{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":30,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":30,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"48fd4eae7a3e","filters":{"venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism"}},"results":[{"id":"W2556532347","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2016.1253699","title":"Plurilingualism amid the panoply of lingualisms: addressing critiques and misconceptions in education","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":156,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Multilingualism; Pedagogy; Political science; Sociology; Mathematics education; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.082786483787498,"gpt":0.5147426961777058,"spread":0.4319562123902079,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001658167,0.0001245683,0.0002200203,0.0003983963,0.0001333394,0.00009071469,0.0005625792,0.0001111949,0.0001402153],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004800842,0.00008179544,0.0001118088,0.0001601626,0.0005680755,0.0003578532,0.00004980203,0.0002057855,0.000002846261],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001662635,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001472692,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003542948,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00135707,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977707,0.0004146189,0.0008330209,0.0001510346,0.0006305162,0.0002000806],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9965446,0.0009935509,0.0006728268,0.0001370113,0.001526702,0.0001253166],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000136586,0.0004585177,0.006783831,0.00002217536,0.00009307019,0.00001937986,0.3824373,0.00001311463,0.01147099,0.04549266,0.0006389323,0.5524335],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006396031,0.0002285014,0.04180701,0.006010607,0.0001505932,0.0003131218,0.249216,0.0001379314,0.03735037,0.04624559,0.6110859,0.00105837],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9775156,0.001816098,0.00008862886,0.01417946,0.00284404,0.0001503147,0.00001923598,0.00001494267,0.003371696],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9932751,0.001980091,0.00116316,0.0008455921,0.001884303,0.000004788293,0.000001914643,0.00001309493,0.0008319448],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.610447,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5747403,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3136639133","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2021.1898619","title":"Translanguaging as an agentive pedagogy for multilingual learners: affordances and constraints","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":94,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Institute for Christian Studies; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Translanguaging; Sociocultural evolution; Sociocultural perspective; Sociology; Multilingualism; Pedagogy; Linguistics; Language acquisition; Affordance; Psychology; Mathematics education","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08130547059846162,"gpt":0.5307041991775836,"spread":0.449398728579122,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001053326,0.0001376924,0.0002336553,0.0002004965,0.0002186103,0.000211197,0.0003572539,0.0001075203,0.0003923235],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002846965,0.0001403696,0.0001625249,0.00008849175,0.0004234773,0.0003846435,0.00002469354,0.0002156918,0.00000439488],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007577388,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001571003,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007209004,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001156673,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982086,0.00023636,0.0005131775,0.0002280475,0.0005543519,0.0002594566],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971099,0.0005267246,0.0003640535,0.00009117712,0.001639828,0.0002683557],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002082717,0.0002985284,0.0008797072,0.00001703128,0.0002180281,0.0002179605,0.4411478,0.00004433042,0.003137221,0.0166974,0.00006907182,0.5370646],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006648883,0.0002579363,0.001329999,0.0003256237,0.0001519141,0.0007659952,0.6500464,0.0009965833,0.03067361,0.009700087,0.2984262,0.0006766813],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9877652,0.000878293,0.0007232203,0.003368254,0.002854066,0.0001488129,0.00003901762,0.0000249519,0.004198183],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.985992,0.000424666,0.008953694,0.001010423,0.002304591,0.000003715485,0.00001813746,0.0000174715,0.001275373],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.536388,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5724105,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3016836962","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2020.1753747","title":"Plurilingual and pluricultural competence (PPC) scale: the inseparability of language and culture","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":72,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; International Research Foundation for English Language Education","keywords":"Multilingualism; Linguistics; Competence (human resources); Psychology; Pedagogy; Social