{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":97,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":97,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"00b3c0116912","filters":{"venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research"}},"results":[{"id":"W4206072180","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.758744","title":"A Review: Depolymerization of Lignin to Generate High-Value Bio-Products: Opportunities, Challenges, and Prospects","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":217,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Dalhousie University","funders":"","keywords":"Depolymerization; Lignin; Bioproducts; Biochemical engineering; Renewable energy; Renewable resource; Biotechnology; Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Biofuel; Engineering; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04995308172407075,"gpt":0.2621046137758633,"spread":0.2121515320517925,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004642437,0.0001219069,0.0002458875,0.00028863,0.00007644721,0.00001086089,0.0002425888,0.0000479013,0.000004884947],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005032532,0.0001366321,0.00001744767,0.0006014547,0.00006364033,0.00005834576,0.000209602,0.0002364291,2.613864e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008686375,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008331296,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007145413,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002935936,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985673,0.0001468605,0.0002501883,0.0002849621,0.0004016335,0.0003489954],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994852,0.00001851831,0.00002397654,0.0003206882,0.00003965229,0.00011195],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004478717,0.0001944384,0.0003522665,0.006221,0.0001566209,0.0001256328,0.001504543,0.004640844,0.4174809,0.009653298,0.499512,0.06011361],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003038031,0.0001274012,0.00002983666,0.0003499846,0.000007594214,0.000009863762,0.0007556177,0.001412009,0.9389468,0.0003513756,0.05746129,0.0002443889],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03035201,0.9551161,0.0002025388,0.002078454,0.0008671976,0.000442468,0.00005546046,0.000128936,0.01075683],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6964889,0.3002129,0.002140203,0.0001266834,0.0001343446,0.0003332635,0.00007767359,0.00005013445,0.0004359317],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6661369,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5571696,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3199147880","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.728140","title":"Biomass Torrefaction Process, Product Properties, Reactor Types, and Moving Bed Reactor Design Concepts","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":199,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Office of Energy Efficiency; Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; Idaho Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Torrefaction; Biomass (ecology); Heat of combustion; Pulp and paper industry; Raw material; Water content; Moisture; Materials science; Waste management; Chemistry; Pyrolysis; Combustion; Organic chemistry; Agronomy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03713577968318277,"gpt":0.2760699542027672,"spread":0.2389341745195844,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004432445,0.0001876405,0.0002485538,0.0002547684,0.00006841175,0.00008442153,0.000227877,0.0001687262,0.0000474012],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005149577,0.0001779711,0.00002498281,0.0009065958,0.0001730306,0.0003245191,0.00009266167,0.0003626669,0.000005689301],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003089137,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002471956,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008022816,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001580204,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981042,0.0001855362,0.0002409513,0.0004836231,0.0004577554,0.0005279484],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991604,0.00007729328,0.00002718329,0.0003017529,0.0002852979,0.000148054],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001036187,0.00004722837,0.001594241,0.000330063,0.0000549289,0.00004502777,0.0003587713,0.00006615318,0.969222,0.0000291427,0.008303514,0.01984531],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003109094,0.00002748818,0.0001106281,0.0001144174,0.000005848319,0.00001037299,0.0005317297,0.002667824,0.9857684,0.0003285413,0.009897299,0.0002265803],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9591125,0.03418225,0.002867579,0.0004070059,0.001290755,0.0003859049,0.00001156789,0.0004358195,0.001306604],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9960057,0.001046897,0.002214411,0.00001346177,0.0001219947,0.00008688051,0.00002313605,0.00005535991,0.0004321642],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03689318,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7257451,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4296168375","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.956132","title":"Recent developments of proton exchange membranes for PEMFC: A review","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","field":"Engineering","cited_by":120,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cell; Electricity; Fuel cells; Electricity generation; Hydrogen fuel; Coal; Resource (disambiguation); Process engineering; Biochemical engineering; Environmental science; Engineering; Computer science; Waste management; Power (physics); Chemical engineering; Electrical engineering; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.131435722125954,"gpt":0.3719557012296957,"spread":0.2405199791037418,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002100501,0.0003248427,0.001784169,0.0007324662,0.00007224103,0.00001850889,0.0006289352,0.0003262273,0.0006099634],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001363739,0.0002744637,0.0002202113,0.00107439,0.00006085623,0.00004369119,0.0002090995,0.0005232051,0.000004117221],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000493366,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002870656,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001747447,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002819493,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971319,0.0004465146,0.0008680969,0.0003761265,0.0005607091,0.0006165877],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991766,0.0001438229,0.0001145789,0.0003924691,0.0000895923,0.00008296238],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005848379,0.00001958867,1.215497e-7,0.4627316,0.0001015298,0.000007571569,0.00001811924,0.00003743826,1.89479e-7,0.000002471273,0.03111546,0.5059601],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000166853,0.00004167557,1.274852e-8,0.02891716,0.00007858575,0.000004784975,0.00001066681,0.00006968687,0.00002742188,0.00005844835,0.9703709,0.0002538114],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[6.066152e-8,0.9895101,0.00002785726,0.00001212257,0.001600945,0.002673227,0.00006787169,0.00004234664,0.006065454],"genre_scores_gemma":[1.805953e-8,0.987923,0.001184032,0.000008115153,0.00008373808,0.008743555,0.0003783165,0.0001331376,0.001546063],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9392554,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999707,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2154919130","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2015.00042","title":"Recent Advances in Anhydrous Solvents for CO2 Capture: Ionic Liquids, Switchable Solvents, and Nanoparticle Organic Hybrid Materials","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Ionic liquids properties and applications","field":"Chemical Engineering","cited_by":76,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","keywords":"Ionic liquid; Anhydrous; Amine gas treating; Solvent; Aqueous solution; Chemistry; Nanoparticle; Organic chemistry; Chemical engineering; Materials science; Nanotechnology; Catalysis","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03259345488863225,"gpt":0.2916467263064308,"spread":0.2590532714177985,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009013451,0.000142795,0.0002672136,0.000158299,0.0000927227,0.00005037212,0.0002796226,0.00009397975,0.00003092253],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002228685,0.0001319833,0.00002234366,0.0003776012,0.00009375176,0.0002196523,0.0001788479,0.0001925444,0.000006275875],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004339122,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001569538,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003605514,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001417679,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998165,0.00008109705,0.0003502958,0.0003789353,0.0003204528,0.0007042168],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993252,0.00005036834,0.0000372879,0.0002752655,0.0001378353,0.0001740403],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002810429,0.001480574,0.004300527,0.0005470297,0.0001411448,0.00006514508,0.002041584,0.02458403,0.8227732,0.01607703,0.06085379,0.06432553],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002486633,0.0002329515,0.00001728637,0.0001292785,0.000007478711,0.000008655188,0.0009333102,0.04756893,0.6674614,0.007047923,0.2737689,0.0003372503],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9474108,0.0418613,0.007897772,0.001097651,0.0006582493,0.0005679486,0.00003243794,0.00006565166,0.0004082484],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9881864,0.008307737,0.001211368,0.00005018552,0.000117346,0.0005210769,0.00004601013,0.00004629565,0.001513542],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2129151,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5382121,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3083886265","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2020.00208","title":"Processing, Carbonization, and Characterization of Lignin Based Electrospun Carbon Fibers: A Review","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":74,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","keywords":"Lignin; Carbonization; Materials science; Electrospinning; Carbon nanofiber; Nanofiber; Renewable energy; Carbon fibers; Cellulose; Supercapacitor; Pulp and paper industry; Nanotechnology; Carbon nanotube; Chemical engineering; Composite material; Polymer; Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Composite number; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02958123641836871,"gpt":0.3410209460010876,"spread":0.3114397095827189,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00158736,0.0003775946,0.00180566,0.0006797321,0.0001111104,0.00006556873,0.0008139446,0.000420405,0.00002030563],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000194398,0.0003358852,0.0001161594,0.003972939,0.0005567601,0.00009648161,0.000197028,0.0005550157,0.000003050337],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003993889,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001665977,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006335329,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006424469,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9953623,0.0009332093,0.001082417,0.000930595,0.001022757,0.0006687382],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982433,0.0001444707,0.0004968889,0.0005386514,0.0003649706,0.000211733],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001437524,0.0001348711,0.00003054122,0.05705702,0.00003188926,0.00001331647,0.00005143075,1.966368e-7,0.005830599,0.0003266601,0.006265579,0.9302436],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001596091,0.0001213736,0.000002045692,0.02700288,0.0001284225,0.000006379739,0.0000034187,0.0006077976,0.003659897,0.0002296494,0.9677557,0.0003228609],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000003841364,0.9943058,0.003804634,0.0003685069,0.000122781,0.0009449095,0.00004308854,0.00005340877,0.0003530549],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00001175202,0.99015,0.007868203,0.0001108063,0.0001287872,0.0009711956,0.0004593858,0.00008221272,0.0002176074],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9614901,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999093,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3168521352","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.682008","title":"Assessing the Electrochemical Stability Window of NASICON-Type Solid Electrolytes","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Advancements in Battery Materials","field":"Engineering","cited_by":67,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles; Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et dans l’Agriculture; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Université Catholique de Louvain","keywords":"Electrochemistry; Fast ion conductor; Electrolyte; Lithium (medication); Materials science; Electrochemical window; Electrode; Redox; Decomposition; Inorganic chemistry; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Physical chemistry; Metallurgy; Ionic conductivity; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03761404799463267,"gpt":0.344663083742727,"spread":0.3070490357480944,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008943825,0.0001253713,0.0002779104,0.0001175378,0.00007189951,0.00007047668,0.0003501477,0.00009700809,0.0001061828],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003741551,0.0001088448,0.00002965661,0.0006933935,0.0002068513,0.0002007819,0.0001223497,0.0003907367,0.000001575877],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002513437,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001387777,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000876489,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007763689,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980268,0.0003405223,0.0003234351,0.0002480073,0.0004472795,0.0006138966],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999019,0.0002437794,0.00002599368,0.0004592648,0.000207844,0.00004412901],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002875904,0.00004978716,0.004361338,0.00005404204,0.0000469452,0.000009681131,0.00008621295,0.001169813,0.9886694,0.0002436237,0.001671068,0.003609361],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001822414,0.00002786395,0.000725979,0.00002849937,0.000003470051,0.000003786913,0.0002827624,0.00261692,0.9894014,0.004587568,0.002036069,0.0001034194],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9640254,0.003255107,0.02885443,0.0001636576,0.0007842237,0.0001048045,0.000002906873,0.00006049928,0.00274893],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9946896,0.0003816448,0.004611849,0.00003090352,0.0001119118,0.0000301729,0.00001621918,0.00003366624,0.00009407141],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03066412,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4438561,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4283169822","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.862551","title":"Review: High-Entropy Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"High Entropy Alloys Studies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":62,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; University of Ottawa","funders":"Office of