{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":7,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":7,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"5f8724cd7fec","filters":{"venue":"Business Economics"}},"results":[{"id":"W3033298577","doi":"10.1057/s11369-021-00213-8","title":"The market for acquiring card payments from small and medium-sized Canadian merchants","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Business Economics","topic":"Digital Platforms and Economics","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Bank of Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Liberian dollar; Payment; Commerce; Business; Payment card; Monetary economics; Economics; Finance","authors":[{"name":"Angelika Welte","is_ca":true},{"name":"József Molnár","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02351740933420352,"gpt":0.1824522674363674,"spread":0.1589348581021638,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002502693,0.0001907652,0.0002575819,0.00007795764,0.0004010964,0.001948215,0.0002355901,0.00008390466,0.00007536758],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001492517,0.0001697277,0.000065347,0.00009216602,0.00005425814,0.001653268,0.0002004301,0.00005178537,0.0000497919],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009282205,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000226421,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02319873,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.3820053,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988922,0.00000109895,0.0003133271,0.0003369264,0.00002922037,0.0004272015],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992653,0.0001235276,0.0001534318,0.0002664463,0.0001433384,0.00004794066],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001365756,0.0002736003,0.1178469,0.001127331,0.00233082,0.0001281379,0.0003558962,0.001926725,0.0004153335,0.2244448,0.08694217,0.5628425],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001657147,0.000002586664,0.07737997,0.00004704345,0.00008573496,0.000004730113,0.0007920573,0.01039448,0.00009049548,0.04157131,0.8673986,0.0005758136],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9771228,0.0001915272,0.00007221381,0.003866619,0.001588697,0.0002663642,0.00009153051,0.00003097433,0.01676929],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9873486,0.000955059,0.0007349317,0.005896464,0.002371853,0.00009640199,0.0005513729,0.0001059451,0.001939384],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7804564,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9990879,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1503138353","doi":"10.2145/20080307","title":"Detailed industry, product, geographic data from the 2007 economic census become available in 2009","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Business Economics","topic":"Regional Economic and Spatial Analysis","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Census; Nonfarm payrolls; Quarter (Canadian coin); Product (mathematics); Geography; American Community Survey; Demography; Population; Agriculture; Sociology","authors":[{"name":"Robert P. Parker","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08845844720103962,"gpt":0.2214608947298204,"spread":0.1330024475287808,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.000846813,0.0004110165,0.001002748,0.0003735217,0.000302052,0.0001558422,0.001810129,0.0003159674,0.004081802],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001383162,0.0004200962,0.0001750853,0.0003651431,0.0003033277,0.0009113995,0.0004993089,0.0005000141,0.007116204],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000305493,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000213042,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02346895,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01163397,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9963549,0.00003532181,0.00153561,0.001415586,0.0000304683,0.0006281345],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9966255,0.0001803784,0.0008041409,0.002197592,0.00004492916,0.0001474418],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005413009,0.0001218683,0.9206631,0.000007322277,0.000214103,0.00001291096,0.00004892194,0.006692965,5.961808e-7,0.006824601,0.06509835,0.0002611123],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009161807,0.000009029688,0.5780342,0.000011537,0.00002240386,0.00001898152,0.00003292305,0.02839852,0.000002736091,0.004959073,0.3870338,0.0005605937],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9726576,0.005225623,0.00008600632,0.006108733,0.001241599,0.0004101853,0.00388534,0.00005075965,0.01033419],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9744267,0.01535774,0.0005347534,0.001534646,0.001673378,0.0000706543,0.002097815,0.0001076698,0.00419661],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3426289,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998251,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4280490130","doi":"10.1057/s11369-022-00259-2","title":"Climate policy is macro policy: 2022 Volcker lecture at NABE conference","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Business Economics","topic":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Bank of Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Economics; Monetary policy; Volatility (finance); Inflation (cosmology); Monetary economics; Macroeconomics; Interest rate; Finance","authors":[{"name":"Mark