{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":13,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":13,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"bafc00077ecd","filters":{"venue":"International Journal of Linguistics"}},"results":[{"id":"W2038195262","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v6i3.5749","title":"Face-Enhancing Strategies in Compliment Responses by Canadian University Students","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Linguistics","topic":"Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Cape Breton University","funders":"","keywords":"Psychology; Preference; Face (sociological concept); Task (project management); Social psychology; Linguistics; Cognitive psychology","authors":[{"name":"Bernard Mulo Farenkia","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03115001248973224,"gpt":0.3174414192266184,"spread":0.2862914067368862,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003966346,0.00008305481,0.0001290393,0.0002732246,0.00009731195,0.0003369627,0.0007715101,0.00002512431,0.000191328],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000415625,0.00007999571,0.00004262462,0.00002297049,0.0001098606,0.0001151769,0.0000558029,0.0001900967,0.00001385842],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002501838,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000325613,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01211189,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1317101,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990097,0.0001096754,0.0003074392,0.00006687531,0.0003843998,0.0001219477],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985916,0.0001941611,0.0002343184,0.0001096195,0.0007897242,0.00008055887],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001818732,0.0002460278,0.00808861,0.00001117045,0.0002557771,0.000206201,0.03674955,0.0007694856,0.0001285181,0.9456366,0.007094865,0.0006313315],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001175496,0.0001279229,0.003666403,0.0002142736,0.00003423342,0.00001408907,0.1004719,0.0001915341,0.000133224,0.006460967,0.8872835,0.0002264748],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6998142,0.0004232614,0.002019135,0.002170501,0.00457995,0.0001365484,0.0002334192,0.00003008289,0.2905929],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976983,0.00004268104,0.0002622358,0.0001325073,0.0005560118,1.863e-7,0.00001222025,0.00000721422,0.001288641],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9391756,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9944665,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2024164378","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v3i1.1135","title":"A Contrastive Rhetoric Analysis of Internship Cover Letters Written by Taiwanese and Canadian Hospitality Majors","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Linguistics","topic":"Discourse Analysis in Language Studies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Humber Polytechnic","funders":"","keywords":"Politeness; Internship; Hospitality; Cover (algebra); Psychology; Rhetoric; Linguistics; Hospitality management studies; Sociology; Pedagogy; Political science; Engineering; Tourism; Law","authors":[{"name":"Hsiao-I Hou","is_ca":true},{"name":"Min-Yu Li","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02396449018533049,"gpt":0.2657250100469087,"spread":0.2417605198615783,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002805798,0.0001231598,0.0003592021,0.0005687481,0.0000547534,0.00007787218,0.0003192564,0.00002595736,0.0008422267],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001051771,0.0001028254,0.0001977738,0.00007287199,0.0003313813,0.00006912801,0.00004157415,0.0001338248,0.000002738216],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001100354,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005751224,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02630686,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0312968,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998813,0.00003875169,0.0005205144,0.0001074187,0.0003823407,0.0001379724],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975856,0.0001042324,0.0005074904,0.00008637443,0.001605674,0.0001106596],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004514515,0.0006706878,0.3379447,0.00004827368,0.0695046,0.001582087,0.2352385,0.0001314193,0.0001249042,0.3181074,0.03356684,0.002629184],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007822833,0.002477214,0.3085738,0.001308854,0.05364859,0.0001572133,0.2269502,0.003086275,0.001357581,0.02250706,0.3682694,0.003840951],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9114828,0.001053288,0.0005756671,0.0004502023,0.003492201,0.00007349229,0.000915013,0.00000911527,0.08194827],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984163,0.00004454457,0.0001493735,0.0003003269,0.0007375291,7.741116e-7,0.00001816062,0.000009037243,0.0003239262],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3347025,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9863795,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2076604500","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v5i3.3900","title":"Canadian and Cameroonian English-Speaking University Students’ Compliment Strategies","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Linguistics","topic":"Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Cape Breton University","funders":"","keywords":"Situational ethics; Psychology; Linguistics; Preference; Sociology; Social psychology; Mathematics; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Bernard Mulo