{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":5,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":5,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"0e7ccd494b14","filters":{"venue":"Economics & Sociology"}},"results":[{"id":"W4394624874","doi":"10.14254/2071-789x.2024/17-1/6","title":"The role of institutional quality in reducing environmental degradation in Canada","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Economics & Sociology","topic":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Degradation (telecommunications); Environmental degradation; Quality (philosophy); Business; Environmental quality; Environmental planning; Natural resource economics; Environmental economics; Environmental resource management; Environmental science; Economics; Computer science; Political science; Ecology; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Shahriyar Mukhtarov","is_ca":false},{"name":"Javid Aliyev","is_ca":false},{"name":"Farid Jabiyev","is_ca":false},{"name":"Davut Han Aslan","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01761784420274705,"gpt":0.2080334394725861,"spread":0.1904155952698391,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009438281,0.000122253,0.0003207961,0.0001182102,0.00006258921,0.00001581914,0.0002188103,0.0001019195,0.0001267711],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004282124,0.0001415504,0.00006289684,0.0000418231,0.0002421171,0.0001642406,0.00007336177,0.0002208511,0.0000742179],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002931691,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002668248,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.3327213,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.4282698,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982951,0.00004903446,0.000967826,0.0004020143,0.00001249596,0.0002735312],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992156,0.0002719721,0.0002470941,0.000229342,0.000001019879,0.00003499128],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007486242,0.00002070455,0.3666027,0.000006455448,0.00002892092,0.000001308476,0.0003534855,0.007693744,0.00008174615,0.6224041,0.00002339155,0.002775949],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004573737,0.0000211059,0.7331557,0.00001131129,0.000002494253,0.000004307375,0.0009866072,0.02098894,0.0002808646,0.2098109,0.03397819,0.0003021854],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9877515,0.005098049,0.00002447579,0.0006315216,0.0005799524,0.0001055147,0.0001611866,0.000005415934,0.005642342],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980051,0.001560829,0.00008782743,0.00008527717,0.00005944617,0.00003418892,0.00005257996,0.00001536206,0.00009939766],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4125932,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.766627,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4394624891","doi":"10.14254/2071-789x.2024/17-1/17","title":"Comparative study of government expenditure on social protection in the Visegrád Group and Benelux","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Economics & Sociology","topic":"Social Policy and Reform Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Group (periodic table); Government (linguistics); Government expenditure; Business; Political science; Public finance; Law; Chemistry","authors":[{"name":"Marlena Piekut","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jakub Rybaltowicz","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08813335029867533,"gpt":0.3703063188229208,"spread":0.2821729685242454,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005734952,0.00007262934,0.0001959309,0.00002118618,0.000427861,0.00001950834,0.0000938266,0.0001088968,0.000006074555],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001592897,0.00005069191,0.0000387388,0.0000416505,0.0004132726,0.00005365871,0.00003094198,0.0001891534,0.000003990824],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001959418,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000230571,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001641116,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006882967,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991639,0.0003275592,0.0001504232,0.0001525824,0.00006256544,0.0001429335],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999701,0.0001830057,0.00005966733,0.00003987083,0.000004483142,0.00001195177],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000299094,0.0001539268,0.0008633962,0.00000673767,0.0000851643,9.781356e-7,0.8356496,0.00001087813,0.00001016823,0.1607733,0.0004057131,0.002010251],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004140842,0.0004561167,0.08195019,0.000006521304,0.00002015797,3.403321e-7,0.859144,0.00003830832,0.000007599563,0.05430105,0.003544705,0.0001168949],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9884837,0.0001141793,0.000001408972,0.004229245,0.0003501611,0.0004862187,0.0000116141,0.00001158116,0.006311862],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998804,0.0001823933,0.000002291914,0.0001424566,0.0006903103,0.00009835983,8.703254e-7,0.000003553256,0.00007580365],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1064722,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3840857,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4390770730","doi":"10.14254/2071-789x.2023/16-4/2","title":"South Korea’s economic revitalization strategy post COVID-19 pandemic","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Economics & Sociology","topic":"COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Recession; Government (linguistics); Real estate; Quarter (Canadian coin); Pandemic; Economics; Development economics; Business; Economic recovery; Panel data; Global recession; Economic growth; Asset (computer security); Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Economic policy; Finance; Geography; Macroeconomics","authors":[{"name":"Donghun