{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":31,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":1,"predictions_cover":31,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"33f074eaed3a","filters":{"venue":"Crime Science"}},"results":[{"id":"W2137416279","doi":"10.1186/s40163-015-0023-8","title":"Spatio-temporal crime hotspots and the ambient population","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":133,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Economic and Social Research Council","keywords":"Hotspot (geology); Population; Geography; Computer science; Crime rate; Population size; Computer security; Criminology; Demography; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08903967262885958,"gpt":0.384502545239208,"spread":0.2954628726103484,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00263366,0.00006708189,0.00009114564,0.00008769308,0.0009416275,0.0003386255,0.000361751,0.00002660608,0.000199797],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005555375,0.00004705522,0.00004529787,0.0004542149,0.001843287,0.0005524033,0.0001075777,0.00007183632,0.00007037663],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009828999,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001667062,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0190762,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001073779,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986246,0.0001292444,0.0001628973,0.0002344182,0.0005857562,0.00026313],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992958,0.00004095705,0.00007521748,0.0001945442,0.0001999966,0.000193542],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001141527,0.00019839,0.2381474,0.00001639569,0.0000126607,0.000005101766,0.06317233,0.00002332188,0.0006295421,0.6501206,0.0295422,0.01801801],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001383531,0.0001145213,0.9038609,0.00005382512,0.00003728524,0.000006021717,0.01408581,0.001419885,0.0006630452,0.0273828,0.05065734,0.0003349835],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9490454,0.0002149799,0.0003142844,0.002428139,0.0007991696,0.0002590303,0.000002940242,0.00005272436,0.0468833],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975675,0.000007555551,0.0001801763,0.0002132277,0.0001290424,0.000009371211,0.000002125102,0.000003625398,0.001887407],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6657136,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9874558,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2097152432","doi":"10.1186/2193-7680-2-5","title":"Five tests for a theory of the crime drop","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":114,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Economic and Social Research Council; Simon Fraser University; Temple University","keywords":"Legalization; Imprisonment; Criminology; Gun control; Immigration; Abortion; Demographics; Economics; Political science; Computer security; Actuarial science; Demographic economics; Psychology; Sociology; Law; Demography; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07069306701017583,"gpt":0.3897659076626663,"spread":0.3190728406524904,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001140938,0.00005765073,0.00008030771,0.00005666954,0.0008370631,0.0001143297,0.0008945593,0.00002692105,0.001464517],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001131529,0.00003852522,0.0001242102,0.0004378954,0.002109237,0.0003819123,0.0001199596,0.00005417037,0.0000914374],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000470507,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000252941,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001727341,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000083787,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989536,0.00007355864,0.0001529445,0.0001942972,0.0003303917,0.000295145],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990131,0.0001776743,0.00008634412,0.0002778418,0.0003646397,0.00008041469],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007268475,0.0002530573,0.005392422,0.00003958931,0.00001362945,2.075085e-7,0.02617148,0.000002977825,0.104403,0.7830784,0.05659572,0.02404225],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000534646,0.0002885662,0.5780736,0.0002449579,0.00006817266,0.000002333201,0.03362254,0.0004979504,0.07227058,0.2625398,0.05137291,0.0004839507],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7884551,0.0001805694,0.002022437,0.001949652,0.001207622,0.001064389,0.00002071119,0.00004999384,0.2050495],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9871637,0.00000245642,0.0002880825,0.0002015829,0.00007059946,0.00004324839,1.951067e-7,0.000003939511,0.01222622],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5726811,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994483,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1811186367","doi":"10.1186/s40163-015-0024-7","title":"Intra-week spatial-temporal patterns of crime","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":100,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Economic and Social Research Council","keywords":"Downtown; Geography; Crime analysis; Spatial ecology; Spatiotemporal pattern; Criminology; Seasonality; Common spatial pattern; Cartography; Psychology; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1223020818993479,"gpt":0.3873705631086641,"spread":0.2650684812093161,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001828809,0.0001010191,0.0001643486,0.0001802312,0.0003637005,0.0001410137,0.0008261359,0.00004744658,0.001376778],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005442029,0.00009557322,0.00009613899,0.0005162522,0.0012405,0.0005684213,0.0001516327,0.0001027798,0.0001766469],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001227042,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006885664,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03824752,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001873865,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979853,0.0001006281,0.0003027272,0.0003195182,0.0008535092,0.000438321],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986778,0.00003630005,0.00013723,0.000316838,0.0004713554,0.000360429],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008020966,0.002382771,0.5555153,0.0001450982,0.00005152985,0.00004571369,0.1089306,0.00002538136,0.03175246,0.1575957,0.06022429,0.08325092],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002059418,0.001827376,0.5447254,0.00051273,0.0001208118,0.00001564313,0.07049672,0.0007545019,0.1282856,0.01671569,0.2328923,0.001593872],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8435065,0.0001357356,0.009075899,0.0007646263,0.001717746,0.0002457876,0.00003011404,0.00009023411,0.1444333],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972194,0.000006631468,0.0003300281,0.0001099512,0.0001898082,0.000006232226,0.000002646713,0.000007211076,0.002128125],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.172668,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995361,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1828718921","doi":"10.1186/s40163-015-0039-0","title":"Daily crime flows within a city","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":97,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"TRIPS architecture; Geography; Recreation; Census; Distribution (mathematics); Agency (philosophy); Population; Economic geography; Socioeconomics; Demographic economics; Criminology; Demography; Sociology; Political science; Economics; Transport engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1710772560989031,"gpt":0.4162244415848324,"spread":0.2451471854859293,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002963108,0.00009748036,0.0001189672,0.0001434045,0.0009260555,0.0003772861,0.0009175826,0.00004635247,0.001188075],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009488738,0.00008955399,0.00007904193,0.0008610775,0.001410013,0.0008814427,0.0001706809,0.0001332436,0.0006470074],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002033813,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009265696,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005521078,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008180742,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979525,0.00009239058,0.0002195525,0.0003819664,0.0008748973,0.0004786615],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986681,0.00003058906,0.00007736657,0.0003329584,0.0004009528,0.0004900786],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005388035,0.0009405828,0.02652437,0.00003217905,0.00003025659,0.00004788383,0.1799091,0.00007410964,0.02703988,0.3516816,0.3990906,0.01457557],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001365137,0.0005472759,0.0588199,0.0001900054,0.00007664002,0.00002038753,0.05979104,0.002793077,0.019974,0.0357199,0.8193152,0.001387429],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5516627,0.0001723281,0.001349287,0.002092083,0.002328537,0.0002148141,0.000008442408,0.0001832125,0.4419886],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9897549,0.000002746961,0.001244561,0.0005865499,0.0002334937,0.000009167625,8.828291e-7,0.000006076848,0.008161618],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4380922,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999725,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2060747822","doi":"10.1186/s40163-014-0011-4","title":"Police