Carney","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05644845044439231,"gpt":0.2397042216115849,"spread":0.1832557711671926,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006282346,0.0005320171,0.0009728647,0.0009993337,0.001074331,0.0002623708,0.0009134893,0.0002165508,0.01212603],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001256878,0.0007480701,0.0002970055,0.0008474381,0.0001648969,0.0004496963,0.001694382,0.0003951165,0.002393472],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002410907,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002740179,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003090853,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005028777,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9962887,0.00003133203,0.001230419,0.001126594,0.00004630749,0.001276709],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975982,0.00007012363,0.0009567434,0.001047772,0.00006690195,0.0002603095],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003005348,0.0003024091,0.02758034,0.0001972382,0.0002240187,0.00001708721,0.003987271,0.005065226,0.00006827284,0.9327219,0.0260435,0.003492189],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001610348,0.00006633606,0.01287606,0.00001011197,0.00001666888,0.0001303321,0.0002260097,0.009932077,0.0001832108,0.07944249,0.8942242,0.00128217],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8606333,0.001784398,0.0002276409,0.05722474,0.00222328,0.0007109875,0.01615808,0.0002154432,0.06082213],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9506791,0.01201663,0.0003019874,0.02432134,0.002105623,0.0003929798,0.0008226976,0.0002607992,0.009098875],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8681807,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994971,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1492603588","doi":"10.2145/20080202","title":"The Depoliticization of Monetary Policy","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Business Economics","topic":"Economic Theory and Policy","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Monetary policy; Economics; Politics; Independence (probability theory); Keynesian economics; Quarter (Canadian coin); Monetary economics; Sample (material); Power (physics); Macroeconomics; Political science; Law; History","authors":[{"name":"Jerry H. Tempelman","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02852190162582539,"gpt":0.202948904220662,"spread":0.1744270025948366,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002897672,0.0001382604,0.0003283449,0.0001855902,0.0002675376,0.00002747454,0.0003237906,0.00008547189,0.00007060402],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001892174,0.0001423577,0.00009563173,0.0002099957,0.0002513591,0.0002546882,0.00006280124,0.000067305,0.0003553454],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009298421,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001017173,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001385472,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008692218,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986956,0.00001310087,0.0007573106,0.0002374876,0.000006059393,0.0002904339],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988172,0.0001248449,0.0004844867,0.0004711551,0.00003843227,0.0000638726],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001708619,0.00002420552,0.01726777,0.00001111646,0.0000325838,5.55987e-7,0.0001857231,0.001551753,0.000003093472,0.9800519,0.0002698423,0.0005843395],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007285256,0.00002689993,0.194864,0.000008278888,0.000006348237,0.00006170374,0.00006008035,0.002923648,0.0003320025,0.6483092,0.1522728,0.000406465],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9389602,0.001089487,0.0006704459,0.002452209,0.0004602445,0.0001411432,0.000138145,0.00002969152,0.05605843],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9924701,0.004779214,0.0001715616,0.0004375491,0.0004483663,0.0000126749,0.00002010121,0.00002871123,0.001631682],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3317427,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5805178,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4213270561","doi":"10.1057/s11369-021-00250-3","title":"Blending data to understand the economic impact of COVID-19","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Business Economics","topic":"COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Census; Revenue; Work (physics); Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Business; Economic impact analysis; Economics; State (computer science); Marketing; Finance; Engineering; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Scott A. Brave","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rebecca J. Hutchinson","is_ca":false},{"name":"C Kurz","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael Stepner","is_ca":true},{"name":"Ron S. Jarmin","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2025592282323747,"gpt":0.3318579282522585,"spread":0.1292987000198838,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001950858,0.0002626768,0.0006237038,0.0004828826,0.0004454188,0.0001232843,0.001956559,0.00006539399,0.002594859],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006294008,0.0002782313,0.0001583868,0.0004308761,0.0001066736,0.0004703976,0.001624671,0.0002084647,0.0002413989],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.006582208,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001732696,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008282529,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003919629,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976932,0.00004121824,0.0009624546,0.0007729947,0.00003469545,0.0004953936],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