Energy Research and Development; Natural Resources Canada","keywords":"Anode; Battery (electricity); Materials science; Electrolyte; Electrode; Cathode; Nanotechnology; Lithium-ion battery; Electrochemistry; Energy density; Energy storage; Electronics; Engineering physics; Electrical engineering; Power (physics); Engineering; Chemistry; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01963327638773971,"gpt":0.2789817184288471,"spread":0.2593484420411074,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001796206,0.0001785073,0.0004242997,0.0004386356,0.0003046358,0.00003721664,0.0004575364,0.0000530001,0.0002208055],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001950849,0.0001877053,0.00006348793,0.0006241737,0.00006279015,0.00009710196,0.0002413961,0.0003575223,0.000007370655],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001141457,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005273064,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001462338,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002561501,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9973406,0.0004149655,0.0003539534,0.0003341713,0.0006672398,0.0008890668],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992951,0.0001370292,0.00002713395,0.0003507388,0.0001222075,0.00006775845],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009065564,0.00004107949,0.0001816582,0.0005454621,0.00008998656,0.0000141928,0.00008279511,0.006018458,0.03597379,0.002474549,0.9531128,0.00137459],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006155196,0.0002052762,0.0001173439,0.0001800846,0.0000140731,0.00000492293,0.0001420625,0.00208007,0.0600386,0.003276835,0.9330268,0.0002984344],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1911667,0.6510554,0.1087655,0.01348825,0.02376627,0.00488118,0.0008232336,0.001633763,0.004419668],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7253671,0.230679,0.01551678,0.001184058,0.001891993,0.01319233,0.000594088,0.0004550192,0.0111196],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5342004,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7654401,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4280642238","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.861571","title":"Optimal Scheduling of Demand Side Load Management of Smart Grid Considering Energy Efficiency","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Smart Grid Energy Management","field":"Engineering","cited_by":48,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Moncton","funders":"","keywords":"Smart grid; Demand response; Computer science; Energy management; Grid; Scheduling (production processes); Load management; Demand side; Distributed computing; Load balancing (electrical power); Electricity; Engineering; Energy (signal processing); Operations management; Environmental economics; Electrical engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0198710179254533,"gpt":0.2541826947727595,"spread":0.2343116768473062,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00165288,0.0002141949,0.0004173701,0.001014609,0.0001533359,0.00001932108,0.0006895139,0.00006342716,0.00007966036],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003094185,0.0002597713,0.0001003626,0.001473452,0.000201423,0.0001009697,0.0009220291,0.0003619199,9.287378e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008390193,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000750458,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006827165,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006243265,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9966133,0.0002446085,0.0006080084,0.0004069932,0.001360086,0.0007670643],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990729,0.00008266035,0.00006506946,0.0005752603,0.0001041471,0.00009996078],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007906767,0.000106463,0.00124377,0.000210849,0.0002109513,0.0001189946,0.0001454341,0.9815368,0.0006956192,0.007119028,0.004190171,0.004342831],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001433649,0.000243313,0.0007351324,0.0001676551,0.00003107659,0.000008854718,0.004779826,0.899724,0.02958984,0.000728417,0.06209837,0.0004598848],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5745071,0.01611841,0.340274,0.000126039,0.00532359,0.0003852369,0.00002934302,0.0002717245,0.06296449],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9770949,0.00129,0.02062713,0.00001201896,0.00007284384,0.0002233237,0.0000129888,0.00006635488,0.0006004167],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4025878,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999855,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4381609993","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2023.1132611","title":"An overview of thorium as a prospective natural resource for future energy","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Nuclear reactor physics and engineering","field":"Engineering","cited_by":47,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea; Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources; Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","keywords":"Thorium; Thorium fuel cycle; Nuclear technology; Nuclear fuel; Radioactive waste; Uranium; Spent nuclear fuel; Environmental science; Waste management; Nuclear reactor; Nuclear power; Nuclear engineering; Engineering; Physics; Nuclear physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02991163602492628,"gpt":0.3179274006699974,"spread":0.2880157646450711,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003370935,0.0001344565,0.0002369195,0.0004434624,0.00005072347,0.00002852992,0.0003093215,0.0001049683,0.000004664568],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002290466,0.0001358006,0.00006681005,0.001236415,0.000044298,0.000130934,0.00005587386,0.0002687212,0.000001840267],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001388124,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002806062,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001168552,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002783714,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987268,0.00004422892,0.000164132,0.0002287194,0.0003295599,0.0005065476],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994591,0.00005000277,0.00001326616,0.000302081,0.00008820459,0.00008734629],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003526457,0.0001726587,0.001557584,0.0009041998,0.0003822591,0.0000616024,0.002825824,0.1609571,0.03813441,0.4352067,0.164791,0.194654],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005021032,0.0001649607,0.002028643,0.00009612602,0.000005342438,0.000001828817,0.001559984,0.40802,0.008428278,0.01266614,0.5662243,0.0003022484],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6701922,0.126997,0.0615747,0.00124655,0.0241092,0.002817703,0.0004442379,0.005437081,0.1071814],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9955069,0.001634385,0.001254565,0.00000919126,0.0006535295,0.0001274869,0.00006765631,0.0001114527,0.0006347857],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4225406,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5537787,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4294617538","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.940595","title":"Modelling the significance of value-belief-norm theory in predicting workplace energy conservation behaviour","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Environmental Education and Sustainability","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":44,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Ascription; Structural equation modeling; Energy conservation; Norm (philosophy); Affect (linguistics); Theory of planned behavior; Psychology; Social psychology; Value (mathematics); Energy consumption; Environmental economics; Environmental resource management; Business; Economics; Political science; Ecology; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02131449763708239,"gpt":0.2771367376931897,"spread":0.2558222400561074,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004200391,0.0001021859,0.0001446784,0.000159791,0.0003459501,0.0000154751,0.0005556081,0.00005325104,0.0005207499],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001076362,0.00009478203,0.00004029541,0.001037003,0.0005857133,0.0001388169,0.0004838833,0.0004871492,0.00000107005],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001532824,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000092028,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0186312,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003315745,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9964441,0.001537689,0.0003427492,0.0003819004,0.000859933,0.0004336499],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991443,0.0003134772,0.00007889256,0.000390293,0.0000124402,0.00006058698],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008973478,0.0001990781,0.3941237,0.000004113279,0.000002751819,0.000002972113,0.001647423,0.5969412,0.0001015267,0.002861137,0.001302592,0.002723764],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006449654,0.0001539355,0.08795038,0.00001909479,0.000005861926,0.000002915992,0.05215959,0.7897841,0.001288533,0.04870602,0.01901448,0.000270151],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9751676,0.0004625143,0.01700336,0.001116409,0.0002499545,0.0002770354,0.000006505407,0.00001288734,0.005703721],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9943875,0.0001094973,0.0009573257,0.0001576886,0.0000157606,0.0003998919,0.00001163333,0.00001557166,0.003945095],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3061733,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9879038,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4293187490","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.877212","title":"Dual Benefits of Enhanced Oil Recovery and CO2 Sequestration: The Impact of CO2 Injection Approach on Oil Recovery","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","keywords":"Petroleum engineering; Enhanced oil recovery; Injector; Oil in place; Residual oil; Injection well; Carbon sequestration; Aquifer; Water injection (oil production); Environmental science; Carbon dioxide; Enhanced coal bed methane recovery; Viscous fingering; Oil viscosity; Waste management; Geology; Viscosity; Materials science; Petroleum; Engineering; Geotechnical engineering; Porous medium; Chemistry; Groundwater; Porosity","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03224663177079321,"gpt":0.3012392277042147,"spread":0.2689925959334215,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001064453,0.00009849608,0.0001582983,0.0001940541,0.0002708735,0.00002231426,0.0001860679,0.00006465724,0.0006482134],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001224239,0.00007841198,0.0000663134,0.0006726401,0.0003147586,0.0001840706,0.0001828899,0.0004046655,0.00000224537],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004698551,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008962085,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004245096,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003514974,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982011,0.0004549729,0.0002689927,0.0002831312,0.0005509913,0.0002407781],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993961,0.0001634313,0.0001063569,0.0002500531,0.00003868355,0.00004532661],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007986504,0.0003869563,0.005709214,0.00001133334,0.00004215261,0.000002540751,0.0007737919,0.8799472,0.005323913,0.0009614876,0.01540917,0.09063359],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008808995,0.04233654,0.4503781,0.0003940082,0.0001055653,0.0005395228,0.04917554,0.236734,0.124642,0.04712599,0.03673632,0.003023446],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9338728,0.0001266174,0.0003254489,0.0001975538,0.0002883962,0.00005495319,0.00003105962,0.000009563616,0.06509359],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9916982,0.0005069216,0.0003163314,0.00002963853,0.00003796642,0.0000985253,0.00003903836,0.000007687775,0.007265684],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6432132,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7097483,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3201764396","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.699657","title":"Torrefaction and Pelleting of Wheat and Barley Straw for Biofuel and Energy Applications","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":39,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Saskatchewan Polytechnic; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; BioFuelNet Canada","keywords":"Pellets; Straw; Pellet; Torrefaction; High-density polyethylene; Materials science; Biochar; Pulp and paper industry; Biomass (ecology); Bioenergy; Moisture; Biofuel; Agronomy; Waste management; Polyethylene; Composite material; Pyrolysis","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01510700746208898,"gpt":0.2581735235599005,"spread":0.2430665160978115,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001423481,0.00006754329,0.0001230565,0.0001407896,0.0000526516,0.00002348957,0.00005487417,0.00009110552,0.000008041997],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004513829,0.00007317332,0.00001153283,0.0002262706,0.0001136849,0.00006408199,0.00006110781,0.00008097708,7.659987e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003203076,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002248919,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004815226,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000321837,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993689,0.00002705521,0.0001208359,0.0001907583,0.0001116254,0.0001807935],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996061,0.0001253471,0.00001101165,0.00009812036,0.00008935596,0.00007000585],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004311702,0.00002896048,0.005996417,0.000602034,0.000046467,0.000002409897,0.0001578323,0.00005249269,0.7459108,0.002987084,0.002405975,0.2417665],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005792399,0.00003527445,0.00041189,0.00006020729,0.00000822598,0.000006705225,0.001428111,0.006755135,0.9388979,0.006113984,0.04553615,0.0001671598],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8986372,0.03981283,0.05847507,0.0003239746,0.0002073345,0.0001409921,0.00003849529,0.0000751046,0.002288964],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.990607,0.004850459,0.004073052,0.000007702998,0.00003158483,0.00006554347,0.00001475067,0.00001596157,0.0003339691],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2415993,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2983921,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4297312155","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.1015465","title":"An eco-technoeconomic analysis of hydrogen production using solid oxide electrolysis cells that accounts for long-term degradation","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Advancements in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":39,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ontario Centres of Excellence","keywords":"Hydrogen production; Hydrogen; Electrolysis; Chemistry; Environmental science; Materials