psychology; Philosophy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02130368303140524,"gpt":0.2751370332310926,"spread":0.2538333501996873,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000301306,0.0001002714,0.0001800528,0.00003766794,0.00009665409,0.0001184632,0.0002478092,0.00003162234,0.0001415679],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004905041,0.00005793395,0.00007362232,0.00001737392,0.0002691526,0.0001583106,0.00006817427,0.0003550831,0.000001112324],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000114395,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002520706,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002843361,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001463186,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990819,0.00008835402,0.000350559,0.0001090845,0.0002873692,0.00008278977],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990529,0.0001812826,0.0003154821,0.00005386051,0.000329732,0.00006671582],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001231692,0.00004125004,0.001973419,0.00002968724,0.0001365691,0.00006515394,0.9695638,0.00003545458,0.003896427,0.001815528,0.0001964165,0.02212307],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006022763,0.0009014143,0.01523045,0.0006510146,0.0002798568,0.001267071,0.8187519,0.006048833,0.009927403,0.0009858069,0.1391446,0.0007889527],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9945745,0.001947029,0.00001595785,0.002292046,0.0003686779,0.00004674696,0.00002497483,0.00001255171,0.0007174676],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997495,0.00004279761,0.0003205912,0.0008470641,0.001090789,4.133721e-7,0.000004077806,0.00000645361,0.0001927955],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.150812,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2362478,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2037576291","doi":"10.2167/ijm030.0","title":"Multilingual Codeswitching in Quebec Rap: Poetry, Pragmatics and Performativity","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":72,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Linguistics; Lyrics; Pragmatics; Code-switching; Poetry; Simile; Diglossia; Context (archaeology); Sociology; History; Neuroscience of multilingualism; Art; Literature; Metaphor","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0296978201277491,"gpt":0.4360229720837794,"spread":0.4063251519560303,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001884612,0.0001454548,0.0002476365,0.0004781783,0.0001522355,0.0002188466,0.0004159976,0.0001262109,0.00008418781],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001834666,0.0001401428,0.00009607164,0.000153124,0.0001986156,0.0005356288,0.00005213909,0.00039466,0.000006178348],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002828625,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007162479,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1011425,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.07668594,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977248,0.0002693076,0.0008369305,0.0001382067,0.0007705813,0.0002601299],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979488,0.0005558921,0.0005805036,0.00008961302,0.0006918847,0.0001333509],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002867647,0.001128157,0.08089473,0.00005118045,0.0001223539,0.0002432104,0.4629475,0.001385293,0.002063921,0.01875227,0.0007777911,0.4313468],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01602994,0.0002026268,0.2715736,0.001523627,0.0001247918,0.0004966886,0.1578819,0.02152615,0.01126078,0.0123778,0.5050322,0.001969992],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9898694,0.0002648853,0.0001511413,0.002269002,0.001688163,0.0001214824,0.000008313346,0.00002072856,0.00560685],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9939123,0.0001291238,0.002638752,0.0003161608,0.001648199,0.000001615151,0.000005183063,0.00001307174,0.0013356],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5042543,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9401621,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1985129837","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2011.631708","title":"The development of language and reading skills in the second and third languages of multilingual children in French Immersion","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":65,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia Hospital","funders":"","keywords":"Pseudoword; Psychology; Linguistics; Multilingualism; Reading (process); Literacy; Indo-European languages; First language; Metalinguistic awareness; Neuroscience of multilingualism; Reading comprehension; Pedagogy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01554878860135012,"gpt":0.3354699662090393,"spread":0.3199211776076892,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001570204,0.0001015634,0.0001877361,0.0002558767,0.00003119018,0.00001708559,0.0003466673,0.00005968621,0.00005561511],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000167846,0.00006168214,0.00003816306,0.00007098688,0.00008593546,0.00006929864,0.00006009099,0.0002352226,0.000001030305],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002637571,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004994187,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003414568,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002477806,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985701,0.0001407435,0.0007625039,0.0001179779,0.0002805054,0.0001281573],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988289,0.0004644019,0.0004491232,0.00009966834,0.0001295684,0.00002837764],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001449755,0.000242162,0.1812555,0.00001222952,0.0001698951,0.00009925312,0.7125003,0.000001074069,0.002780844,0.0002000183,0.00005216887,0.1025416],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001362015,0.00004334651,0.9511113,0.0002356481,0.000007683818,0.0002009466,0.03404731,0.00001078908,0.01256009,0.00009222132,0.0002468985,0.00008175152],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.996816,0.001231083,0.00001202995,0.00005742814,0.0003003671,0.00009406403,0.000007226361,0.000001913285,0.001479862],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9969221,0.00004722567,0.002600762,0.00005762936,0.00005451525,0.000002295896,0.00000308524,0.000006819234,0.0003056054],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7698558,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2515325,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1977857449","doi":"10.1080/14790710608668392","title":"Plurilingualism and Strategic Competence in