performance measurement: an annotated bibliography","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Public Policy and Administration Research","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":74,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Economic and Social Research Council","keywords":"Balanced scorecard; Performance measurement; Transparency (behavior); Unintended consequences; Accountability; Performance management; Corporate governance; Thematic analysis; Public relations; Best practice; Computer science; Knowledge management; Political science; Process management; Sociology; Business; Computer security; Qualitative research; Law; Marketing","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2963140813576367,"gpt":0.4520287617193817,"spread":0.155714680361745,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006694487,0.00007558667,0.00007357344,0.002335724,0.001175074,0.0006022168,0.001043294,0.00004043425,0.00007374022],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004788293,0.00006986591,0.0000248366,0.01647199,0.002269062,0.00245741,0.00006098326,0.0001133622,0.0001281187],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008259589,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002956426,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009321329,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000700552,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9965288,0.0001443873,0.0001364617,0.0002931227,0.002233495,0.0006637563],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975709,0.00001843586,0.00004644429,0.0002699321,0.001132909,0.0009613865],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002108452,0.001719887,0.1079097,0.00006266268,0.00004246488,0.00001329168,0.186106,0.0001023963,0.06048328,0.3377887,0.2482905,0.05727033],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001162346,0.0008919758,0.2614181,0.00004894054,0.00001411813,0.000009313669,0.02651469,0.002493606,0.02138563,0.004279599,0.6808276,0.0009540626],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5679178,0.00003067931,0.00003818032,0.001206496,0.0002162645,0.0001327985,0.000003450971,0.0001220844,0.4303322],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987345,0.00004836273,0.000185639,0.0003969425,0.0001892821,0.000009068701,9.358482e-7,0.000003847717,0.0004313769],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4325371,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9972757,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2782885954","doi":"10.1186/s40163-017-0076-y","title":"Homicide in Canada and the crime drop","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Economic and Social Research Council","keywords":"Homicide; Criminology; Property crime; Dark figure of crime; Violent crime; Geography; Psychology; Poison control; Injury prevention; Medical emergency; Medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03156032722402204,"gpt":0.3394980813253164,"spread":0.3079377541012944,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001285982,0.00004878432,0.00007557601,0.00005414563,0.000789311,0.0001343588,0.0004624819,0.00001227789,0.0006433239],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000321993,0.00003420512,0.00001962952,0.000432621,0.003509288,0.0002208921,0.00009994375,0.00006956107,0.00003224285],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002366947,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001375917,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9863628,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9843186,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989852,0.00007483878,0.000125328,0.0001932803,0.0003157488,0.0003055561],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995449,0.00007703011,0.00003468449,0.0001611403,0.00009250469,0.00008974935],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008153344,0.0001109603,0.3034067,0.00001890582,0.00001223287,0.00002255738,0.06989268,0.000002716752,0.008864607,0.516159,0.05420308,0.04722501],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000756437,0.00004695404,0.9215913,0.0000620273,0.00001170763,0.000004419849,0.01763678,0.0007476003,0.004273069,0.006868217,0.04774634,0.000255177],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8715241,0.0001176691,0.00005135731,0.001671342,0.0005125546,0.0001149914,0.000002099554,0.000009418796,0.1259965],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981091,0.00001327158,0.00003948634,0.000568018,0.0001041619,0.000004225707,9.524364e-8,0.00000221778,0.001159414],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6181845,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992026,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3207269409","doi":"10.1186/s40163-021-00157-6","title":"The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health calls for police service","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending","field":"Psychology","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Pandemic; Mental health; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Public health; Criminology; Psychology; Intervention (counseling); Medical emergency; Psychiatry; Medicine; Nursing","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07054375640611052,"gpt":0.4263680975922306,"spread":0.3558243411861201,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002366083,0.0001654943,0.0002137021,0.00006264271,0.001096068,0.00005188442,0.001110994,0.000052743,0.00003564465],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003245462,0.00009571853,0.0001019991,0.001051523,0.000679437,0.00006764752,0.0001482723,0.0001933656,0.00005696589],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002816193,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006711517,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008646562,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005520952,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977722,0.0003064676,0.0003009636,0.000537466,0.00046044,0.0006224645],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976239,0.0008646444,0.0002324802,0.0009655248,0.00007787353,0.0002355887],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009607774,0.0002550317,0.03494223,0.000300085,0.00009277536,0.000002127657,0.02916629,0.00003054846,0.03667013,0.0297028,0.8474542,0.02042302],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009315372,0.004102434,0.1340598,0.0003462831,0.00009914422,0.0005970197,0.01466705,0.0003545244,0.02168889,0.002782541,0.8109587,0.001028264],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8035752,0.001221262,0.0002107839,0.03558843,0.1314793,0.001961666,0.0001681078,0.0001219724,0.02567328],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9799588,0.000009852005,0.00009624535,0.0186525,0.0003912676,0.00005284162,0.000003978791,0.00001989767,0.0008146637],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1763836,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8430178,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4283214724","doi":"10.1186/s40163-022-00167-y","title":"Say NOPE to social disorganization criminology: the importance of creators in neighborhood social control","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Informal social control; Social control; Criminology; Control (management); Property (philosophy); Sociology; Power (physics); Crime control; Political science; Social science; Criminal