{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":12,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":12,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"b70e803d4ecd","filters":{"venue":"Environmental Law Review"}},"results":[{"id":"W2579792360","doi":"10.1177/146145290200400402","title":"Environmental Assessment Australia's New Outlook under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth)","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Law Review","topic":"International Maritime Law Issues","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Commonwealth; Promulgation; Environmental impact statement; Statute; National Environmental Policy Act; Environmental law; Law; Government (linguistics); Political science; Legislation; Endangered species; Natural resource; Public administration; Environmental protection; Environmental impact assessment; Sociology; Population; Geography","authors":[{"name":"Gerry Bates","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03451335893180494,"gpt":0.2415101753296629,"spread":0.2069968163978579,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003388686,0.0003958897,0.0003085428,0.00001792468,0.0005062394,0.00007035179,0.0003754037,0.0001102277,0.0503124],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004585756,0.000322409,0.0001472682,0.0000609509,0.0007884082,0.0005298578,0.0005288473,0.000341478,0.007669281],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009215916,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000002867539,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002166184,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000853389,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974257,0.0002252355,0.0004428378,0.0006740277,0.0008417286,0.0003904255],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990031,0.00005425005,0.0002369787,0.0004928737,7.429478e-7,0.0002120253],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001500577,0.00609017,0.4344787,0.001082059,0.001267837,0.0002127754,0.001506557,0.002145134,0.07782795,0.02546596,0.278396,0.1713768],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005848134,0.0001741961,0.205532,0.0001441803,0.0001743667,0.00007089058,0.00004844761,0.0002790898,0.0006288171,0.0003869662,0.7914486,0.0005276237],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8724806,0.03096149,0.001269558,0.05558313,0.0006943811,0.01009519,0.0004591808,0.0002843224,0.02817212],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9725638,0.01392846,0.0008000045,0.006218778,0.00006363442,0.0001004611,0.00009119694,0.00002806077,0.00620561],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5130526,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999228,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2313650210","doi":"10.1350/enlr.2014.16.3.216","title":"Enhancing the Accountability of Transnational Corporations: The Case for ‘Decoupling’ Environmental Issues","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Law Review","topic":"Corporate Law and Human Rights","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Accountability; Human rights; China; Wrongdoing; Due diligence; Corporate social responsibility; Sanctions; Business; Political science; Law and economics; Economics; Law","authors":[{"name":"Ciprian N. Radavoi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Yongmin Bian","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02106784878352153,"gpt":0.2393490480632542,"spread":0.2182811992797327,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009985621,0.0001927797,0.0002653935,0.00001662994,0.0006356,0.00007692276,0.0002868089,0.00003722801,0.001278728],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007298975,0.0001111698,0.0001892251,0.00005617947,0.0003707962,0.0004673177,0.00007995352,0.0001020293,0.00008742054],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004096562,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005263852,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007660042,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006189679,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998777,0.00003115995,0.0005116574,0.0002674235,0.0002417932,0.0001710161],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990351,0.0001806161,0.0003478594,0.0004171868,0.000008383454,0.00001088431],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000136365,0.0001817489,0.0004509336,0.0008903514,0.0000417782,0.000003390148,0.00005108154,0.00002089611,0.000905249,0.9936197,0.0005282403,0.003292956],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004921293,0.00003419309,0.00223089,0.0002156281,0.0004512632,0.00004815109,0.0001526395,0.000873696,0.0007982897,0.0634381,0.9309122,0.0003528134],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9523554,0.02335976,0.002311844,0.0121136,0.0006117722,0.005558246,0.0002002801,0.00009308095,0.003396003],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9954987,0.0004646041,0.0001127771,0.003048985,0.0004031573,0.0001338728,0.0001699628,0.0000218575,0.0001460382],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.930384,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996343,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1976709741","doi":"10.1350/enlr.2005.7.4.278","title":"Patent Liability and Genetic Drift","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Law Review","topic":"Intellectual Property and Patents","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Appeal; Supreme court; Patent infringement; Liability; Law; Victory; Scope (computer science); Business; Law and economics; Political science; Economics; Intellectual property; Politics","authors":[{"name":"Robert Burrell","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stephen