{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":7,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":7,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"0a83b917b976","filters":{"venue":"Discover Animals"}},"results":[{"id":"W4404344002","doi":"10.1007/s44338-024-00034-x","title":"Pathogen spillover from honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) to wild bees in North America","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Discover Animals","topic":"Plant and animal studies","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Honey Bees; Biology; Honey bee; Worker bee; Zoology; Honey bee life cycle; Ecology","authors":[{"name":"Vincent Piché-Mongeon","is_ca":true},{"name":"Ernesto Guzmán‐Novoa","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0252834109467617,"gpt":0.2172737008370493,"spread":0.1919902898902876,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003654851,0.0002969831,0.0002598168,0.0008156065,0.0002841577,0.0007392975,0.0001969584,0.0003481274,0.001101067],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003773273,0.0001327626,0.0002917242,0.000765642,0.0002318561,0.0005201731,0.0003478734,0.0002679767,0.00012977],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004754754,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001182235,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01569067,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04148761,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998122,0.00006039954,0.00001819205,0.00003853939,0.00005264073,0.00001802529],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995747,0.0001520226,0.0001551492,0.00001241116,0.00008733489,0.00001829951],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001789883,0.00008235131,0.03401364,0.02534863,0.0005254793,0.001843042,0.002447339,0.0006391866,0.01439535,0.001220047,0.01039277,0.9089133],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003239743,0.0007250198,0.5537927,0.0140509,0.001804745,0.004855975,0.00564425,0.0004240465,0.00337276,0.001586117,0.4136537,0.00005740875],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04794884,0.9452558,0.0002699269,0.001037757,0.0001405826,0.00002251826,0.0001280887,0.0000187705,0.005177711],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1151972,0.8812302,0.0007509864,0.001029502,0.0001227166,0.00002070259,0.0001435149,0.000002901705,0.001502319],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01569067,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03119868,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4403073374","doi":"10.1007/s44338-024-00029-8","title":"The illegal trade of binturongs in Indonesia (arctictis binturong)","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Discover Animals","topic":"Livestock and Poultry Management","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Wildlife Conservation Society Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Business; International trade; Political science","authors":[{"name":"Lalita Gomez","is_ca":true},{"name":"Chris R. Shepherd","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01025237445414887,"gpt":0.2224045070860211,"spread":0.2121521326318722,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002389045,0.0002100276,0.0001922253,0.0005219636,0.0008121638,0.0006107533,0.0002780084,0.0002371785,0.00317578],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005428254,0.0001555813,0.0001332626,0.0006746906,0.0005745145,0.0007546494,0.0006676933,0.0004231586,0.0006258633],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002936266,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000413401,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008661959,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03782687,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998003,0.00004171572,0.00002262764,0.00004940004,0.00005052862,0.00003551317],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999458,0.0001152165,0.00027094,0.00003328825,0.00005308906,0.0000694448],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001781008,0.0001699215,0.8616404,0.0007167385,0.00006371959,0.007659751,0.02075204,0.0001880965,0.009375749,0.000836284,0.003646762,0.09477238],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002394349,0.0000822499,0.9506861,0.0002679831,0.00004033973,0.005183651,0.02358037,0.0003767016,0.001280563,0.000346946,0.01812918,0.00002361592],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9861459,0.0008522586,0.0004392406,0.0002279269,0.00003024106,0.00002617106,0.0007150432,0.00001771495,0.01154548],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9931434,0.0008168357,0.00116593,0.0001568296,0.00001309625,0.00002059942,0.0004742707,0.00001057447,0.004198377],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008661959,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01722306,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4412812473","doi":"10.1007/s44338-025-00105-7","title":"Pain and pessimism affect calves' play behaviours post-disbudding","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Discover Animals","topic":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","field":"Veterinary","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Dairy Farmers of Manitoba; University of Bristol; Dairy Farmers of Canada","keywords":"Affect (linguistics); Pessimism; Psychology; Social psychology; Philosophy; Communication; Epistemology","authors":[{"name":"Amelia St John Wallis","is_ca":false},{"name":"Suzanne Held","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael Mendl","is_ca":false},{"name":"M.A.G. von Keyserlingk","is_ca":true},{"name":"Daniel M. Weary","is_ca":true},{"name":"Benjamin