{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":5,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":5,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"bcec4f930735","filters":{"venue":"Biological Diversity"}},"results":[{"id":"W4394715460","doi":"10.1002/bod2.12004","title":"Linking plant functional traits to biodiversity under environmental change","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biological Diversity","topic":"Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Youth Innovation Promotion Association; Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Biodiversity; Ecology; Ecosystem; Trait; Environmental change; Biology; Environmental resource management; Ecosystem services; Functional ecology; Adaptation (eye); Climate change; Environmental science; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Hui Liu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Deyi Yin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Pengcheng He","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marc W. Cadotte","is_ca":true},{"name":"Qing Ye","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07773928286044962,"gpt":0.2163236367833161,"spread":0.1385843539228665,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001121717,0.00009404108,0.00008359568,0.00002643023,0.000547723,0.00001201642,0.0001245258,0.00009787194,0.002310976],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006706265,0.00007461777,0.0000592398,0.0000888857,0.0001819567,0.0001026787,0.001127563,0.0001066637,0.00382706],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001613816,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000001669755,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003548869,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006378882,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992904,0.00003519573,0.00006040206,0.0003130345,0.000119837,0.000181153],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997965,0.00006613523,0.00001236819,0.00004286329,0.000001279328,0.00008090091],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002800931,0.0000596392,0.9938591,0.000002589164,0.00002579562,0.00002812323,0.0005335844,0.00009560773,0.0005702748,0.0005596804,0.003000957,0.001236623],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007489479,0.00008179636,0.992354,0.00000320013,0.00001141758,0.000002619647,0.0001265626,0.0001875302,0.00001127194,0.0005920122,0.006442896,0.000111822],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.996549,0.00007368338,0.0006305105,0.001118182,0.0002926101,0.0001334096,0.0001983345,0.00008622218,0.0009180586],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978471,0.0000472791,0.0001251396,0.001674584,0.00004348411,0.000004373451,0.00006170784,0.00000126842,0.0001950315],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003441938,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.998601,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4400352779","doi":"10.1002/bod2.12015","title":"Converting farmlands to forests or forests to farmlands?","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biological Diversity","topic":"Forest, Soil, and Plant Ecology in China","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Desertification; Geography; Afforestation; Population; Wetland; China; Agroforestry; Environmental protection; Wildlife; Environmental science; Ecology; Forestry","authors":[{"name":"Hai Ren","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lei Gao","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dafeng Hui","is_ca":false},{"name":"Qinfeng Guo","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09984066742413257,"gpt":0.3451664697239091,"spread":0.2453258022997765,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006962292,0.0001509292,0.000219341,0.00009714554,0.001104311,0.00009021584,0.0005109109,0.0002752933,0.0006833516],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000789076,0.0001014396,0.0001035273,0.0004136115,0.0001806202,0.0001001085,0.0006225658,0.0001840095,0.001078894],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001171208,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008305864,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001784044,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03275102,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984834,0.0001573569,0.0001517691,0.0004307259,0.0002247825,0.0005519754],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988302,0.0005912149,0.00002544877,0.0001202714,0.00004823069,0.0003846502],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002026341,0.00003535482,0.9432887,0.00001295567,0.00003076775,0.0002207596,0.005730022,0.00001336221,0.00001391385,0.009741233,0.03701242,0.003697914],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001755575,0.0004733949,0.7534143,0.0000372506,0.00001923705,0.000004901433,0.0009292637,0.0000704732,0.00001779353,0.00322257,0.241356,0.0002793155],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9829828,0.00006484667,0.0002537929,0.003061289,0.001197826,0.0003531874,0.0001109416,0.0003113204,0.011664],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9959201,0.0000527569,0.0001261913,0.001313893,0.0003634266,0.000009110165,0.00002580949,0.000004609662,0.002184114],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2043435,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996989,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4404631049","doi":"10.1002/bod2.12022","title":"Botanic gardens are vital for delivering the Kunming‐Montreal global biodiversity framework","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biological Diversity","topic":"Animal and Plant Science Education","field":"Psychology","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Biodiversity; Geography; Environmental resource management; Environmental planning; Environmental science; Ecology; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Stephen