0001751751,0.000009258079,0.00007504547,0.000002569634,0.0002988526,0.0005506388,0.9930109,0.003141895,0.001941001,0.0001335013],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9029484,0.00009548241,0.06449428,0.00006008287,0.00001138774,0.00101152,0.0005708828,0.00007622522,0.03073169],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981984,0.00002826939,0.0009120656,0.00002602573,0.00008192368,0.0004701231,0.0001779269,0.00002367598,0.00008159229],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09524995,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6178001,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2088463136","doi":"10.1007/s00340-006-2536-z","title":"Remote detection of similar biological materials using femtosecond filament-induced breakdown spectroscopy","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma","field":"Engineering","cited_by":99,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Defence Research and Development Canada; Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Femtosecond; Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Spectroscopy; Materials science; Protein filament; Spectral line; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Laser; Fluorescence; Emission spectrum; Indoor bioaerosol; Photoacoustic spectroscopy; Optics; Chemistry; Physics; Environmental chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01689279566832063,"gpt":0.2204135882006784,"spread":0.2035207925323578,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009923976,0.0002573977,0.0003535402,0.00004507888,0.00007911403,0.00003610154,0.000132213,0.0001726771,0.0001107423],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002398112,0.000252105,0.0000673505,0.0002122615,0.00003521282,0.0000753623,0.00002917219,0.0001766589,0.00004820521],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000095085,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001499583,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001371315,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001595234,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988909,0.00002126242,0.0003338118,0.0002544025,0.000139959,0.0003596472],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995209,0.00004724888,0.00009603982,0.0002707901,0.0000197577,0.00004524246],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000317901,0.00003481644,0.000008672936,0.0000376449,0.00003142295,0.000001839846,0.00002869404,0.005185849,0.9927416,0.001078089,0.00002954784,0.0007900675],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003355375,0.00004814345,0.0003534509,0.00001372951,0.00002492573,0.000003296889,0.00001401664,0.003937868,0.9871648,0.00776537,0.00008063833,0.0002582476],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.982942,0.0000120046,0.01114739,0.000003233337,0.0003305103,0.0002420721,0.00004860928,0.0002039061,0.005070215],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9965716,0.000008790637,0.002809802,0.00001829082,0.0004797052,0.000006317228,0.00005424683,0.00004382727,0.000007448956],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01362951,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999931,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2604097558","doi":"10.1007/s00340-017-6701-3","title":"Diode-pumped ultrafast Yb:KGW laser with 56 fs pulses and multi-100 kW peak power based on SESAM and Kerr-lens mode locking","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Solid State Laser Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":97,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Manitoba","keywords":"Materials science; Laser; Optics; Mode-locking; Ultrashort pulse; Saturable absorption; Pulse duration; Diode; Optoelectronics; Fiber laser; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01504263578171374,"gpt":0.2272484875456543,"spread":0.2122058517639406,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004531029,0.0003559964,0.0003149984,0.00005546146,0.0002662632,0.0001841567,0.0002648943,0.000118079,0.000004830184],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001417267,0.0003202455,0.00003715653,0.00007829023,0.0002178568,0.0002027789,0.00008279821,0.0003062968,0.00001360956],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003729897,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001290511,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003556572,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004039001,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988645,0.000006641416,0.000144169,0.000395498,0.0001892898,0.0003998841],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989434,0.00009171985,0.00007337586,0.0007917137,0.0000283139,0.00007143952],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008228965,0.0008334802,0.01978559,0.0009321981,0.0009804912,0.0001635864,0.003924479,0.6885927,0.2105273,0.0102576,0.00170195,0.06147778],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005652722,0.0003045087,0.02747828,0.0002756848,0.000174212,0.000008040956,0.000878375,0.536236,0.424097,0.001995519,0.0009879326,0.00191162],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9844041,0.00002527429,0.007927667,0.0000672954,0.00006756705,0.0003600957,0.00006741044,0.0007468819,0.006333744],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976292,0.00003411591,0.001994651,0.00007757814,0.00005561415,0.00006843507,0.00001930485,0.00009381708,0.00002732763],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2135698,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999925,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1986023072","doi":"10.1007/s00340-011-4373-y","title":"Sooting turbulent jet flame: characterization and quantitative soot measurements","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Combustion and flame dynamics","field":"Engineering","cited_by":92,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Soot; Premixed flame; Diffusion flame; Turbulence; Materials science; Jet (fluid); Computational fluid dynamics; Particle image velocimetry; Mechanics; Laminar flame speed; Flame structure; Combustor; Combustion; Chemistry; Physics; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04385600846289592,"gpt":0.2180683720367098,"spread":0.1742123635738139,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005674466,0.0001165717,0.0001051229,0.00002250354,0.0000473309,0.00001940088,0.00005228092,0.000033638,0.00001621046],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002778805,0.0001236121,0.00001869461,0.00008971266,0.00002157586,0.00007291567,0.00001900433,0.0000895587,0.00004062328],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002332007,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004523123,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002878545,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002034658,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995259,0.000006002543,0.0001167284,0.0001182564,0.0001014393,0.0001316503],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997785,0.000009571913,0.00004149975,0.0001027387,0.00002719197,0.00004048508],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005709016,0.0001722879,0.004596151,0.0002204322,0.0002479925,0.000002760761,0.01248975,0.005726652,0.6922098,0.1799545,0.0001383391,0.1041842],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002033613,0.00009523505,0.09891487,0.0001133726,0.0001507008,0.00000510546,0.0007552231,0.7596844,0.1236408,0.01147843,0.001562488,0.001565762],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7688664,0.00001358016,0.22421,0.000006460483,0.0001302726,0.0001687966,0.000006241278,0.0002063654,0.006391841],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982314,0.00001392361,0.001556137,0.0000382673,0.00004228272,0.00001797525,0.00005568342,0.00002634169,0.00001795867],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7539577,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5040756,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1964762449","doi":"10.1007/s00340-004-1677-1","title":"Towards a control of multiple filamentation by spatial regularization of a high-power femtosecond laser pulse","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":89,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Femtosecond; Filamentation; Optics; Laser; Femtosecond pulse shaping; Physics; Materials science; Pulse (music); Random laser; Quantum optics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004681791621716769,"gpt":0.2190035882756774,"spread":0.2143217966539606,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003352898,0.0001250813,0.0002016223,0.00002445081,0.00005674151,0.00001776651,0.0001004281,0.00002940935,0.0005076582],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001027201,0.0001258141,0.00007431651,0.00014083,0.00005079365,0.0001068336,0.00002070388,0.00007607528,0.00002810741],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002268852,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004227663,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00144835,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009996767,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992602,0.000009766066,0.0002876006,0.0001834123,0.0001372084,0.000121798],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993433,0.00003336811,0.0002627597,0.0002365052,0.00008736183,0.00003668928],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001233999,0.002026331,0.002610708,0.00003864825,0.0003050259,1.210881e-7,0.0008341484,0.01333338,0.6849127,0.2720142,0.001338541,0.02246282],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002921944,0.00004578247,0.002894138,0.00001659333,0.00006381773,9.503883e-8,0.0001642843,0.0003777331,0.9455765,0.04730162,0.0004675178,0.0001699921],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5449845,0.000001430617,0.4504128,0.00009069852,0.00004528226,0.0003438066,0.0005717425,0.0000127974,0.003536966],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980406,2.479113e-7,0.0008716426,0.00007541654,0.00008706495,0.0001579226,0.0006702552,0.00001886997,0.00007800724],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4530561,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5558501,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2091795940","doi":"10.1007/s00340-006-2455-z","title":"Filamentation