{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":6,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":6,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"a3571c879ffe","filters":{"venue":"Frontiers in Blockchain"}},"results":[{"id":"W3132389963","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2021.613346","title":"Meeting Changing Customer Requirements in Food and Agriculture Through the Application of Blockchain Technology","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Blockchain","topic":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":36,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"Government of Ontario","keywords":"Traceability; Blockchain; Agriculture; Product (mathematics); Business; Government (linguistics); Supply chain; Food industry; Food safety; Marketing; Computer science; Computer security; Geography","authors":[{"name":"Ushnish Sengupta","is_ca":true},{"name":"Henry Michael Kim","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008041946573761059,"gpt":0.2291384161836623,"spread":0.2210964696099013,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006192839,0.0001883288,0.0003268967,0.0004734262,0.0001637687,0.00002256473,0.0008225737,0.000311866,8.617142e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008663455,0.000157672,0.00004353486,0.003622461,0.0002190654,0.00004838526,0.000577714,0.0004272336,0.00000117524],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007731508,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004343036,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000417285,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001958882,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982064,0.000107657,0.0004577154,0.0005884495,0.0002038203,0.0004359337],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988347,0.00005499468,0.0002056846,0.0007789333,0.00009751519,0.00002815393],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001206424,0.0006812393,0.03567671,0.0001286504,0.0001147692,0.00003543227,0.01016968,0.002142902,0.0131073,0.8378847,0.00136009,0.09868647],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003385855,0.0002115663,0.002811422,0.0004552672,0.00004586889,0.0001860895,0.0223297,0.3253205,0.1498026,0.4679843,0.02611429,0.001352594],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4932643,0.009387179,0.4807102,0.01402012,0.0003125654,0.0009743928,0.000008998968,0.0002445691,0.001077601],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9369395,0.00009040729,0.06244705,0.0002023669,0.00002355307,0.0002430481,0.000002617344,0.00001008513,0.00004135943],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4436752,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6429678,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2987637664","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2019.00020","title":"The Middleman Is Dead, Long Live the Middleman: The “Trust Factor” and the Psycho-Social Implications of Blockchain","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Blockchain","topic":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Blockchain; Decentralization; Internet privacy; Trustworthiness; Computational trust; The Internet; Computer science; Web of trust; Business; Computer security; Knowledge management; World Wide Web; Political science; Law; Reputation","authors":[{"name":"Andrea Gaggioli","is_ca":false},{"name":"Shayan Eskandari","is_ca":true},{"name":"Pietro Cipresso","is_ca":false},{"name":"Edoardo Lozza","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009284051217930326,"gpt":0.2297507382137645,"spread":0.2204666869958341,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00186202,0.0003205095,0.0004246416,0.0001389031,0.001474456,0.0001654687,0.002928858,0.0002683099,0.00001315454],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007271908,0.0001569709,0.0001992323,0.00112028,0.001731579,0.0000448602,0.0007112286,0.0008273781,0.00001649061],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006942396,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007838718,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002262945,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003420928,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972704,0.0004571775,0.0006422426,0.0006435454,0.0003906738,0.0005959297],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9963077,0.0008311624,0.0004301638,0.002228319,0.0001445082,0.00005815124],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009220261,0.0002137491,0.0537316,0.00004177088,0.0003099221,0.000002579956,0.03921879,0.00009939392,0.00007214485,0.8375808,0.02156296,0.04707412],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005896809,0.0002353933,0.1920855,0.0001227894,0.0001760239,0.0001504681,0.01786863,0.1852525,0.001184215,0.5370522,0.05860456,0.001370972],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7609257,0.007504291,0.04259604,0.1830467,0.001000613,0.003401684,0.00006094038,0.0001816961,0.001282279],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9956207,0.0002325348,0.001452857,0.001426371,0.0001026529,0.0004301453,0.000001621618,0.00002288065,0.000710249],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3005286,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998255,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3130650711","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2020.558705","title":"Having