Blackmore","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07910049160792883,"gpt":0.3073357671444568,"spread":0.2282352755365279,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002261307,0.0001111997,0.0001107346,0.00001435972,0.0007079186,0.00005407616,0.0003676818,0.0001809257,0.001183355],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000087177,0.00006835741,0.0001421802,0.0001484146,0.000180302,0.00004473195,0.0003241205,0.0001495487,0.001063645],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008161706,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001217859,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005121693,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008098691,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990894,0.00006293615,0.00007753727,0.0003791306,0.000103816,0.0002871967],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994416,0.0002861948,0.00003566456,0.0001217467,0.00003389549,0.00008085799],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003524536,0.0001482723,0.9030863,0.0000161763,0.0001167785,0.00008687178,0.002295088,0.000002109602,0.00004890036,0.01212367,0.07681989,0.004903467],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008127385,0.0001518607,0.9757742,0.00001189425,0.00003372217,0.00001358622,0.0020388,0.00002246595,0.000003228693,0.00326062,0.01847956,0.0001287557],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9914988,0.0004623004,0.001422211,0.001007653,0.001828163,0.0001992778,0.001137996,0.0001357196,0.002307877],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989383,0.00002510925,0.000148171,0.0003981352,0.0002088208,0.000003433761,0.00002813102,9.274681e-7,0.0002490069],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.07268791,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997297,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4405689449","doi":"10.1002/bod2.12029","title":"Building national parks to protect key ecosystems in China","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biological Diversity","topic":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Key (lock); China; Ecosystem; Environmental resource management; Environmental planning; Environmental protection; Business; Geography; Environmental science; Ecology; Computer science; Computer security; Archaeology; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Dehuang Zhu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chengzhen Wu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Hai Ren","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dafeng Hui","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02505412994954924,"gpt":0.2345947201482764,"spread":0.2095405901987271,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003361365,0.00006999323,0.00008860926,0.00002867949,0.0001220701,0.00003197762,0.0001993342,0.00006973885,0.001147672],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002207751,0.00004540442,0.00003612317,0.000206164,0.000007465158,0.0001031846,0.0006577396,0.00007327295,0.001205912],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001624675,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003451603,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001281996,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007609336,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992872,0.00004681267,0.00008588368,0.0002612263,0.0001565448,0.0001622878],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998402,0.00002885009,0.00001167414,0.00005113232,0.000002479831,0.00006567666],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000324897,0.0000590244,0.9912015,0.00004098698,0.00001254929,0.00005632314,0.0004155736,0.001184796,0.002139305,0.0007513012,0.002398719,0.001707428],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001147559,0.00009153754,0.9604117,0.0000567293,0.000002649701,0.00000438193,0.00002320224,0.005198719,0.0001758792,0.001956475,0.03179005,0.0001739238],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9939382,0.00003189669,0.0001139135,0.0002721511,0.0001531366,0.0002039986,0.00002172006,0.00006032498,0.005204627],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996101,0.000005561683,0.00019007,0.0001053091,0.000050685,0.000009047232,0.00000396595,0.0000016558,0.00002357607],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03078981,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997654,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4392716609","doi":"10.1002/bod2.12002","title":"Inaugural editorial: Biological Diversity","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biological Diversity","topic":"Invertebrate Taxonomy and Ecology","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Diversity (politics); Environmental ethics; Political science; Library science; Geography; Computer science; Philosophy; Law","authors":[{"name":"Hai Ren","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06296527237901764,"gpt":0.2120602757947541,"spread":0.1490950034157364,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004194718,0.0002256726,0.0002847847,0.00001831696,0.001430966,0.00007364163,0.0006193344,0.0005525763,0.003652396],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001099021,0.00007994132,0.0002486187,0.000329527,0.0003041339,0.000194452,0.003377436,0.0003488792,0.001249446],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009071475,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008820954,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005552177,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001469229,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998307,0.0001938865,0.0001728937,0.0006111513,0.0001933148,0.0005217206],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992793,0.0003688148,0.00004019543,0.00006276368,0.00005988225,0.0001891053],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003168985,0.0003468899,0.691715,0.00001534135,0.0001211995,0.0002472934,0.0002400926,0.000001543748,0.01673121,0.008450829,0.2466101,0.03520365],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001761143,0.0009040584,0.5403885,0.00001063306,0.00002335651,0.00001205192,0.0003166636,0.00005048702,0.0002314956,0.004648625,0.4527836,0.0004543687],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9832214,0.0001862262,0.000007817997,0.0008636524,0.01201051,0.0001925527,0.0001292547,0.000494943,0.002893645],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9911098,0.000141533,0.0000309452,0.0005603426,0.007834424,0.000005240214,0.0001172939,5.236185e-7,0.0001998824],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2061736,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999869,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}