justice; Epistemology; Economics; Management","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05325738203438389,"gpt":0.3587205264045928,"spread":0.3054631443702089,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001504488,0.00007494869,0.0001426222,0.0001567429,0.002486945,0.00006767862,0.0008664236,0.00002922331,0.001758047],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003874348,0.0000664436,0.00007065552,0.001403317,0.000936049,0.0002128866,0.000212972,0.0001536588,0.00001427257],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002412592,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003737916,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009434716,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008283429,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982968,0.0002241176,0.0002698827,0.0002714374,0.000574697,0.0003630964],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994727,0.00006070421,0.0001316782,0.0001341219,0.0001460744,0.0000546724],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005315764,0.0005677387,0.3359523,0.00001445489,0.00001740487,0.000004806435,0.1571253,0.00008052041,0.01665266,0.4680936,0.01528703,0.006151032],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005681623,0.0001737456,0.9319292,0.000007642771,0.00003193935,0.000001210091,0.04949845,0.0001136432,0.0007156772,0.00609947,0.01061091,0.0002499885],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.968255,0.00005709387,0.0006546919,0.01091433,0.0005110338,0.0003869804,0.00005040347,0.00003160188,0.01913881],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985147,0.000001610483,0.00001187579,0.0009771661,0.0001230285,0.00004178127,0.000001765417,0.000006570891,0.0003215133],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5959769,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991545,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2110653277","doi":"10.1186/s40163-015-0036-3","title":"An application of CRAVED to the choice of victim in sexual homicide: a routine activity approach","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Homicide; Situational ethics; Psychology; Criminology; Crime prevention; Logistic regression; Interpersonal communication; Social psychology; Computer security; Computer science; Poison control; Human factors and ergonomics; Medicine; Medical emergency; Machine learning","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1295042654756451,"gpt":0.4375162313038738,"spread":0.3080119658282287,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002302331,0.00004924302,0.0001014965,0.0001046301,0.0001493599,0.0000375485,0.0006916885,0.00002532008,0.00001991202],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000354115,0.00003848443,0.00002240372,0.0009868853,0.0005715939,0.0003311381,0.00007710638,0.00006409985,0.00000821237],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008312869,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002224501,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03137763,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003946483,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989131,0.0001081559,0.0001611208,0.0002245891,0.0004083315,0.0001847016],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992247,0.00003785603,0.00009956261,0.0003173169,0.0002066564,0.0001138628],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000833921,0.002232024,0.3189792,0.00004677497,0.000008971716,3.128131e-7,0.1508515,0.001860459,0.4127611,0.01603214,0.001195403,0.09594876],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003342452,0.0002839218,0.9216959,0.00001777651,0.00001163387,5.01743e-7,0.03411644,0.01234315,0.02868731,0.000312984,0.00203258,0.0001635898],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9778423,0.00001127492,0.01197636,0.0003850046,0.00007464159,0.0002821427,0.000005740068,0.00001132148,0.009411261],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993141,3.570437e-7,0.0004875868,0.00003640838,0.00005043931,0.00001825719,7.632163e-7,0.000002577974,0.00008955496],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6027167,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9750725,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2130099810","doi":"10.1186/s40163-015-0044-3","title":"Child sexual abuse in youth-oriented organisations: tapping into situational crime prevention from the offender’s perspective","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Child Abuse and Trauma","field":"Psychology","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Victimisation; Situational ethics; Scrutiny; Psychology; Sexual abuse; Perspective (graphical); Crime prevention; Criminology; Child sexual abuse; Child abuse; Social psychology; Suicide prevention; Poison control; Political science; Medicine; Medical emergency","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07714976405591074,"gpt":0.346337012819635,"spread":0.2691872487637242,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000758673,0.0001290689,0.0001157774,0.0001520233,0.0003727147,0.00008793431,0.0004613996,0.00005594437,0.0003376943],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004119966,0.0001037914,0.00002798252,0.001079339,0.0004795472,0.0004477754,0.00007429915,0.0002375948,0.0004125595],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002687856,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003589494,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003038985,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004619304,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983242,0.0001257122,0.0002330455,0.0005559262,0.0004782867,0.0002828487],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989356,0.0001074065,0.00009353328,0.0004290071,0.000326467,0.0001080036],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007344586,0.0006582509,0.009262474,0.000001504914,0.0000475636,0.000007900216,0.8786399,0.00005135052,0.001338604,0.1067396,0.001836372,0.001342978],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001981703,0.0001473941,0.6581912,0.00006263239,0.00005113339,0.00001516537,0.3222029,0.000223824,0.0008214164,0.01508527,0.0008982187,0.0003192029],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9672166,0.0004660467,0.001485321,0.0009306319,0.000846741,0.0003380866,0.000019656,0.00006632991,0.02863058],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985864,0.000002439431,0.000359559,0.0004425406,0.0002928219,0.00001518921,0.00003300425,0.00001049976,0.0002575692],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6489287,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5302755,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4310191647","doi":"10.1186/s40163-022-00176-x","title":"Spatial distribution and developmental trajectories of crime versus crime severity: do not abandon the count-based model just yet","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Calgary Laboratory Services","funders":"","keywords":"Harm; Criminology; Context (archaeology); Geography; Demography; Psychology; Sociology; Social psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07815161575289395,"gpt":0.3492298381699545,"spread":0.2710782224170605,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001492798,0.0001199183,0.0001461793,0.00007353581,0.0027397,0.000182832,0.0006005742,0.0000314714,0.0007199509],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003332138,0.0001046429,0.00007970669,0.0005208993,0.001887082,0.0003540582,0.0002423917,0.0001723783,0.000006714295],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003733945,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000983647,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005466258,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005875659,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979239,0.000124717,0.00025084,0.0003495843,0.0009818167,0.0003691359],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992613,0.0001468111,0.0001175192,0.0001847857,0.0001847574,0.0001047803],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.004321778,0.00385927,0.03893,0.0004344614,0.0002639077,0.00004245378,0.2353199,0.003272726,0.1732921,0.4064696,0.0739983,0.05979558],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008952942,0.001910923,0.4939026,0.0002398299,0.0005661405,0.00002889916,0.1806272,0.06598708,0.1445467,0.00372155,0.09669648,0.002819627],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9851,0.000107495,0.002753171,0.0005900754,0.001182399,0.000314471,0.0004971726,0.00004831584,0.009406884],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993773,0.000007702558,0.0001263789,0.0001031682,0.00004850437,0.00003339671,0.00002300618,0.000006315123,0.0002742643],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4549726,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985586,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2336355405","doi":"10.1186/s40163-016-0053-x","title":"An assessment of households’ perceptions of private security companies and crime in urban Ghana","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"International Development Research Centre; Department for International Development; Government of the United Kingdom","keywords":"Business; Law enforcement; Metropolitan area; Economic growth; Public administration; Political