{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":13,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":13,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"b68124669f74","filters":{"venue":"Frontiers in Language Sciences"}},"results":[{"id":"W4387021061","doi":"10.3389/flang.2023.1230408","title":"Heritage language use in the country of residence matters for language maintenance, but short visits to the homeland can boost heritage language outcomes","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Language Sciences","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"St. George's, University of London; Killam Trusts; University of Alberta","keywords":"Heritage language; Homeland; Residence; Syntax; Vocabulary; Cultural heritage; Psychology; Neuroscience of multilingualism; Function (biology); Linguistics; Geography; Developmental psychology; Political science; Sociology; Demography; Pedagogy; Law; Archaeology","authors":[{"name":"Vicky Chondrogianni","is_ca":false},{"name":"Evangelia Daskalaki","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0373941412073116,"gpt":0.398980728974665,"spread":0.3615865877673534,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003665807,0.0002317682,0.0003784459,0.0004781629,0.0004721275,0.0003009735,0.001551374,0.0001106796,0.00006204991],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001691458,0.0001499084,0.000109882,0.00233137,0.0006867951,0.0003417163,0.000106951,0.0002480662,0.00001544112],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001275781,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003090447,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.05061558,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1508992,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969845,0.0004291269,0.0004444821,0.0004772572,0.0008036377,0.0008609605],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983648,0.0008084684,0.0001302779,0.0005097696,0.00005283477,0.0001338424],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003816317,0.00006174891,0.09409026,0.00005600794,0.00001490314,0.0001024533,0.8582924,0.0001031341,0.001010167,0.0007851862,0.0403761,0.005069475],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002939917,0.00004453476,0.06640206,0.000105291,0.00001115444,0.00000229146,0.9250247,0.0001600578,0.0003269276,0.00003793112,0.007337274,0.0002537386],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9836485,0.0007635177,0.00007810511,0.01026993,0.001097484,0.001172158,0.0003883215,0.00008282036,0.00249917],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9839352,0.0000816836,0.001757413,0.005668045,0.0002551776,0.0001452125,0.0000333128,0.00002284906,0.0081011],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1002836,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9557065,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4402529879","doi":"10.3389/flang.2024.1435200","title":"The role of parental characteristics, home language use, and schooling in children's Mandarin heritage language development in Canada","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Language Sciences","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Generalitat de Catalunya","keywords":"Mandarin Chinese; Heritage language; Language development; Home language; Psychology; Linguistics; Developmental psychology; Sociology; Pedagogy; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Evangelia Daskalaki","is_ca":true},{"name":"Adriana Soto‐Corominas","is_ca":false},{"name":"Vera Yunxiao Xia","is_ca":true},{"name":"Johanne Paradis","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009077937926319377,"gpt":0.3083243155843673,"spread":0.2992463776580479,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009812178,0.0001015036,0.0001613777,0.0002385427,0.0001887074,0.0002162266,0.0003079625,0.00004216324,0.00003119657],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002725274,0.00008137358,0.00001658486,0.0006299457,0.0003357856,0.0002396459,0.00005374435,0.0001875224,0.000001155024],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003598107,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001894908,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.8841124,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.94086,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986408,0.0001375107,0.0002876081,0.0002419094,0.0003234857,0.0003687026],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996377,0.0001222326,0.00005549068,0.0000945033,0.00001231731,0.00007774548],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004400482,0.00001199229,0.7568979,0.00001037761,0.000004123299,0.00001728602,0.176947,0.0000037773,0.00006877873,0.000373023,0.00007174455,0.06558961],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001182813,0.000005459096,0.5716743,0.0001160665,0.000001826671,0.000001548506,0.4243752,0.0003637982,0.0003746337,0.00004253994,0.002786525,0.0001397877],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9883626,0.009698509,0.000002662847,0.0001286014,0.0005995349,0.0001874111,0.00002499387,0.00001440253,0.0009813253],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985376,0.0002242068,0.0008251495,0.00005874746,0.00007953849,0.00001158437,0.000007971577,0.000006229083,0.0002489736],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2474282,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3361485,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4399053064","doi":"10.3389/flang.2024.1388964","title":"Do