Hubicki","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07547044671660043,"gpt":0.2000828428573473,"spread":0.1246123961407469,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001386038,0.0001406176,0.000176592,0.00001307308,0.0001286781,0.00004576639,0.0001066406,0.0000311744,0.003629664],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001258297,0.0001067869,0.00006161657,0.00004289493,0.00009966943,0.0003226151,0.0001487167,0.00008518665,0.003672187],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002474878,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000001250065,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008506967,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001803194,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992107,0.00001484609,0.0002235185,0.0002363298,0.000142291,0.0001723195],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997256,0.00001023715,0.00006274025,0.0001829363,0.000003295273,0.00001519482],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007809999,0.001329871,0.04059779,0.01062092,0.000130487,0.0000433995,0.0001000942,0.00004724826,0.003006452,0.02805604,0.02508414,0.8909054],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001300943,0.000009402196,0.005510037,0.000290741,0.000050368,0.000006170255,0.000002531006,0.0001771954,0.000051626,0.000143322,0.99347,0.0001585509],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6357883,0.1980045,0.0000891105,0.006081704,0.0003996897,0.002257448,0.0000132719,0.0001755623,0.1571904],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9651948,0.01422243,0.0002040744,0.01948091,0.000325752,0.00002394804,0.00002130116,0.00001691,0.0005098534],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9683858,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9972811,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2093267447","doi":"10.1350/enlr.2009.11.4.064","title":"Clone Wars? The Challenges of Cloned Food in EU, US and WTO Law","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Law Review","topic":"World Trade Organization Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Centre for International Governance Innovation","funders":"","keywords":"Business; Consumer protection; Food safety; Labelling; Settlement (finance); Product (mathematics); Legislature; Food products; International trade; Law; Law and economics; Economics; Political science; Commerce; Biology; Food science; Finance","authors":[{"name":"Ludivine Petetin","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01746426085221471,"gpt":0.2526802246701741,"spread":0.2352159638179594,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004385256,0.00009488279,0.0002188628,0.000009060156,0.0001611913,0.00001158505,0.0001750237,0.00004032788,0.0002431213],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001497389,0.00007371105,0.00003832025,0.000111955,0.0004838709,0.0001332488,0.00003557184,0.00008487391,0.00003216849],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005022659,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006584914,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001794739,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001461641,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989487,0.0002335526,0.000235847,0.0001720306,0.0002484323,0.0001614586],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996189,0.00005159715,0.00008765799,0.0001838239,0.000002204726,0.00005580508],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000121168,0.00007731134,0.0002128327,0.00006093676,0.000005292303,0.000001314655,0.0006693838,2.820383e-7,0.00009736263,0.9951357,0.00003546568,0.003702898],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002525284,0.000106045,0.02617977,0.000483446,0.00003466796,0.000002918779,0.000175129,3.098436e-7,0.0003108601,0.002528663,0.9697717,0.0001540078],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05319313,0.7063157,0.000001396451,0.1274492,0.000100218,0.001473348,0.00001984195,0.00004739586,0.1113997],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8264951,0.1702123,0.0000632915,0.003141105,0.00002981435,0.000005863401,0.000002454294,0.000006772045,0.00004332023],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9926071,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3005849,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2772636343","doi":"10.1177/1461452917741479","title":"The use of biodiversity offsets in mining and energy development","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Law Review","topic":"Environmental Conservation and Management","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Biodiversity; Legislation; Reservation; Business; Environmental resource management; Natural resource economics; Resource (disambiguation); Environmental planning; Sustainable development; Convention on Biological Diversity; Land use; Geography; Economics; Engineering; Political science; Ecology","authors":[{"name":"David Grinlinton","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04604548338607461,"gpt":0.2186860296957394,"spread":0.1726405463096648,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002454794,0.0001191079,0.0001522733,0.000007634191,0.0005142463,0.00003700124,0.0002670396,0.0000247615,0.0004215784],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001421028,0.00009235908,0.00003368382,0.00001964531,0.0006117993,0.0003010218,0.0008295553,0.00003989395,0.00007040138],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001181862,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000171235,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009526267,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001877968,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990753,0.00005493948,0.0002587942,0.0002271616,0.0002262071,0.000157607],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992995,0.00004001164,0.0001956139,0.000406735,3.474861e-7,0.00005776162],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002459282,0.0002404273,0.6182271,0.000175057,0.00003989269,0.00002222401,0.0001740687,0.00001631231,0.0008870471,0.002238957,0.01696981,0.3609845],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001210663,0.00001004511,0.2909334,0.0001074297,0.000008840324,0.000001300611,0.0000107609,0.00001330299,0.0001942675,0.000007424987,0.7085097,0.00008245568],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9689425,0.01110164,0.00005072097,0.005644043,0.0001550723,0.0007123651,0.00002372474,0.00002036366,0.01334953],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9159204,0.06991855,0.002940499,0.008330208,0.000005681977,0.00005024307,0.00002682985,0.00001321266,0.002794362],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6915399,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4615988,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2016601237","doi":"10.1350/enlr.2008.10.3.022","title":"Governance