nonlinear optics","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":88,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Filamentation; Optics; Femtosecond; Nonlinear optics; Self-phase modulation; Laser; Quantum optics; Core (optical fiber); Materials science; Clamping; Laser beam quality; Protein filament; Nonlinear system; Intensity (physics); Beam (structure); Four-wave mixing; Second-harmonic generation; Phase (matter); Physics; Laser beams","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00748946661697823,"gpt":0.2448646595941892,"spread":0.237375192977211,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00001767394,0.0001006469,0.000082925,0.00001348363,0.000121415,0.00005859801,0.00008473007,0.00001414848,0.00033546],"category_scores_gemma":[9.205733e-8,0.0001013612,0.00005117752,0.0001247998,0.00002332372,0.00007586948,0.00002340068,0.00008375022,0.000674362],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001238075,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001358717,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002038021,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002056598,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994736,0.000003628264,0.0001443993,0.0001566855,0.0000857714,0.0001358902],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996488,0.00002554771,0.00007165503,0.0001976741,0.00003071085,0.00002559385],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003804847,0.0004862955,0.001857998,0.000004423751,0.00003234628,1.36642e-7,0.00004869675,0.003169166,0.03386786,0.939068,0.01067377,0.01078757],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001555027,0.00003000201,0.006632287,0.00001791949,0.0001439906,8.312965e-7,0.0006178216,0.011445,0.3861527,0.4922942,0.1001699,0.0009403087],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4183778,0.000001871852,0.1506731,0.0002191848,0.000126043,0.0003559293,0.0001574203,0.0001001885,0.4299884],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99151,1.356197e-7,0.005676071,0.00009364031,0.001010438,0.0001169285,0.0005462297,0.00001771357,0.001028868],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5731322,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8667784,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2109709820","doi":"10.1007/s00340-005-1805-6","title":"Background reservoir: its crucial role for long-distance propagation of femtosecond laser pulses in air","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":81,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Filamentation; Femtosecond; Laser; Optics; Protein filament; Pinhole (optics); Materials science; FOIL method; Range (aeronautics); Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01672773567334349,"gpt":0.2750719967103396,"spread":0.2583442610369961,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005991051,0.0001340834,0.000180378,0.00003136902,0.00009038094,0.00002235242,0.0001584384,0.00002867795,0.0001808287],"category_scores_gemma":[8.449593e-7,0.0001374741,0.00007639032,0.0001851662,0.00003050209,0.0002305567,0.00003364824,0.000107528,0.0000874873],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003463582,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004114016,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007290337,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00014487,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991645,0.000008905411,0.0002870058,0.0002445094,0.00009958764,0.0001955252],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994142,0.00006679297,0.0001559743,0.0002435084,0.00008279269,0.00003670983],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000246945,0.002711436,0.008039814,0.0001664704,0.0001646155,2.154987e-7,0.0009618069,0.03096309,0.07238127,0.8094071,0.004970481,0.06998678],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002422292,0.00005639462,0.01263185,0.00007410806,0.00006115788,2.859163e-7,0.0008720956,0.008621371,0.8776963,0.05939579,0.03754867,0.000619672],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9481367,0.00001004352,0.03289935,0.0002299045,0.0000422814,0.0007779627,0.000237775,0.00002037891,0.01764558],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970175,5.966502e-7,0.0007566464,0.00006846978,0.0005956105,0.000653235,0.0002147349,0.0000233275,0.0006698712],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.805315,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.560603,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2036481772","doi":"10.1007/s00340-004-1689-x","title":"Ultrabroadband continuum generated in air (down to 230 nm) using ultrashort and intense laser pulses","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":79,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval; Institut National d'Optique","funders":"","keywords":"Supercontinuum; Optics; Laser; Femtosecond; Harmonic spectrum; Femtosecond pulse shaping; High harmonic generation; Ultrashort pulse; Physics; Multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan; Pulse (music); Quantum optics; Wavelength; Nonlinear optics; Femtosecond pulse; Self-phase modulation; Materials science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0125710023597509,"gpt":0.2580934194634834,"spread":0.2455224171037325,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000464896,0.0002000602,0.0002185035,0.0000519825,0.0001295124,0.00005587036,0.0001050808,0.00003206405,0.00006417894],"category_scores_gemma":[9.83739e-7,0.0001957668,0.00004676163,0.0003271832,0.00004736151,0.0001245285,0.00004017916,0.0001736225,0.00008559778],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004154888,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004113016,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001023306,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008596719,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990479,0.000009316436,0.0002373457,0.0003446896,0.00008943324,0.0002712809],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994907,0.00003431974,0.00006282691,0.0002453016,0.00005941647,0.0001074487],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008605479,0.001095882,0.03373731,0.00002443367,0.0002094286,0.000004630368,0.002020457,0.03240755,0.8571204,0.05761593,0.002623846,0.0130541],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00186749,0.00003861891,0.01597216,0.0000831625,0.00007441418,0.000004258491,0.001064243,0.000333196,0.9531932,0.02178138,0.00482341,0.0007644931],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9833438,0.000003526187,0.01210084,0.0002150661,0.00005585729,0.0003772407,0.00006989404,0.00003130808,0.003802449],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977124,9.130076e-7,0.001056478,0.0005446746,0.0002811094,0.0001409982,0.00009093899,0.00002911772,0.0001433679],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0960728,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7983138,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2057740193","doi":"10.1007/s00340-005-2123-8","title":"Femtosecond laser-induced nonlinear spectroscopy for remote sensing of methane","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":78,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Femtosecond; Materials science; Sapphire; Spectroscopy; Quantum optics; Laser; Methane; Laser-induced fluorescence; Fluorescence spectroscopy; Optics; Fluorescence; Femtochemistry; Optoelectronics; Physics; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01411296990616804,"gpt":0.2734593244061433,"spread":0.2593463544999752,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005249598,0.0001571494,0.0002316059,0.00002763865,0.00008334972,0.00002822149,0.000106446,0.00002780391,0.00008237359],"category_scores_gemma":[5.565884e-7,0.0001597723,0.0001321795,0.0001622367,0.00002867088,0.00005641947,0.00002795206,0.0001105496,0.00005747969],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001593562,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003484769,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006688065,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001403271,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991763,0.000007220071,0.0002633017,0.0002447525,0.00008985407,0.0002186351],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992766,0.00009847172,0.0001863036,0.0003287887,0.00007311162,0.00003677416],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002232347,0.0001847083,0.00003519896,0.00001941064,0.00006932842,1.024249e-7,0.00004257093,0.0002558768,0.9165221,0.04523817,0.001508973,0.03610119],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004974972,0.00001812988,0.00003649775,0.000008891528,0.00004729163,2.256282e-7,0.00006987939,0.004882445,0.9129846,0.07604357,0.005247323,0.0001636721],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7199666,0.000001238365,0.2445724,0.0001021413,0.00008522929,0.0004703704,0.000270575,0.00003607846,0.03449544],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.951112,1.339206e-7,0.0472166,0.0000533763,0.000917561,0.00001330939,0.0003472506,0.00003278431,0.0003070084],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2311454,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6515327,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2063298803","doi":"10.1007/s00340-006-2198-x","title":"Laser induced incandescence measurements of soot volume fraction and effective particle size in a laminar co-annular non-premixed methane/air flame at pressures between 0.5–4.0 MPa","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":75,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"National Research Council Canada","keywords":"Incandescence; Materials science; Soot; Optics; Laminar flow; Volume fraction; Volume (thermodynamics); Rayleigh scattering; Attenuation; Particle-size distribution; Diffusion flame; Particle (ecology); Particle size; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Mechanics; Chemistry; Physics; Combustion; Thermodynamics; Combustor; Composite material","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01327758824969647,"gpt":0.2228579287510423,"spread":0.2095803405013459,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002526632,0.00017431,0.0003031775,0.000003928066,0.00008250197,0.00001547861,0.0001025901,0.00009336524,0.00007963504],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001748888,0.0001668076,0.00003646758,0.000202553,0.00009457675,0.0001508937,0.0000235763,0.0001542666,0.00001984472],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001634886,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002449723,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001467693,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001481728,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988481,0.00005572155,0.0002290541,0.0003101069,0.0002961945,0.0002607568],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993171,0.0002530664,0.0001561895,0.0001737828,0.00003022187,0.00006962914],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009301844,0.00005203845,0.7286216,0.00004526627,0.00003195605,0.000002477293,0.0001575802,0.0009984648,0.2611038,0.000002431204,0.00005532632,0.008836078],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004951852,0.00003612674,0.5056474,0.00001552935,0.00002490947,3.704941e-7,0.00003066635,0.0007779337,0.4925285,0.0003003886,0.00002451422,0.0001183944],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9972767,0.00003675007,0.0001362465,0.00001005993,0.00002060872,0.0003675881,0.00003628555,0.0000200752,0.002095715],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994237,0.000001970684,0.0002724644,0.00001973784,0.0001154451,0.00001457924,0.00006875905,0.000006395918,0.00007698244],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2314248,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6802218,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2058898584","doi":"10.1007/s00340-009-3614-9","title":"Comparison of LII derived soot temperature measurements with LII model predictions for soot in a laminar diffusion flame","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Combustion and flame dynamics","field":"Engineering","cited_by":72,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Soot; Materials science; Incandescence; Laser; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Laminar flow; Fluence; Absorption (acoustics); Diffusion; Diffusion flame; Optics; Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Combustion; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02279519741254906,"gpt":0.2490267970958628,"spread":0.2262315996833137,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000455675,0.0001678628,0.0002567518,0.00005207833,0.00005712971,0.00001503536,0.0001036112,0.00008660249,0.000001620672],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002191578,0.000163943,0.00004469051,0.0002040826,0.0000220475,0.00005334532,0.00001281003,0.000191214,0.000001590637],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006339915,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000215493,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000205786,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003047286,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992499,0.000005041455,0.0002144489,0.0001599002,0.0001805277,0.0001901224],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996413,0.00001656359,0.00004637899,0.0001985607,0.0000519202,0.00004530137],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006231197,0.0002270404,0.0002173022,0.00004329962,0.00002077737,1.184064e-7,0.000799096,0.7457825,0.2480851,0.002673685,0.0002083704,0.001880428],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001154948,0.00007872529,0.001998863,0.00005397456,0.00003196516,2.337958e-7,0.0001288733,0.9775473,0.0173861,0.001402661,0.00003131949,0.0001849652],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7744954,0.00002818667,0.2231877,0.00003198766,0.00004976654,0.0005294502,0.00002822865,0.000147706,0.001501572],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966064,0.000007945972,0.003103353,0.00002573652,0.00004700047,0.00006601569,0.00008793419,0.00002765269,0.00002797045],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2317649,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.66854,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2346259514","doi":"10.1007/s00340-016-6417-9","title":"Thermal lensing in Nd:YVO4 laser with in-band pumping at 914 nm","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Solid State Laser Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":70,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Manitoba","keywords":"Optics; Focal length; Materials science; Laser; Lens (geology); Thermal; Dioptre; Quantum optics; Laser power scaling; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008534835009416307,"gpt":0.1829494091699454,"spread":0.1744145741605291,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004492316,0.0001665718,0.0001804798,0.00006071694,0.00002657842,0.00001371177,0.0001271563,0.00006927794,0.00000710436],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003010927,0.0001241909,0.00001706375,0.0002373151,0.00005901757,0.0000954129,0.0000440764,0.0001396531,0.00006497311],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001524247,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007982135,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002012924,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001334201,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992298,0.000005058062,0.0001324003,0.0001923277,0.0001035301,0.0003368427],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996002,0.00007720383,0.00002295744,0.0002705399,0.000007513567,0.00002152408],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001491859,0.00006544069,0.03247295,0.00009483308,0.00006908447,0.00004908762,0.001380528,0.06341068,0.7867258,0.002931994,0.0002627624,0.1123877],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001319722,0.00001903031,0.01114138,0.0001193605,0.000006327352,0.000001260635,0.0002162634,0.001287183,0.9822959,0.002937535,0.0002800416,0.0003759693],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9918805,0.00002705737,0.0006722247,0.0000430006,0.00003691858,0.0001446715,0.000004160339,0.0003772027,0.006814233],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995636,0.00000958959,0.0002471692,0.00002928157,0.0000409416,0.00003548896,0.000002556633,0.0000499808,0.00002141645],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1955702,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.506436,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1973551370","doi":"10.1007/s00340-013-5745-2","title":"In situ nanoparticle size measurements of gas-borne silicon nanoparticles by time-resolved laser-induced incandescence","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"nanoparticles nucleation surface interactions","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":69,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University; University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Incandescence; Nanoparticle; Silicon; Evaporation; Combustion; Soot; Laser; Thermal conduction; Chemical engineering; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Nanotechnology; Optics; Composite material; Optoelectronics; Thermodynamics; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01920167299278138,"gpt":0.226881223273938,"spread":0.2076795502811566,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001977544,0.0001820829,0.0002557989,0.0000334871,0.00008407539,0.00005780097,0.0002369928,0.00005469249,0.002242353],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004794216,0.0001765344,0.00004622806,0.0004934955,0.0001122944,0.0005512794,0.00002268052,0.0001312506,0.00223854],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002342332,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005492354,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001889408,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003794379,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99838,0.00007237627,0.0004315131,0.0003172387,0.0003920888,0.0004068043],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999014,0.0002782541,0.0001624554,0.0003040177,0.00008878353,0.0001524458],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004641656,0.0001615859,0.01920227,0.000007270263,0.00001673053,5.708757e-7,0.0003259993,0.0008454614,0.96931,0.00002456272,0.0009726756,0.009086416],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006519295,0.00006886263,0.03724589,0.00001300328,0.00001229593,5.507549e-7,0.0001201659,0.003439651,0.9572762,0.000914978,0.00006971404,0.0001867937],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9961015,0.00001376617,0.00000460721,0.0003061311,0.00007302734,0.0004296156,0.00002630163,0.00004809575,0.002996954],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993021,0.000001737836,0.0002562022,0.0002634013,0.00002720652,0.00001736982,0.000020046,0.00001035211,0.0001015503],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01804362,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9986697,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2057729086","doi":"10.1007/s00340-006-2301-3","title":"Determination of exhaled nitric oxide distributions in a diverse sample population using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":68,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"RTDS Technologies (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy; Exhalation; Materials science; Absorption (acoustics); Spectroscopy; Absorption spectroscopy; Population; Exhaled nitric oxide; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Laser; Optics; Tunable laser; Medicine; Chemistry; Anesthesia; Physics; Asthma; Internal