Our “Omic” Cake and Eating It Too?: Evaluating User Response to Using Blockchain Technology for Private and Secure Health Data Management and Sharing","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Blockchain","topic":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"BC Cancer Foundation; BC Cancer Agency; Spinal Cord Injury BC; Lumerical Solutions (Canada); University of British Columbia","funders":"Mitacs","keywords":"Blockchain; Data sharing; Context (archaeology); Multidisciplinary approach; Knowledge management; Data management; Cryptocurrency; Big data; Health care; Identity management; Computer science; Data science; Business; Computer security; Medicine; Database; Economics","authors":[{"name":"Victoria L. Lemieux","is_ca":true},{"name":"Darra Hofman","is_ca":true},{"name":"Hoda Hamouda","is_ca":true},{"name":"Danielle Alves Batista","is_ca":true},{"name":"Ravneet Kaur","is_ca":true},{"name":"Wen Pan","is_ca":true},{"name":"Ian Costanzo","is_ca":true},{"name":"Dean A. Regier","is_ca":true},{"name":"Samantha Pollard","is_ca":true},{"name":"Deirdre Weymann","is_ca":true},{"name":"Rob Fraser","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04210199872583845,"gpt":0.3321287271595659,"spread":0.2900267284337275,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003247755,0.0002870127,0.0004819277,0.0006956701,0.0005854851,0.00017717,0.0009779613,0.000234195,4.073843e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004100675,0.0003340913,0.00002322919,0.001041247,0.00008685368,0.00009406691,0.003768997,0.0003657706,2.199391e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001539402,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001006174,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003788207,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00009754486,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968778,0.0001676816,0.0005703694,0.001517419,0.0002032313,0.0006634489],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980186,0.0001107248,0.0002065393,0.001432227,0.00007737847,0.0001545196],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004487181,0.0004515011,0.1868365,0.001500364,0.0004954148,0.000286648,0.01631359,0.004896186,0.009818717,0.1106943,0.007975235,0.6602829],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001365706,0.0001424366,0.001912821,0.0004149082,0.00002839943,0.0001334495,0.00553876,0.9712304,0.0004817783,0.01483985,0.003438792,0.0004726998],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.5894114,0.002141007,0.3885989,0.01869319,0.0001370532,0.0008611453,0.0000253255,0.0001271311,0.000004884637],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.3478287,0.00006260812,0.6509703,0.0008586731,0.00002582079,0.000119373,0.000005671343,0.00002445356,0.0001044639],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9663342,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999111,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3159869585","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2021.624258","title":"Decentralized, Self-Sovereign, Consortium: The Future of Digital Identity in Canada","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Blockchain","topic":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Centre for International Governance Innovation","funders":"","keywords":"Identity (music); Status quo; Digital identity; Blockchain; Identity management; Sovereignty; Government (linguistics); Internet privacy; Public relations; Business; Computer security; Sociology; Computer science; Political science; Access control; Law; Politics","authors":[{"name":"Andre Boysen","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004153312055149481,"gpt":0.2024779257742858,"spread":0.1983246137191363,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002581438,0.0001363089,0.0002706445,0.0001064901,0.00006674683,0.00004728619,0.001132906,0.0001145495,0.000009262541],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004044465,0.0001209425,0.00005121413,0.001411919,0.00008179858,0.0001220472,0.0003095435,0.0003349718,0.000001047359],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003263764,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009914173,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03334931,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.5250044,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985373,0.00008721982,0.0003919069,0.000366405,0.0002758437,0.0003412989],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988972,0.00006190972,0.0001205546,0.0007912403,0.00007621123,0.00005290665],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000123629,0.0003326344,0.4797151,0.00004292141,0.00007081271,0.0002237511,0.0011471,0.0003789371,0.00003318224,0.4638671,0.01344534,0.04073071],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004187211,0.00005757237,0.09709352,0.0001146006,0.00003920805,0.0001977242,0.01377623,0.1722686,0.006836967,0.6279422,0.07616637,0.001319783],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.891037,0.01049497,0.08711766,0.008113562,0.001542671,0.0004892257,0.00005008074,0.0001104712,0.001044274],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9857085,0.0002204829,0.01373959,0.0002397751,0.00002306515,0.00002988008,0.000003585759,0.000006395637,0.00002867238],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4916551,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9730877,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4391880018","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2024.1342956","title":"Data