science; Economics; Law","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05492888536128925,"gpt":0.4145445450755649,"spread":0.3596156597142756,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001153118,0.00006830385,0.0001543736,0.0001599732,0.000249707,0.00004707784,0.0004284074,0.00003147251,0.0004189502],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009936745,0.00005259592,0.00004411133,0.0004062657,0.002354268,0.0006475059,0.00009117197,0.00005355064,0.000002856563],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000774545,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001743072,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002215677,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006902262,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987633,0.0001142255,0.0002564852,0.0002499293,0.0003732239,0.0002428153],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993444,0.0000542139,0.0001053539,0.0002434816,0.0001373165,0.0001152491],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003953971,0.0004601906,0.6756245,0.00003371362,0.000004829399,7.967821e-7,0.02330962,0.000001275904,0.1821988,0.1158479,0.0003408676,0.002173474],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001615027,0.0001213656,0.9874516,0.0001032319,0.000007326509,4.084505e-7,0.006696539,0.00008569955,0.003318805,0.001663419,0.0003018333,0.00008830923],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9910769,0.00004081366,0.0006060584,0.0001937914,0.0001010908,0.0001285037,0.00002787239,0.00001942276,0.007805558],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992917,0.00002931788,0.0005314889,0.00001555867,0.00002474849,0.000004582545,4.218722e-7,0.000003683922,0.00009850306],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.311827,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.86744,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3210679702","doi":"10.1186/s40163-021-00161-w","title":"Identifying seasonal spatial patterns of crime in a small northern city","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Nipissing University","funders":"","keywords":"Geography; Point pattern analysis; Common spatial pattern; Spatial ecology; Descriptive statistics; Census; Population; Cartography; Physical geography; Demography; Statistics; Spatial distribution; Ecology; Sociology; Mathematics; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1079073126315098,"gpt":0.3827122968499801,"spread":0.2748049842184703,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001127739,0.0000883617,0.0001567411,0.0001443191,0.0003811777,0.0001676141,0.0005566529,0.00004433776,0.002273334],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004844946,0.00009476753,0.0001217417,0.0006604306,0.0005691539,0.0003399629,0.0002157819,0.0001395215,0.00003835513],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001460441,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007170555,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03063375,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.08132269,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982667,0.0001238288,0.000286734,0.0003854576,0.0005163492,0.0004209227],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999078,0.00005687474,0.0001006723,0.0002491307,0.0003742778,0.0001409845],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004925787,0.0002484746,0.961926,0.00004384378,0.000005637138,0.00003063426,0.008970048,0.000004349645,0.01417313,0.00458171,0.00004557849,0.009965615],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002217621,0.00002608532,0.968433,0.0001763515,0.00001128546,0.00000304745,0.005971754,0.0001144799,0.0226416,0.001128884,0.001103596,0.0001681145],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9781945,0.0001576296,0.003712006,0.0002472908,0.0005250101,0.0000945918,0.00002028734,0.00002276369,0.01702597],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984018,0.00001738916,0.0002615067,0.00006890354,0.0001008602,0.000005895165,0.000002831644,0.000005565698,0.001135295],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05068894,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9986387,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2807331346","doi":"10.1186/s40163-018-0080-x","title":"The East Asian crime drop?","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Economic and Social Research Council","keywords":"Criminology; Quarter (Canadian coin); Drop out; Dark figure of crime; Violent crime; Political science; Demographic economics; Geography; Sociology; Economics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06622085790691522,"gpt":0.4005837357251882,"spread":0.334362877818273,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001716873,0.00007485739,0.00006505023,0.00007056926,0.005128282,0.0006192446,0.001172569,0.00002968778,0.001877279],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005179395,0.00005305136,0.00007545322,0.0007181626,0.00628021,0.0004576471,0.0001503357,0.00009382201,0.001542516],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009277793,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003267364,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009454269,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008997609,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983417,0.00007723612,0.0001581691,0.000287976,0.0005840236,0.0005509304],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999024,0.00003192157,0.00005830115,0.0003660153,0.0003279556,0.0001917585],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001391279,0.0001721842,0.003860316,0.000006334479,0.00001381121,0.000004861849,0.04417167,1.587783e-7,0.01930826,0.6856023,0.1239782,0.122868],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001027988,0.0001310963,0.04704568,0.00003253694,0.00001114147,0.000003077014,0.01938218,0.00008953662,0.003674142,0.006250215,0.9230736,0.0002039487],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04645783,0.0001234758,0.0007893105,0.005590853,0.002147927,0.0001606111,0.000003584731,0.0000973415,0.9446291],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9835663,0.000007438839,0.0001331575,0.0002382109,0.0005962809,0.000006927174,2.292323e-7,0.000005231514,0.01544617],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9371085,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992349,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4306404279","doi":"10.1186/s40163-022-00173-0","title":"Theorizing globally, but analyzing locally: the importance of geographically weighted regression in crime analysis","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Unemployment; Geographically Weighted Regression; Property crime; Regression analysis; Work (physics); Economic Justice; Criminology; Unit (ring theory); Criminal justice; Geography; Violent crime; Regression; Economic geography; Regional science; Sociology; Econometrics; Political science; Economics; Economic growth; Psychology; Statistics; Mathematics; Law","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02855358144437255,"gpt":0.3552401081366383,"spread":0.3266865266922657,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005476208,0.00011921,0.0002502927,0.0006498469,0.001963333,0.0001525584,0.00180162,0.00003429957,0.001914465],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003330982,0.00008841424,0.0002994523,0.008321252,0.001731239,0.000336802,0.0005483992,0.0002807162,0.000004332759],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000217552,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003589144,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004768862,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00181841,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968631,0.0004077479,0.0004882704,0.0004819233,0.001252016,0.0005069806],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987185,0.0001463712,0.0002869567,0.0005116884,0.0002191136,0.0001173748],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003233662,0.000291074,0.8697941,0.00001090607,0.0000905117,0.00001815411,0.00652612,0.0002495227,0.009809321,0.1087487,0.0006084854,0.003820774],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003935939,0.0001719402,0.9409286,0.00009900756,0.0003421411,0.000003614561,0.02912474,0.004564691,0.001786332,0.01543578,0.006674645,0.0004748899],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9740957,0.0006745489,0.001255212,0.00155417,0.0002691483,0.0002141325,0.00002002169,0.0000403148,0.02187674],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991376,0.00004176348,0.0002473507,0.0002389261,0.00003476024,0.00002137458,0.000003143166,0.000005204465,0.0002698847],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0933129,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999336,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4399574931","doi":"10.1186/s40163-024-00212-y","title":"Conti Inc.: understanding the internal discussions of a large ransomware-as-a-service operator with machine learning","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Ransomware; Computer science; Service (business); Computer security; Operator (biology); Latent Dirichlet allocation; Data science; Artificial intelligence; Malware; Business; Topic