Lecorps","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02810349863181065,"gpt":0.3458061754819943,"spread":0.3177026768501837,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000249889,0.0002450128,0.0002898783,0.0003090744,0.0002276412,0.0004676176,0.0001254475,0.0003242676,0.001138049],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009053283,0.0001794818,0.0001966274,0.0001166622,0.0003321882,0.0001403275,0.00033728,0.0006435298,0.0001324036],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004352603,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002753182,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003388752,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009978736,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997408,0.00003933611,0.00001228796,0.00003796897,0.00007532956,0.0000942687],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993518,0.0000925596,0.0002330006,0.00002462168,0.00006031873,0.0002377058],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.006928452,0.001469174,0.4506384,0.0001891354,0.000121431,0.0009327675,0.002559887,0.0003151096,0.5205196,0.0001109257,0.0003108646,0.01590431],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000978339,0.001759948,0.9908553,0.0000129914,0.00002291159,0.0001626314,0.0004658725,0.0001942264,0.006296409,0.00002873078,0.0001797447,0.00001139245],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9996044,0.0001259089,0.00004051234,0.00001485557,0.000002283284,0.000003950262,0.0000371621,0.000002175945,0.0001687628],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999169,0.0001344329,0.0001166734,0.00002182755,0.000002924682,0.000009000841,0.00007084019,0.000001146044,0.0004741953],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003388752,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.006738067,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4404113914","doi":"10.1007/s44338-024-00031-0","title":"Stress induces nucleobindin-1 mRNA and nesfatin-1-like peptide stimulates cortisol secretion in goldfish","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Discover Animals","topic":"Aquaculture disease management and microbiota","field":"Immunology and Microbiology","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Secretion; Endocrinology; Internal medicine; Messenger RNA; Chemistry; Cell biology; Biology; Medicine; Gene","authors":[{"name":"Lakshminarasimhan Sundarrajan","is_ca":true},{"name":"Umar Farouk Mustapha","is_ca":true},{"name":"Suraj Unniappan","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009691423633480781,"gpt":0.2442654010932986,"spread":0.2345739774598179,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006417195,0.0002210898,0.000184765,0.0002177329,0.0001782907,0.0001692932,0.00008048797,0.0001827654,0.000914344],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001172868,0.0001416412,0.0002322291,0.00008296547,0.0002570983,0.0001640021,0.0002905767,0.0003774578,0.0001563806],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003081753,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000215056,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00265666,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004225995,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999222,0.000003944632,0.000006135776,0.00003222412,0.00001547079,0.00002014226],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999287,0.000006640515,0.00002089639,0.000005787073,0.00001303865,0.00002497329],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002033498,0.000009913841,0.003430832,0.00006163948,0.000006157786,0.00009648718,0.00008990438,0.00002379198,0.9946311,0.00003280532,0.00004542908,0.001368582],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007709412,0.0008271375,0.6122196,0.00004379297,0.00008020343,0.0006281306,0.001084004,0.0009299082,0.3788907,0.0002585407,0.004925418,0.00003542883],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9979304,0.0007033262,0.0003963283,0.00007272945,0.00001940104,0.00000894919,0.000206775,0.00001640632,0.0006455545],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9944642,0.0005464307,0.0007247534,0.0001086385,0.000007819313,0.00004212464,0.0003580478,0.00001226131,0.003735774],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00265666,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005282342,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4411176538","doi":"10.1007/s44338-025-00085-8","title":"Review of the trade in proboscis monkeys over the last 25 years","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Discover Animals","topic":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","field":"Psychology","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Wildlife Conservation Society Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Proboscis; Biology; Zoology","authors":[{"name":"Vincent Nijman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chris R. Shepherd","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02524656107072282,"gpt":0.3510637667642444,"spread":0.3258172056935216,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001437673,0.000808837,0.001478722,0.01048695,0.0004683294,0.001935598,0.001002475,0.00118647,0.006335558],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0067259,0.0004940779,0.001204602,0.01108481,0.0006937133,0.002368376,0.0008140858,0.0007511789,0.001235357],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000895605,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003545769,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004936936,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009918698,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983492,0.0003326729,0.0007144367,0.0002208754,0.0003108746,0.0000720256],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9923961,0.004399667,0.001965994,0.0001150196,0.0009507699,0.000172424],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002170278,0.0000574289,0.003684037,0.3803298,0.0008252771,0.001010896,0.001126836,0.0002041775,0.0007521447,0.001471495,0.05575137,0.5545695],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002099233,0.00016055,0.01570112,0.2461716,0.002297339,0.006104365,0.001002208,0.00005929931,0.0002813064,0.0006771627,0.7274741,0.00004992455],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0004779164,0.9981908,0.00003613669,0.0002836763,0.0002226705,0.000009008243,0.0001807355,0.00000460344,0.0005943766],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001719519,0.997318,0.00008942781,0.0002790836,0.0002303493,0.000009309602,0.0001651922,0.000002407331,0.0001867636],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01048695,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02119458,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4408981669","doi":"10.1007/s44338-025-00062-1","title":"Legal