Instruments That Protect Children's Environmental Health: Is Enough Being Done?","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Law Review","topic":"Environmental Justice and Health Disparities","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Legislation; Corporate governance; Precautionary principle; European union; Environmental governance; Political science; Business; Environmental health; Public administration; Law; Medicine; International trade; Finance","authors":[{"name":"Donald W. Spady","is_ca":true},{"name":"Nola M. Ries","is_ca":true},{"name":"Brian D. Ladd","is_ca":true},{"name":"Irena Buka","is_ca":true},{"name":"Álvaro Osornio-Vargas","is_ca":true},{"name":"Colin L. Soskolne","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02396889567405171,"gpt":0.2743561121617019,"spread":0.2503872164876502,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005456493,0.0004103337,0.0006177335,0.00002066571,0.002342001,0.00004503376,0.0005005272,0.0001439899,0.002834069],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009167774,0.0004250773,0.0002412518,0.00009059578,0.001304649,0.0009510122,0.0002295137,0.0004182198,0.00117714],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001144411,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007131004,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002225698,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002061072,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9960958,0.0003779471,0.0006187842,0.0006950918,0.001236106,0.0009762658],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986233,0.00004394264,0.000411165,0.0004906303,0.000001051844,0.0004299089],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001398323,0.005095268,0.5898598,0.009993001,0.00058207,0.0001992539,0.03510231,0.000005057231,0.0005082045,0.09988631,0.03574895,0.2228799],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007273831,0.0001958048,0.1358373,0.002678528,0.00008438013,0.0001003809,0.0006290191,7.069479e-7,0.0005388188,0.0001397503,0.8582814,0.0007866236],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5205466,0.4260125,0.00002296661,0.01605878,0.0005940287,0.006742204,0.0007601469,0.0002172956,0.02904556],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.521547,0.4616473,0.0002257447,0.01466536,0.0001298881,0.0001216631,0.00007876926,0.00003303095,0.001551271],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8225324,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998201,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4410772941","doi":"10.1177/14614529251344643","title":"The European Union Environmental Crime Directive 2024: The construction of an autonomous legal framework for the repression of environmental crimes within the European Union","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Law Review","topic":"Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"European union; Directive; Environmental crime; Data Protection Directive; Political science; Business; European Union law; Environmental planning; Environmental protection; International trade; Law; Environmental science; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Patient Mpunga-Biayi","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01640969983426855,"gpt":0.2639176492845423,"spread":0.2475079494502737,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00419481,0.0003517539,0.0003473131,0.00002085007,0.001479414,0.00004529093,0.001081601,0.00008120398,0.0006505026],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008856418,0.0001761595,0.0002969863,0.0001399797,0.003825919,0.0002729234,0.0006542446,0.0004655374,0.00009662314],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001912264,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001336763,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002126397,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004212769,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9933066,0.004569594,0.0008405377,0.0005542348,0.0004303262,0.000298658],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972138,0.0007855992,0.0006906092,0.001241326,0.000002633818,0.00006603705],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000216128,0.001593837,0.02770701,0.0003286693,0.0009959881,0.0000156699,0.002190671,0.001169761,0.02888793,0.06659728,0.009103565,0.8611935],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006799835,0.0003021122,0.5591223,0.0007310118,0.001244398,0.00006969747,0.003910561,0.0003675828,0.009458154,0.003292698,0.4202911,0.0005304188],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6040071,0.1779671,0.01511418,0.04003071,0.004368061,0.01510793,0.00108847,0.0002874541,0.142029],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9807197,0.015435,0.0004916993,0.001854104,0.00007332889,0.00007449686,0.00005758382,0.00003936091,0.00125465],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8606631,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998205,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2899516624","doi":"10.1177/146145290000200301","title":"Environmental Impact Assessment—Should the Regulations Apply to Reserved Matters Applications?","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Law Review","topic":"Environmental and Social Impact