Context","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":65,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Multilingualism; Mandarin Chinese; Linguistics; Competence (human resources); Metalinguistic awareness; Comprehension; Metalinguistics; Psychology; Pedagogy; Teaching method; Vocabulary development","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03438215855709933,"gpt":0.2919062033270703,"spread":0.257524044769971,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005470718,0.000107254,0.0001804966,0.000248491,0.00006902698,0.0002041804,0.0002335087,0.00003584865,0.0001791109],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000108238,0.00009210941,0.00006640211,0.0000158738,0.0001359142,0.000181231,0.00002907128,0.0003738235,0.000006588452],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004199621,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005289607,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001701264,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00196482,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988311,0.00008187521,0.0005199803,0.0001091248,0.00032966,0.0001282832],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990507,0.0001921308,0.0003166069,0.00005244204,0.000350337,0.00003774463],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002441088,0.0004094867,0.007557967,0.00002855883,0.0001423379,0.001360121,0.175666,0.001024976,0.001859755,0.7890224,0.0002939367,0.02239028],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01842767,0.0007854112,0.01437828,0.002901832,0.0001346816,0.002437574,0.2065238,0.01661023,0.002351217,0.2117149,0.5217896,0.001944783],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9849989,0.0009345648,0.0000150217,0.0005865413,0.001272626,0.00003235,0.000006956956,0.00001532734,0.01213775],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.996851,0.00002913552,0.0002788896,0.0002475014,0.001670891,5.491256e-7,0.000004612684,0.00001140038,0.0009059683],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5773075,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3756113,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3195938984","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2021.1961779","title":"Norwegian L1 teachers’ beliefs about a multilingual approach in increasingly diverse classrooms","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":64,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Multilingualism; Norwegian; Mindset; Context (archaeology); Pedagogy; Subject (documents); Resource (disambiguation); Psychology; Sociology; Mathematics education; Linguistics; Computer science; Library science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05964820385264897,"gpt":0.4400700586231862,"spread":0.3804218547705372,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001997676,0.0002230953,0.0003791758,0.0005540901,0.0002012482,0.0002413493,0.0009097729,0.0002506881,0.0005511537],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004786293,0.000231331,0.0002915957,0.0004011514,0.000275237,0.0004236175,0.0001234459,0.0007495007,0.00003154716],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005673469,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002219525,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004084049,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002006317,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9963003,0.0006438557,0.0009974497,0.00031989,0.00129754,0.0004409047],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.996558,0.0004448547,0.0006311017,0.0002073579,0.001805151,0.0003535166],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002374351,0.001973731,0.03469685,0.00001907691,0.0002799473,0.001021986,0.7188186,0.0005805533,0.001355524,0.005736276,0.0006500403,0.23463],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01023085,0.000104413,0.08769313,0.0007331655,0.0001061,0.0006539833,0.2949495,0.001388941,0.002587285,0.001297733,0.5990894,0.00116551],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9668586,0.0005487206,0.0001473096,0.002054289,0.003699388,0.0001402104,0.00002274399,0.00003500314,0.0264938],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9844679,0.0003986884,0.007501098,0.001115462,0.003314534,0.000003796305,0.00002378236,0.00002740514,0.003147321],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5984394,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9433404,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2070190633","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2010.502231","title":"Multilingual literacies and third script acquisition: young Chinese children in French immersion in Vancouver, Canada","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":39,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Simon Fraser University","keywords":"Multilingualism; French immersion; Negotiation; Ethnography; Narrative; Qualitative research; Sociology; Neuroscience of multilingualism; Linguistics; Gender studies; Psychology; Pedagogy; Anthropology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01111648633712502,"gpt":0.3745514248556998,"spread":0.3634349385185748,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001103429,0.0001653456,0.0002466376,0.0004813663,0.00011732,0.0001175528,0.0005077021,0.0001376295,0.0001848813],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00152963,0.000153461,0.00006397271,0.0002614,0.0001504228,0.0004198663,0.00006188371,0.0006699329,0.000001849693],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002601095,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001577668,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.6646358,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9341092,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978523,0.0001532852,0.0007164431,0.0001991264,0.0008042968,0.0002745238],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998327,0.0002760513,0.0003738896,0.0001091151,0.0007189331,0.0001949865],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001172438,0.0003117427,0.8256861,0.000008376945,0.00005147744,0.0002089938,0.1383633,0.00009431791,0.002072697,0.0004101651,0.001779586,0.03089605],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003375383,0.00003343659,0.9592919,0.00020906,0.00001190112,0.0001538312,0.0130714,0.0005998149,0.0008033275,0.0007130296,0.02133197,0.0004048994],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9855982,0.0003051804,0.000002330115,0.001679701,0.01061464,0.0001284278,0.00002334011,0.000008839937,0.001639312],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.996029,0.0001668287,0.0006533931,0.000745715,0.001677585,0.000002129968,0.00001034895,0.00001128192,0.0007037412],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2694734,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6257959,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1977877909","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2014.967252","title":"Immigrants