science; Electrode; Electrolyte; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04558766420815305,"gpt":0.3528352649467684,"spread":0.3072476007386153,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002887775,0.0001809124,0.0005110006,0.002104509,0.0004167488,0.00006000248,0.0008918252,0.00008574457,0.0002403605],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000057648,0.0002104659,0.0001357161,0.001878236,0.0001918706,0.0006142589,0.0002560769,0.0002202748,0.000001709569],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001334453,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001788451,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002834248,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001986224,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9966503,0.000465719,0.0005283088,0.0008213223,0.0007918565,0.000742449],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985489,0.00006823099,0.0003079619,0.000822861,0.000172322,0.00007977207],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001826996,0.0001561469,0.02113549,0.00002010016,0.0001357842,0.000002237317,0.00008532796,0.3361526,0.6407216,0.00002724116,0.0001516759,0.001229102],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002744221,0.0001167331,0.0007477335,0.00000617874,0.0001415124,0.000001395027,0.0003590248,0.09626522,0.9009824,0.0006830801,0.000232803,0.0001894706],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9554445,0.0002853419,0.04318185,0.00002141807,0.0005340122,0.0003975213,0.00007819017,0.00003142497,0.00002578552],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9847842,0.000157676,0.01395153,0.00001690151,0.0000672227,0.0003528987,0.0001827162,0.00004486856,0.0004419663],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2602608,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.858255,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3163981207","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.679061","title":"A Mini-Review on Applications of 3D Printing for Microbial Electrochemical Technologies","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Microbial Fuel Cells and Bioremediation","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":38,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Alberta Innovates","keywords":"Scalability; Commercialization; Nanotechnology; Computer science; Biochemical engineering; Scale (ratio); Risk analysis (engineering); 3D printing; Emerging technologies; Process engineering; Systems engineering; Data science; Engineering; Materials science; Medicine; Mechanical engineering; Business","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01736329063272136,"gpt":0.2883065239252927,"spread":0.2709432332925713,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004603234,0.00006522657,0.0001466996,0.00007594811,0.00005700899,0.000008320009,0.000250265,0.00008999943,0.00007859392],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002046625,0.00006032044,0.00004170408,0.0006893026,0.0001745742,0.00002804008,0.000168192,0.0001545137,0.000006864262],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001433076,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000369526,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003287398,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005391502,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989622,0.0000564954,0.0001926878,0.000282073,0.0002182015,0.0002883282],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996094,0.00006739174,0.00004132335,0.0002189969,0.00004080577,0.00002215032],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000273861,0.0001753733,0.002220131,0.0002491865,0.000007660946,0.000001342225,0.00002219373,0.00002163715,0.8010654,0.000307197,0.05144661,0.1444559],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001804002,0.00004839043,0.00008321675,0.0001359663,0.000003872834,0.000001389395,0.00007024891,0.0002269314,0.6969447,0.001089009,0.3011317,0.00008421574],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3217669,0.1354786,0.4211278,0.0323944,0.001708625,0.01043152,0.0001959545,0.0006069744,0.07628926],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6175438,0.07299002,0.299293,0.000810109,0.0002905059,0.002081276,0.0003852007,0.00008322657,0.006522897],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.2957769,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2459796,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3121158623","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2020.616665","title":"Materials and Structure Design for Solid-State Zinc-Ion Batteries: A Mini-Review","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Advanced battery technologies research","field":"Engineering","cited_by":37,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; University of British Columbia","funders":"British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of British Columbia","keywords":"Energy storage; Battery (electricity); Nanotechnology; Solid-state; Materials science; Electrolyte; Engineering; Systems engineering; Engineering physics; Chemistry; Electrode; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0384646988379115,"gpt":0.3302481431675331,"spread":0.2917834443296216,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007109509,0.0002034547,0.0004515824,0.0003747907,0.0001049238,0.00008973059,0.0003850728,0.0001700444,0.00009981649],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005106481,0.0002007785,0.00003201086,0.0006982325,0.0002380453,0.0001887557,0.000275211,0.0003533691,0.000002225041],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002170487,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000859085,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009605066,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002795013,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977119,0.0002656759,0.0003322504,0.0004328914,0.0003914078,0.0008658889],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989479,0.0002492258,0.00002133998,0.0004901899,0.0001975814,0.00009380884],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002586538,0.00006088347,0.0004447079,0.006073778,0.000226665,0.0003911173,0.0002819633,0.01631284,0.3848079,0.0004765626,0.3219453,0.2687197],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007752196,0.0001467788,0.0001215322,0.0009650004,0.00000828317,0.00003770061,0.000367397,0.008300584,0.8217899,0.02225951,0.1447729,0.0004551469],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.09593484,0.1179115,0.7776921,0.003225938,0.001935302,0.001868744,0.0004536658,0.0006193253,0.0003585454],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.390293,0.3138295,0.2868844,0.0005690079,0.0003692741,0.002581,0.0003752854,0.0004438997,0.004654612],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4908078,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8187509,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3194765324","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.729034","title":"Recent Advances in Model Predictive and Sliding Mode Current Control Techniques of Multiphase Induction Machines","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Multilevel Inverters and Converters","field":"Engineering","cited_by":35,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"École de Technologie Supérieure","funders":"Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología","keywords":"Benchmark (surveying); Model predictive control; Control theory (sociology); Sliding mode control; Nonlinear system; Computer science; Transient (computer programming); Control engineering; Field (mathematics); Stability (learning theory); Engineering; Control (management); Artificial intelligence; Machine learning","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02830234109456825,"gpt":0.3201558130018827,"spread":0.2918534719073145,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002989652,0.0001136345,0.0002355712,0.000432297,0.00003021751,0.0000145542,0.0001027753,0.00008369955,0.000003804359],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005609764,0.000116145,0.00002393678,0.0003509317,0.00007053206,0.0002568047,0.00004318729,0.0003263719,7.496042e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001786957,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004903011,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006508327,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001346051,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988587,0.0001303451,0.0002439407,0.0002332663,0.0002457637,0.0002879902],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996213,0.00003994038,0.00001999922,0.0001431275,0.0001150651,0.00006055841],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008596991,0.00006097406,0.005491222,0.00007606467,0.0000150482,0.000007510822,0.0003932719,0.1415477,0.003796804,0.000145225,0.0004726021,0.8479077],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006276834,0.00002104293,0.0001683733,0.0001400452,0.000002762495,0.000001220146,0.0003463888,0.9828543,0.0119072,0.001581506,0.002247703,0.0001017825],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03270394,0.05560213,0.910066,0.00007154723,0.000571781,0.0002079124,0.00003938852,0.00006521219,0.0006720872],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9280856,0.06715881,0.004546206,0.000008239815,0.0000328061,0.0001152686,0.00001137871,0.00001961608,0.00002208177],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9055198,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4736256,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4224925155","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.773440","title":"Smart EV Charging Strategies Based on Charging Behavior","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","field":"Engineering","cited_by":33,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; University of Ottawa","keywords":"Software deployment; Idle; Scheduling (production processes); Load shifting; Smart grid; Electricity; Grid; Computer science; Peak demand; Demand response; Automotive engineering; Electric vehicle; Reliability engineering; Electrical engineering; Engineering; Power (physics); Operations management","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01614806539424707,"gpt":0.2613958481259178,"spread":0.2452477827316707,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006640267,0.0001563152,0.0001914752,0.0008607185,0.000330476,0.00008289179,0.0004127991,0.00007273239,0.0003276139],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000142551,0.0001523276,0.00005430088,0.001083397,0.00004891147,0.0001277624,0.00006222281,0.001074499,0.0000030995],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005595766,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001129115,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002051411,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000161582,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997865,0.0001853799,0.0001919368,0.000281977,0.0007249548,0.0007507437],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995059,0.0000529023,0.00001574277,0.000300744,0.00003575339,0.00008891246],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007177999,0.00008827647,0.0148208,0.00004124339,0.0000256268,0.0001772133,0.0003307982,0.8578604,0.004166816,0.002815646,0.0502642,0.06933717],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00064897,0.0002166692,0.004833677,0.0000284085,0.000004758975,0.000006768962,0.001695435,0.9022895,0.003852797,0.001429121,0.08465893,0.0003350448],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8623076,0.00701969,0.03865406,0.001324174,0.006040056,0.001053246,0.0001087241,0.001169247,0.08232317],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977937,0.0000899917,0.0009583328,0.0000683423,0.0001187849,0.0003347234,0.00003517271,0.00005879666,0.0005421579],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1354861,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6211739,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2922865316","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2019.00028","title":"Roles of Ti in Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Advancements in Battery Materials","field":"Engineering","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Hydro-Québec","funders":"","keywords":"Anode; Electrochemistry; Cathode; Materials science; Electrode; Sodium; Ion; Redox; Lithium (medication); Nanotechnology; Chemical engineering; Inorganic chemistry; Chemistry; Metallurgy; Physical chemistry; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01714437622283181,"gpt":0.2868846016070246,"spread":0.2697402253841927,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001028973,0.0001313476,0.0003621902,0.0005215805,0.00001894391,0.0000280124,0.0002985946,0.0001061749,0.0001435587],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006395525,0.0001381523,0.00001860743,0.0002472066,0.00006953876,0.0001860132,0.00007598793,0.0001015532,0.000007909118],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002432864,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003705672,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004643365,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005323724,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983653,0.0001290313,0.0003859205,0.000225858,0.0003275626,0.0005662993],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995012,0.00007963565,0.00003064932,0.0002905062,0.00007066769,0.00002732067],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003614145,0.00004427356,0.005619269,0.0003794936,0.00002704082,0.000003019427,0.0002126176,0.01157891,0.9660521,0.001882528,0.01074799,0.003091334],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007268396,0.0001035392,0.0006978264,0.0001026772,0.000001493875,6.283876e-7,0.0001666842,0.00105227,0.9743966,0.008010405,0.01457749,0.0001634923],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9895066,0.0004018134,0.0068018,0.00006854493,0.001513392,0.0003543613,0.00004100712,0.00003889903,0.001273607],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.994559,0.0003011689,0.004159535,0.00001674455,0.00009654042,0.0002322817,0.00003471935,0.00005266116,0.0005473691],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01052664,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5633687,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2086955396","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2014.00009","title":"Effect of Sintering Temperature on Microstructure, Chemical Stability, and Electrical Properties of Transition Metal or Yb-Doped BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1M0.1O3âˆ’Î´ (Mâ€‰=â€‰Fe, Ni, Co, and Yb)","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Advancements in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":27,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Calgary","keywords":"Materials science; Sintering; Perovskite (structure); Orthorhombic crystal system; Dopant; Doping; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Electrical resistivity and conductivity; Conductivity; Mineralogy; Nuclear chemistry; Crystal structure; Crystallography; Metallurgy; Physical