children with developmental dyslexia have syntactic awareness problems once phonological processing and memory are controlled?","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Language Sciences","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université TÉLUQ; Dalhousie University; Cape Breton University","funders":"","keywords":"Dyslexia; Developmental dyslexia; Biological theories of dyslexia; Psychology; Phonological awareness; Cognitive psychology; Linguistics; Developmental psychology; Reading (process); Literacy","authors":[{"name":"Erin K. Robertson","is_ca":true},{"name":"Catherine Mimeau","is_ca":true},{"name":"S. Hélène Deacon","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0162678982635257,"gpt":0.2980664706246551,"spread":0.2817985723611294,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006893554,0.0002035767,0.0003329398,0.0003097114,0.0002288087,0.0003861191,0.000265624,0.00008459627,0.00009600879],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003836981,0.0001300793,0.00002604592,0.0004719679,0.0004784434,0.0003114392,0.00005273848,0.0002286376,0.00001141004],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001030234,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000189589,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001725842,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005120687,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998255,0.0001007631,0.0002626956,0.000685058,0.00027767,0.000418774],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999654,0.00006968001,0.00008553582,0.00009847443,0.00001801355,0.00007431436],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001515187,0.00009832125,0.7501361,0.00009189359,0.0001365572,0.0004211029,0.08652426,0.00005500378,0.00006613484,0.0001226359,0.001428473,0.160768],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006009079,0.0004871194,0.6873596,0.00340057,0.0001131983,0.001945694,0.2921996,0.0041112,0.000442827,0.0007481184,0.001537287,0.001645705],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.971783,0.01909779,0.001486261,0.0001729604,0.0007027463,0.0004358141,0.000005659787,0.0001168564,0.006198917],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9860213,0.00002488146,0.01232354,0.0001025649,0.00005765231,0.0001192038,0.000004708488,0.00001305158,0.001333037],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2056753,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.530448,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4387403126","doi":"10.3389/flang.2023.1242905","title":"Differential substitution: a contrastive hierarchy account","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Language Sciences","topic":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","field":"Psychology","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Linguistics; Hierarchy; Substitution (logic); Phonology; Feature (linguistics); Interdental consonant; Scope (computer science); Computer science; Rank (graph theory); Distinctive feature; Phenomenon; Mathematics; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"John Archibald","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02930461236438497,"gpt":0.358447013460937,"spread":0.3291424010965521,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004669671,0.00009607253,0.0001626564,0.0004680774,0.0001710188,0.00005231059,0.0004535574,0.00008850657,0.001175224],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000600145,0.00007969491,0.00003934802,0.00122505,0.00100559,0.0000816676,0.00008020616,0.000217969,0.0003134601],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003481875,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007246754,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003951777,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008890073,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985707,0.0001243734,0.0001466736,0.0003583933,0.0002576467,0.0005421445],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996206,0.0000888418,0.00003279057,0.000171584,0.00001961567,0.00006655575],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006100365,0.0005416978,0.3901172,0.00004184973,0.0002571712,0.002080578,0.2171222,0.0001727744,0.01296627,0.03112652,0.2565202,0.08844357],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001933118,0.0003291874,0.940863,0.00003916943,0.00001373419,0.00002815245,0.03756726,0.004068698,0.001305412,0.009033839,0.004368673,0.0004497155],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9826207,0.0008906981,0.001485996,0.0003714731,0.003870979,0.0001715359,0.00002684032,0.00007779715,0.01048399],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997132,0.00003887207,0.000339187,0.00007971665,0.0001485071,0.00004852917,0.00001232553,0.000005696377,0.002195177],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5507459,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997379,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4388421078","doi":"10.3389/flang.2023.1253816","title":"Phonological redeployment for [retracted tongue root] in third language perception of Kaqchikel stops","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Language Sciences","topic":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","field":"Psychology","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"University of Calgary","keywords":"Vowel harmony; Linguistics; First language; Vowel; Categorization; Perception; Place of