medicine; Chromatography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01328961305711957,"gpt":0.2568881673167117,"spread":0.2435985542595921,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006435547,0.0001559456,0.0001980018,0.00006633556,0.0001274701,0.00002320892,0.0001137434,0.00008954217,0.0001150684],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009531784,0.0001849327,0.00006666809,0.0004889983,0.00004245707,0.0001376428,0.00003483166,0.0001374787,0.00001274133],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002820521,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002852047,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003083871,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008591337,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989654,0.000009508062,0.0003230619,0.0002734352,0.00018554,0.0002430327],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993338,0.00008620794,0.0002059929,0.0002989522,0.00004229554,0.00003272406],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003333139,0.0003167877,0.02039135,0.00004650492,0.000006084154,5.368751e-7,0.00001519493,0.004388686,0.9517473,0.02273756,0.00002252262,0.0002941161],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006872427,0.000004232079,0.03372504,0.00002379858,0.00005955882,8.261645e-7,0.00007087462,0.02249186,0.8832455,0.05941737,0.00005004569,0.0002236677],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8960584,0.000007421595,0.1013414,0.000003182546,0.000006494161,0.0001588766,0.0001851363,0.00005168025,0.002187409],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9906629,0.000003761154,0.007681553,0.000005371541,0.000122707,0.00008742406,0.001381542,0.0000202695,0.00003446322],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09460455,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7541335,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2399357295","doi":"10.1007/s00340-016-6441-9","title":"Orthogonally polarized dual-wavelength Yb:KGW laser induced by thermal lensing","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Solid State Laser Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":68,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Western Economic Diversification Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Wavelength; Materials science; Optics; Laser; Polarization (electrochemistry); Anisotropy; Thermal; Optoelectronics; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01227357610911901,"gpt":0.2013997813022181,"spread":0.1891262051930991,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006998153,0.0002933977,0.000270536,0.00004328771,0.00007095045,0.00003678005,0.0001730486,0.0001657167,0.00002576759],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001154076,0.0002333093,0.00006407983,0.000221132,0.00006724449,0.0001529927,0.00009303095,0.0002509704,0.0002551226],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007009435,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002050318,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007204902,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000264005,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987828,0.00001155067,0.0002177743,0.0002837904,0.0002198562,0.0004842011],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992558,0.0001290508,0.00004977882,0.0004716554,0.00003026281,0.00006342942],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001418296,0.00002445372,0.00006759641,0.00001181918,0.00007922998,0.000003528808,0.0001049787,0.0001045647,0.9422336,0.004222864,0.000835394,0.05229779],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001321189,0.00002546078,0.0007015598,0.0000298447,0.00003076818,0.000002319658,0.00007570593,0.001243728,0.9862517,0.00775807,0.001926426,0.0006332137],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9876722,0.00001856492,0.003536577,0.0001079402,0.000147362,0.0002105891,0.0000606384,0.001617498,0.00662864],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987621,0.00001324243,0.0007582967,0.00009735567,0.0001343546,0.000035671,0.00002407065,0.0001052495,0.0000697088],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05166458,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9514078,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2083303968","doi":"10.1007/s00340-004-1692-2","title":"Effect of beam diameter on the propagation of intense femtosecond laser pulses","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Defence Research and Development Canada; Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Optics; Femtosecond; Laser; Materials science; Beam (structure); Pulse (music); Femtosecond pulse shaping; Shot (pellet); Quantum optics; Laser beams; Fluorescence; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007213267287698436,"gpt":0.2379497549973699,"spread":0.2307364877096714,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000802268,0.0001135782,0.0001557706,0.00001866262,0.0000619422,0.00001435788,0.000121425,0.00001571432,0.0001439153],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001808628,0.00007276933,0.00009420051,0.0001366938,0.00006943609,0.00004886857,0.00002743225,0.0001097637,0.00009111422],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001118091,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001585459,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008500021,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001074598,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994721,0.00001588935,0.0001772596,0.0001374709,0.00009824137,0.00009906526],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992596,0.0002126577,0.0001548496,0.0003064481,0.0000460378,0.00002042071],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001761286,0.001096772,0.001826775,0.0001120632,0.0003615821,1.758887e-7,0.001000618,0.006391913,0.4440669,0.495926,0.00174583,0.04729525],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003412186,0.00009732204,0.0003073464,0.00002450557,0.00003584199,7.521044e-8,0.00007738843,0.00002169573,0.9832004,0.01563324,0.0001873039,0.00007366636],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9842919,7.534749e-7,0.004270934,0.000119777,0.00003477615,0.000413841,0.00005972894,0.00000973637,0.01079863],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999391,2.107671e-7,0.00005589686,0.00007894478,0.0001139321,0.000231857,0.00004677839,0.00001436065,0.00006699114],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5391335,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2967447,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2801018633","doi":"10.1007/s00340-018-6960-7","title":"Dual-wavelength operation of a diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser at the 1064.1 &amp; 1073.1 nm and 1064.1 &amp; 1085.3 nm wavelength pairs","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Solid State Laser Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":66,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Manitoba","keywords":"Wavelength; Materials science; Optics; Laser; Diode; Power (physics); Slope efficiency; Dual (grammatical number); Optoelectronics; Birefringence; Fiber laser; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01815277230687421,"gpt":0.2258449459175991,"spread":0.2076921736107249,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002326799,0.0004543597,0.000464746,0.00007951145,0.0002648816,0.00007572104,0.0003396428,0.0002212651,0.000100167],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004090816,0.0003749723,0.00009225166,0.0004214015,0.0004828313,0.0001765271,0.0002982105,0.0003627497,0.0004438106],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001148883,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002896487,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006102833,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004341433,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981082,0.00003646766,0.0004366466,0.000485548,0.0003750107,0.0005581023],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983797,0.000224728,0.0001230649,0.00108013,0.0001057735,0.00008657476],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005009166,0.0006459606,0.001786555,0.001022186,0.001742062,0.00001372203,0.02623231,0.02714537,0.5381658,0.04145731,0.09101541,0.2702724],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003431777,0.0002160751,0.003325902,0.0001243139,0.0003183447,0.00002270793,0.002121395,0.05183278,0.8271473,0.02245783,0.08670886,0.002292681],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9886711,0.00009085714,0.003444354,0.0001607937,0.0002199942,0.0006355434,0.00009579019,0.0008177929,0.005863838],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9964649,0.0001640384,0.002067646,0.0001070552,0.0003142136,0.0001621328,0.0001330063,0.0001172339,0.0004697834],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2889815,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998702,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2326338111","doi":"10.1007/s00340-015-6287-6","title":"Quantifying uncertainty in soot volume fraction estimates using Bayesian inference of auto-correlated laser-induced incandescence measurements","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":66,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Incandescence; Soot; Volume fraction; Materials science; Context (archaeology); Combustion; Statistical physics; Physics; Biological