Farenkia","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02623065014372602,"gpt":0.282152470805928,"spread":0.255921820662202,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001323779,0.00008496041,0.000112547,0.0001934385,0.0001465902,0.0007945394,0.0005878842,0.00002228083,0.0006378731],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001728523,0.00007716866,0.00003963849,0.00001561658,0.0001479784,0.0002110646,0.00007702624,0.0001727338,0.0000163213],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001796236,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002360625,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03367414,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.07264598,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992267,0.00003880584,0.0002345215,0.00006448584,0.0003206787,0.0001148142],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997218,0.00007928488,0.0002208773,0.00009865959,0.002265975,0.0001172264],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002065064,0.0001100967,0.01277456,0.00001236331,0.0004788838,0.0001769972,0.1186269,0.0001087811,0.00001319307,0.8628578,0.003223893,0.00159586],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006750783,0.00009913732,0.007202814,0.0001455773,0.00006029643,0.00002279188,0.2262509,0.00007847502,0.00001073682,0.004810629,0.7604378,0.0002057186],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4945136,0.0004634357,0.0001074484,0.001405431,0.004436248,0.0001371803,0.00007476525,0.00003004674,0.4988319],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971897,0.00006726897,0.0004878373,0.0001060001,0.001409403,2.784459e-7,0.000006542614,0.000007582139,0.0007253716],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8580472,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9727607,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2438670951","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v8i3.9593","title":"Assibilated [ř] in Ecuador: Exploring Sociolinguistic Factors among Young Quiteños","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Pronunciation; Linguistics; Class (philosophy); Psychology; Lexis; Ethnic group; Social class; First language; Sociology; Grammar; Political science; Law; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Jesús Toapanta","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07171645482188692,"gpt":0.3539394780621251,"spread":0.2822230232402381,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001253815,0.0001272843,0.0002376055,0.0004044744,0.0001098101,0.00007143166,0.0005783627,0.0001292438,0.0003076697],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07211427,0.00009659285,0.0001217613,0.0001374657,0.0002320241,0.00008614551,0.00005685249,0.0002346246,0.00001778279],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006498449,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004945111,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009049486,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007501747,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978328,0.0001817434,0.0007845339,0.0001537538,0.0007622829,0.0002848272],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9959139,0.0008688573,0.0006137933,0.00009779407,0.002302364,0.000203353],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009498192,0.0001766905,0.9065171,0.000005421631,0.0001580633,0.001138887,0.01971527,0.00010247,0.0001967959,0.0690167,0.0008634353,0.002014139],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007955339,0.0003383059,0.605549,0.001347922,0.0002155474,0.00007725052,0.01547362,0.0002613929,0.001602835,0.07411037,0.2917216,0.001346818],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9403913,0.00005947993,0.002113333,0.0007660948,0.02885822,0.0001158771,0.00002745638,0.00004962403,0.02761861],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9931335,0.0002025378,0.0007122121,0.0000976393,0.005369388,0.000002239717,0.000002866315,0.00001613913,0.00046351],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3009681,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9357017,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3113540703","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v12i6.17859","title":"Functions of L1 Use in EFL Classes: Students’ Observations","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Linguistics","topic":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Psychology; Praise; Grammar; Pronunciation; Class (philosophy); Mathematics education; Vocabulary; Foreign language; Reading (process); Arabic; Pedagogy; Linguistics; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Muath Algazo","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1716832226937289,"gpt":0.3388240562925129,"spread":0.167140833598784,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002223285,0.00006595533,0.0001413272,0.0001394741,0.00005206736,0.0001501128,0.0003120257,0.00002280779,0.0002087063],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004184108,0.00006055924,0.00008160477,0.00003487021,0.00005338718,0.0000939325,0.00004225695,0.0003416455,0.000009861074],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004004449,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006535368,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000111368,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001478308,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988892,0.00004065845,0.0005117742,0.00006297725,0.000425108,0.0000702689],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981109,0.0002395354,0.0003617403,0.00004791888,0.001190649,0.00004920982],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002083206,0.000627859,0.6572615,0.00003884334,0.00050307,0.0001945942,0.06355784,0.008102039,0.0002111942,0.2547143,0.01378264,0.000797793],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009771007,0.0002550379,0.03827678,0.0002745007,0.00006605985,0.000008264004,0.006725619,0.001253717,0.00002713745,0.001093342,0.9509,0.0001424874],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9807158,0.0001046518,0.00167397,0.001698844,0.005181842,0.00005859627,0.00006071341,0.0000228831,0.01048272],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9947098,0.00001761416,0.0009417344,0.0004634325,0.002994719,4.708243e-7,0.000009376455,0.000009793653,0.0008530662],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9371173,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.500907,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2745698435","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v9i4.11701","title":"Sociolinguistic Perceptions of Tú, Usted and Vos in the Highlands of Ecuador","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Linguistics","topic":"Spanish Linguistics and Language Studies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Closeness; Formality; Pronoun; Friendship; Psychology; Linguistics; Perception; Reciprocal; Meaning (existential); Social psychology; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Jesús