9966369,0.0004049233,0.0007580984,0.001912351,0.00001855114,0.0002691974],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001748539,0.00005245392,0.03238366,0.00005953803,0.0002676801,0.000003941382,0.001584778,0.8380072,0.00001597292,0.09636666,0.03060268,0.0004806562],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002978132,0.0002250147,0.0723639,0.00001185375,0.00005805922,0.0001062793,0.002191568,0.1227186,0.0000141521,0.04650778,0.7514251,0.001399537],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9651147,0.0007477617,0.006778903,0.01220315,0.001579293,0.0008523896,0.00892162,0.00007358725,0.00372866],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9960941,0.000287072,0.0001702839,0.002684309,0.000180712,0.00002692032,0.0001985039,0.00006300282,0.0002950663],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7208225,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999967,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4402523224","doi":"10.1057/s11369-024-00370-6","title":"Daniel McDowell: Bucking the Buck: US Financial Sanctions and the International Backlash against the Dollar","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Business Economics","topic":"Global Financial Crisis and Policies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Backlash; Liberian dollar; Sanctions; Economics; Business; Law and economics; Monetary economics; Financial system; Finance; Political science; Law; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Carla Norrlöf","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01742030101858009,"gpt":0.2027576071522731,"spread":0.1853373061336931,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000814255,0.0001989653,0.0002845442,0.00008693562,0.0005682558,0.0008862527,0.0005958223,0.00009890294,0.000079759],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000229005,0.000124266,0.0001572411,0.0002962814,0.0003366658,0.0002652546,0.0002470997,0.0002384726,0.0002805],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009651669,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007647176,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007048065,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004691457,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987912,0.00001904037,0.000534052,0.0003487945,0.0000321726,0.0002747506],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991044,0.0002272653,0.0001827184,0.0004011467,0.00005077751,0.00003373507],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002240658,0.00001272499,0.001752507,0.00001378548,0.00005964623,0.000001695491,0.0005784779,0.001415197,0.000001872516,0.968632,0.02485614,0.002653541],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003508243,0.000004255607,0.03505495,0.00001825609,0.00001621785,0.00001520827,0.000118081,0.007759933,0.000005429825,0.03520594,0.9212761,0.0001748287],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7397129,0.01487219,0.001357432,0.1071642,0.01128135,0.0006508708,0.0007022001,0.0001085412,0.1241504],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9797544,0.01008579,0.000055917,0.00615139,0.001685226,0.00006303635,0.00002325855,0.0000359747,0.002144974],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9334261,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8546156,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4412997239","doi":"10.1057/s11369-025-00417-2","title":"Raghuram G. Rajan and Rohit Lamba: Breaking the Mold: India’s Untraveled Path to Prosperity","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Business Economics","topic":"Indian Economic and Social Development","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Prosperity; Path (computing); Economics; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Amartya Lahiri","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01004595126379974,"gpt":0.1890227299362128,"spread":0.1789767786724131,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008578819,0.0002533116,0.0005432717,0.000238581,0.0003977122,0.0003130073,0.000372083,0.0001714306,0.0001395654],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001156222,0.0002682092,0.00007549679,0.0003179439,0.0001054184,0.0002275935,0.0002223412,0.0001615883,0.0002247379],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005831978,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002582306,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005006238,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002018224,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981983,0.00001769998,0.0007332929,0.0005799094,0.00001912623,0.0004516592],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991076,0.00005856583,0.0002774078,0.0003937397,0.00006522369,0.0000974676],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004055339,0.000054804,0.1148153,0.00007484399,0.0001767879,0.000003228191,0.002300239,0.000311283,0.000002184372,0.8658991,0.002532958,0.01378874],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008567239,0.00001050134,0.8061624,0.00003272419,0.00001489488,0.000005357013,0.0003047221,0.001878399,0.00002091233,0.03002142,0.1602273,0.0004647584],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9329681,0.0006036743,0.0007761986,0.006506777,0.00120459,0.0009898944,0.0001316677,0.00004479417,0.05677435],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9933485,0.000612903,0.0005672898,0.003291151,0.0001773844,0.0001592586,0.00002333586,0.00003254542,0.001787565],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8358777,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999977,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}