chemistry; Physics; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0198554935389616,"gpt":0.2996018381984498,"spread":0.2797463446594882,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001971159,0.0002582769,0.0006667332,0.0003029626,0.000098893,0.00005912238,0.0003419678,0.0002160853,0.00006410584],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005802502,0.0001853968,0.00005039886,0.0003889341,0.001047509,0.0002097053,0.0001783721,0.000430469,8.376959e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001366366,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000686686,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009379975,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000139538,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9965541,0.001046005,0.0004769845,0.0006243851,0.0007222963,0.0005761741],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989485,0.0003019226,0.00009225091,0.0003793398,0.0001514198,0.0001265452],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00357682,0.00008459146,0.0006792824,0.0005043067,0.00002185189,0.000005962431,0.0004166384,0.000063757,0.9919315,0.00007713278,0.0002856085,0.002352552],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001270289,0.001347771,0.000144774,0.0001803642,0.00001444123,0.00001329835,0.0001296607,0.001429898,0.994671,0.0002906546,0.0003284095,0.0001794188],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9977347,0.0009833473,0.0003587963,0.00003549388,0.0002270378,0.0003536187,0.00002820967,0.00001942666,0.0002593339],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972408,0.0002087503,0.002239874,0.00002536803,0.00006927854,0.00004417612,0.00001112913,0.00003293484,0.0001276765],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002739522,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7560263,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3139172156","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.831462","title":"Industrial Flexibility as Demand Side Response for Electrical Grid Stability","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Smart Grid Energy Management","field":"Engineering","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Swiss Competence Center for Energy Research – Supply of Electricity","keywords":"Renewable energy; Electricity; Grid; Flexibility (engineering); Environmental economics; Demand response; Electric power system; Scheduling (production processes); Wind power; Computer science; Unit cost; Operations management; Engineering; Economics; Electrical engineering; Power (physics); Microeconomics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07530064683355576,"gpt":0.3108309628670985,"spread":0.2355303160335427,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007605179,0.000196697,0.0003271856,0.0007723937,0.0003397966,0.00005154536,0.0006559109,0.0001390152,0.000163737],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001280035,0.0002281113,0.0001074419,0.001560329,0.0001425127,0.0001160046,0.0004324593,0.0009388591,0.000003399673],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002219454,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002469476,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003554178,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007721602,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9954502,0.00152381,0.0004293627,0.0005826227,0.0009845432,0.001029449],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983609,0.0006540387,0.00002322474,0.0006986465,0.00008559032,0.0001775476],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.005831662,0.0002272143,0.006602939,0.00003001948,0.000103815,0.00004956519,0.0002082424,0.7421142,0.0008299272,0.001365768,0.229259,0.01337761],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002332861,0.0007013469,0.003068645,0.000007390646,0.00001054223,0.000004500394,0.0007242335,0.3215668,0.008630259,0.006748513,0.6557901,0.0004147718],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9674053,0.001093922,0.02163846,0.0005763743,0.004405347,0.0008085013,0.00006267823,0.0003058085,0.003703599],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9949999,0.00007141377,0.001495649,0.00005182696,0.0005029947,0.001755751,0.00005779342,0.00007244905,0.0009922186],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4265311,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9302109,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4200331085","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.777796","title":"RETRACTED: Financial Consideration of Energy and Environmental Nexus with Energy Poverty: Promoting Financial Development in G7 Economies","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":true,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Nexus (standard); Poverty; Energy poverty; Sustainability; Energy independence; Energy consumption; Economics; Economic growth; Natural resource economics; Development economics; Ecology; Engineering; Renewable energy","retraction":{"nature":"Retraction","openalex_flagged":true},"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02079792513175433,"gpt":0.209891327893904,"spread":0.1890934027621497,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001033517,0.0002864554,0.0007390403,0.0008829989,0.0001602926,0.00007677023,0.0002434659,0.0003525097,0.0001248073],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002371002,0.0003592922,0.00005755123,0.0004050605,0.0003246828,0.0004243566,0.000267513,0.0003545885,0.000003231138],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008988404,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003483853,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009666164,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004776278,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968916,0.0001545136,0.001104804,0.0009693082,0.0001467633,0.0007330124],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989851,0.0001144799,0.0003352825,0.0004017596,0.00002353511,0.0001398095],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003539346,0.0008832333,0.6649268,0.00009197633,0.0001275202,0.0002552849,0.00163378,0.005074037,0.000697035,0.2919735,0.003761128,0.03022172],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008490556,0.0007093891,0.3707021,0.0003653614,0.00001443174,0.00008889788,0.001827038,0.03463544,0.06959726,0.1275292,0.3837014,0.002338882],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9780055,0.006490496,0.005841657,0.0003997004,0.0004349847,0.0001306262,0.00008224079,0.0000164169,0.008598339],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9916301,0.002165201,0.004186368,0.0002439934,0.0001058854,0.0001274655,0.0001499495,0.00005211754,0.001338899],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3799403,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998859,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3138148122","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.648857","title":"Influencing Factors, Energy Consumption, and Carbon Emission of Central Heating in China: A Supply Chain Perspective","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"National Social Science Fund of China; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; University of International Business and Economics","keywords":"Greenhouse gas; Energy consumption; Coal; Heating degree day; Environmental science; Energy supply; Consumption (sociology); China; Heating system; Natural resource economics; Environmental engineering; Environmental economics; Energy (signal processing); Waste management; Economics; Engineering; Geography; Mechanical engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01293435800880408,"gpt":0.281336952053101,"spread":0.2684025940442969,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006070582,0.000133329,0.0002386873,0.0001677155,0.00009402379,0.00002007243,0.0001390432,0.0001139589,0.0001523867],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003052068,0.000129867,0.00003345142,0.0005245353,0.0005163883,0.0001672057,0.0003631967,0.0002907427,1.393744e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001863425,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006635449,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03723286,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002243182,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977342,0.0005025417,0.0002622899,0.0004236754,0.0004766183,0.000600621],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994844,0.00007456185,0.00003966886,0.0002210745,0.00001634857,0.0001639933],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004617538,0.0001251655,0.9814752,0.00001769586,0.000005909873,0.00003695099,0.005092796,0.001404832,0.009174734,0.0001918479,0.00007879183,0.002349909],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004364237,0.00006088266,0.949082,0.00005214881,0.000001877675,0.000003408091,0.01514322,0.00756269,0.02441391,0.002957304,0.0001527396,0.0001333593],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9964663,0.001218372,0.000112406,0.0001232568,0.00005421968,0.00007475547,0.000003858442,0.000006482611,0.001940285],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984249,0.0006459914,0.0004414198,0.00001451752,0.00001259904,0.00001296686,0.000008671629,0.0000126891,0.000426268],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03498968,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9691783,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4408636306","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2025.1531655","title":"Exploring the emerging role of large language models in smart grid cybersecurity: a survey of attacks, detection mechanisms, and mitigation strategies","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","field":"Engineering","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Toronto Metropolitan University","keywords":"Computer security; Computer science; Smart grid; Grid; Engineering; Geography; Electrical engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02822812865684494,"gpt":0.2829601072031305,"spread":0.2547319785462855,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001503473,0.00008155585,0.0001750074,0.0005475167,0.00006189635,0.00002069796,0.0001696893,0.00006527359,0.000001323463],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007696559,0.00007460229,0.00002055172,0.0009881684,0.00009157943,0.00031485,0.00007874312,0.0002894523,7.742627e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006177067,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004528656,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00508177,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01866047,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987993,0.0002854695,0.0002316625,0.0001529309,0.0002532912,0.0002773504],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995826,0.0001337213,0.00001994869,0.0001708358,0.00006953291,0.00002333667],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003150808,0.000220423,0.03482538,0.0009527014,0.0001793146,0.00002116197,0.04089941,0.7407933,0.0642005,0.06193472,0.0004880348,0.05517],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004181243,0.00003373721,0.03911123,0.0002250522,0.000004042848,6.793439e-7,0.03482883,0.8187897,0.09213024,0.01417893,0.0001551329,0.0001243132],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9659359,0.003819632,0.02906115,0.00001774762,0.0004064937,0.0001026253,0.00001340291,0.00001967524,0.0006234015],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979067,0.001744988,0.0002519294,0.000002240132,0.00001469077,0.00004972788,0.000008514108,0.00000925213,0.00001197284],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.07799641,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992464,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4413799194","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2025.1651471","title":"Comprehensive review of emerging trends in thermal energy storage mechanisms, materials and applications","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Phase Change Materials Research","field":"Engineering","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Flexibility (engineering); Software deployment; Renewable energy; Thermal energy storage; Computer science; Systems engineering; Energy storage; Process engineering; Efficient energy use; Biochemical engineering; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03307528783156037,"gpt":0.3344667594623875,"spread":0.3013914716308271,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008548832,0.0001517669,0.0004641758,0.001702238,0.00004837273,0.00002956225,0.0003501998,0.0001103551,0.0001496756],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002794787,0.0001595237,0.00002824208,0.001622375,0.0001269796,0.000090765,0.0002282385,0.0001819493,8.305162e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001938379,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004295965,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000418706,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004766448,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980367,0.0004137776,0.0004139482,0.0002804407,0.0003559793,0.0004991775],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993454,0.00008415603,0.00002606569,0.0003631497,0.0001159776,0.000065269],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001247647,0.0001523443,0.0001345714,0.01060588,0.0001393421,0.00005820206,0.000249989,0.002548545,0.6851104,0.02051778,0.02296216,0.257396],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002312809,0.000121396,0.00180326,0.007677851,0.00002345387,0.000006262072,0.0008707198,0.01441925,0.6932746,0.01466004,0.2640479,0.0007824505],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1709339,0.6705016,0.1195968,0.001409669,0.00256017,0.001658573,0.0004544622,0.0003821727,0.03250266],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8617489,0.1329742,0.002188286,0.0001334396,0.000122286,0.001515278,0.0001836857,0.00008011691,0.001053741],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.690815,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6505187,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4297394779","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.1007260","title":"Global antimony supply risk assessment through the industry chain","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Social Science Fund of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Supply chain; Business; Antimony; Index (typography); Upstream (networking); Downstream (manufacturing); Midstream; China; Petroleum industry; Engineering; Geography; Environmental engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02688339987166448,"gpt":0.3422163778477805,"spread":0.315332977976116,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000935114,0.00009924718,0.0001222481,0.0001270518,0.0004823075,0.00007852964,0.0004081934,0.0001043853,0.0004268503],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004735923,0.00008754311,0.00003507638,0.001237119,0.00009026314,0.0001838686,0.000133455,0.001299318,0.000003717312],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005032679,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001356554,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005059692,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001546469,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980867,0.0004384895,0.0001940955,0.000197539,0.0006887451,0.0003944385],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995356,0.00007365293,0.00002347791,0.0002576745,0.00005824566,0.00005131511],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001746303,0.0000570565,0.04994394,0.00000884289,0.0000358137,0.00001740739,0.0002826225,0.457529,0.0000251897,0.005677586,0.4788538,0.007551305],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003008716,0.00004606918,0.008115495,0.000004774088,0.000003094816,0.0000081374,0.004910954,0.113541,0.0001667388,0.008727301,0.8640399,0.0001356229],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1695981,0.01315034,0.1986798,0.007644035,0.00808676,0.0007565651,0.0003366561,0.0007131527,0.6010346],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9927282,0.001109389,0.001646491,0.0001353255,0.000107809,0.0002530947,0.00002666293,0.00001960499,0.003973451],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8231301,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5644962,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3137888195","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.636938","title":"Identification