Toapanta","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03237927739330664,"gpt":0.3184081695280128,"spread":0.2860288921347062,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003840507,0.00008328805,0.0002211419,0.0001235196,0.0001504154,0.0001065002,0.0004933637,0.00002809021,0.0001082986],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008665277,0.00005685594,0.00008285302,0.000009040543,0.0004427785,0.00001906527,0.00006933821,0.0001610876,8.294443e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001663666,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004636041,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003166524,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003896863,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998989,0.00002634331,0.0005082413,0.00006161476,0.0003320125,0.00008281467],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9966884,0.0002659096,0.0007291783,0.0001365912,0.002157778,0.00002220574],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002257466,0.0005735489,0.08901498,0.0001444393,0.0007442133,0.0005580245,0.1611455,0.00006168626,0.0001385054,0.7416176,0.003128567,0.002647229],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007646596,0.001610514,0.523726,0.002480348,0.001160463,0.0002033977,0.1238929,0.001753147,0.0004352431,0.08688142,0.2492238,0.0009861903],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9038041,0.0006855633,0.00007929563,0.0005026577,0.006417603,0.0001035911,0.000235775,0.000005090727,0.08816632],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9953007,0.0001734614,0.0003205253,0.00005894717,0.003990942,7.217699e-7,0.000003216828,0.000007149101,0.0001443888],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6547362,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996852,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2899341782","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v10i5.13842","title":"Thanks Response Strategies in Cameroon French","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Linguistics","topic":"Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Cape Breton University","funders":"Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; Cape Breton University","keywords":"Gratitude; Pragmatics; Situational ethics; Realization (probability); Task (project management); Psychology; Linguistics; Social psychology; Cognitive psychology; Sociology; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Bernard Mulo Farenkia","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04400170307116744,"gpt":0.34807557330419,"spread":0.3040738702330226,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005710853,0.00009985483,0.0001473633,0.000288797,0.00006717988,0.0003885059,0.0006783951,0.00003563677,0.0008679988],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001574913,0.00008341611,0.00006425416,0.00003370402,0.0003585211,0.0001552078,0.00006480097,0.0002474201,0.00004485365],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008078159,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002948595,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002688545,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001603843,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987707,0.000113309,0.0005059906,0.00007557865,0.0004124179,0.0001219841],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9968449,0.0002835442,0.000371975,0.00016709,0.002292293,0.00004022202],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006156022,0.0002528498,0.001272357,0.000007734906,0.0001798272,0.0002856528,0.08507445,0.00008561563,0.0002873286,0.9032649,0.007064961,0.001608707],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001488313,0.0006226443,0.006465793,0.0003874458,0.00004650938,0.00008902048,0.07550968,0.0002424061,0.0005933783,0.08622688,0.8279635,0.0003644094],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6523969,0.0005186963,0.0004342638,0.001242654,0.008108414,0.00006987573,0.00005155176,0.00002974506,0.3371479],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9929605,0.00003592413,0.0009053283,0.000173422,0.004884217,0.000001058489,0.000004630318,0.00001167206,0.0010233],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8208985,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9503978,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2199323534","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v7i6.8372","title":"A Discourse Study of the Speech “It Can Be Otherwise” by Harvard Professor and President Drew Faust","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Linguistics","topic":"Discourse Analysis in Language Studies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Alberta; University of Virginia; North Dakota State University; Yale University","keywords":"FAUST; Narrative; Linguistics; Injustice; Psychology; Sociology; Literature; Philosophy; Art; Social psychology","authors":[{"name":"Turki Ahmad Ali Bani-Khaled","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05267172749283972,"gpt":0.3465996575670923,"spread":0.2939279300742526,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003687008,0.0001123393,0.0002289207,0.00008719033,0.00007830282,0.0001348677,0.0004698606,0.00001786198,0.000156696],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001478646,0.00006977069,0.0000797722,0.00002331907,0.0002686009,0.00004738304,0.0001548109,0.0001635278,0.000001832285],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005458,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009805665,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005912664,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003892088,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984186,0.00007128863,0.000488635,0.00009026488,0.0008336911,0.00009750084],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997273,0.00008344723,0.0005809473,0.000134987,0.00187064,0.00005703514],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003287823,0.003176839,0.03555062,0.00004631775,0.005967901,0.0003668873,0.5581173,0.0002223068,0.00006094742,0.06718092,0.3264268,0.002554417],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003137417,0.0009594436,0.001164672,0.0004287661,0.001282976,0.00004379133,0.5313992,0.0001062581,0.0003849278,0.005031935,0.4557018,0.0003588639],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.957031,0.0004990468,0.0000216177,0.00409945,0.005266709,0.0002585567,0.0002111368,0.000008620685,0.03260385],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9917455,0.00002149607,0.00006538251,0.0002479068,0.002057433,0.000002196545,0.000002171852,0.00001279424,0.005845116],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.129275,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2845166,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2088909735","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v6i3.5567","title":"Acquisition