system; Thermodynamics; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06164559420889325,"gpt":0.2704743859302056,"spread":0.2088287917213124,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001662294,0.0001600046,0.0002217479,0.00000751178,0.00009234528,0.00002134567,0.0001620461,0.00008552617,0.0002559572],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004035891,0.0001251182,0.00003395084,0.0002994204,0.00006946938,0.0002108636,0.00001488083,0.0001306593,0.00003377305],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002523886,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009797972,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002139115,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002538527,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989247,0.00002096716,0.0002684064,0.0002704338,0.0002502124,0.0002653238],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993702,0.0001413076,0.0001974478,0.0001812828,0.00004136347,0.00006840079],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000522509,0.00003471191,0.5512978,0.00002735708,0.0000152075,0.000001457793,0.00008373056,0.02327882,0.3868311,0.00002473489,0.000003880781,0.03834897],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001347284,0.00006334907,0.2511856,0.0004431193,0.00004499584,0.000002223796,0.0001882941,0.4403912,0.3020652,0.003624903,0.00001737652,0.0006265065],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9875067,0.00000836348,0.01141139,0.00001167914,0.00007288717,0.0001282303,0.00001469737,0.00003382251,0.0008122166],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986014,0.000004378905,0.001297905,0.00001696261,0.00004211557,0.000001825576,0.00002215741,0.000005032069,0.000008226593],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4171124,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5102171,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3161848765","doi":"10.1007/s00340-007-2642-6","title":"Long range trace detection in aqueous aerosol using remote filament-induced breakdown spectroscopy","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":65,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Bombardier Recreational Products (Canada); Université Laval","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Aqueous solution; Aerosol; Balmer series; Spectroscopy; Materials science; Trace gas; Protein filament; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Range (aeronautics); Chemistry; Emission spectrum; Physics; Meteorology; Spectral line; Environmental chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01737701936712603,"gpt":0.2757577841563919,"spread":0.2583807647892659,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001691615,0.0002422819,0.0002455943,0.00006762525,0.0001301352,0.00004475084,0.0002085361,0.0001698034,0.0002835445],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000418745,0.0002797944,0.0000829756,0.0005340394,0.00003343971,0.00006285969,0.00005207986,0.0004367545,0.00002487136],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003667297,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002510188,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003770579,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001274682,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985087,0.000005844677,0.000328815,0.0004402689,0.0002319152,0.0004844395],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992033,0.00005728121,0.0001229098,0.0005027257,0.00002477235,0.00008901631],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004197096,0.0001199307,0.0001252196,0.00003262503,0.00001157829,0.000006683329,0.00007768859,0.00002302577,0.9604315,0.001425099,0.000009412583,0.03769522],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004460304,0.00001408129,0.0002270099,0.00002329066,0.00002101896,0.000009766614,0.00006146455,0.001832346,0.992435,0.00449962,0.0001437793,0.0002865705],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8742217,0.00002704054,0.08188928,0.00001752364,0.00002548692,0.0002698943,0.000006152962,0.0002499595,0.04329295],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.992238,0.00001264359,0.007205415,0.00004129958,0.000335433,0.00002710649,0.00001765179,0.00005339952,0.0000690666],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1180163,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999654,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2778981118","doi":"10.1007/s00340-017-6873-x","title":"A discretely tunable dual-wavelength multi-watt Yb:CALGO laser","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Solid State Laser Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":63,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Western Economic Diversification Canada; Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Manitoba","keywords":"Optics; Materials science; Wavelength; Laser; Diode; Terahertz radiation; Offset (computer science); Output coupler; Watt; Quantum optics; Optoelectronics; Power (physics); Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02679856654339545,"gpt":0.2420503630320143,"spread":0.2152517964886188,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005683786,0.0002824212,0.0002803705,0.00003286406,0.0002773615,0.0001662006,0.0004969484,0.0001307695,0.00001917772],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002036513,0.0002775344,0.00007201448,0.00008408164,0.0001492976,0.0002116403,0.0002215432,0.0003235848,0.0004917717],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005364426,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001207113,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002975649,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001238299,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988644,0.000004319656,0.0001771395,0.0002911228,0.0001729202,0.0004901512],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985961,0.00004492895,0.00006792858,0.001193634,0.00002376298,0.00007365635],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001351883,0.0008548799,0.003632125,0.0009678552,0.00161969,0.0003276137,0.004192145,0.08509522,0.2447915,0.1864712,0.06008149,0.4118311],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002793239,0.00004653652,0.008131208,0.00006229741,0.00009710634,0.000005794236,0.0005416428,0.1513758,0.7761796,0.04375466,0.01533614,0.001675955],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9237147,0.0000589712,0.01696037,0.0001447922,0.0005233868,0.0006480515,0.0001011573,0.003204964,0.05464363],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9941859,0.00004479266,0.005006726,0.00003535442,0.0001522741,0.0001304561,0.0000221644,0.00009237038,0.0003299711],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5313881,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999677,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2341912304","doi":"10.1007/s00340-016-6373-4","title":"Overcoming lossy channel bounds using a single quantum repeater node","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":63,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; Industry Canada","keywords":"Quantum key distribution; Lossy compression; Repeater (horology); Computer science; Quantum channel; Transmission (telecommunications); Photon; Quantum network; Key exchange; Channel (broadcasting); Key (lock); Quantum; Quantum information science; Quantum optics; Topology (electrical circuits); Physics; Computer network; Quantum information; Telecommunications; Optics; Encoding (memory); Quantum mechanics; Electrical engineering; Quantum entanglement; Public-key cryptography; Computer security; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02732092225415877,"gpt":0.2320602987493848,"spread":0.204739376495226,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001274259,0.0001694403,0.0001580498,0.00007644616,0.0001837487,0.0001965189,0.0004806859,0.00005302086,0.00001135896],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003179764,0.0001268651,0.00009625692,0.0003827593,0.00006957883,0.0007337876,0.0001723398,0.0000734626,0.0001811679],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004722559,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003308827,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009408476,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.45937e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988409,0.00001391669,0.0002417672,0.000282773,0.0002694757,0.0003511769],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990934,0.0000446672,0.0001394471,0.0005847468,0.00005200037,0.00008573129],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000108414,0.00008935874,0.00007164902,0.00001698952,0.00002608169,0.00000191838,0.001094817,0.0001202615,0.1136912,0.8721581,0.0005572065,0.01216161],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002416247,0.000106871,0.0004541971,0.0001746576,0.00003005165,0.00002410256,0.0001547516,0.205632,0.2464943,0.5258207,0.0172711,0.001421112],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1357657,0.000009260054,0.8567411,0.0001886588,0.0002045416,0.0001002074,0.000002549945,0.0001960197,0.006791896],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9926192,0.000003031603,0.006160643,0.001022491,0.0001408238,0.00001267999,0.000001969415,0.0000148226,0.0000243164],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8568535,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.517341,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2001856217","doi":"10.1007/s00340-006-2337-4","title":"An efficient control of ultrashort laser filament location in air for the purpose of remote sensing","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":63,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Optics; Telescope; Chirp; Merge (version control); Laser; Focus (optics); Physics; Self-focusing; Beam divergence; Focal length; Protein filament; Laser beams; Materials science; Beam