Assessments","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Smiths Detection (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Environmental impact assessment; Environmental planning; Environmental resource management; Environmental science; Risk analysis (engineering); Business; Political science; Law","authors":[{"name":"Alison Lea","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01961055518828062,"gpt":0.3216846148583175,"spread":0.3020740596700369,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.000717543,0.0005810626,0.0005108553,0.00002483116,0.0010076,0.0001010796,0.0009687018,0.0001231257,0.09270116],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003057881,0.0004309594,0.0004231792,0.0003067933,0.0007608919,0.0005952424,0.000486536,0.0004272108,0.01536245],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0014777,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001020169,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005037783,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004884334,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9960721,0.0004186422,0.000724408,0.0008400085,0.00114993,0.0007948904],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979425,0.00009110432,0.0001865376,0.001240596,7.822698e-7,0.000538487],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001153175,0.004801895,0.247208,0.0003444568,0.000647809,0.00005562002,0.001041225,0.005971808,0.04183481,0.001562093,0.1481169,0.5483],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003179697,0.0001284048,0.3561573,0.0001045899,0.0001238557,0.000028345,0.00005442337,0.00004108539,0.0001246336,0.0002598636,0.6421211,0.000538409],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8267239,0.009467321,0.001048653,0.028398,0.0002716224,0.01682737,0.001189128,0.0003958688,0.1156781],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9519327,0.007729159,0.001456406,0.03159479,0.0001405291,0.001501498,0.0003828035,0.0001105525,0.005151545],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5477616,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998142,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4409721948","doi":"10.1177/14614529251334531","title":"How federal law enables and constrains biodiversity offsetting in Canada","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Law Review","topic":"Environmental Conservation and Management","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Statutory law; Biodiversity; Globe; Hierarchy; Business; Net gain; Environmental resource management; Natural resource economics; Environmental planning; Economics; Law; Political science; Geography; Engineering; Ecology; Biology","authors":[{"name":"David W. Poulton","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007184868065803122,"gpt":0.1767764216172745,"spread":0.1695915535514714,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001715979,0.0001837804,0.0002329634,0.00001255966,0.0002278422,0.00003843443,0.000159463,0.0000296799,0.001090043],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005487496,0.0001831333,0.00003936458,0.00008677948,0.0003810408,0.0002409686,0.0004461875,0.0001212806,0.00006096137],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009865976,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001515842,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.5488392,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.8130478,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988268,0.0000814973,0.000220317,0.0003742211,0.0002376119,0.0002595262],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996086,0.00003114751,0.00007063083,0.0002027887,3.501943e-7,0.00008648091],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000207233,0.00032272,0.8353127,0.001351774,0.00008905177,0.0001719363,0.0000882785,0.00006174768,0.003001131,0.04836636,0.07107145,0.04014209],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003865594,0.00001210169,0.06972696,0.0003040742,0.00002761713,0.000004664975,0.0002164568,0.00002307731,0.0002811288,0.0001154423,0.9286677,0.0002342689],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6428481,0.03337616,0.00009525699,0.07232722,0.0003933003,0.003604065,0.0002385511,0.00008526505,0.247032],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.938518,0.007289178,0.0002801404,0.05260006,0.000003526137,0.00002572017,0.00004184553,0.000005777441,0.001235796],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8575962,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998231,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4400901287","doi":"10.1177/14614529241258710","title":"Ecological constitutionalism within the Canadian context: Charter-ing international standards of the human right to a healthy environment","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Law Review","topic":"Environmental law and policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Seneca Polytechnic; University of Guelph-Humber","funders":"","keywords":"Constitutionalism; Charter; Context (archaeology); Human rights; Political science; Environmentalism; Environmental law; Environmental ethics; Environmental planning; Environmental resource management; Environmental protection; Geography; Law; Environmental