articulation; Phonological rule; Consonant; Articulation (sociology); Psychology; Phonology; Computer science; Speech recognition","authors":[{"name":"Brett C. Nelson","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03617191707590048,"gpt":0.3825107402586128,"spread":0.3463388231827124,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001541408,0.0001184482,0.0002718522,0.0006820285,0.00007020516,0.0000201229,0.0005101724,0.0002101125,0.0003222386],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001888464,0.00009931584,0.00006327968,0.001246998,0.0004927806,0.00007201467,0.0000842723,0.0002891041,0.00003846357],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006018383,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005402336,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001363821,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007800522,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982662,0.0001851124,0.0003078227,0.0004399951,0.0002507361,0.0005501242],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994401,0.0001613715,0.00007670573,0.0002444798,0.00002438809,0.00005291472],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006816248,0.0007687286,0.4338548,0.00008892281,0.00007124428,0.000327708,0.3036202,0.0002767119,0.1028667,0.000894682,0.07069021,0.08585851],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00113365,0.0004568458,0.8909042,0.00003475623,0.000005585303,0.000005825723,0.1023845,0.002053785,0.001304921,0.001248966,0.0002753686,0.0001915489],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9934992,0.0008233694,0.0002813009,0.0003718017,0.001227719,0.000409955,0.00004275325,0.00006060225,0.003283258],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9961577,0.00003557437,0.00211209,0.00005690237,0.00006666472,0.0001056868,0.00002964454,0.000009815555,0.001425891],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4570494,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4049982,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4398218440","doi":"10.3389/flang.2024.1325597","title":"Redeployment in language contact: the case of phonological emphasis","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Language Sciences","topic":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","field":"Psychology","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Linguistics; Phonology; Emphasis (telecommunications); Contrast (vision); Feature (linguistics); Phonological rule; Computer science; Psychology; Artificial intelligence; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Darin Flynn","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02903955442305036,"gpt":0.3839308733030067,"spread":0.3548913188799563,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001336788,0.0001006057,0.0001948456,0.0003601678,0.00006302029,0.00004567075,0.0004770037,0.0001043691,0.0007320975],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007569671,0.00006231797,0.00005161765,0.0009457708,0.0006655165,0.00005734344,0.00009372998,0.0003231557,0.00003050151],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004693595,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006476909,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005882839,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001721514,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986051,0.000252639,0.0002424034,0.0003626067,0.0001456357,0.0003916566],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994278,0.0002275259,0.0000327557,0.0002626229,0.000009249516,0.00004004334],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002194109,0.0004865088,0.06784111,0.00008295658,0.0001507936,0.04561237,0.5210397,0.00004940371,0.0105618,0.009158307,0.04259812,0.3021995],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002804614,0.001708442,0.1568586,0.0003504931,0.00005562723,0.002993958,0.8011461,0.008563082,0.01092876,0.008101343,0.005585884,0.0009030221],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9656947,0.0237518,0.00009705083,0.0007858925,0.001432404,0.0002018479,0.00002168258,0.00002811014,0.007986479],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984707,0.00007402068,0.0004892078,0.0001063254,0.00004800522,0.00004118159,0.000001561987,0.000006720805,0.0007622296],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3012965,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8893132,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4390007116","doi":"10.3389/flang.2023.1286084","title":"On the representation of /h/ by Quebec francophone learners of English","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Language Sciences","topic":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","field":"Psychology","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières","funders":"Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières","keywords":"Vowel; Phonotactics; Representation (politics); Perception; Psychology; Constraint (computer-aided design); Linguistics; Feature (linguistics); Variation (astronomy); Mathematics; Language production; Cognitive psychology; Computer science; Speech recognition; Phonology; Cognition","authors":[{"name":"Paul John","is_ca":true},{"name":"Simon