of the Non-Generic Definite Article in English: The Influence of Cognitive Style","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Linguistics","topic":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Cognitive style; Psychology; Independence (probability theory); Field dependence; Style (visual arts); Cognition; Field (mathematics); Convention; Test (biology); Interpersonal communication; Linguistics; Social psychology; Sociology; Mathematics; Social science; Statistics; History","authors":[{"name":"Suzanne Prior","is_ca":false},{"name":"Keiko Fujise","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kimberley D. Fenwick","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0174888920473283,"gpt":0.2604580730240695,"spread":0.2429691809767413,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006260395,0.00005217802,0.000104408,0.00007399711,0.00005677374,0.00003812265,0.0002739669,0.00001895427,0.00004116],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005974968,0.00003167845,0.00006700585,0.00002713681,0.0001519005,0.00003789094,0.00003978473,0.0002513904,0.000002003952],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001894005,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003683912,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000936921,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006076416,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990977,0.0001057628,0.0003809214,0.00004238508,0.0003086194,0.00006461773],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971696,0.0006120876,0.0005084819,0.00006231704,0.001632281,0.00001519221],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004490546,0.0007171193,0.1389718,0.00007285835,0.0004393486,0.00002342182,0.4373096,0.06231246,0.002419683,0.3495081,0.000667962,0.007108606],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00761309,0.001670017,0.7052402,0.007747052,0.0005355171,0.00006397383,0.05647133,0.02300713,0.01248998,0.04217799,0.1421438,0.000839876],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9890797,0.00003852043,0.0001528506,0.0001054964,0.001027464,0.00002740164,0.00001025176,0.000002674954,0.009555604],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982287,0.000008677483,0.00007964602,0.0001944394,0.001399032,5.071468e-7,0.000001092331,0.000005554871,0.00008236813],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5662685,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7153027,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4409362651","doi":"10.47604/ijl.3291","title":"Neurolinguistic Evidence for Predictive Coding in Language Comprehension","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Linguistics","topic":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","field":"Psychology","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Predictive coding; Psychology; Comprehension; Coding (social sciences); Linguistics; Cognitive psychology; Sociology; Philosophy; Social science","authors":[{"name":"Sally Chege","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05271830469930851,"gpt":0.4104953510935171,"spread":0.3577770463942086,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000432357,0.00009504253,0.0001855212,0.0003703877,0.00002886752,0.00003751133,0.0003159365,0.00006613211,0.00006064005],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01201674,0.00008861124,0.000104521,0.0001138092,0.00003701791,0.00002678569,0.00003727943,0.0002345575,0.000006756975],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008964772,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008707829,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004587682,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001580751,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988708,0.00007906152,0.0005206848,0.0001363711,0.0002578516,0.0001352274],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9968498,0.001217998,0.0002946098,0.00009690836,0.001503594,0.00003708112],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0296799,0.003964694,0.1207441,0.0006356693,0.003902038,0.01321074,0.05808494,0.004289322,0.01469106,0.6023829,0.03920545,0.1092092],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.04348285,0.005056946,0.409287,0.02069747,0.002828714,0.001442298,0.02962611,0.04814618,0.01133774,0.244601,0.1810324,0.002461208],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6183485,0.007829199,0.2333521,0.001021262,0.07638129,0.0008209021,0.0001825762,0.00008096442,0.06198325],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9955176,0.00005754095,0.00130937,0.0005649519,0.002150668,0.000006642779,0.000008616644,0.000009972951,0.0003746724],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3771691,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9963055,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1969103884","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v3i1.1149","title":"Review of A Descriptive Grammar of Bafut by Pius N. TAMANJI","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"International Journal of Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Studies and Language Acquisition","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Bantu languages; Grammar; Indigenous; Government (linguistics); Linguistics; The Republic; Indigenous language; Promotion (chess); Political science; Sociology; Law; Philosophy; Politics; Ecology","authors":[{"name":"Achille