outperform Canadian-born groups in French immersion: examining factors that influence their achievement","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Nipissing University","funders":"","keywords":"French immersion; Immigration; Psychology; Willingness to communicate; AP French Language; Multilingualism; Reading (process); Affect (linguistics); Social psychology; Developmental psychology; Mathematics education; Linguistics; Pedagogy; Language assessment; Political science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04271873253226655,"gpt":0.2768121667518864,"spread":0.2340934342196199,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001062211,0.0001817274,0.0002362891,0.000526803,0.0001862781,0.0001961868,0.0005463332,0.00006134884,0.0003285396],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002959565,0.0001401585,0.0001070654,0.00002731508,0.00007773849,0.0003900892,0.00004372575,0.0006166341,0.00001635691],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002117552,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001062145,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.09905179,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.09017597,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984384,0.0001234876,0.0005168578,0.0001576631,0.0004943255,0.0002692654],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987569,0.0003003373,0.0003779625,0.0001103622,0.0003050058,0.0001494485],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005647323,0.0001652325,0.4964793,0.00001742475,0.0002412542,0.0001336112,0.4294618,0.001096055,0.0005793985,0.002964711,0.0002078754,0.06859687],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002983034,0.000381301,0.73535,0.001205571,0.00004082869,0.00008422754,0.09990279,0.002796529,0.001326399,0.0006248243,0.1545729,0.0007315947],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9945092,0.0001371714,0.00003599429,0.0004300266,0.001989893,0.00004778289,0.00001490647,0.00001296104,0.002822048],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982631,0.00002383164,0.00008878724,0.0005207025,0.0006643425,0.000001195238,0.00001337573,0.00001883946,0.0004057883],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.329559,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9264259,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1984475657","doi":"10.2167/ijm019.0","title":"Theories of Representation in French and English Scholarship on Multilingualism","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Multilingualism; Linguistics; Representation (politics); Sociology; Scholarship; Identity (music); Construct (python library); Computer science; Political science; Pedagogy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09487201526039991,"gpt":0.4869455910188171,"spread":0.3920735757584172,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00146461,0.0001198979,0.0002496015,0.0005607163,0.0001163185,0.00004568323,0.0004236708,0.0001230829,0.00009164271],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01024895,0.0001149953,0.0001042516,0.0002090726,0.000375155,0.0003567823,0.0000363417,0.0003542991,0.000002815269],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00011032,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004800843,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002451222,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004761545,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976742,0.0003620758,0.000750327,0.0001639082,0.0008721183,0.0001774073],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9966826,0.0008640849,0.0005831472,0.0001197719,0.001616863,0.0001335027],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002972325,0.0005315602,0.1145363,0.00001273053,0.00009418962,0.0001522891,0.8140739,0.0002299818,0.0009467606,0.02654346,0.0001198866,0.04246176],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01398334,0.0005360412,0.7098745,0.00155496,0.00007991701,0.0003113942,0.1068851,0.000595914,0.04698451,0.03171144,0.08626284,0.001220083],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9904994,0.000261943,0.00001474576,0.0007582747,0.002281776,0.0001095018,0.00001082671,0.0000141827,0.006049376],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9961817,0.0006996809,0.001033814,0.0003081232,0.001318178,0.000001985546,0.000003853212,0.00001115308,0.000441518],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7071888,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9980881,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2106463778","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2011.565877","title":"Inclusion of English language learners in French as a second official language classes: teacher knowledge and beliefs","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Nipissing University","funders":"","keywords":"Ell; Inclusion (mineral); Multilingualism; English language; Professional development; Pedagogy; Psychology; Mathematics education; Sociology; Teaching method; Vocabulary development; Social psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02311219618750097,"gpt":0.2982453028888277,"spread":0.2751331067013267,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007179178,0.0001363677,0.0002491008,0.0004354995,0.00007752104,0.00004991161,0.000329673,0.0000765283,0.003126079],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009558116,0.0001163062,0.0001023747,0.00003106883,0.0001202715,0.0002336161,0.0002022261,0.0005273503,0.000006466635],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004942193,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000835488,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003302913,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004447293,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987594,0.0001407103,0.0005271554,0.0001389294,0.0002907581,0.0001430457],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989108,0.0001549721,0.0003920879,0.00009016578,0.0003907673,0.00006120274],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007809208,0.0002509837,0.001952361,0.00002253383,0.00009301423,0.0002063581,0.9660726,0.000004743192,0.000854642,0.001317176,0.00009374855,0.02905381],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006586263,0.0006675477,0.007298368,0.001186391,0.00008829227,0.0001798082,0.9170774,0.000519846,0.007455901,0.0006496118,0.05759257,0.0006979867],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9592679,0.002233127,0.000005716906,0.00002329247,0.001271268,0.00005071188,0.00001296723,0.00001792086,0.03711709],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9949912,0.00001886482,0.0002015652,0.000115857,0.001713429,9.510528e-7,0.00000818544,0.00001993954,0.00293004],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05749882,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9977852,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2020739027","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2011.644558","title":"The paradoxical visions of multilingualism in education: the ideological dimension of discourses on multilingualism in Belgium and Canada","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Multilingualism; Ideology; Globalization; Vision; Sociology; Nationalism; Gender studies; Political science; Anthropology; Law; Pedagogy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03723770258804174,"gpt":0.46142437759238,"spread":0.4241866750043383,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002844791,0.0001922818,0.0003634724,0.0002843466,0.0002116549,0.00004431789,0.0007838712,0.0001478397,0.00004102335],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005818164,0.0001207273,0.0001303306,0.0002385482,0.0006331092,0.000191493,0.0001022028,0.0005583266,0.000001022722],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002613651,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00219622,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.2916432,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.3054515,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9964068,0.0006029857,0.001281207,0.000177692,0.001149897,0.0003814396],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9948794,0.003018935,0.0008764434,0.0002228648,0.0007864853,0.0002158875],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001373199,0.004555725,0.2650195,0.00005567042,0.0002689112,0.0000753508,0.4347997,0.001120679,0.002261836,0.08060129,0.00193782,0.2079303],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005454454,0.0002858019,0.5669769,0.001639229,0.0001096881,0.0001768118,0.2485406,0.001545275,0.0108035,0.003241258,0.1603326,0.000893912],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9842584,0.001886797,0.000003378829,0.008575391,0.004399091,0.0002470048,0.00001758299,0.00000481104,0.0006075653],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9969444,0.0007557291,0.0002570402,0.0006783319,0.001108875,0.000007154531,0.000004079106,0.00001295182,0.0002314439],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3019573,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7130738,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4220816701","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2022.2034830","title":"How community and family support bilingual language development: insights from bilingual Canadian families","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Language Development and Disorders","field":"Psychology","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa; Laurentian University; Université de Montréal; University of Alberta","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","keywords":"Vocabulary; Context (archaeology); Multilingualism; Language development; Vocabulary development; Psychology; Neuroscience of multilingualism; Home language; Developmental psychology; Linguistics; Mathematics education; Geography; Pedagogy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02446543611625759,"gpt":0.3047661991792219,"spread":0.2803007630629643,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006538624,0.0002424406,0.0003091823,0.0008172416,0.0004366579,0.0001472874,0.0009233368,0.0001003804,0.0007259538],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003472536,0.0002294359,0.0001086491,0.0001634545,0.0001389888,0.0002004957,0.0002806046,0.0009153895,0.00001480888],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002881356,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00143814,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04577167,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.05373709,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976836,0.0003886397,0.0006189421,0.000236086,0.0007616662,0.0003110825],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984035,0.0003398258,0.0004065397,0.0002248373,0.0003629272,0.0002623505],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004888017,0.0005292227,0.01121841,0.000009192169,0.001225347,0.004669108,0.8435596,0.00005088815,0.003778802,0.0006845203,0.001799422,0.1319867],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005289417,0.0002277271,0.03690697,0.00004507736,0.00006649245,0.0005837767,0.719618,0.00005036077,0.00181513,0.0005038477,0.2342017,0.0006914246],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9906639,0.001957939,0.00002758169,0.0004785783,0.003680607,0.0001174458,0.0001445037,0.00003196099,0.002897421],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9949457,0.00002536971,0.001330601,0.001631696,0.0003839072,0.000006781253,0.0002508318,0.00003458756,0.001390537],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2324023,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9635298,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1975382168","doi":"10.1080/14790710902807659","title":"Changing