of Suitable Biomass Torrefaction Operation Envelops for Auto-Thermal Operation","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"BC Research (Canada); University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; China Scholarship Council; Korea Institute of Science and Technology","keywords":"Torrefaction; Biomass (ecology); Pulp and paper industry; Process engineering; Waste management; Environmental science; Materials science; Pyrolysis; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0208167997269075,"gpt":0.2794897637722542,"spread":0.2586729640453467,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000583198,0.00009203053,0.0001504113,0.0002707319,0.00008118266,0.00005937631,0.0001672389,0.0001662077,0.00006675322],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001720667,0.0001029127,0.00003661282,0.0005319488,0.00005279151,0.0003365396,0.00003769381,0.000121513,0.000005255997],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002591342,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001140479,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003820496,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000245437,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987587,0.00009379237,0.0003282164,0.0002384839,0.000306397,0.0002744228],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993098,0.00007188974,0.00002782539,0.000208557,0.0003333561,0.00004853858],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003137546,0.00003525445,0.0005028097,0.000129153,0.0000235424,0.000001334957,0.0001374645,0.004487751,0.9798592,0.000472945,0.003532749,0.01078639],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003092182,0.00001626454,0.0003361023,0.00001661871,0.000003536956,8.246753e-7,0.0003103262,0.08368,0.9112007,0.0003087013,0.003721973,0.00009573787],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8164342,0.002076197,0.1786451,0.0002663079,0.001498307,0.000276341,0.0000336279,0.0001276438,0.0006422494],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9961269,0.0001752873,0.002302332,0.000005986225,0.00006493907,0.0001267591,0.0001550422,0.00002607444,0.0010166],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1796928,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4196656,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3212236747","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.735551","title":"Energy Efficiency and Pollution Control Through ICTs for Sustainable Development","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Russian Science Foundation","keywords":"Sustainable development; Environmental pollution; Government (linguistics); Efficient energy use; Environmental economics; Control (management); Block (permutation group theory); Business; Pollution; Developing country; Environmental protection; Computer science; Environmental science; Economic growth; Engineering; Political science; Ecology; Economics; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02905516940590553,"gpt":0.2467561902826532,"spread":0.2177010208767476,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001451727,0.0001841196,0.000464297,0.0005110323,0.0003156437,0.0001157828,0.0002778903,0.0001892619,0.0000629546],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002618317,0.0002372972,0.00006793446,0.0004907055,0.0001990873,0.0003389965,0.000196611,0.0001711834,0.000009242205],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000887121,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001698845,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006299418,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001325091,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9973876,0.00009158919,0.0006112711,0.0008128223,0.00009341703,0.001003238],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991929,0.00008743881,0.0001346287,0.0003833398,0.00007545353,0.0001262291],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007454203,0.0002125901,0.01671983,0.00005774912,0.00008667009,0.00004292466,0.0003747123,0.003722758,0.00005000973,0.9650327,0.009780172,0.003845341],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002459462,0.00009172599,0.004890132,0.00001814489,0.000003144429,0.000004946386,0.001312941,0.01698686,0.002485288,0.1719397,0.7994207,0.0003869947],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.06542783,0.035094,0.8436615,0.001907226,0.0007665202,0.000355259,0.00005170892,0.00004461583,0.05269132],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9688374,0.002181356,0.009251632,0.0003517917,0.0001067588,0.0003345007,0.00004445067,0.0000469214,0.01884515],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9034096,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9676699,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3216423019","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.720406","title":"Forecasting Electricity Load With Hybrid Scalable Model Based on Stacked Non Linear Residual Approach","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","field":"Engineering","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Norges Forskningsråd; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","keywords":"Computer science; Residual; Convolutional neural network; Scalability; Time series; Mean squared error; Multilayer perceptron; Artificial intelligence; Perceptron; Deep learning; Artificial neural network; Pattern recognition (psychology); Algorithm; Machine learning; Statistics; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03351865259392544,"gpt":0.2506167934675062,"spread":0.2170981408735808,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0010766,0.0002872804,0.0003799633,0.0005354467,0.0002165794,0.00009007685,0.0003390311,0.0001550575,0.00001303522],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001852459,0.0002766174,0.00006153948,0.001551398,0.0001058294,0.0001680438,0.00008036432,0.0009837227,0.000002223821],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005615502,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005459495,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001466739,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001041471,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9966319,0.0001865108,0.000319441,0.0005785408,0.001100787,0.001182888],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988055,0.0001568682,0.00003004365,0.000503625,0.0003070152,0.0001969399],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001807302,0.0001104875,0.001020093,0.00008692974,0.0000345902,0.0001686504,0.00009095217,0.9818768,0.0003967649,0.0001403565,0.008214376,0.007679262],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000888876,0.0001270725,0.00001783155,0.0001541212,0.000005894722,0.00001164557,0.0000959015,0.9592714,0.03710424,0.000254502,0.001763441,0.000305082],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1921251,0.0009514312,0.688162,0.00006728641,0.0003309776,0.0001812477,0.00002672082,0.0002459374,0.1179093],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9092927,0.0001023404,0.08791005,0.00005502833,0.0002050545,0.00008429783,0.0001096717,0.0001167631,0.002124073],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7171676,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999686,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3160168235","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.673758","title":"Combining Oxidative Torrefaction and Pyrolysis of Phragmites australis: Improvement of the Adsorption Capacity of Biochar for Tetracycline","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Training Program for Excellent Young Innovators of Changsha; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Biochar; Torrefaction; Phragmites; Pyrolysis; Adsorption; Charcoal; Chemistry; Pulp and paper industry; Waste management; Environmental chemistry; Chemical engineering; Organic chemistry; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03501203392822901,"gpt":0.2889714085643487,"spread":0.2539593746361197,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006422512,0.0000736621,0.0001852958,0.0001073061,0.00005056065,0.000005748474,0.0001350624,0.00008133307,0.0001527885],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001410394,0.00005705723,0.00007594343,0.0005421438,0.0005093607,0.0001027267,0.0001316318,0.0001212808,4.664567e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001049933,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002207505,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006128338,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002007627,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987439,0.0001317006,0.0003164843,0.0002046354,0.0004260853,0.0001771977],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995022,0.00005510623,0.000155754,0.0001764432,0.00007151414,0.00003900333],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007977648,0.0001352093,0.02408499,0.0000290127,0.00002360414,1.616894e-7,0.0002245887,0.0003321886,0.965352,0.0004323724,0.0004775524,0.008828565],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004931763,0.0001300455,0.0194074,0.00003513871,0.00000968455,0.00000106394,0.001288116,0.001708836,0.9748666,0.00118566,0.0008167572,0.00005750585],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9971676,0.0001032204,0.002011157,0.000225595,0.0001403008,0.0001303111,0.0000481294,0.000002803588,0.0001708202],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968805,0.0001783429,0.001948305,0.00001169341,0.00001256624,0.00001214849,0.000009401322,0.000005667697,0.0009413771],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009514639,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2326726,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1973872771","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2014.00036","title":"Recent Developments in Synthesis of xLi2MnO3â€‰Â·â€‰(1â€‰âˆ’â€‰x)LiMO2 (Mâ€‰=â€‰Ni, Co, Mn) Cathode Powders for High-Energy Lithium Rechargeable Batteries","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Advancements in Battery Materials","field":"Engineering","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Lithium (medication); Cathode; Energy density; Materials science; High energy; Ion; Chemical engineering; Nanotechnology; Engineering physics; Chemistry; Physical chemistry; Engineering; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03174599528039892,"gpt":0.2911584072818286,"spread":0.2594124120014297,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002571173,0.0004003657,0.0008441147,0.001188289,0.0001328521,0.00006805707,0.0008200129,0.0003111598,0.0001695458],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008290934,0.0004404285,0.00004388166,0.0008284964,0.0002602819,0.0003560273,0.0002043683,0.0002995079,0.000008009062],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008105636,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001308313,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003322269,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001978731,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9956901,0.000592852,0.0009750176,0.0006560148,0.000737484,0.001348536],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982319,0.0005909791,0.0001150283,0.0006924464,0.0002200797,0.0001495341],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002623628,0.001013093,0.02251363,0.002505595,0.0007191539,0.00007350432,0.002294415,0.04936089,0.07490644,0.03370807,0.4260819,0.3841996],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001968009,0.0002171256,0.00121635,0.0006572228,0.00001866639,0.000003869323,0.0006963714,0.003097333,0.6528465,0.02314815,0.3150825,0.001048009],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3135126,0.007275966,0.6274492,0.001985861,0.01944462,0.002509641,0.000950661,0.0008458307,0.0260256],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.836875,0.00712846,0.1487195,0.0003262933,0.0003488307,0.002441083,0.0003215833,0.0003635336,0.003475747],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.57794,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998047,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4281295108","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.920654","title":"Over-Voltage Regulation of Distribution Networks by Coordinated Operation of PV Inverters and Demand Side Management Program","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","field":"Engineering","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Overvoltage; AC power; Photovoltaic system; Voltage regulation; Photovoltaics; Voltage; Electrical engineering; Voltage optimisation; Inverter; Grid-connected photovoltaic power system; Maximum power point tracking; Grid; Power factor; Automotive engineering; Engineering; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005264643271426013,"gpt":0.2223700611309754,"spread":0.2171054178595494,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004598112,0.00006882221,0.0001353863,0.0001768326,0.00007556647,0.00001687157,0.00009208664,0.00004638723,0.00001350673],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007023195,0.00007788478,0.00001797514,0.0004879613,0.00005964378,0.00009448078,0.00007402381,0.0001278758,3.249097e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001491316,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007506488,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009688117,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001319482,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991016,0.0001205596,0.0002183877,0.0001365049,0.0002345822,0.0001884103],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997666,0.00001616545,0.00003108843,0.0001106027,0.00004565496,0.00002985376],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006941996,0.00004864129,0.002199066,0.00004660652,0.0000382894,0.000001107707,0.00004571607,0.8502297,0.001973126,0.0003580283,0.01618316,0.1288072],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006200517,0.00008684534,0.002912051,0.00001442557,0.000006658188,3.88546e-7,0.0001416543,0.9899354,0.001220193,0.0001698872,0.004826555,0.00006590994],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.06202172,0.007227342,0.9292518,0.00004824861,0.0002903774,0.0006012945,0.00005666889,0.00006764199,0.0004348996],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968572,0.001464474,0.0007778102,0.000003586336,0.00001087549,0.0001408402,0.0006368303,0.00001247807,0.000095934],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9348354,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3176049,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4206509301","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.778501","title":"Hybrid Solar Geothermal Heat Pump System Model Demonstration Study","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications","field":"Energy","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada","funders":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning; Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","keywords":"TRNSYS; Heat