diameter; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006240311180329108,"gpt":0.2419471782744261,"spread":0.235706867094097,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007781666,0.00008396327,0.0001328444,0.00001869198,0.00005645642,0.000006934952,0.00008548765,0.00001425155,0.000008311369],"category_scores_gemma":[4.191494e-7,0.00006731963,0.00005374366,0.0001477275,0.00003855629,0.00002567586,0.000007424466,0.00005552496,0.000003717322],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001499029,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002184518,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007402069,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001534426,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994273,0.000008673001,0.0002394373,0.0001343203,0.00008169233,0.0001085552],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993681,0.0001184102,0.0001450769,0.0002725526,0.00008167459,0.00001418383],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005561049,0.00109789,0.0006621206,0.0000309546,0.00005961856,4.44341e-8,0.0002108524,0.6918554,0.1231295,0.07719576,0.0003262563,0.105376],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001410339,0.00005048851,0.005322022,0.00004033191,0.0001057936,1.792783e-7,0.0005496391,0.400802,0.5669393,0.02300615,0.001559368,0.0002144106],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3658379,0.000001844443,0.6325871,0.0000616888,0.00002185769,0.0005053055,0.00005984357,0.000005556155,0.0009188442],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979914,1.276552e-7,0.001674511,0.00003256333,0.0001505572,0.00003338692,0.00008815755,0.00001144346,0.00001783824],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6321535,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2745215,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2076847817","doi":"10.1007/s00340-009-3560-6","title":"Sensitivity and relative error analyses of soot temperature and volume fraction determined by two-color LII","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":62,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Soot; Incandescence; Wavelength; Volume fraction; Materials science; Infrared; Optics; Laser; Sensitivity (control systems); Volume (thermodynamics); Optoelectronics; Physics; Chemistry; Combustion","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01245176102023027,"gpt":0.293963780562381,"spread":0.2815120195421508,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004192083,0.000135184,0.0002032027,0.00001297273,0.0001117374,0.00002087169,0.00003333759,0.00008647108,0.00001963869],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006742007,0.0001338783,0.00002812558,0.0001374545,0.00007801693,0.00009715261,0.00001721017,0.0001900051,0.000003440436],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002096133,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001572881,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004480861,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008480893,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999403,0.000009594563,0.0001260749,0.0002521752,0.00008988299,0.0001192647],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999524,0.00008462419,0.0001121547,0.0001886476,0.00003855433,0.00005201935],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004505502,0.00009093795,0.0003611651,0.00001455261,0.0000365382,5.59617e-7,0.0001469424,0.00003514608,0.9952884,0.001941239,0.0003869895,0.001652423],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00042856,0.00002271456,0.002957559,0.000009016419,0.0001005266,0.000002021,0.0001106999,0.002637682,0.9892682,0.004095848,0.000216197,0.0001510173],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9938569,0.00005403351,0.0008710887,0.0001035996,0.000004816868,0.00009355994,0.00005820651,0.00004067225,0.004917128],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991252,0.00001108237,0.000418977,0.00008804494,0.00008013875,0.00001862038,0.00008092264,0.000009773004,0.0001671702],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006020294,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5459398,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4401995944","doi":"10.1007/s00340-024-08280-3","title":"Roadmap on computational methods in optical imaging and holography [invited]","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Digital Holography and Microscopy","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":61,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","funders":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Institute on Aging; Russian Science Foundation; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Life Sciences Research Foundation; Government of Jiangsu Province; Israel Innovation Authority; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; National Institute of General Medical Sciences; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; Narodowe Centrum Nauki; Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej; Science and Engineering Research Board; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Israel Science Foundation; Academy of Finland; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Institutes of Health; Canada Research Chairs; Chan Zuckerberg Initiative","keywords":"Holography; Quantum optics; Optics; Computer science; Materials science; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02680094768986857,"gpt":0.3864708805324217,"spread":0.3596699328425532,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001580323,0.0004690548,0.0009429327,0.0002424625,0.00004942911,0.0001591805,0.0001807113,0.00008721016,0.000008184082],"category_scores_gemma":[7.397356e-7,0.000398627,0.0004130034,0.0006866503,0.0001875969,0.00006215148,0.0001368536,0.0006429611,0.00007152715],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001517607,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004205029,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004871428,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.806594e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998504,0.00005114393,0.0003782605,0.0006377398,0.0001093413,0.0003195317],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993085,0.0002575906,0.0001153508,0.0002243015,0.00001303276,0.00008117835],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002179209,0.000104226,0.00001289034,0.0006228421,0.0001149026,0.000003203302,0.0000264971,0.00001740263,0.000002002916,0.2118856,0.0004749312,0.7867333],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003158568,0.00002958205,0.00002110206,0.002548169,0.0006538112,0.000003507448,0.00005344177,0.00007422104,0.00002243094,0.3068439,0.6886091,0.0008248534],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00003018389,0.9257693,0.01740736,0.00001967001,0.0002485889,0.000722596,0.0002384125,0.00008228776,0.05548161],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01100313,0.9228062,0.05858479,0.0006737161,0.001670966,0.001228474,0.003453244,0.0004549025,0.0001245956],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7859085,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998466,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2052237333","doi":"10.1007/s00340-010-4130-7","title":"Analysis of uncertainties in instantaneous soot volume fraction measurements using two-dimensional, auto-compensating, laser-induced incandescence (2D-AC-LII)","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":61,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Incandescence; Soot; Volume fraction; Materials science; Uncertainty analysis; Optics; Monte Carlo method; Noise (video); Volume (thermodynamics); Attenuation; Computational physics; Physics; Thermodynamics; Combustion; Chemistry; Statistics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01997112530152738,"gpt":0.2413662939707177,"spread":0.2213951686691903,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002264577,0.0002361972,0.000367809,0.00002474531,0.0001405248,0.00001894902,0.0002290506,0.00009296692,0.0004386712],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007140712,0.0002473324,0.00009600443,0.0007920854,0.0002409261,0.0001629722,0.0001898339,0.0003235124,0.00003723479],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003857435,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002302392,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004474953,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009575838,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982529,0.00003176699,0.0003659117,0.0004283523,0.0006015334,0.0003195278],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992127,0.00003762442,0.0002885868,0.0003667911,0.000008998597,0.00008527734],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001896799,0.0001418573,0.1480595,0.000003203682,0.00006705397,0.000002344749,0.0001686775,0.5194501,0.3241378,0.00002996871,0.000003008896,0.007917487],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005040852,0.00003258442,0.1136978,0.00001093205,0.0002563689,0.00000241293,0.0002844876,0.8757384,0.008625038,0.0004313705,0.00003359549,0.0003829335],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9948024,0.00000150513,0.003057783,0.000006367201,0.00009254242,0.0002000603,0.000004440116,0.00002676296,0.001808197],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9928988,0.000001467507,0.006892966,0.00008713903,0.00002548477,0.00001222374,0.00002041311,0.00002477553,0.00003677431],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3562883,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999979,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2060556168","doi":"10.1007/s00340-009-3390-6","title":"A narrow linewidth and frequency-stable probe laser source for  the 88Sr+ single ion optical frequency standard","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":61,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences; National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Laser linewidth; Laser; Atomic clock; Frequency drift; Physics; Atomic physics; Optics; Resonance (particle physics); Quantum optics; Materials science; Phase