Rigoulot","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02191421007299707,"gpt":0.3437542011646043,"spread":0.3218399910916072,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008116791,0.00005078263,0.0001316359,0.0002262114,0.00004530753,0.000007631213,0.0003817756,0.00005438349,0.000365242],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004610856,0.00003506653,0.00003216071,0.001617779,0.0007894355,0.0000330571,0.00003748278,0.0001324641,0.00002225463],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009934952,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003796819,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007615478,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004616675,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990171,0.0001909926,0.0001569987,0.0001918154,0.0002410424,0.000202054],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993517,0.0003041514,0.0000716099,0.0002204679,0.00003237932,0.00001963188],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001162744,0.0001189123,0.05256998,0.00001454011,0.00004421034,0.00001240148,0.3367021,0.0002442878,0.01159908,0.001571168,0.5803638,0.01664324],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00126244,0.0006033469,0.1533473,0.00006803902,0.000007526407,7.448831e-7,0.7832969,0.001234113,0.05267283,0.005934346,0.001317832,0.0002545437],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9847538,0.0006080811,0.00005567014,0.0002463484,0.001883789,0.0001144553,0.00001665827,0.00001417328,0.01230701],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970606,0.00003445565,0.0000949353,0.00004614787,0.00003461076,0.00001446959,0.000005469308,0.000003974885,0.002705361],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.579046,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9989929,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4395045955","doi":"10.3389/flang.2024.1327600","title":"Modeling the consequences of an L1 grammar for L2 production: simulations, variation, and predictions","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Language Sciences","topic":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Variation (astronomy); Production (economics); Grammar; Computer science; Environmental science; Linguistics; Economics; Physics; Astrophysics; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Sijia Zhang","is_ca":true},{"name":"Anne‐Michelle Tessier","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01511382018014561,"gpt":0.2950337679383367,"spread":0.2799199477581911,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00094264,0.00007775344,0.00009510443,0.0002393306,0.0002614751,0.0002785567,0.0005477536,0.00003945663,0.000001368823],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000223452,0.00005143947,0.00002152266,0.0008793307,0.0003780526,0.00119059,0.00005768891,0.00009101543,8.776276e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002436935,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001355769,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001862086,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005247733,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990271,0.00006039344,0.0001945654,0.0003595543,0.0002118596,0.0001465035],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999576,0.0000830287,0.0000424361,0.0002047166,0.00006927572,0.00002448476],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003446034,0.0001626391,0.001987264,0.0004979205,0.00008814079,0.00002385825,0.1446876,0.1953096,0.01970634,0.3229052,0.002702444,0.3118946],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003248474,0.0000458582,0.00003218482,0.00005915216,0.000006551159,0.00001090216,0.001240749,0.9003893,0.002115374,0.09595859,0.00003967513,0.00006914412],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03594143,0.01288153,0.9479756,0.001781385,0.0008753837,0.0002985494,0.0000103142,0.0002148829,0.00002086911],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.573412,0.00001829103,0.4264417,0.00002732661,0.00005453966,0.00001842583,0.000001641366,0.0000023325,0.000023781],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7050798,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2686129,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4401001662","doi":"10.3389/flang.2024.1403080","title":"No clear benefit of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for non-native speech sound learning","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Language Sciences","topic":"Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Centre for Research on Brain Language and Music","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Mitacs","keywords":"Perception; Tone (literature); Psychology; Feeling; Sound perception; Mandarin Chinese; Audiology; Language acquisition; German; Cognitive psychology; Medicine; Linguistics; Neuroscience; Social psychology","authors":[{"name":"Claire Honda","is_ca":true},{"name":"Neha Bhutani","is_ca":false},{"name":"Meghan Clayards","is_ca":true},{"name":"Shari