pump; Heat exchanger; Nuclear engineering; Environmental science; Materials science; Geothermal gradient; Water cooling; Heating system; Process engineering; Mechanical engineering; Thermodynamics; Engineering; Thermal; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03211630973937885,"gpt":0.282676830509814,"spread":0.2505605207704352,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002000555,0.0002293392,0.0003680216,0.000669171,0.00101706,0.00009059795,0.0007905978,0.0000736767,0.0001224286],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002194102,0.0002431086,0.00009816582,0.0008425752,0.0001120761,0.0001666403,0.0003606301,0.0006307683,0.0000156145],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008779546,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002586842,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02894456,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001068938,"domain_scores_codex":[0.995481,0.00120963,0.0005467766,0.0006865394,0.001236033,0.0008399933],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987762,0.0000636996,0.00006208067,0.0007997122,0.0001326409,0.000165698],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008136594,0.0004641449,0.003123656,0.00001597115,0.00005623261,0.0000599672,0.0003713508,0.9494249,0.0005028267,0.04007726,0.002749326,0.003072964],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008550393,0.0001702967,0.0003679337,0.00001368983,0.000008836642,0.0000254477,0.00958657,0.9586577,0.0004270663,0.001105729,0.02851939,0.0002623423],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9284004,0.000665303,0.0274288,0.0003311057,0.000884229,0.000776267,0.00005107165,0.000275565,0.04118723],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9899849,0.00001508534,0.0004002573,0.00003846272,0.0001708576,0.00249118,0.00005660653,0.00008102775,0.006761617],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06158448,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9913683,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4281685352","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.914291","title":"A Comparative Study of SOC Estimation Based on Equivalent Circuit Models","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","field":"Engineering","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Estimator; Kalman filter; Extended Kalman filter; Control theory (sociology); Robustness (evolution); Computation; Invariant extended Kalman filter; Noise (video); Computer science; Algorithm; Engineering; Mathematics; Statistics; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.111694345469184,"gpt":0.3562244113934214,"spread":0.2445300659242374,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008154999,0.0001305589,0.0002980177,0.001417355,0.0001604328,0.00001553408,0.000686207,0.00005303183,0.0000591517],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005283401,0.0001453102,0.0000326176,0.001477776,0.0001344926,0.0001183641,0.0003194652,0.0008563259,0.000001654831],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009440258,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006293475,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006768836,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002172274,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997147,0.0004041362,0.0002730666,0.0003047059,0.00134084,0.0005302822],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990993,0.0001994829,0.00002588839,0.0005397777,0.00008698307,0.00004858643],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009468555,0.0004667566,0.0005729907,0.0000238534,0.00002839091,0.0000233074,0.0006911652,0.9764711,0.0002705434,0.0006206229,0.003814943,0.01692166],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007581894,0.0007915013,0.0001653073,0.0000137042,0.00000152637,4.431854e-7,0.006874967,0.9797069,0.001863167,0.009323524,0.0003824345,0.000118364],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4649178,0.0004636077,0.5241824,0.00009828256,0.0003604929,0.000906674,0.00003427246,0.0003051263,0.008731295],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966788,0.0000240176,0.00225825,0.000006227742,0.000008319984,0.0008449161,0.00001516126,0.00003102833,0.0001332925],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5317609,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.592558,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4322502925","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2023.1115459","title":"Sustainable development efficiency and its influencing factors across BRICS and G7 countries: An empirical comparison","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences","keywords":"Sustainable development; China; Per capita; Index (typography); Productivity; Malmquist index; Panel data; Economics; Eco-efficiency; Population; Natural resource economics; Total factor productivity; Development economics; Agricultural economics; Economic growth; Geography; Political science; Econometrics; Demography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07303886832886346,"gpt":0.3271954177890527,"spread":0.2541565494601892,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002698009,0.0002070455,0.0004995187,0.0008579357,0.0004948316,0.0002231887,0.0003614398,0.0002049735,0.00002408406],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000275082,0.0002482974,0.00002652991,0.000847901,0.0002711614,0.0004648089,0.0005235539,0.0003430386,0.00003099513],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007515858,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008528547,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00070585,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001959676,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971173,0.00008284078,0.0006706834,0.000801467,0.0001409627,0.001186775],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991191,0.0001495473,0.0001354011,0.0003002442,0.00004122541,0.0002544748],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001945581,0.00006608311,0.9750291,0.00005736942,0.00002374639,0.00001824659,0.00743898,0.003904013,0.000004656198,0.01192943,0.001060817,0.0004481302],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000998023,0.0001647185,0.7256793,0.00002423665,0.000001817948,0.000001598311,0.02288317,0.07592034,0.0004960905,0.006765818,0.166474,0.0005909082],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9938605,0.003368606,0.001302066,0.0001382044,0.0001873595,0.0001425605,0.00002081165,0.00004538473,0.0009344511],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9948902,0.001621094,0.0004475807,0.00005719781,0.00003695198,0.0000555989,0.00003149558,0.00004192528,0.002818017],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2493497,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999969,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2755935417","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2017.00022","title":"Overcoming Barriers to Successfully Commercializing Carbon Dioxide Utilization","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Innovative Approaches in Technology and Social Development","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","keywords":"Sustainability; Business; Entrepreneurship; Environmental economics; Industrial organization; Dynamic capabilities; Process management; Economics; Finance","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09050111549277995,"gpt":0.3401426962104292,"spread":0.2496415807176492,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002265643,0.0001548036,0.000250598,0.001031679,0.001495122,0.0003275843,0.001096651,0.0002167005,0.00002628124],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001995916,0.0001684368,0.00003416321,0.0009100394,0.0003949802,0.0006200986,0.001026102,0.0004288396,0.000007485799],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000266415,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001010992,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003387317,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005830508,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981484,0.00006008851,0.0002717985,0.0003929386,0.0004858865,0.000640832],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990032,0.00002749237,0.0001220299,0.0005177532,0.0002977152,0.00003182621],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009506047,0.00003508751,0.7436672,0.00004301008,0.00003513555,0.00003210027,0.0003475342,0.00005941482,0.0002607528,0.2004448,0.01168129,0.04329862],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001673711,0.00003430981,0.2222105,0.0003351247,0.00001825554,0.000001012883,0.00764852,0.01314759,0.008439305,0.1204497,0.6249208,0.001121095],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7470142,0.0001951504,0.01071794,0.005875656,0.002675793,0.0004337368,0.000001529231,0.0001584218,0.2329276],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9965217,0.00003567415,0.001550095,0.0006568583,0.0004316707,0.000112496,0.00001111582,0.00003161528,0.0006487334],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6132396,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998048,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3206302326","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.761567","title":"The Construction and Empirical Study on Evaluation Index System of International Low-Carbon Economy Development","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Low-carbon economy; Index (typography); Economy; World economy; China; Economics; Competition (biology); Economic system; Political science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05599914596167983,"gpt":0.2967962599321438,"spread":0.2407971139704639,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00297323,0.0001037417,0.0002572672,0.0004353288,0.000120923,0.00006800854,0.0002362493,0.00008801315,0.00002210288],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001574479,0.0001090974,0.00003002996,0.0002244486,0.000167521,0.00009082232,0.0001653344,0.0002011937,0.000005666773],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001036047,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001215099,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008547254,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000102021,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99828,0.0002107962,0.0006391014,0.0004731931,0.0001449201,0.0002519769],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992452,0.0001181625,0.000189426,0.0003195025,0.00007244642,0.00005525027],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005181795,0.0001694708,0.9574375,0.00001189487,0.0001269074,0.000004198066,0.0003533281,0.001852915,0.000004841715,0.03078327,0.0002274577,0.008976401],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003420021,0.0001735884,0.7816124,0.00007649791,0.000007108712,0.000009375435,0.01415949,0.123831,0.001474424,0.01824937,0.05659631,0.0003903712],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9577562,0.001128837,0.001161833,0.000336519,0.0008972953,0.0001938582,0.000004759292,0.000007053508,0.03851366],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986748,0.0002358963,0.0005032004,0.00001658756,0.00006305245,0.0001536764,0.00001127242,0.00001523174,0.0003262819],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1758251,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4448864,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4304630580","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.1038819","title":"A modified deep residual network for short-term load forecasting","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","field":"Engineering","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Residual; Generalization; Computer science; Term (time); Artificial intelligence; Deep learning; Artificial neural network; Position (finance); Electric power system; Data mining; Machine learning; Reliability engineering; Power (physics); Algorithm; Engineering; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05880915961555307,"gpt":0.2835155722730671,"spread":0.2247064126575141,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002362763,0.0001960782,0.0002833462,0.0003750478,0.0004969555,0.00006864694,0.0005021426,0.00009678258,0.00003295746],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001146674,0.0002282731,0.00008735879,0.0008917799,0.00006997478,0.0001303341,0.0002871386,0.0007356362,5.175431e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005851531,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001206159,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001069236,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004169626,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971238,0.0002563405,0.0003534383,0.000373352,0.0007129746,0.001180031],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991443,0.0003156615,0.00002112119,0.0003058933,0.00008763499,0.0001253979],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001121288,0.00002365718,0.002456106,0.00003746539,0.00004456228,0.00004441331,0.0004942966,0.9185323,0.00008222305,0.003338844,0.03485554,0.03997847],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005296251,0.0001308123,0.0001337011,0.00004405412,0.000005317726,0.00001486066,0.000423284,0.9255928,0.0002104292,0.005231013,0.0673902,0.0002939456],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3390658,0.0240814,0.5041535,0.0003595127,0.01096552,0.001183225,0.0001386872,0.001040255,0.119012],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9802532,0.0001753453,0.01653596,0.00004725288,0.0006360908,0.0009045122,0.0001104417,0.0001189116,0.001218332],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6411873,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9308705,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4313595538","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.1051417","title":"Current status and technology development in implementing low carbon emission energy on underground coal gasification (UCG)","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Mining and Gasification Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Regina; National Research Council Canada","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China-China Academy of General Technology Joint Fund for Basic Research; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Underground coal gasification; Coal; Clean coal technology; Clean coal; Waste management; Environmental science; Coal gasification; Greenhouse gas; Coal mining; Technology