noise","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01038790037224407,"gpt":0.236947000490954,"spread":0.2265591001187099,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001905075,0.0003268785,0.0003338059,0.00002202527,0.0004965391,0.0001179203,0.0002258375,0.0000729812,0.0001016532],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009197912,0.0002519774,0.0001250048,0.0002095054,0.0001815748,0.0002184078,0.00003383033,0.0002996286,0.00001408709],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000544478,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001069135,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000248251,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002553749,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984216,0.00001615656,0.000291735,0.0004592348,0.0002755844,0.0005356953],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990144,0.000180111,0.0001361596,0.0004153652,0.0001282002,0.0001257306],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000122464,0.000229397,0.0002498289,0.00002315862,0.00008797296,8.880004e-7,0.0004860231,0.001035438,0.03286025,0.8374949,0.001363264,0.1260465],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00149392,0.0003236264,0.00006192228,0.00002916852,0.0001196119,0.000001096897,0.0002637378,0.0004536785,0.06011738,0.9132119,0.02343244,0.0004914523],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01811371,0.0004153574,0.9045483,0.0007113102,0.0001938406,0.001481604,0.0003742163,0.0001273889,0.07403423],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9767301,0.00000330048,0.02041894,0.0002379483,0.001917368,0.0001680971,0.00007623052,0.0000450769,0.000402909],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9586164,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999933,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1976090151","doi":"10.1007/s00340-002-0870-3","title":"Future of laser-based X-ray sources for medical imaging","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":59,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","funders":"","keywords":"Laser; Ultrashort pulse; Mammography; Optics; Femtosecond; Materials science; Medical physics; Medical imaging; Laser power scaling; Monochromator; Computer science; Physics; Medicine; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007710308151113194,"gpt":0.2466857815595136,"spread":0.2389754734084004,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008755193,0.0001838069,0.0002467382,0.00002919955,0.00008436066,0.00001720852,0.0002813173,0.0000316307,0.0002419601],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002825113,0.0001777769,0.0001262093,0.0001370453,0.0001135088,0.00007133601,0.00004419629,0.0001665642,0.00001575406],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001106819,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002505854,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000885186,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.779224e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989949,0.00001013572,0.0002204706,0.0002538113,0.0002540314,0.0002666463],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992619,0.0001248353,0.0001499685,0.0003231174,0.00005905033,0.00008114881],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004905702,0.0009656162,0.006627569,0.0001281991,0.0001287973,0.000001552854,0.0006177517,0.002298137,0.01399534,0.2871964,0.02011328,0.6678783],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00335807,0.00005530009,0.0001451798,0.0001099334,0.0001272897,3.548476e-7,0.0006676817,0.06210621,0.5634396,0.2584401,0.1105252,0.001025111],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02463697,0.0000898583,0.9607115,0.0006677104,0.0001215599,0.0005181531,0.00008310827,0.0002337795,0.01293734],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9735841,0.0000015163,0.02479688,0.0002401678,0.001086244,0.0001489167,0.00004979611,0.00004296167,0.00004941389],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9489471,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7249532,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2085944253","doi":"10.1007/s00340-008-3285-y","title":"Sensitive detection of ammonia and ethylene with a pulsed quantum cascade laser using intra and interpulse spectroscopic techniques","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":58,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Materials science; Laser; Quantum cascade laser; Spectrometer; Optics; Chirp; Detector; Spectroscopy; Demodulation; Sideband; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Optoelectronics; Physics; Chemistry; Microwave","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01030908370726554,"gpt":0.2358278352538386,"spread":0.2255187515465731,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003173743,0.000164828,0.0002136899,0.00002928836,0.0001312068,0.00001280342,0.00004692237,0.00008150188,0.000006188852],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002180984,0.0001556516,0.00002038478,0.00014305,0.0002390454,0.00006071802,0.00003761956,0.0002095572,0.000001180842],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004264342,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002842978,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002048715,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003185296,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992985,0.000007283023,0.0001473988,0.0002773844,0.0001034216,0.0001660872],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995536,0.00004656839,0.000104124,0.0002057138,0.00003523831,0.00005471251],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001133711,0.00006108174,0.0002535737,0.00004992218,0.00003845792,0.000003537354,0.0005652435,0.000009174818,0.9966775,0.0009282097,0.000002669947,0.001297219],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003547758,0.00004474412,0.0004957936,0.00003556312,0.00005266537,0.00003546321,0.0002246333,0.001571188,0.9956687,0.001326045,0.00002971832,0.0001606889],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.982513,0.00002425675,0.01586233,0.00001239039,0.0000051501,0.0001455655,0.00001347504,0.00007328285,0.001350624],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977677,0.00005268083,0.001965108,0.00003123475,0.00008762571,0.00004368895,0.000009862049,0.00002618691,0.00001593887],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01525475,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6347288,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2093089933","doi":"10.1007/s00340-007-2585-y","title":"Determining aerosol particle size distributions using time-resolved laser-induced incandescence","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":56,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Incandescence; Aerosol; Particle size; Materials science; Particle-size distribution; Incandescent light bulb; Particle (ecology); Optics; Computational physics; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Physics; Chemistry; Meteorology; Combustion","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0212144621652864,"gpt":0.2326829943629443,"spread":0.2114685321976579,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001749574,0.0001633144,0.0001641811,0.000001341958,0.0003276487,0.00005513811,0.0001808036,0.00006679525,0.0004677057],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002374458,0.000158472,0.00005246215,0.00028524,0.00009471968,0.0001264282,0.00002216444,0.0001567508,0.0002068352],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001471168,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007240875,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001167171,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003244391,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988446,0.00001070065,0.0002156676,0.0002730075,0.0001952318,0.0004608275],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992055,0.0002693724,0.00009513279,0.0002272819,0.00002355842,0.000179161],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006479233,0.00006801018,0.02552612,0.00001499275,0.00002724328,0.00002625122,0.0002607298,0.002376987,0.9269431,0.0001086244,0.00004449888,0.04453865],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005259154,0.00003469865,0.01368108,0.00002023547,0.00003482514,0.000008933746,0.0001403212,0.02968834,0.9548112,0.0005456136,0.00009523767,0.0004136604],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.989299,0.000006034119,0.006183898,0.00001130257,0.00005636065,0.0001245618,0.0000441932,0.00007545203,0.004199222],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968196,6.364039e-7,0.002680031,0.00009879992,0.000245235,0.000001324517,0.00006758756,0.00000588219,0.00008092001],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04412499,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6462299,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2885067314","doi":"10.1007/s00340-018-7040-8","title":"Thermal lensing in Nd:GdVO4 laser with direct in-band pumping at 912 nm","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Solid State Laser Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":55,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Manitoba","keywords":"Optics; Materials science; Laser; Laser beam quality; Lens (geology); Diode; Thermal; Beam (structure); Focal length; Quantum optics; Laser diode; Optoelectronics; Physics; Laser beams","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009193476402281157,"gpt":0.1949004491275996,"spread":0.1857069727253184,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005725449,0.0001841993,0.0002101033,0.00006956002,0.00004124726,0.0000228648,0.0001382448,0.00007435268,0.000007989203],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003186908,0.0001737663,0.00001797093,0.0003795703,0.0001015111,0.00008828093,0.00005115859,0.0001944299,0.00007174905],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001206322,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008302502,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003877149,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002641137,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991611,0.000006348844,0.0001377349,0.0002178054,0.0001122052,0.0003648288],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995882,0.00005514597,0.00002514285,0.0002967449,0.00001207396,0.00002268949],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003571246,0.000158846,0.05237564,0.0002185589,0.0001807625,0.00007772516,0.005972004,0.2761436,0.6038486,0.002606191,0.0007738196,0.0572872],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000743754,0.00003484166,0.01130313,0.00007211642,0.000008794276,0.00000108503,0.0002160242,0.006740064,0.9789121,0.001132775,0.0004533406,0.0003819978],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9590027,0.00002479056,0.0001591934,0.00001401591,0.00005764222,0.000165165,0.000002859748,0.0004590067,0.04011463],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993992,0.000005427609,0.0003464235,0.00003857677,0.00009630204,0.00003178121,0.00000516665,0.00005699176,0.00002006034],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3750635,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7085985,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2008854482","doi":"10.1007/s00340-013-5418-1","title":"Experimental