model","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02161900089284504,"gpt":0.3013101612817544,"spread":0.2796911603889094,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009007517,0.0001345235,0.0001318214,0.0002249316,0.0006059024,0.0004030714,0.001505977,0.00002745171,0.0000336423],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001367168,0.00007282711,0.00003483456,0.001940035,0.0003929732,0.00129478,0.0005706062,0.0003699601,0.00002282086],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000141133,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002604363,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009206578,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004469616,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984359,0.00006240767,0.0001917071,0.000469895,0.0005180741,0.0003220848],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990979,0.0001446879,0.00006590087,0.0004363735,0.0001586959,0.00009646187],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004481103,0.00007495077,0.0003038837,0.0001084578,0.00003324172,0.00007200563,0.01032592,0.0005229019,0.1098501,0.8681695,0.0002624192,0.01023182],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009743224,0.001211171,0.0008648774,0.001512947,0.00005557932,0.0005647813,0.006181096,0.5279233,0.3936882,0.030779,0.0352411,0.001003637],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.00505119,0.0002875849,0.9903557,0.001462926,0.000267958,0.0001797045,0.000004868512,0.0004936225,0.001896415],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.985737,0.00001223868,0.0135824,0.000353338,0.00001933494,0.00001661105,4.550264e-7,0.00001088198,0.0002677576],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9806858,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4660172,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4401814192","doi":"10.1186/s40163-024-00220-y","title":"The heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on crime across the world","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); Criminology; Econometrics; Virology; Psychology; Economics; Medicine; Outbreak; Infectious disease (medical specialty); Disease","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05212154750770604,"gpt":0.4383833581280934,"spread":0.3862618106203874,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.002319739,0.0001052161,0.00009971904,0.0000849585,0.003104692,0.0007319858,0.00128585,0.00002828706,0.0002976344],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001157915,0.0000578297,0.0001734434,0.001187127,0.003683438,0.0001865017,0.0001847843,0.0001755103,0.0002189214],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001884012,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004923342,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001667445,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002068231,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980341,0.0001767373,0.0002071475,0.0003473988,0.0007085919,0.0005260512],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979983,0.001205817,0.00005739071,0.0004475155,0.00009210126,0.0001988715],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005254082,0.0004623381,0.0009746602,0.0004677221,0.0001058451,0.000109406,0.09423453,0.0002988566,0.02678065,0.6410384,0.1629895,0.07248553],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001456915,0.0002502084,0.003254378,0.0002325059,0.00003757305,0.00000809159,0.004463634,0.0004060001,0.0534154,0.006132117,0.9314057,0.000248732],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.783672,0.009097526,0.001721146,0.02813413,0.01101966,0.001721755,0.00006829284,0.0004752514,0.1640903],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9873784,0.00005042355,0.000009661334,0.000750108,0.0001673576,0.00001999917,3.316044e-7,0.000007516918,0.01161624],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7684162,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999028,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4312131270","doi":"10.1186/s40163-022-00178-9","title":"Unpacking the police patrol shift: observations and complications of “electronically” riding along with police","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Officer; Unpacking; Agency (philosophy); Crime analysis; Service (business); Sample (material); Law enforcement; Criminology; Police department; Work (physics); Computer security; Psychology; Political science; Sociology; Engineering; Business; Computer science; Law","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09606698797447233,"gpt":0.3781805421976303,"spread":0.282113554223158,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001755261,0.00006341319,0.00008006638,0.00009492291,0.005636848,0.0001402935,0.0006476865,0.00001392093,0.00005807974],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001268149,0.0000497316,0.00002361408,0.001513573,0.001514894,0.0004849001,0.0001729074,0.0002025939,0.000002287847],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001627595,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009894267,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.2374432,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03581881,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998497,0.0001646671,0.0001448742,0.0002140536,0.0006214144,0.0003579791],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988845,0.0004585005,0.0001428329,0.0002728573,0.0001384181,0.0001028773],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001147571,0.000112135,0.03816682,0.000008810503,0.00001653367,1.352967e-7,0.4191118,0.0009548343,0.01454722,0.5249478,0.0004970455,0.001625418],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001766527,0.000123684,0.89385,0.00001780099,0.00005688726,0.00001214292,0.06039242,0.0007952611,0.0001288081,0.001614566,0.04262672,0.0002050956],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9641851,0.00003766979,0.0003515276,0.01252886,0.00005954421,0.0002234604,0.0000264598,0.00004191012,0.0225455],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985297,0.00002502005,0.0004320415,0.0007975351,0.00005931068,0.00003454856,0.00000119765,0.000005250713,0.0001154433],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8556831,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9956577,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2166853612","doi":"10.1186/2193-7680-3-7","title":"Investigative advising: a job for Bayes","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":true,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Prior probability; Bayes' theorem; Context (archaeology); Computer science; Bayesian probability; Suspect; Bayes factor; Machine learning; Artificial intelligence; Psychology; Criminology","retraction":{"nature":"Retraction","openalex_flagged":true},"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04810115506450778,"gpt":0.2986868552021547,"spread":0.2505857001376469,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001215497,0.000122665,0.0001302579,0.0001349619,0.0004600728,0.0004272252,0.00177426,0.00003618617,0.000003512581],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007613029,0.0001056048,0.00004406598,0.0007367955,0.0008677381,0.0009198332,0.0002478939,0.00009474321,0.00005767143],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003409259,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003369513,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001252484,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001193187,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983944,0.00003688841,0.0001663946,0.000609957,0.0003502526,0.0004421538],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987031,0.0001397825,0.00006575978,0.0005565676,0.0002958709,0.0002388791],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001540033,0.00001565608,0.00008258739,0.0000110148,0.000001690865,3.789092e-7,0.0008201707,0.00008938371,0.04501008,0.9080236,0.001153952,0.04478996],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002087473,0.0002089142,0.002475053,0.0000501383,0.000004548587,0.000007796031,0.00003104618,0.5675108,0.07947651,0.3457462,0.003962582,0.000317719],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01614703,0.00003759415,0.9711168,0.00112273,0.0003766309,0.0001179875,9.736532e-7,0.0001843064,0.01089597],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8048106,0.000001016288,0.1939726,0.0009158286,0.00006142336,0.00001595692,2.33267e-7,0.000004527136,0.0002178019],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7886636,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4306439,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4386602810","doi":"10.1186/s40163-023-00193-4","title":"Do police stations deter crime?","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; International Centre for Comparative Criminology","funders":"","keywords":"Criminology; Deterrence (psychology); Violent crime; Crime prevention; Closure (psychology); Test (biology); Police department; Crime analysis; Deterrence theory; Political