depth and core-based trend detection on blockchain transaction networks","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Blockchain","topic":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Novo Nordisk Fonden; Novo Nordisk","keywords":"Blockchain; Core (optical fiber); Database transaction; Computer science; Database; Computer security; Telecommunications","authors":[{"name":"Jason Zhu","is_ca":true},{"name":"Arijit Khan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Cüneyt Gürcan Akçora","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02181649601089358,"gpt":0.2691606885155901,"spread":0.2473441925046965,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004704641,0.0002569777,0.0003049446,0.0004325977,0.000110271,0.00009707663,0.0002661943,0.00009425572,0.00005191808],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003918393,0.0002588662,0.00009113786,0.0006773996,0.00007022588,0.00004299071,0.00004494144,0.0004296898,0.000001904179],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008605854,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002664296,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002213896,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006437769,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984109,0.0001011271,0.0003178041,0.0006565921,0.000179988,0.0003335924],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991739,0.00009918084,0.00006075466,0.0005705943,0.00001178825,0.00008382477],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001247682,0.0001543686,0.01730343,0.00003030449,0.0002102534,0.00001617417,0.0001304556,0.06211137,0.0001277669,0.0007318434,0.01273812,0.9063212],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000338907,0.00007481978,0.0007092602,0.0001140869,0.00008967113,0.000001017903,0.0001175312,0.9875098,0.0004405821,0.002580797,0.007762488,0.0002610135],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.07831947,0.0008960445,0.9184772,0.0001638863,0.0006853958,0.000304696,0.00008990327,0.000251281,0.0008121679],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.995068,0.00001144455,0.003984817,0.00004866227,0.0004688305,0.00005039633,0.0001624448,0.00004140355,0.0001640083],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9253985,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999864,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4213388674","doi":"10.3389/fbloc.2022.812957","title":"Toward Quantifying Decentralization of Blockchain Networks With Relay Nodes","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Blockchain","topic":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"","keywords":"Decentralization; Blockchain; Shortest path problem; Degree (music); Average path length; Computer science; Relay; Node (physics); Topology (electrical circuits); Clustering coefficient; Network topology; Overhead (engineering); Degree distribution; Computer network; Graph; Distributed computing; Cluster analysis; Complex network; Mathematics; Theoretical computer science; Engineering; Economics; Artificial intelligence; Computer security","authors":[{"name":"Yahya Shahsavari","is_ca":true},{"name":"Kaiwen Zhang","is_ca":true},{"name":"Chamseddine Talhi","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01572592658875944,"gpt":0.2251045092003285,"spread":0.2093785826115691,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007460484,0.0001757218,0.0002875757,0.0004206545,0.0002727702,0.00002386144,0.001161152,0.000120761,0.0000172586],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002780971,0.0001870443,0.00005984784,0.001830358,0.000143963,0.00003765092,0.0004341617,0.0004512762,5.664546e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001129926,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007829187,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007163792,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002855018,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981551,0.0001782935,0.0004061164,0.0005011323,0.0003417373,0.0004176351],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988836,0.00005797496,0.0002398368,0.0007021881,0.00005612825,0.00006028948],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007649355,0.000409257,0.07273312,0.00004186001,0.00007408993,0.00005469002,0.002927086,0.6922653,0.0001078807,0.2117275,0.003524552,0.01605811],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006610985,0.0001279818,0.0009661306,0.00002371265,0.00001086516,0.00003753307,0.000917582,0.9906573,0.0007790154,0.004160746,0.00139591,0.0002621634],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1882041,0.001063381,0.8088144,0.001014416,0.0003388929,0.0002663151,0.000005458096,0.0001678119,0.0001252648],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8810178,0.00003279347,0.1185662,0.0001385574,0.00001702563,0.0001690269,0.000006660558,0.00001742744,0.00003450769],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6928138,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7627445,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}