Yoon","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1130853305376058,"gpt":0.3207553268950483,"spread":0.2076699963574425,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.002018832,0.0003916449,0.0009298729,0.0006143979,0.0002941933,0.00009730856,0.0005911123,0.0005890119,0.001831128],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001008306,0.0005155128,0.0002948535,0.0001775572,0.0004175784,0.0003870848,0.0002182139,0.0003616743,0.01171966],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002045051,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006464518,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007640931,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002142252,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9965829,0.00008852442,0.001314705,0.001074987,0.00001985549,0.0009190917],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973817,0.0005677898,0.0008800789,0.0007175073,0.00002666879,0.0004262165],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006243393,0.00003379329,0.4516306,0.00008377332,0.0002283411,0.00001141342,0.006430452,0.02445245,0.0000404772,0.5030783,0.01322388,0.0007240508],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003700323,0.0003645504,0.06709484,0.00001408066,0.00004467336,0.00006923157,0.002312934,0.02193867,0.00001213178,0.529054,0.3735256,0.001868873],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9812161,0.0008953807,0.001121844,0.004519557,0.001644476,0.0005181847,0.001268067,0.0005350723,0.008281347],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9869796,0.001865054,0.00006780406,0.007475959,0.0006007382,0.00007462979,0.0007621074,0.00009588619,0.002078245],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3845357,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997296,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4409243455","doi":"10.14254/2071-789x.2025/18-1/2","title":"Does economic growth influence the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions? Evidence for the United States–Mexico–Canada agreement","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Economics & Sociology","topic":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Carbon dioxide; Reduction (mathematics); Natural resource economics; Environmental science; Economics; Chemistry; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Osvaldo Urbano Becerril Torres","is_ca":false},{"name":"Citlalli A. Becerril-Tinoco","is_ca":false},{"name":"Justyna Wieloch","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gabriela Munguía Vázquez","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02449188047972561,"gpt":0.2417003146648983,"spread":0.2172084341851727,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001367378,0.0002873753,0.0006024134,0.0001752867,0.0003182823,0.00003193364,0.0009130363,0.0001859293,0.00009334918],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003352408,0.0002084876,0.0001873485,0.00009342153,0.00067005,0.0001692576,0.0002314784,0.000265836,0.00002006818],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001441643,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003029129,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1135802,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01723248,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974208,0.00008144042,0.001305114,0.0006985097,0.0000185589,0.0004755832],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9964242,0.001542611,0.001064687,0.0008655255,0.00003171603,0.00007126145],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001530747,0.00006526603,0.1431182,0.00008931606,0.0008290482,4.552055e-7,0.001175621,0.1620314,0.0001780321,0.6869855,0.005035608,0.0003385909],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002544142,0.0002538331,0.1650275,0.0001189968,0.0001852635,0.000006894992,0.004105624,0.05746259,0.006673071,0.5367918,0.2255315,0.001298728],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9719819,0.001456162,0.0005134403,0.02215672,0.002034038,0.000651886,0.0002200369,0.00001770134,0.0009681307],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9901161,0.006268623,0.0001485326,0.001828339,0.000181946,0.0002853825,0.00004820279,0.0000309484,0.001091962],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2204959,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9616129,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2105924266","doi":"10.14254/2071-789x.2012/5-2/6","title":"The Malaise of Modernity under Consumocratic Order","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Economics & Sociology","topic":"Weber, Simmel, Sociological Theory","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Malaise; Modernity; Order (exchange); Philosophy; Epistemology; Economics; Medicine; Internal medicine","authors":[{"name":"Martin Dumas","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0549699673310422,"gpt":0.3333246457634162,"spread":0.278354678432374,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002739097,0.0001208603,0.0002920884,0.00001885099,0.0007200333,0.00001589717,0.0004180163,0.0003415257,0.0004732107],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007840653,0.00009308781,0.0001149244,0.00004390505,0.004425737,0.0001329014,0.0001107618,0.0002750699,0.0003017475],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001757366,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002032561,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001752706,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001683234,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978011,0.001046644,0.0003267729,0.0001707024,0.00005016856,0.0006045935],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9962483,0.00307573,0.0002175255,0.0002559357,0.00007022961,0.0001322715],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001447633,0.00004771725,0.01736241,0.000002190626,0.00005837387,9.542917e-8,0.009887321,0.00005853757,0.00003182954,0.9713938,0.0007047136,0.0004385101],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003666793,0.00004249817,0.02195358,0.000002376658,0.00003067265,0.000001173761,0.02346761,0.00007945157,0.00003912739,0.9135664,0.04021008,0.0002403033],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9533656,0.0009430671,0.0001506002,0.00443079,0.0009073098,0.0002023538,0.000009124316,0.0000585216,0.03993269],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966584,0.0008296487,0.0002160226,0.0009970772,0.0004278241,0.00002413614,0.00000318398,0.00001627353,0.0008274774],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05782738,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9982836,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}