{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":5,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":5,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"8b257cecde06","filters":{"venue":"History of geo- and space sciences"}},"results":[{"id":"W3162492041","doi":"10.5194/hgss-12-77-2021","title":"History of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN)-I: pre-SuperDARN developments in high frequency radar technology for ionospheric research and selected scientific results","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"History of geo- and space sciences","topic":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Radar; Doppler effect; Ionosphere; Backscatter (email); Geophysics; Geology; Doppler radar; F region; Remote sensing; Geodesy; Physics; Telecommunications","authors":[{"name":"R. A. Greenwald","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02034467335488193,"gpt":0.2421083304476613,"spread":0.2217636570927793,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0037682,0.0009849975,0.0004603023,0.00315503,0.0008275234,0.002658525,0.0006740347,0.0009621442,0.006928054],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002746471,0.0003655949,0.0003054765,0.004890958,0.001419506,0.003162219,0.001856266,0.002212047,0.003324739],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00189426,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001545833,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001831582,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001602974,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987736,0.000290984,0.00008810405,0.0002136888,0.0005231532,0.0001103638],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9974744,0.0005199934,0.0001987452,0.000248266,0.001288131,0.0002704742],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003285125,0.0001390354,0.004931677,0.001356831,0.00006068236,0.0002794702,0.0005740027,0.002368413,0.008492127,0.06655425,0.1701515,0.7447634],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000009076376,0.0001169153,0.00236448,0.0003774379,0.00001056672,0.0002103177,0.00007550598,0.0005253991,0.002644687,0.002889454,0.9907534,0.00002269772],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.01568504,0.5427704,0.07466509,0.01896514,0.02190147,0.0003605034,0.002019609,0.0005334901,0.3230992],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1798716,0.4840806,0.1066937,0.006582472,0.02505405,0.0005010957,0.006663809,0.0009633272,0.1895892],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9991724,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02317667,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4285088943","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-93-2022","title":"Global tephra studies: role and importance of the international tephra research group “Commission on Tephrochronology” in its first 60 years","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"History of geo- and space sciences","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Marsden Fund; H2020 European Research Council; Endeavour Foundation; Johns Hopkins University","keywords":"Tephra; Tephrochronology; Archaeology; Commission; Volcano; Geology; Geography; History; Physical geography; Geochemistry; Political science; Law","authors":[{"name":"David J. Lowe","is_ca":false},{"name":"Peter M Abbott","is_ca":false},{"name":"Takehiko Suzuki","is_ca":false},{"name":"Britta J.L. Jensen","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05865164445214432,"gpt":0.3045899069155919,"spread":0.2459382624634476,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01273622,0.0007522359,0.0006385919,0.004715441,0.001551416,0.007224958,0.0007315871,0.001899921,0.001819514],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01241597,0.0002676463,0.0002795306,0.007817916,0.005265238,0.006189751,0.003851467,0.003007796,0.0002843897],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002627582,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01387824,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0110739,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007635396,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9961857,0.001430714,0.0004454285,0.0007280312,0.0007975608,0.0004125544],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9773387,0.006519867,0.003210844,0.002242911,0.008175804,0.002511797],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001782417,0.00005915302,0.05744171,0.004159193,0.0001311584,0.0006897323,0.01144661,0.0007930392,0.003463607,0.2311607,0.1392991,0.5511776],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007967002,0.00005253435,0.04746895,0.002101019,0.00004265314,0.000362477,0.00410227,0.000254234,0.0006107336,0.01129534,0.9336636,0.00003827394],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04712653,0.6718031,0.01498453,0.1775723,0.02457343,0.000197651,0.002417266,0.0002660158,0.06105911],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5630997,0.3413115,0.04039337,0.02264215,0.01614121,0.0003138167,0.002996161,0.0004356577,0.01266644],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9984486,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.06735635,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2567350091","doi":"10.5194/hgss-7-125-2016","title":"Indications from space geodesy, gravimetry and seismology for slow Earth expansion at present – comment on “The Earth expansion theory and its transition from scientific hypothesis to pseudoscientific belief” by Sudiro (2014)","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"History of geo- and space sciences","topic":"Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Gravimetry; Pseudoscience; Gravity of Earth; Figure of the Earth; Earth (classical element); Geodesy; Geophysics; Earth radius; Geology; Solid earth; RADIUS; Theoretical physics; Physics; Gravitational field; Classical mechanics; Mathematical physics; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Matthew