science; Democracy; Politics","authors":[{"name":"V. C. Duarte","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01936142629221647,"gpt":0.3195074073047585,"spread":0.300145981012542,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001257803,0.0001545666,0.0002034636,0.00002245636,0.00123107,0.00006459001,0.0005280378,0.00007328238,0.005955113],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002038443,0.00009318486,0.0001657753,0.0000745842,0.00153343,0.0001068182,0.0001404968,0.0002406583,0.000296181],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001746232,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002252231,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03876547,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1607556,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979263,0.0003284765,0.0003815395,0.00027427,0.0008014465,0.0002879674],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999329,0.00007345022,0.00008878151,0.0002620561,0.000003047154,0.0002437189],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002227727,0.00005191614,0.0006925911,0.00006308411,0.00003901197,0.000009717764,0.0008934922,0.00001058931,0.0001175501,0.9936369,0.002945756,0.001537154],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007346752,0.0000367136,0.001497707,0.000439622,0.00003338933,0.00000819363,0.00009226267,0.000002102436,0.00008422069,0.0008904418,0.9967259,0.0001159457],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.09957881,0.07104523,0.00004474531,0.26555,0.003992609,0.006788414,0.004235531,0.0001121017,0.5486525],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9792683,0.002934078,0.00002828601,0.01658409,0.0001865393,0.00008579392,0.0000270123,0.0000108755,0.000875092],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9937802,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9949536,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4416203298","doi":"10.1177/14614529251397623","title":"The Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of the Environment through Criminal Law: A normative turning point in European environmental governance","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Law Review","topic":"Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Environmental crime; European union; Convention; Sanctions; Environmental governance; Enforcement; Strategic environmental assessment; Environmental law; Corporate governance; Normative","authors":[{"name":"Patient Mpunga-Biayi","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04158623956380112,"gpt":0.2320391460182183,"spread":0.1904529064544172,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00120737,0.0002274011,0.0002604694,0.000005881338,0.0004243211,0.00001230709,0.0005520552,0.00004304814,0.000927206],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007389444,0.0001264139,0.0001803705,0.000134214,0.001684134,0.0001779523,0.0004133528,0.000344384,0.0002785501],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008160045,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002284048,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003095612,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001149389,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971607,0.0009847509,0.0006699049,0.0003188881,0.0006463685,0.000219342],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986624,0.0001576225,0.0005421034,0.0006117261,0.000002672249,0.00002344745],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000756023,0.006491119,0.05462204,0.002190674,0.000818587,0.00004162222,0.01161504,0.00397897,0.1401993,0.7040591,0.009575295,0.06565221],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000859851,0.0002207068,0.222972,0.001956398,0.0002858873,0.00001314859,0.0005929611,0.0001682414,0.01693635,0.001107939,0.7545446,0.0003419982],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7152609,0.02432368,0.0003298864,0.01777116,0.0003858671,0.00463522,0.0001106768,0.00003394733,0.2371487],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9851801,0.008214819,0.00002996688,0.005231503,0.00000732012,0.00007812316,0.000005628178,0.0000137509,0.001238753],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7449692,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999861,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1983659477","doi":"10.1350/enlr.2006.8.1.83","title":"Book Review: Hard Choices, Soft Law: Voluntary Standards in Global Trade, Environment and Social Governance","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Law Review","topic":"Corporate Law and Human Rights","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Women's and Gender Studies et Recherches Féministes","funders":"","keywords":"Soft law; Hard law; Corporate governance; Turnover; Business; Law and economics; Economics; Political science; Law; International law; Management; Finance","authors":[{"name":"Benjamin J. Richardson","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006673523938319138,"gpt":0.1974857370981809,"spread":0.1908122131598617,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003516605,0.0003701214,0.0006187963,0.00001176868,0.0002772345,0.00008933431,0.0002339499,0.0000703048,0.004646427],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001257219,0.0003345804,0.0001569616,0.00007039517,0.0003130533,0.0009586848,0.0002030271,0.0001758412,0.000322567],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003913523,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009247727,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007747697,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006601184,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978234,0.00003321061,0.0006018244,0.0005414694,0.0006219267,0.0003782044],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993551,0.00001010937,0.0003425459,0.0002673214,0.000003088517,0.00002180143],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003286943,0.0004509822,0.004355712,0.01268555,0.00003848875,0.0001204617,0.000005468904,0.000002863633,0.00003484146,0.3531988,0.6171151,0.01195878],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004913773,0.00001074236,0.02434612,0.002303743,0.0001434115,0.000006533967,9.390234e-7,0.000005815739,0.000002614584,0.001858721,0.9704445,0.0003854893],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.002127489,0.9740853,0.000006870623,0.005190833,0.0001021042,0.001047076,0.0002218516,0.00005007207,0.01716841],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.06773935,0.6645328,0.0000967591,0.2612757,0.001746976,0.0002078082,0.0009232006,0.0001028942,0.003374505],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3533294,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999107,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}