development; Engineering; Combustion; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03857192398340949,"gpt":0.313767648040757,"spread":0.2751957240573475,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007103928,0.0001419996,0.0001753472,0.002596048,0.0001090779,0.00003672994,0.0002247837,0.0001815989,0.000003174318],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001396727,0.0001510146,0.00001073259,0.001976832,0.0001040179,0.00004907369,0.0001515175,0.0004066502,0.000001810916],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004536475,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008148056,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009544074,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002156702,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981426,0.00007593258,0.0003192301,0.0003582399,0.0003360286,0.0007679665],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994999,0.0000776356,0.00002908946,0.0002786977,0.00005249776,0.00006222138],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002679577,0.00007266473,0.134046,0.0001018341,0.00002286481,0.00001525485,0.0005478199,0.003532683,0.002517361,0.009979081,0.007899923,0.8412377],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001677598,0.0001726337,0.04038106,0.0007711949,0.000004231585,0.000003232528,0.01071404,0.3194748,0.1326996,0.01397545,0.4792812,0.0008449726],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9892001,0.00432009,0.003119506,0.0004823885,0.0004480972,0.000131915,0.000002907941,0.0007421837,0.001552824],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9928119,0.005865657,0.0006336229,0.000002564514,0.00002037165,0.0002267364,0.00005441761,0.00002972353,0.000354978],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8403927,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6158196,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4285391226","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.873813","title":"Metal Mobilization From CO2 Storage Cap-Rocks: Experimental Reactions With Pure CO2 or CO2 SO2 NO","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"University of Queensland; Australian National Low Emissions Coal Research and Development; Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation","keywords":"Calcite; Dissolution; Feldspar; Chlorite; Pyrite; Cementation (geology); Manganese; Geology; Plagioclase; Mineralogy; Chemistry; Cement; Quartz; Metallurgy; Materials science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03143672413956896,"gpt":0.3062908123015728,"spread":0.2748540881620039,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004498433,0.0001576358,0.0001827918,0.000209051,0.0007891657,0.00006273905,0.0003688725,0.00007676555,0.02761281],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000809819,0.0001369752,0.00004733367,0.0008399341,0.0003468168,0.0003592557,0.0003476415,0.0005834548,0.0001079853],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001116457,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001097309,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008581664,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004202936,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997273,0.0005720445,0.0002614165,0.0005256652,0.0009311938,0.0004366236],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992835,0.000108258,0.00007208016,0.0003604808,0.00004401001,0.0001316978],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002423242,0.002483802,0.03938894,0.000008933124,0.0001594928,0.0004403401,0.004084261,0.4194961,0.04204985,0.001396017,0.4860433,0.002025715],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001518125,0.001422636,0.002755072,0.00001895519,0.00001716968,0.00006560026,0.02714076,0.06077147,0.01181462,0.0009121841,0.8930395,0.0005238735],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9407001,0.0003141543,0.009136109,0.0009798582,0.002017901,0.0006355986,0.0001264372,0.0001355762,0.04595424],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9581378,0.00005377377,0.001472384,0.0001375442,0.00008173721,0.0005841949,0.0002074123,0.00002294319,0.03930228],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4069962,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9980203,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4292454350","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.908658","title":"A Technology Development Matrix for Carbon Capture: Technology Status and R&amp;D Gap Assessment","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval; National Research Council Canada","funders":"Natural Resources Canada; University of Toronto","keywords":"Benchmarking; Technology assessment; Engineering; Process engineering; Environmental science; Computer science; Business; Nanotechnology; Materials science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02542199784195655,"gpt":0.309236260247679,"spread":0.2838142624057224,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007693304,0.0002424063,0.0004024329,0.003890135,0.000137261,0.00003090634,0.0006050919,0.000373083,0.00001171265],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001542149,0.0002753847,0.00003505194,0.002470836,0.0003574744,0.00004244132,0.0008229574,0.001252636,4.229386e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001661485,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002367263,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008464566,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002137482,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974094,0.00007033134,0.0003483162,0.0005147876,0.0005021956,0.001154943],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999144,0.00008333333,0.00003501223,0.0005615138,0.00009869199,0.0000774035],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004504115,0.0005483992,0.1789737,0.0008471253,0.001085343,0.000434381,0.002238553,0.09180696,0.05481571,0.2284121,0.09676819,0.3436191],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001656965,0.0002198211,0.000595453,0.00003669253,0.00001389932,0.00005672165,0.009509179,0.02256687,0.01152136,0.06072955,0.8923443,0.0007492093],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9081514,0.05430387,0.02456225,0.002937333,0.001773173,0.001391503,0.00004938695,0.002977157,0.003853932],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.924141,0.0006275069,0.07111897,0.00001079158,0.00002220757,0.003271472,0.00002854943,0.00008356274,0.0006959387],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7955761,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999698,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2802136005","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2018.00041","title":"The Optimal Design of a Distillation System for the Flexible Polygeneration of Dimethyl Ether and Methanol Under Uncertainty","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Process Optimization and Integration","field":"Engineering","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Dimethyl ether; Distillation; Methanol; Upstream (networking); Process engineering; Fractionating column; Optimal design; Computer science; Chemistry; Engineering; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04475597931707757,"gpt":0.3107195502973118,"spread":0.2659635709802342,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001158442,0.00006070697,0.00009931336,0.0001294891,0.0001377118,0.00002988104,0.0001265595,0.00006685273,0.000002581995],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001284148,0.00003708231,0.00001847489,0.0003392114,0.0002064903,0.00007660878,0.00001705789,0.00007164213,1.383563e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007625157,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004288247,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009164734,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004306382,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992126,0.0001507482,0.0001989806,0.00009289497,0.000196179,0.0001486627],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992008,0.0003113182,0.00003567367,0.0001408721,0.000292874,0.00001851736],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000117427,0.00000514183,0.00003986137,0.00003315215,0.00003765757,1.79676e-8,0.0003059598,0.965687,0.004068478,0.01392915,0.001393787,0.0143824],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001741991,0.00006665268,0.00003745829,0.00002194939,0.000005104206,2.234553e-7,0.001017188,0.9376941,0.05910538,0.000896921,0.0009438232,0.00003698604],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.00134247,0.002126233,0.9956034,0.0001008736,0.0002224157,0.0002049822,0.000004180082,0.00001857031,0.0003768285],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9765465,0.0005151344,0.02244155,0.000004172454,0.00006433205,0.0001032302,0.000006171159,0.00001529759,0.0003036373],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.975204,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1512173,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4283814793","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.831245","title":"The Energy Storage System Integration Into Photovoltaic Systems: A Case Study of Energy Management at UTFPR","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"New York Institute of Technology","funders":"Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná; Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica","keywords":"Photovoltaic system; Renewable energy; Energy storage; Automotive engineering; Flexibility (engineering); Energy management; Electricity generation; Computer science; Load profile; Grid; Environmental science; Electricity; Electrical engineering; Engineering; Energy (signal processing); Power (physics); Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02592159457588043,"gpt":0.2837681486101696,"spread":0.2578465540342891,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002961765,0.000211144,0.0003269259,0.001062052,0.001477827,0.0002271794,0.00176251,0.0000716312,0.000006349004],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003423179,0.0001806099,0.00007942636,0.002618621,0.0001100803,0.0002175534,0.001671159,0.0003487331,0.000001066058],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002042796,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001486639,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04223253,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006542747,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9934753,0.00291393,0.0006388018,0.0006625489,0.001725506,0.0005839173],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977899,0.0002889285,0.0002025435,0.001331676,0.000241548,0.0001454667],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001040913,0.003007061,0.006976902,0.0003585899,0.0009828154,0.01769289,0.03652781,0.1572596,0.001736392,0.4994066,0.1573722,0.1176382],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001065207,0.0005699566,0.00006932521,0.00003035793,0.000009962509,0.0003168054,0.0717425,0.8173316,0.0006667873,0.000539277,0.1074129,0.0002453552],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3136446,0.01029913,0.6612189,0.0001292564,0.00833395,0.001340279,0.00002026677,0.0003113453,0.004702283],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9928274,0.0002109107,0.0007724226,0.00003637901,0.00005789162,0.001502124,0.00001268745,0.00002820399,0.00455199],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6791828,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998221,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2920117208","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2019.00017","title":"Electric Stimulation of Ammonotrophic Methanogenesis","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Microbial Fuel Cells and Bioremediation","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"SAIT Polytechnic","funders":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology","keywords":"Wastewater; Methanogenesis; Electrolysis; Methane; Nitrogen; Ammonium; Chemical oxygen demand; Chemistry; Pulp and paper industry; Microbial fuel cell; Environmental chemistry; Anode; Waste management; Environmental science; Electrolyte; Environmental engineering; Electrode; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01479268799221912,"gpt":0.2601861227458697,"spread":0.2453934347536506,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000687095,0.00006070234,0.0001228872,0.0002251303,0.00002859395,0.000007836357,0.0002031716,0.00007978493,0.0007199306],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003293112,0.00005566265,0.00003161331,0.001043398,0.00005979974,0.00009110576,0.00009188992,0.00010483,0.00007821963],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002028815,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001908039,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001132934,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008380626,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987067,0.0001835455,0.0001667068,0.0002242309,0.0004399289,0.000278917],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996739,0.00004258846,0.00003843125,0.0001843804,0.00001997553,0.00004072298],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007794536,0.00006093933,0.4027887,0.00001214492,0.000005361796,0.000001279637,0.0000585798,0.01633417,0.5473303,0.00008108883,0.004086864,0.02916265],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001024083,0.0004246143,0.3083953,0.00002451109,0.00000778247,0.000001095366,0.0001048858,0.1225556,0.5337838,0.004507523,0.02884293,0.0003279343],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9926935,0.0003104591,0.001621186,0.00004468311,0.000195216,0.0001232844,0.000001017545,0.000006108146,0.005004475],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957334,0.0003723614,0.00243374,0.00001301349,0.00002497622,0.000007159461,0.000008038072,0.00000878614,0.001398463],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1062214,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7882735,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4294931122","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.994629","title":"Adaptive fault-tolerant control of five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor current using chaotic-particle swarm optimization","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Multilevel Inverters and Converters","field":"Engineering","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Control theory (sociology); Particle swarm optimization; Magnetomotive force; Stator; Torque ripple; Decoupling (probability); Ripple; Fault (geology); Torque; Harmonics; Computer science; Chaotic; Direct torque control; Engineering; Physics; Control engineering; Induction motor; Algorithm; Voltage","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03220142255016774,"gpt":0.2903852224879269,"spread":0.2581837999377591,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004262586,0.0001634806,0.0003069637,0.0003664381,0.0001613259,0.00002365423,0.0003174528,0.00004877115,0.0001762037],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001516417,0.000181948,0.00007361708,0.0004253122,0.0001191798,0.00012267,0.0001117862,0.000377463,0.000001457996],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006179931,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008740145,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004122136,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008948613,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979235,0.0002739276,0.0003566327,0.0002788262,0.0006044606,0.0005626328],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994165,0.00004707094,0.00004239454,0.0002666262,0.0001005842,0.0001267983],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002719849,0.0002365239,0.0002486731,0.00004413722,0.00005306665,0.00002811088,0.0009309327,0.953275,0.001315986,0.00007873746,0.00120056,0.04231625],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002343339,0.0002265246,0.00005346171,0.00003041596,0.00001311931,0.000003838479,0.001508321,0.9936756,0.001007787,0.00003387808,0.0009237583,0.0001798859],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2009188,0.004471855,0.79246,0.00004323859,0.001358879,0.0004110776,0.000133613,0.00006289867,0.0001396296],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971313,0.0002109417,0.002269824,0.00001971482,0.0000579287,0.0001681021,0.00002485299,0.00004166261,0.00007561261],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7962126,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7419622,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4387607605","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2023.1188506","title":"Thermal