R. Baum","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02649820749269126,"gpt":0.3335708645267555,"spread":0.3070726570340642,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009090268,0.0001593323,0.0002420413,0.0005970705,0.0002358015,0.0001759466,0.0004631901,0.00008490304,0.000117304],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009272727,0.0001377066,0.0001252776,0.001504505,0.0004547591,0.0004278015,0.00004830822,0.0002602988,0.00001971688],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009513607,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009891007,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001246503,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000229915,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977204,0.0001289025,0.0003345046,0.0006364096,0.0007420465,0.0004377826],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989678,0.000644756,0.0000793004,0.0001529715,0.00008497578,0.00007024642],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005484505,0.0002695019,0.01772579,0.0008634528,0.00005399056,0.0008512948,0.02934394,0.5992842,0.272426,0.006646403,0.001566469,0.07042041],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004400685,0.000651125,0.000704087,0.0001206187,0.00001479501,0.00002188383,0.002217529,0.943952,0.04825058,0.002948342,0.0004380644,0.00024096],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9568893,0.0006878974,0.03595434,0.0001150279,0.001011904,0.000813477,0.00004049347,0.0001027484,0.004384862],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9851843,0.00001416466,0.01228806,0.00002811485,0.00008971033,0.00002463447,0.000005992246,0.00002061529,0.002344454],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3446677,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5615511,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4399817327","doi":"10.3389/flang.2024.1367637","title":"Awareness and analysis: concurrent and predictive roles of two morphological processes in early reading comprehension","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Language Sciences","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Comprehension; Reading (process); Reading comprehension; Psychology; Linguistics; Cognitive psychology; Computer science; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Katharine Zinger","is_ca":true},{"name":"Richard S. Kruk","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01838103886061591,"gpt":0.3388884761090963,"spread":0.3205074372484804,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004777356,0.0000894339,0.00023984,0.0005704461,0.00004189163,0.0000611116,0.0001087569,0.00004098934,0.00001423967],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003613225,0.00006490268,0.00001731056,0.001163147,0.0003782669,0.0001371882,0.00004366495,0.00009890899,5.565115e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001805908,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003664931,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002940526,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005898678,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989964,0.00009500056,0.000211118,0.0003833614,0.000142182,0.0001718916],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997178,0.0001232552,0.00004203858,0.00006481797,0.00001724039,0.00003487157],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001736738,0.0000304022,0.9099329,0.00005816634,0.00005123422,0.00009397681,0.07621821,0.00009328014,0.0001481861,0.0002023807,0.00009233986,0.01306156],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005232284,0.0002058066,0.9373267,0.00061726,0.00009110834,0.00002764383,0.04379065,0.01596273,0.0004648958,0.0006225004,0.0001374909,0.0002299947],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9767346,0.01990851,0.002335696,0.00003155417,0.0003956043,0.00009666174,0.00001519947,0.00001999714,0.0004621735],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976049,0.00009802124,0.002176703,0.00001343765,0.0000141809,0.00001663885,0.000006266896,0.000002831815,0.00006703828],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03242756,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2646655,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4407562181","doi":"10.3389/flang.2024.1254956","title":"Detargeting the target in phoneme detection: aiming the task at phonological representations rather than backgrounds","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Language Sciences","topic":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Task (project management); Computer science; Speech recognition; Cognitive psychology; Linguistics; Psychology; Natural language processing; Communication; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"John H. G. Scott","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02345838491747966,"gpt":0.351009169300048,"spread":0.3275507843825683,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001799799,0.000117811,0.000161213,0.0002633907,0.0006347679,0.00008160569,0.000851681,0.000113048,0.0004896134],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002025105,0.00006760121,0.00005817372,0.001550264,0.001170116,0.00007419578,0.0002288896,0.0004596981,0.0000391751],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008570281,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005779638,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001706621,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002542058,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980188,0.0005815909,0.0002562218,0.0004373879,0.0002012509,0.0005047218],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990983,0.0004084868,0.0000646377,0.0003808414,0.000019631,0.00002807799],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000260011,0.0002630229,0.7505455,0.00001389306,0.0001229788,0.0001417169,0.1662178,0.0008715887,0.01788926,0.001778716,0.04159935,0.02029617],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001150161,0.0001367409,0.764088,0.0000371387,0.0000172045,0.00003249739,0.2013701,0.006558406,0.005229007,0.01279569,0.008262068,0.0003229807],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9606748,0.007465144,0.0026139,0.003098355,0.002747539,0.000334803,0.000004866249,0.00002905448,0.02303153],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9928035,0.00003617709,0.001316957,0.000437115,0.00007372767,0.0001174568,0.000002041963,0.00000553669,0.00520752],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03515234,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5360923,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4409166972","doi":"10.3389/flang.2025.1413119","title":"The