livelihoods, language use and language shift amongst Basarwa of Botswana","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Multilingualism; Livelihood; Language shift; Linguistics; Sociology; First language; Geography; Psychology; Pedagogy; Agriculture","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04238581546202076,"gpt":0.4379559344831416,"spread":0.3955701190211208,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009395708,0.0001145309,0.0002122456,0.0004629907,0.00009774718,0.0001233739,0.0003900403,0.00008656697,0.0001450404],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001976995,0.0001070431,0.0001194096,0.0001584408,0.0001313,0.0003915558,0.0000339599,0.0002061357,0.000004143461],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006752701,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002406007,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002160812,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000303755,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983982,0.0001434804,0.0004918425,0.0001210005,0.0006267192,0.0002187197],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983951,0.0002913116,0.0005052528,0.00009990294,0.0005326818,0.0001757927],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001144057,0.0002716029,0.003879257,0.00001070692,0.0001126856,0.0001582655,0.8288785,0.00002099883,0.005822523,0.007022096,0.0002559835,0.1534529],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009038779,0.0006601203,0.2353104,0.001774041,0.0002862743,0.000322806,0.5996092,0.001247273,0.06208849,0.003962202,0.08402555,0.00167486],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9938083,0.0006765049,0.0001019571,0.002325809,0.0009387391,0.00008372904,0.00002071731,0.00001867141,0.002025577],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9951349,0.0002209702,0.001588549,0.0009848824,0.001339633,4.66963e-7,0.000005042835,0.000009328112,0.0007161549],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2314312,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4365092,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4391785654","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2024.2314626","title":"The impact of multilingualism and proficiency on L2 vocabulary knowledge: contrasting high and low multilinguals","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","field":"Psychology","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; European Commission","keywords":"Multilingualism; Linguistics; Vocabulary; Psychology; Philosophy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01553450574007021,"gpt":0.4111125537616276,"spread":0.3955780480215574,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001565338,0.0002431229,0.0003356339,0.000408286,0.000132828,0.0001961926,0.0003654572,0.0001395936,0.0006434704],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001371619,0.0001593791,0.0002260435,0.0001300802,0.0002415454,0.0001483888,0.00007751505,0.0006313538,0.00001209075],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007558331,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001620858,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001676569,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004935543,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978601,0.0002625756,0.0008899431,0.0003014724,0.0004090038,0.0002768599],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9962663,0.002276616,0.0004745997,0.0001745819,0.0006695931,0.0001382923],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001684168,0.0008200759,0.002954034,0.0001129523,0.002662795,0.003153651,0.1552263,0.0006685753,0.02908799,0.006766615,0.0008855399,0.7959773],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.04398173,0.008332785,0.4725157,0.01451724,0.001153979,0.02684903,0.1265955,0.2214265,0.05587967,0.006596489,0.01790969,0.004241669],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9670161,0.02878845,0.000135013,0.0002352137,0.002897627,0.0001589088,0.00003480154,0.00003621286,0.0006976984],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977651,0.0001530145,0.0002213544,0.0002221022,0.001078948,0.000004065524,0.000006627821,0.00003533872,0.0005134693],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7917356,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.704555,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2074249319","doi":"10.1080/14790711003771166","title":"Learning to be literate: multilingual perspectives","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Multilingualism; Multilingual Education; Linguistics; Sociology; Library science; Pedagogy; Computer