science; Psychology; Law","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1289914197752513,"gpt":0.4594158311048667,"spread":0.3304244113296154,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001191604,0.0000734306,0.0000757686,0.0003119776,0.001618131,0.000404058,0.0006548764,0.00003129369,0.002523934],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003509402,0.00007146541,0.00007890535,0.001996035,0.001138282,0.000641895,0.00013212,0.00008417392,0.002910805],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009224361,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003012383,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005575955,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006104866,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983503,0.00006022064,0.0001641969,0.0003161867,0.0005725299,0.0005365449],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999148,0.00008491191,0.00004515774,0.0002722801,0.0002427541,0.0002068899],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007969395,0.0002764325,0.01786434,0.00003758069,0.00002247289,0.00001352006,0.161864,0.00003794661,0.04432231,0.4255456,0.308937,0.04107077],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003540362,0.0001249209,0.4237434,0.00009822977,0.00003895402,0.000003714898,0.06107404,0.0005233367,0.007306749,0.01386211,0.4922027,0.0006677683],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5732802,0.00004574309,0.000639373,0.001790046,0.001229719,0.0002108656,0.00002728776,0.0003743301,0.4224025],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9862005,0.00001930267,0.0002347473,0.000238469,0.0001654052,0.00001696464,0.000002271941,0.000006970748,0.01311538],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4129203,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996817,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4394821139","doi":"10.1186/s40163-024-00207-9","title":"Public perceptions of courts and cooperation with police","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Perception; Criminal justice; Psychological intervention; Sample (material); Economic Justice; Psychology; Criminology; Empirical research; Procedural justice; Social psychology; Political science; Law","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08966640350555044,"gpt":0.3999163081459203,"spread":0.3102499046403698,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007158555,0.00004016241,0.00004795397,0.0001378795,0.0007952002,0.0003948597,0.0001382637,0.00002201136,0.0002545349],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008301053,0.00003167391,0.00001029151,0.0006231863,0.00164239,0.001175339,0.00002427421,0.00006428214,0.00003536983],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004037979,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006649444,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02033052,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004887203,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992817,0.00003962661,0.00006940044,0.0001604042,0.0002660702,0.0001827912],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995421,0.00007694134,0.00001921145,0.00009458712,0.0001493965,0.00011777],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004169884,0.00005896437,0.003931736,0.00003281145,0.000008446566,7.864242e-7,0.2570313,0.00002131933,0.04413931,0.6753469,0.002390339,0.01703389],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004571184,0.000631204,0.4891982,0.0004056316,0.0001875179,0.00009355335,0.11203,0.007528664,0.001241043,0.00373955,0.3834912,0.0009963468],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8889387,0.00005450216,0.000613206,0.003627648,0.0001493876,0.00008719783,0.000006281149,0.00006393867,0.1064591],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979094,0.0001155204,0.0004525004,0.0001134195,0.00009244456,0.000003488017,6.164065e-7,0.000002957147,0.001309644],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6716074,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9861932,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2096080231","doi":"10.1186/s40163-015-0020-y","title":"Aggressive incidents inside a Montreal barroom involving patrons, barmaids and bouncers: A micro level examination of routine activity theory","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Cégep Marie-Victorin","funders":"","keywords":"Aggression; Context (archaeology); Ethnography; Relevance (law); Poison control; Criminology; Psychology; Sociology; Social psychology; History; Political science; Law; Medicine; Archaeology; Anthropology; Medical emergency","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.109932123607434,"gpt":0.3712700183320876,"spread":0.2613378947246536,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003500959,0.0001000392,0.0001497972,0.0001915489,0.0005094512,0.0001691107,0.0003738082,0.00004899802,0.00007872481],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002113677,0.00009402802,0.00004914713,0.0004652555,0.001534987,0.00111864,0.0002265901,0.0001039668,0.00000789945],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002501511,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005509965,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0133658,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002433754,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982608,0.0003158277,0.0001948869,0.00030988,0.0006103934,0.0003081987],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998808,0.0001152936,0.0002509824,0.0001860944,0.0004162175,0.0002234377],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001647481,0.0007749179,0.1575723,0.0001056542,0.00006436164,0.00003263963,0.3431396,0.00001933275,0.1981056,0.02045645,0.002850076,0.2767143],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007183701,0.000188102,0.932739,0.0002421887,0.00004322107,0.000006196495,0.03723235,0.000382521,0.02279022,0.005147963,0.0002503825,0.0002595152],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9898039,0.0006522373,0.0009477399,0.00008533659,0.0002547886,0.0001656212,0.000023524,0.00002467106,0.008042254],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990394,0.00003926639,0.0003576498,0.00003900572,0.00006186152,0.000008070989,0.000001390835,0.000005372993,0.0004480223],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7751667,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9932043,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4403706767","doi":"10.1186/s40163-024-00234-6","title":"Crime radiation theory: the co-production of crime patterns through opportunity creation and exploitation","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Production (economics); Business; Organised crime; Criminology; Economics; Sociology; Microeconomics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1091738883081649,"gpt":0.4205940783294433,"spread":0.3114201900212785,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003336119,0.0001019783,0.0001075021,0.0001572653,0.001063419,0.0003548307,0.0003012658,0.00005146568,0.0007952388],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001026157,0.00007922373,0.00007115065,0.000610787,0.001484879,0.001676004,0.0000468318,0.0001349002,0.00003296621],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001164389,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003264669,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001772212,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000046333,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982265,0.0002724135,0.000267688,0.0003770976,0.0006103251,0.000245999],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990973,0.0001832742,0.0001091406,0.0002579594,0.0002596309,0.00009263783],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001859165,0.0001241539,0.002775171,0.0001231883,0.00002769811,0.00000190501,0.0724903,0.000008906854,0.02606863,0.808624,0.00831058,0.08142688],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000419574,0.0004799765,0.4874925,0.0007705539,0.0003545772,0.00002184007,0.1208419,0.001237271,0.1594039,0.131053,0.09707513,0.0008497864],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8597171,0.00184271,0.01579091,0.003529627,0.003184734,0.0007598596,0.00004311794,0.0002241727,0.1149078],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970863,0.0003650468,0.0001011582,0.0001108588,0.0002556386,0.00002194145,0.00001055109,0.000008696578,0.002039762],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.677571,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8707308,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4398182629","doi":"10.1186/s40163-024-00211-z","title":"Contribution to the harm assessment of darknet markets: topic modelling drug reviews on Dark0de Reborn","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem; Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós Alap","keywords":"Harm; Harm