performance of three horizontal ground heat exchanger systems: comparison of linear-loop, spiral-coil and slinky-coil arrangements","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications","field":"Energy","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; University of British Columbia","funders":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","keywords":"Electromagnetic coil; Heat exchanger; Heat pump; Thermal; Mechanical engineering; Heat transfer; Heat transfer coefficient; Spiral (railway); Mechanics; Nuclear engineering; Engineering; Electrical engineering; Thermodynamics; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06648363750010242,"gpt":0.319244231273327,"spread":0.2527605937732246,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001093859,0.0002254385,0.0006237691,0.0006358145,0.0001913066,0.00002951342,0.0004603064,0.0002182542,0.00003529702],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002774813,0.0002076418,0.0000814331,0.001220997,0.0003480475,0.0001599848,0.0002338123,0.0002998264,0.00001280223],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009685103,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006432221,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03183593,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001862869,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971368,0.0002352286,0.0007018322,0.0004402602,0.0008103273,0.0006755905],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988661,0.00009685478,0.0001297761,0.00055796,0.0002220067,0.0001273359],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007589576,0.0007403547,0.4124669,0.001397453,0.0004976204,0.00002366223,0.003188402,0.4413356,0.04345196,0.01323869,0.005965403,0.07693503],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002902145,0.0008850337,0.07978015,0.0006957332,0.00003542566,0.000004724629,0.005791404,0.8515248,0.01410741,0.0002489119,0.04337699,0.0006472653],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9910868,0.002794476,0.0002469546,0.00007010993,0.000480129,0.0002167375,0.00002006295,0.00005216067,0.005032544],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9956862,0.0005057066,0.0002330272,0.000006672101,0.0002360598,0.0002979107,0.00005241585,0.00005494167,0.002927023],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4101892,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9746112,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4281642482","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.899692","title":"Hybrid Short-Term Wind Power Prediction Based on Markov Chain","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","field":"Engineering","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Markov chain; Term (time); Wind power; Chaotic; Computer science; Markov model; Wind power forecasting; Markov process; Hidden Markov model; Variable-order Markov model; Power (physics); Engineering; Electric power system; Machine learning; Mathematics; Artificial intelligence; Statistics; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01710911618406074,"gpt":0.2464981018028047,"spread":0.2293889856187439,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001119115,0.0001700285,0.0001888485,0.0008984715,0.0002777904,0.00004138059,0.000370089,0.00006353988,0.0003713416],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003853393,0.0001933492,0.00006666602,0.0006226647,0.0000682988,0.00008777101,0.0001217377,0.0008318233,0.000002686837],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005419297,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005795684,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004481025,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000118031,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976001,0.0002860597,0.0002445549,0.0003377439,0.0008427727,0.0006887865],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993635,0.00009444658,0.0000122245,0.0003713158,0.00003370762,0.0001248075],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001266327,0.00008748755,0.01761717,0.0000209193,0.00002891384,0.0001634788,0.0001435945,0.8985463,0.0004478315,0.0002707043,0.05981179,0.02273511],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004983586,0.000281211,0.002683262,0.00005168977,0.000002833891,0.000009266095,0.0001891308,0.8717936,0.001833898,0.0002565122,0.122147,0.0002532067],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7640945,0.002605286,0.02505593,0.0003035304,0.01057777,0.0004255806,0.000269474,0.0007754421,0.1958925],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975378,0.00006873658,0.0005728216,0.00005011249,0.0001649177,0.0001215055,0.0001215176,0.00007062266,0.001292004],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2334433,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7884553,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3163531554","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.665884","title":"New Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Thin Films by Molecular Layer Deposition for Rechargeable Batteries","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Semiconductor materials and devices","field":"Engineering","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; University of British Columbia","funders":"Harbin Institute of Technology; British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of British Columbia; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Canada Foundation for Innovation","keywords":"Thin film; Materials science; Nanotechnology; Cathode; Anode; Electrolyte; Atomic layer deposition; Lithium (medication); Deposition (geology); Layer (electronics); Nanoscopic scale; Electrode; Energy storage; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01922229780043818,"gpt":0.2587768590733886,"spread":0.2395545612729504,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002974236,0.0001433542,0.0002310984,0.0001412305,0.00007669216,0.0001538185,0.0002233479,0.0001115296,0.0006236364],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007840095,0.0001562831,0.00004243722,0.0003519108,0.00002409091,0.0001908202,0.0000696332,0.0001696217,0.00001152251],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001200131,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001011697,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001953281,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004518002,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986061,0.0001036582,0.0002209028,0.0002978703,0.0002697905,0.0005016897],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994273,0.0000529123,0.00001605891,0.0002880548,0.0001060026,0.0001097041],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001420702,0.00001081299,0.00009089539,0.00005026603,0.00002812784,0.00002223637,0.0000547254,0.0004021934,0.7032483,0.0001268214,0.2952949,0.0006565368],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003246705,0.00002795612,0.00001064873,0.00003693777,0.000005083654,0.000009803443,0.0002341923,0.005367662,0.9551172,0.002057964,0.03663673,0.000171126],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7752775,0.02083725,0.198398,0.0004246879,0.002998306,0.0002359929,0.00009572292,0.0002487999,0.001483729],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9532465,0.001792282,0.03973484,0.0002522358,0.0002804199,0.000123572,0.0004679735,0.0001671884,0.003934948],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2586581,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6828381,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4281554354","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.908361","title":"A State-of-Charge-Based Flexible Synthetic Inertial Control Strategy of Battery Energy Storage Systems","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","field":"Engineering","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Alpha Technologies (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Control theory (sociology); Automatic frequency control; Renewable energy; Settling time; Controller (irrigation); State of charge; Frequency deviation; Energy storage; Engineering; Stability (learning theory); Control system; Computer science; Power (physics); Control engineering; Control (management); Battery (electricity); Step response; Electrical engineering; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01311314294407897,"gpt":0.2278163069895636,"spread":0.2147031640454847,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000842539,0.0001565688,0.0004306957,0.0009016266,0.00008261057,0.00002622866,0.0003723228,0.00006577496,0.0001046856],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002701625,0.0001689367,0.00007700458,0.0007695167,0.000105027,0.00007988528,0.00005976139,0.0003017627,6.669217e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002514606,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001669104,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008928648,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002408108,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976125,0.0005231886,0.0004857766,0.0002433308,0.0006310543,0.0005041545],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992649,0.0001247439,0.00006866899,0.0003326184,0.0001268966,0.00008214717],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000280948,0.00007653819,0.0003172941,0.0001105742,0.00007202946,0.00002354999,0.00005884571,0.9696102,0.007755314,0.0003153038,0.00401453,0.01736484],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001318393,0.0001577667,0.00003849262,0.00003476351,0.00000783611,0.000001867054,0.0001346922,0.9826495,0.007232796,0.00008974824,0.008184165,0.0001500012],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.08232783,0.05413856,0.8561674,0.0001110878,0.003312683,0.0006370982,0.0005037551,0.0002632669,0.002538359],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986159,0.0003746737,0.0002054423,0.00001246566,0.00005548361,0.0002654014,0.00004784467,0.00004947424,0.0003733361],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9162881,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6889041,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4214922917","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2022.826469","title":"Performance of CO2 Foam Huff and Puff in Tight Oil Reservoirs","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund; University of Calgary","keywords":"Petroleum engineering; Enhanced oil recovery; Permeability (electromagnetism); Oil production; Porosity; Environmental science; Materials science; Porous medium; Pulmonary surfactant; Oil field; Tight oil; Rheology; Oil in place; Geology; Chemical engineering; Composite material; Chemistry; Petroleum; Engineering; Oil shale","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0147280556694251,"gpt":0.2556324348722149,"spread":0.2409043792027898,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001199049,0.0001036834,0.0002257281,0.0009021386,0.00006993431,0.00001191221,0.0003769568,0.00007468149,0.00004559597],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005384026,0.0001204142,0.00002296635,0.001028313,0.0001251425,0.0001571699,0.000280981,0.0006462363,5.446754e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003725918,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004835357,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002449726,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001896453,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983804,0.0001943338,0.0002559199,0.0002191292,0.0004978821,0.0004523706],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995127,0.00008597485,0.0000184663,0.0002897338,0.00004030437,0.00005285052],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005437434,0.0002402009,0.3330908,0.0009119698,0.00007289577,0.0001039622,0.00174792,0.2935133,0.01690166,0.001513608,0.1031184,0.2482415],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001847366,0.0009391683,0.02410169,0.0004005983,0.000005101817,0.00001589029,0.001842474,0.5535192,0.1936785,0.005079898,0.2177256,0.0008444813],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.97016,0.0029822,0.0002066944,0.0000472468,0.0002726134,0.00005064516,0.000008301128,0.00007226566,0.02620001],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9883947,0.005746936,0.003514936,0.000007135126,0.00002184101,0.000250589,0.000008403144,0.00003605268,0.002019356],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3089891,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.491035,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4392627068","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2023.1338212","title":"Research and analysis of electromagnetic interference of a motor drive control system based on PMSM with SiC MOSFET for new energy electric vehicles","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Multilevel Inverters and Converters","field":"Engineering","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Infineon Technologies (Canada)","funders":"Infineon Technologies; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"MOSFET; Electromagnetic interference; Motor drive; Energy (signal processing); Interference (communication); Induction motor; Electric motor; Electrical engineering; Engineering; Automotive engineering; Physics; Electronic engineering; Voltage; Mechanical engineering; Transistor","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01811888965120948,"gpt":0.2620457938784279,"spread":0.2439269042272184,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007479469,0.0001775113,0.0005342962,0.003379273,0.00004733852,0.00005669079,0.0003412148,0.0001292891,0.000009515155],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003479701,0.0001524537,0.0000933371,0.002934649,0.0001751691,0.0000689869,0.00002700194,0.0003326722,3.136923e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00029625,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002227235,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001236142,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000222543,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977663,0.0002280925,0.0003380296,0.0004140277,0.0006186713,0.0006348616],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985839,0.0006663203,0.00002472383,0.0003387282,0.0002432229,0.0001431657],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.007543251,0.0004485549,0.008689752,0.004218541,0.007299888,0.0001651544,0.001665186,0.1450897,0.191888,0.03431301,0.03038206,0.5682969],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008062745,0.001488329,0.0007241725,0.0003361383,0.00008698112,7.846591e-7,0.0002634213,0.9838668,0.01176307,0.0002462195,0.000283586,0.0001342494],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1419884,0.00679301,0.8491005,0.0001340796,0.000207812,0.0005206947,0.00008750629,0.0001091656,0.001058814],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980052,0.0002236774,0.001054877,0.00000935774,0.00003298104,0.0002025288,0.00001467711,0.00004237522,0.0004143546],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8560168,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6216882,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}