acquisition of object clitic pronouns in Heritage Romanian","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Language Sciences","topic":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Clitic; Romanian; Linguistics; Object (grammar); Object pronoun; Computer science; Psychology; Geography; Personal pronoun; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Mihaela Pirvulescu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Virginia Hill","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004728209661695602,"gpt":0.2663765647334201,"spread":0.2616483550717245,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001269096,0.0000988847,0.0001600433,0.0003829085,0.0001497166,0.0001794257,0.001620849,0.00005620985,0.000002020737],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001392549,0.00006840035,0.00003570028,0.001791282,0.000392631,0.0005325945,0.0001962748,0.0001570495,6.70677e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009000432,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001622297,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003473953,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004404676,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987101,0.0001231716,0.0002775305,0.0003239403,0.0002547841,0.0003104683],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999423,0.0001046644,0.00009156715,0.0003316586,0.00002947145,0.00001963652],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005392861,0.0002888667,0.1214918,0.0003086628,0.00002840424,0.0001942476,0.03627773,0.0001122315,0.008088988,0.4103847,0.005585281,0.4171852],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001771509,0.0006244494,0.04568746,0.002291134,0.00002065412,0.00002769034,0.04271488,0.1227445,0.1048561,0.6765427,0.001436308,0.001282647],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.308318,0.07291962,0.5954975,0.004312039,0.002904531,0.001213583,0.000006433514,0.0005310994,0.0142972],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7648122,0.0000286943,0.2347605,0.0001426914,0.00001078143,0.00002058514,4.744315e-7,0.000002228953,0.0002218226],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4564942,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3011968,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4412732805","doi":"10.3389/flang.2025.1662707","title":"Editorial: Spoken language processing in developmental dyslexia – beyond phonology","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"editorial","venue":"Frontiers in Language Sciences","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Cape Breton University","funders":"","keywords":"Dyslexia; Phonology; Biological theories of dyslexia; Linguistics; Developmental dyslexia; Spoken language; Psychology; Computer science; Cognitive science; Natural language processing; Reading (process); Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Erin K. Robertson","is_ca":true},{"name":"Judith Rispens","is_ca":false},{"name":"Shelley Xiuli Tong","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007415068274229765,"gpt":0.3081128259913876,"spread":0.3006977577171578,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00206392,0.0005196432,0.000849306,0.001780583,0.0001877424,0.0002249954,0.001421766,0.001186838,0.0002655151],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006790653,0.0004831846,0.00008564739,0.001662753,0.0005297972,0.0002802431,0.0002376055,0.001367596,0.00006236148],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007207199,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001770244,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002228135,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006490655,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9954908,0.0003043898,0.0008431529,0.001334721,0.0009624987,0.001064365],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988921,0.0002978145,0.0003121952,0.0003259895,0.00007405414,0.00009788626],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007226698,0.00008794967,0.002779193,0.00008513527,0.00002389762,0.0001935724,0.05491538,0.000003072428,0.00001577414,0.00001699544,0.896675,0.0451318],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001126597,0.00006417747,0.000640856,0.0005732425,0.00001759771,0.000004673564,0.04555069,0.00002778873,0.00003166045,0.0001582641,0.9511398,0.0006646389],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"editorial","genre_gemma":"editorial","genre_scores_codex":[0.005291111,0.009783105,0.00008765915,0.00006942555,0.942541,0.0003768876,0.00007916601,0.0001075551,0.0416641],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.002376927,0.00008525213,0.01840305,0.000141884,0.9530785,0.000228437,0.0003690801,0.00005105491,0.02526582],"genre_candidate":"editorial","genre_consensus":"editorial","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05446485,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999762,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}