reduction; Transaction cost; SAFER; Computer science; Vendor; Business; Computer security; Risk analysis (engineering); Internet privacy; Medicine; Marketing; Finance; Public health; Political science; Law","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03979129261747198,"gpt":0.3412090924992349,"spread":0.3014177998817629,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00297194,0.0001357434,0.0001929943,0.0001333889,0.0004176119,0.0002988822,0.00129421,0.00001538746,0.00002027007],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001274376,0.00008475107,0.00007542152,0.001072738,0.0001784635,0.0004690652,0.0004663159,0.0001430182,0.00007537115],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001337732,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001801153,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000632251,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005840812,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981194,0.00007842479,0.0003373982,0.0005204614,0.0006035699,0.0003407896],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988488,0.000142057,0.00005681189,0.0007253517,0.0001450854,0.00008189701],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006039068,0.00005862251,0.00005152984,0.0000916115,0.00001870565,0.000006079545,0.002561154,0.003144001,0.003567431,0.8936451,0.04099706,0.05585265],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001578021,0.0001325072,0.004426388,0.0005849944,0.00002901109,0.00000409203,0.00009069376,0.3405027,0.01142076,0.002902609,0.6394413,0.0003071328],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02044377,0.004139132,0.9135647,0.007115788,0.002189064,0.001068348,0.000009032212,0.0001622187,0.05130797],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9916409,0.0003321531,0.005987679,0.001006254,0.00008376021,0.00004226264,0.000001205511,0.000004227852,0.000901577],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9711971,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3456048,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2909982597","doi":"10.1186/s40163-019-0096-x","title":"An evaluation of bylaw and policy changes on pharmacy robberies in British Columbia","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"College of Pharmacists of British Columbia; Simon Fraser University","funders":"Office of Community Services","keywords":"Pharmacy; Mainland; Public administration; Political science; Law; Geography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09653229388228192,"gpt":0.4545405581339743,"spread":0.3580082642516924,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001952461,0.00003091988,0.00007399156,0.00009900759,0.0002272369,0.0003106374,0.000220139,0.00001536351,0.001092301],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001931998,0.00004673676,0.0000155771,0.0004838473,0.0006580773,0.0003767567,0.00003286048,0.00004192032,0.00001241838],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000889756,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003103004,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.2296905,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.3380956,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988803,0.0001083421,0.00009870953,0.0002098115,0.0005157554,0.0001870909],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995663,0.00002071824,0.00004861094,0.0001161501,0.0001800949,0.0000680827],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007837506,0.0004242532,0.5118298,0.00004335171,0.000004861411,0.000001280597,0.01937726,0.00002863518,0.04963,0.01129051,0.0008449043,0.4065173],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005539826,0.0002181445,0.9819061,0.0001482971,0.0000107868,0.000001455136,0.005562048,0.001033319,0.003291576,0.002513613,0.004612825,0.0001478873],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9756641,0.00008317756,0.000002066305,0.000326187,0.0001615205,0.0002231199,0.00000821727,0.00001092281,0.0235207],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990644,0.00003576123,0.00002715307,0.0001006154,0.00005067372,0.00000894215,9.520153e-7,0.000002596401,0.0007088397],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4700763,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998208,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2618277072","doi":"10.1186/2193-7680-3-2","title":"RETRACTED ARTICLE: Investigative advising: a job for Bayes","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":true,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Bayes' theorem; Context (archaeology); Prior probability; Computer science; Bayesian probability; Suspect; Bayes factor; Machine learning; Artificial intelligence; Relevance (law); Psychology; Criminology; Political science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04239514789203764,"gpt":0.2946854622354405,"spread":0.2522903143434029,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001504533,0.0001370102,0.0001466721,0.0001411199,0.0004749114,0.0005018636,0.001550097,0.00006756047,0.000005696854],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001417932,0.0001198235,0.00004500261,0.001093711,0.0008786143,0.001166741,0.0002098363,0.0001882284,0.00006232668],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000427666,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003381785,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001322475,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000156378,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981169,0.00005252356,0.0002180648,0.0006551083,0.0004425344,0.0005148815],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984065,0.0001804877,0.00008644408,0.0006184003,0.0004152432,0.0002929087],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004822414,0.00004135638,0.0002824009,0.0000165179,0.000003630214,0.000001070724,0.001318705,0.0001078307,0.2592311,0.6758565,0.001624949,0.06151112],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000240279,0.0001974668,0.0107695,0.00005110554,0.000005929563,0.000009398763,0.00003106593,0.647988,0.1586398,0.180387,0.001376491,0.0003039926],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1041449,0.00002871301,0.8874635,0.001243055,0.0003593262,0.0001397315,0.00000126579,0.000237544,0.006381901],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8524975,9.85072e-7,0.1463855,0.0008560403,0.00007802897,0.00001508589,3.419257e-7,0.000005789693,0.0001606812],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7483526,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.488626,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4403783539","doi":"10.1186/s40163-024-00229-3","title":"Correction: the heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on crime across the world","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Criminology; 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); Data science; Political science; Computer science; Psychology; Medicine; Virology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1785786259696392,"gpt":0.4658809389661439,"spread":0.2873023129965047,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002972809,0.0001919906,0.0002765836,0.00006874549,0.001122759,0.0001408559,0.001007368,0.00004102586,0.0000732523],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02370516,0.00008648366,0.0001586118,0.001381985,0.002456256,0.00007915663,0.0004901172,0.0003193138,0.00013008],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002678095,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002289145,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001255047,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008950284,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978787,0.0002282287,0.0003193128,0.0005295147,0.0005539691,0.0004902521],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9784628,0.02051769,0.0001015235,0.0007039936,0.00008372906,0.0001302154],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001306992,0.0005294982,0.001288264,0.002058219,0.0002089469,0.0001934361,0.01816846,0.00293907,0.01342387,0.2314544,0.7088488,0.02075631],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006753049,0.001448956,0.01859731,0.0009981104,0.0003298935,0.0001998159,0.001710067,0.02138842,0.176328,0.3364716,0.4406816,0.001170877],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7650269,0.01657269,0.03427242,0.0784607,0.02794935,0.006176786,0.00007857811,0.002618382,0.06884424],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9913141,0.00002853841,0.0001074375,0.004754008,0.0001567446,0.00004641632,1.728017e-7,0.00001165771,0.003580981],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2681673,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9845186,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2614808596","doi":"10.1186/s40163-017-0067-z","title":"Retraction Note to: Investigative advising: a job for