R. Edwards","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01656423800573678,"gpt":0.2170813313426501,"spread":0.2005170933369133,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005709609,0.0006231882,0.0006718148,0.0008085773,0.003653436,0.00260906,0.004056094,0.01625096,0.003313916],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01484762,0.0005015595,0.001064635,0.0007754671,0.009714681,0.005820274,0.003060013,0.02794679,0.003105035],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002214307,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003546991,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01849526,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02321131,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968506,0.0006357149,0.0002864878,0.0007015447,0.001171698,0.0003539477],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9909186,0.004832249,0.0010095,0.0004484093,0.002259996,0.0005311556],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006325946,0.00002544073,0.001745579,0.0001291471,0.000021781,0.0004553348,0.002437734,0.00008163882,0.0005323048,0.05661139,0.9302639,0.007632514],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002191009,0.00005084739,0.004657527,0.0003492293,0.00002298436,0.0006259763,0.00175453,0.000202585,0.001000113,0.04055801,0.9506497,0.0001066366],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"commentary","genre_scores_codex":[0.00104576,0.004010994,0.0003579948,0.9796644,0.01176774,0.000004457374,0.00007105545,0.00003566602,0.003042008],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01983147,0.002139947,0.0004910548,0.9531754,0.01769884,0.00001749579,0.00004431856,0.0000404882,0.006561075],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":"commentary","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01849526,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03677523,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2939662177","doi":"10.5194/hgss-10-73-2019","title":"IUGG in the 21st century","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"History of geo- and space sciences","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Political science; European union; Norm (philosophy); Geography; Regional science; Law; Business; International trade","authors":[{"name":"Jo Ann Joselyn","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alik Ismail‐Zadeh","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tom Beer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Harsh K. Gupta","is_ca":false},{"name":"Masaru Kono","is_ca":false},{"name":"Uri Shamir","is_ca":false},{"name":"Michael G. Sideris","is_ca":true},{"name":"Kathy Whaler","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006645708355084675,"gpt":0.1786755228649327,"spread":0.172029814509848,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005977042,0.0006367469,0.0004908314,0.001767186,0.005101258,0.01245971,0.001097178,0.006257837,0.02165738],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008355612,0.0002322141,0.0003129922,0.003573017,0.00617459,0.005526667,0.006612589,0.005384151,0.008329545],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.006307245,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01278427,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009453259,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007917626,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9958478,0.001629043,0.0002470698,0.0005988743,0.0009276458,0.0007495698],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9968019,0.0004636993,0.0002875097,0.0005998244,0.0008506819,0.0009963568],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003970918,0.00002838012,0.001020046,0.0001532007,0.000007692964,0.000171659,0.002477245,0.0002165734,0.0001404337,0.4692346,0.4378749,0.08863562],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001201149,0.000003711713,0.0001933653,0.00007801133,6.124774e-7,0.00003441131,0.0002157029,0.00001237476,0.0000217942,0.0101456,0.9892908,0.00000240637],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"commentary","genre_scores_codex":[0.005756837,0.1141059,0.003086146,0.2711535,0.03485278,0.00003994332,0.0005909033,0.0005122789,0.5699017],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1829159,0.07317349,0.01329966,0.1317423,0.01073256,0.0002904743,0.001366074,0.0006211381,0.5858584],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02165738,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07245117,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2911838323","doi":"10.5194/hgss-10-3-2019","title":"Contribution to the knowledge of early geotechnics during the twentieth century: Ralph Peck","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"History of geo- and space sciences","topic":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Peck (Imperial); Geotechnics; Griffin; Sociology; Management; Engineering; Civil engineering; Archaeology; History","authors":[{"name":"Antonio Lara","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rubén Galindo","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gonzalo Guillán-Llorente","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01331461048090841,"gpt":0.2020104838099671,"spread":0.1886958733290587,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002314603,0.0005992037,0.0005926716,0.00212279,0.004748728,0.004355251,0.001026915,0.002092601,0.005749936],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005030543,0.0003954487,0.000200223,0.001435199,0.009142801,0.005323525,0.004517759,0.008075911,0.001664649],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.007393896,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.009012052,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02593009,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02775717,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974248,0.0008335246,0.0001172714,0.0004826122,0.0007564152,0.0003853393],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971831,0.001135702,0.0002203037,0.0001137733,0.0005562179,0.0007909443],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005341558,0.00009768562,0.00115054,0.0008398855,0.0000197836,0.001332206,0.07053315,0.0002241702,0.0005053105,0.1573486,0.6241729,0.1437223],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000274522,0.000009900345,0.0006168076,0.0004107574,0.000001881923,0.000377328,0.004115668,0.00003021807,0.0001126025,0.006489493,0.9878216,0.00001090981],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01600222,0.2847922,0.001747347,0.5012674,0.01923074,0.00005181528,0.0002635093,0.0000630193,0.1765818],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2938955,0.3896991,0.004388038,0.1147244,0.01969183,0.0001287323,0.0002645809,0.0003008507,0.176907],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02593009,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.05364674,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}