realization of strong effective magnetic fields in optical superlattice potentials","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":53,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Magnetic field; Optical lattice; Degenerate energy levels; Ultracold atom; Ground state; Cyclotron; Superlattice; Quantum optics; Magnetic flux; Quantum","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006374670200712096,"gpt":0.2277747376872319,"spread":0.2214000674865199,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005116199,0.0001715552,0.0002616361,0.0000299466,0.00004277825,0.00004228033,0.0001310746,0.00004272239,0.0003997911],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000109061,0.0001712735,0.00007959054,0.0001830854,0.00006243751,0.0001323811,0.00007939824,0.0001249055,0.00005600534],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001974291,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002138603,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000520139,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002185969,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990713,0.00002409749,0.0002543311,0.0002497074,0.0001647954,0.0002357899],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994913,0.0001055616,0.0000777795,0.00022226,0.0000492419,0.00005386877],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001560409,0.0005133128,0.004324173,0.00002044404,0.00004367681,4.042264e-7,0.0005875647,0.000828715,0.207348,0.7440568,0.00008634821,0.04217492],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0016396,0.000175898,0.01692535,0.00004550131,0.00005028809,1.74413e-7,0.001342418,0.005354263,0.8629246,0.1110286,0.00004787807,0.0004654527],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9588475,0.00002492754,0.007643543,0.00001425742,0.00005893668,0.0006859924,0.000008364862,0.00001554149,0.03270098],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999277,4.89128e-7,0.0001701053,0.00002212236,0.0001960288,0.0002261716,0.00004303152,0.00002044305,0.00004460581],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6555766,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6984332,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1970923745","doi":"10.1007/s00340-003-1199-2","title":"Continuum generation of the third-harmonic pulse generated by an intense femtosecond IR laser pulse in air","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":48,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Filamentation; Optics; Femtosecond; Laser; High harmonic generation; Wavelength; Pulse (music); Physics; Femtosecond pulse shaping; Nonlinear optics; Second-harmonic generation; Quantum optics; Multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan; Materials science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01615668140547738,"gpt":0.2418253988967672,"spread":0.2256687174912898,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001009748,0.0001886229,0.0002024703,0.000025905,0.0001367127,0.00003481984,0.0002037784,0.00004244878,0.0003367584],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001367479,0.0001544217,0.00008470215,0.0003286087,0.0000602271,0.0001625703,0.00003488822,0.0002366313,0.00006203375],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000296109,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005564505,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002919412,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00009187519,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989658,0.00006205615,0.0003269489,0.0003043335,0.0001150839,0.0002257912],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991478,0.00003051238,0.0001770182,0.0004992866,0.0000882865,0.00005706928],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001460947,0.0008682137,0.005081675,0.000008081565,0.00007674188,2.028431e-7,0.000488876,0.001496513,0.9260931,0.04344631,0.01891737,0.003508286],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006962317,0.00001510576,0.001739422,0.000007596194,0.00002973948,4.093252e-7,0.0002972237,0.00121503,0.9847108,0.00606309,0.004996418,0.0002289104],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9874939,0.000006284628,0.002219398,0.0001095894,0.0001275988,0.0003973286,0.0001338138,0.00001842073,0.00949361],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980192,9.92369e-7,0.0001372289,0.0004228427,0.0001750033,0.0002478622,0.0002709391,0.00002971833,0.0006962417],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0586177,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6297132,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1970986082","doi":"10.1007/s00340-015-6014-3","title":"Measurements and modeling of laser-induced incandescence of soot at different heights in a flat premixed flame","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","field":"Chemical Engineering","cited_by":47,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","keywords":"Soot; Incandescence; Materials science; Pyrometer; Laser; Optics; Laminar flow; Diffusion flame; Flame structure; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Combustion; Combustor; Temperature measurement; Mechanics; Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.070439915428382,"gpt":0.2538864357772146,"spread":0.1834465203488326,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005083194,0.0001433759,0.0002717947,0.00004402741,0.00001065166,0.000002048032,0.0001404901,0.0000714601,9.044727e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003035352,0.0001341916,0.00002244969,0.000149299,0.0000314084,0.00005015605,0.0001584666,0.0001435613,0.000001199245],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001067909,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000960443,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001235953,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005739635,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991834,0.000005231976,0.000241636,0.0001819328,0.0002275399,0.0001602246],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995619,0.00002833347,0.00007009404,0.0002408946,0.0000525983,0.0000461805],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003634812,0.00003682505,0.0002992578,0.00005156067,0.00001475992,2.359273e-7,0.0001943581,0.4031001,0.593357,0.001454958,0.000001522305,0.001453073],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006059108,0.00001278275,0.00002926641,0.00004255017,0.000007017664,1.699859e-7,0.00004374428,0.3436467,0.6498045,0.005712378,5.842393e-7,0.00009434105],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9706752,0.00002276246,0.02853223,0.000005649188,0.00001973649,0.0001466817,0.000002314283,0.00008998464,0.0005054481],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984444,0.00000485987,0.001480366,0.000002478632,0.00001219033,0.00002556774,0.000005042982,0.00001805179,0.00000699919],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0594534,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5472175,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2019127932","doi":"10.1007/s00340-015-6092-2","title":"Combination of LII and extinction measurements for determination of soot volume fraction and estimation of soot maturity in non-premixed laminar flames","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","field":"Chemical Engineering","cited_by":47,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Resources Canada; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","keywords":"Soot; Volume fraction; Extinction (optical mineralogy); Materials science; Incandescence; Laminar flow; Absorption (acoustics); Volume (thermodynamics); Diffusion flame; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Thermodynamics; Combustion; Mineralogy; Chemistry; Environmental chemistry; Organic chemistry; Composite material; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02379914542719925,"gpt":0.2593017719243963,"spread":0.2355026264971971,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001588954,0.00009088923,0.0001942917,0.00008084999,0.00001262251,0.000002988807,0.00004652255,0.00008725465,4.317216e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001171009,0.0001049562,0.00001619687,0.0001421893,0.0000459411,0.0001742072,0.00003027687,0.00007901011,2.038815e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000609696,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000829963,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008457444,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001205923,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993913,0.000006185971,0.0002481407,0.0001261829,0.0001524929,0.00007572649],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994396,0.00005992352,0.000234979,0.0001124175,0.000137158,0.0000159332],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001302498,0.0001892391,0.0008429387,0.0005956955,0.00001645264,5.021295e-8,0.0004169417,0.07032336,0.7677454,0.005988027,0.000009604498,0.153742],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008503426,0.00004761628,0.002384936,0.00004078545,0.00001738641,2.210448e-7,0.0001340469,0.461643,0.5101981,0.02461119,0.000002718292,0.00006974163],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5259201,0.0000122904,0.4737323,0.000007350325,0.00001936373,0.0002024897,0.000003100097,0.00002914069,0.00007392437],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9767286,0.000004954617,0.02316269,8.490694e-7,0.000008728789,0.00005016569,0.00002772727,0.00001159639,0.000004739913],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4508085,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4279991,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}