Bayes","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Data Analysis with R","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":true,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Psychology; Criminology; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06064721273287438,"gpt":0.3712931682850319,"spread":0.3106459555521575,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00141875,0.0001134995,0.0001419252,0.0002219995,0.001598616,0.001834141,0.004135108,0.00004377368,0.000005222878],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003600528,0.000100041,0.00005205854,0.0005910652,0.0008465227,0.004178183,0.0007349023,0.0001159804,0.0001525922],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009377552,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003712302,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009168036,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002613978,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981169,0.00002066607,0.0001688273,0.0007496219,0.0005516685,0.0003922926],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973153,0.0000815621,0.0001910931,0.001775263,0.0003558812,0.0002808379],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001888006,0.00008369113,0.002405868,0.00003292659,0.00002073598,0.00001378345,0.004070156,0.0001425435,0.5799693,0.1768442,0.03928847,0.1971094],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004850077,0.0003663967,0.2818786,0.0001346182,0.00003899779,0.00001768163,0.00009383867,0.1644521,0.4492427,0.04888197,0.05359475,0.0008133448],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0351687,0.00001636117,0.9437954,0.007009494,0.001852849,0.0003655761,0.00001080414,0.0001451742,0.01163566],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7908022,9.079278e-7,0.2077507,0.0006659561,0.0001042765,0.00001730544,7.553159e-7,0.000004828064,0.0006530534],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7556335,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997011,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["research_integrity"],"domain":null,"study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"editorial","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"editorial","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"split"},{"id":"W4403892235","doi":"10.1186/s40163-024-00235-5","title":"A bayesian shared component spatial modeling approach for identifying the geographic pattern of local associations: a case study of young offenders and violent crimes in Greater Toronto Area","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Component (thermodynamics); Bayesian probability; Violent crime; Criminology; Psychology; Computer science; Geography; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1149251565899502,"gpt":0.2903571005906857,"spread":0.1754319440007355,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001000947,0.00009376711,0.0002628817,0.0002640363,0.0001436079,0.0001318575,0.0002257924,0.00002823623,0.00001694528],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003201672,0.000078028,0.00007184526,0.0003316402,0.0001335577,0.0003403827,0.00009870041,0.0000573209,4.433992e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000799783,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002324662,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1376731,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007459842,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988266,0.00001926786,0.0004835499,0.0004012381,0.00009007673,0.0001792788],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995239,0.00004610192,0.0001286721,0.0002164054,0.00004836584,0.00003651284],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004741929,0.0009456729,0.8796369,0.0005226873,0.0004318032,0.00005937562,0.07696331,0.02492491,0.0003310186,0.001576456,0.00002851058,0.01453198],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002486944,0.00006104927,0.03521368,0.00003084575,0.00004060046,0.000009404091,0.01613767,0.9477858,0.00003049086,0.0003463402,7.470477e-7,0.00009468306],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6723061,0.001081258,0.3260298,0.00001185247,0.00008410752,0.0002717276,0.0001516174,0.000005791138,0.00005779685],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996844,0.00002803554,0.0001919275,0.00001055524,0.0000144701,0.00004581141,0.00001566525,0.000006256978,0.000002898941],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9228609,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8680692,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4413471102","doi":"10.1186/s40163-025-00257-7","title":"Calling the police: theoretical insights and practical implications","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Criminology; Political science; Computer science; Epistemology; Law and economics; Psychology; Sociology; Philosophy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06675147874873212,"gpt":0.4699205940734479,"spread":0.4031691153247158,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001064958,0.00004824624,0.00005185695,0.00007348626,0.00297551,0.0003502785,0.0002730328,0.00003831266,0.00008011948],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009306222,0.00003224129,0.00001799096,0.000832643,0.005314958,0.0004192205,0.0001074562,0.0001608645,0.000033484],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004900517,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000713907,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007316797,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001397276,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991134,0.0001184397,0.00009427441,0.0001972048,0.0002139143,0.0002627536],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987534,0.0007635642,0.00003016135,0.0002234462,0.0001097654,0.0001196396],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001053789,0.000012738,0.0003913724,8.620378e-7,0.000001259127,6.383375e-8,0.01671731,7.06038e-7,0.000990462,0.9804926,0.0005587999,0.0008327801],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001465536,0.0000299224,0.1835128,0.00003042414,0.00006645749,0.00001303393,0.02863842,0.0008257209,0.0003070871,0.4242162,0.3619801,0.0002331962],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2688285,0.0000536995,0.001901735,0.07240274,0.0002468825,0.0001840704,0.000001681219,0.00005954126,0.6563212],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9962175,0.0001330461,0.0005633871,0.002317191,0.0001007917,0.000009842898,1.506167e-7,0.000001756346,0.000656328],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.727389,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992936,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4417273532","doi":"10.1186/s40163-026-00277-x","title":"Opportunity in Transit: Bus Stop Crowding and Crime","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Science","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo","keywords":"Crowding; Bridging (networking); Crowding out; Property crime; Metropolitan area; Public transport; Estimator; Crowds","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07666965051367815,"gpt":0.4181926620594517,"spread":0.3415230115457736,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001505679,0.00006962491,0.0001053375,0.0002870722,0.0007872332,0.0002155964,0.0003773379,0.00003870678,0.0004171157],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004304157,0.00007096926,0.00003885247,0.0009278543,0.001201623,0.0004954029,0.0000799472,0.000122351,0.00001236037],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001046499,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004758055,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003745487,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008168757,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988795,0.0000688352,0.000172399,0.0002912818,0.0002456957,0.0003423024],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995146,0.00005524235,0.00002853689,0.0001553992,0.00009042602,0.0001558294],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001898687,0.0003831102,0.04757307,0.00009457822,0.00001132158,0.00002833824,0.03689555,0.000006708358,0.04449012,0.7877706,0.006180814,0.07654677],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008207446,0.0001057369,0.8468612,0.0005055744,0.00004305594,0.000004160038,0.03436638,0.0005833479,0.01226358,0.02288085,0.08097719,0.0005881398],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.668418,0.000294747,0.0007815543,0.001874238,0.0004758496,0.0001588305,0.000003535099,0.0000461436,0.3279471],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9953734,0.00004045972,0.0001307799,0.0003411723,0.00002514983,0.000005644952,3.44262e-7,0.000002333718,0.004080711],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7992882,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6054841,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}