freshwater turtle meat trade in Indonesia only marginally contributes to collectors’ livelihoods","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Discover Animals","topic":"Turtle Biology and Conservation","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Wildlife Conservation Society Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Turtle (robot); Livelihood; Business; Fishery; Natural resource economics; Economics; Ecology; Biology; Agriculture","authors":[{"name":"Vincent Nijman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chris R. Shepherd","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005986510289705027,"gpt":0.2340053614219372,"spread":0.2280188511322321,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007701923,0.000147927,0.0002267985,0.0004331002,0.0006140203,0.001353531,0.0003260436,0.0002237534,0.007422458],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002238842,0.0001531903,0.000305176,0.0008068421,0.0007546218,0.001114463,0.001051318,0.0006158727,0.0008666926],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000615495,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008929933,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01199631,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03037298,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999509,0.0001285431,0.00003544159,0.00009865837,0.0001129444,0.0001154327],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997465,0.0005612439,0.00125179,0.0001178331,0.0002424456,0.0003617216],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007111299,0.000064328,0.9720366,0.0001627575,0.0000514334,0.0004910654,0.002111069,0.000241105,0.0006924808,0.0009801766,0.001612109,0.02148582],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002203687,0.00002933395,0.9887605,0.0001176778,0.00003290254,0.0002245442,0.004258094,0.0003580918,0.0001590117,0.0003374011,0.005712075,0.000008131827],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9780568,0.0005683631,0.0003746149,0.0006936039,0.00002734783,0.000009691999,0.0005045963,0.00001652594,0.01974824],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973435,0.0002839414,0.0001998149,0.0001090431,0.00001516061,0.000005675387,0.0002362212,0.000006703932,0.001799995],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01199631,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02483058,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4413792414","doi":"10.1007/s44338-025-00114-6","title":"Protection, policies, prisoners and prosecutions linked to nautilus shells in traditional handicrafts","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Discover Animals","topic":"Microplastics and Plastic Pollution","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Wildlife Conservation Society Canada","funders":"Universitas Warmadewa; Royal Geographical Society; Oxford Brookes University; Conchologists of America; U.S. Department of Agriculture","keywords":"Nautilus; Handicraft; Law; Political science; History; Archaeology; Fishery; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Vincent Nijman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Marco Campera","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michela Balestri","is_ca":false},{"name":"I Nyoman Aji Duranegara Payuse","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kuntayuni Kuntayuni","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chris R. Shepherd","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jessica Chavez","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01510626528818916,"gpt":0.232534557114738,"spread":0.2174282918265489,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002231969,0.0001525775,0.0001566453,0.001736438,0.004649005,0.002352188,0.0009935735,0.001727721,0.006201066],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0116939,0.0003362034,0.0001989461,0.001049644,0.002924758,0.00161353,0.003325387,0.002314482,0.0005581147],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00279665,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005425911,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04867291,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04884904,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979972,0.0005975746,0.000173337,0.0001719599,0.0002855632,0.0007743993],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.984288,0.003433964,0.007365721,0.0004564954,0.001421574,0.003034425],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001990521,0.0004090957,0.8156394,0.0006890057,0.00003508756,0.005048749,0.07421967,0.0002015572,0.001056513,0.01776806,0.0222501,0.06248373],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002165241,0.0003261175,0.7706595,0.003284559,0.00004793573,0.004608572,0.164229,0.0006540143,0.0009285223,0.002382241,0.05278343,0.00007449894],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9656999,0.004269466,0.0001867374,0.01430575,0.0002120407,0.00008380724,0.000207987,0.00002034472,0.01501405],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9923374,0.001487225,0.0001190335,0.002366877,0.00005166233,0.00004162479,0.00005922522,0.000005994343,0.0035309],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04867291,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.09677923,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}