Fossi","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05041548364246611,"gpt":0.3430611472938311,"spread":0.292645663651365,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007336594,0.0002761082,0.001518719,0.0002701582,0.00002255145,0.00003040665,0.002125667,0.0001201814,0.00006466354],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007452246,0.0002118623,0.0006948193,0.0002181868,0.00009761519,0.0000435857,0.000355841,0.0003274104,0.000005539101],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001620621,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004523689,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001579983,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003303733,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968668,0.000129239,0.001959234,0.0002024352,0.0006806068,0.0001616908],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9897776,0.0003851177,0.00391753,0.000339226,0.005495817,0.00008476897],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001496489,0.0002815819,0.000002662031,0.02932572,0.001596126,0.0002796938,0.0006301951,3.727539e-7,7.10539e-7,0.03852153,0.0493084,0.880038],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001503145,0.0001330673,7.314923e-7,0.09399639,0.0005056863,0.000121372,0.00001530023,0.000009051102,0.000007925998,0.0006744247,0.9042293,0.0001563856],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[1.490827e-7,0.9661862,0.02526852,0.00001771055,0.005999045,0.0001452701,0.0001146364,0.000007087722,0.00226138],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00002757519,0.9840349,0.01394913,0.0001898106,0.00165354,0.000002817445,0.00002325458,0.00001877589,0.0001001811],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8798817,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8921573,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1993142872","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v4i1.1417","title":"«English koraa yεde Twi mixe!» Is the Variety of Akan Spoken by Ghanaian Immigrants in Italy Developing into a Mixed-Code?","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Studies and Language Acquisition","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Università degli Studi di Pavia; York University","keywords":"Variety (cybernetics); Immigration; Code (set theory); Ambivalence; Linguistics; Face (sociological concept); Sociology; Code-switching; Lingua franca; Spoken language; Psychology; Computer science; Political science; Social psychology; Artificial intelligence; Law","authors":[{"name":"Federica Guerini","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01139510072318776,"gpt":0.2759267129568854,"spread":0.2645316122336976,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009974447,0.0001547389,0.0002669935,0.0001717516,0.00007528398,0.0001009914,0.001303669,0.00006609701,0.00001683794],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005338281,0.000116658,0.000128508,0.0002427927,0.000071729,0.0001350036,0.000298819,0.0002559614,0.000004461143],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001781405,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001575181,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004357964,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008264715,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979745,0.0000684165,0.0007973982,0.0001466871,0.0007523587,0.0002605974],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9963729,0.0004055364,0.0006398159,0.0002218201,0.002273978,0.00008598839],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004111917,0.001755195,0.2064669,0.0002263367,0.002519874,0.0008159792,0.3038645,0.0003998305,0.0008715721,0.3444588,0.07537968,0.06283005],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007060703,0.0007562123,0.1762812,0.002900823,0.0003975288,0.0006917023,0.01747463,0.0121926,0.02024759,0.04904611,0.7106941,0.002256763],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4526825,0.01060494,0.4783208,0.005563924,0.04408732,0.000403196,0.000152527,0.00007077598,0.008113992],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9677461,0.000121887,0.02833515,0.001029361,0.002712302,0.00000135298,0.000004455326,0.00001084701,0.00003854044],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6353145,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6390807,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2168138178","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v3i1.648","title":"Machine Learning for Automatic Labeling of Frames and Frame Elements in Text","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Linguistics","topic":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"FrameNet; Computer science; Frame (networking); Task (project management); Natural language processing; Artificial intelligence; Representation (politics); Semantics (computer science); Programming language; Engineering; Parsing","authors":[{"name":"Martin Scaiano","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02305452834565917,"gpt":0.3157570860943017,"spread":0.2927025577486425,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004568711,0.00006345256,0.000136276,0.0002331016,0.00001644173,0.00004041682,0.0005583833,0.00003922749,0.000006222258],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004030654,0.00005475653,0.00003297522,0.00006887035,0.00002333511,0.0000807423,0.000110058,0.0002009575,2.222931e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003008958,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004430805,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002274866,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002998592,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999118,0.00002076896,0.0004572329,0.00007510822,0.0002475847,0.00008128523],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998433,0.0001717202,0.000487628,0.0000583274,0.0008215829,0.00002776167],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001951615,0.0006577586,0.1689152,0.0003623107,0.0004347795,0.0003888722,0.01445088,0.0001984713,0.006469363,0.4143715,0.0001968247,0.3933589],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001898711,0.0007662377,0.002337921,0.001631943,0.00004380911,0.0001582377,0.0001302295,0.41396,0.02999987,0.545293,0.003425074,0.0003549465],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03445251,0.003492997,0.9599165,0.0001773232,0.001325583,0.000114336,0.000006187585,0.00005643059,0.0004581803],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5086825,0.00003017173,0.4911692,0.00003759401,0.00006894812,5.020722e-7,4.296343e-7,0.000003204711,0.000007457322],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.47423,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4825361,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}