science; Philosophy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02237547379837346,"gpt":0.3149277165998187,"spread":0.2925522428014452,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006930279,0.0001501234,0.0001931829,0.0003900941,0.0001807767,0.0004413574,0.0004800697,0.00005533746,0.002188469],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002040702,0.0001267381,0.0001733917,0.00002762776,0.00009329471,0.0002854466,0.00006205096,0.001149768,0.00004119494],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003683938,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006810851,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002870221,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004170835,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986365,0.00008046421,0.0004439925,0.0001696135,0.0004846796,0.000184771],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980121,0.0002458263,0.0003111415,0.0001013368,0.001195789,0.0001337904],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001245001,0.0001421402,0.0003528739,0.000003920432,0.0001774339,0.0002852093,0.8818884,0.000298636,0.011328,0.009417913,0.0002891311,0.0956918],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001482079,0.0002794017,0.0003597146,0.0001062565,0.00003560999,0.0003982215,0.2955895,0.0006706576,0.004303093,0.000204104,0.6962026,0.0003686917],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9855694,0.0001424061,0.00002965663,0.001568791,0.004863337,0.00004859819,0.000009741926,0.00005213758,0.007715928],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9870291,0.000006080291,0.001599243,0.0008638771,0.005513638,0.00000132285,0.000006085878,0.00002704484,0.004953592],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6959135,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9987237,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4401505950","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2024.2382836","title":"The contribution of exterior schoolscapes to neighbourhoods: a linguistic landscape analysis during COVID-19 school closures","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"University of Calgary","keywords":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Multilingualism; Linguistics; Linguistic landscape; 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); Sociolinguistics; Linguistic analysis; Sociology; Geography; Philosophy; Medicine; Virology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03068066072166089,"gpt":0.471962815006931,"spread":0.4412821542852701,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002197211,0.0001340684,0.0002703706,0.0008024046,0.0003712969,0.0004748286,0.0007526166,0.00009117583,0.0004971089],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02419898,0.0001012644,0.0003783302,0.0007584507,0.0001305147,0.0001623258,0.00005873519,0.0002986079,0.0000273736],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003444336,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001857686,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0016814,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001530393,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974189,0.000299485,0.0008539906,0.0001842308,0.0009854408,0.0002579545],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9961032,0.001147475,0.000423443,0.0001522786,0.001660875,0.0005127288],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003338243,0.0009078516,0.1320596,0.0002126565,0.01368481,0.0009425151,0.5888272,0.0138603,0.01526854,0.141566,0.006968953,0.08236329],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002865973,0.0001748521,0.07009509,0.0006693378,0.00115783,0.0001275112,0.02777033,0.003969035,0.003911063,0.005792368,0.8827757,0.0006908846],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9778736,0.003053088,0.001092854,0.01208249,0.004272106,0.0001994393,0.00004486197,0.00005008042,0.001331432],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9945636,0.000599672,0.0003514266,0.0005543346,0.003093339,0.000005959749,0.000006386128,0.00001198857,0.0008132792],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8758067,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9840206,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4391091072","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2024.2302100","title":"Trilingual families’ language strategies: potential predictors and effect on trilingual exposure","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Société et Culture; Killam Trusts; National Institutes of Health; Concordia University","keywords":"Heritage language; Multilingualism; Context (archaeology); Neuroscience of multilingualism; Language development; Psychology; Language proficiency; Linguistics; Developmental psychology; Geography; Pedagogy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01885471403825991,"gpt":0.4439047062303643,"spread":0.4250499921921044,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001901397,0.0002399659,0.0003133132,0.0006845395,0.0001827593,0.0006104263,0.0005329116,0.0002055784,0.0002566667],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001603531,0.0002017917,0.0002579137,0.0002160932,0.0002678321,0.000419516,0.00003613858,0.0005952103,0.00002751431],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001895195,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001218281,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008030494,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001765614,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9970925,0.0003975848,0.0006983932,0.0002875781,0.001209463,0.0003144166],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978993,0.0009318216,0.0002575612,0.0001315183,0.0004978021,0.0002819838],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001044129,0.0003193616,0.0008449177,0.00009797847,0.0007300199,0.001711227,0.5588392,0.0004369475,0.004844806,0.01289098,0.001099802,0.4171406],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01073314,0.003389327,0.00509946,0.002404245,0.0005365689,0.001044414,0.3144836,0.003863218,0.01366322,0.002241963,0.6408032,0.001737604],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9805199,0.00208518,0.00007439763,0.001046831,0.009907436,0.0001877192,0.00004474069,0.0001041284,0.006029699],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9902857,0.0006311033,0.0002065602,0.0003290373,0.007141257,0.000003460304,0.00001270789,0.00003086333,0.00135931],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6397035,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8228827,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2063443011","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2011.644556","title":"Heroes or zeros? Portuguese–Canadian youth and the cost of mobilising different sociolinguistic resources","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Linguistic and Sociocultural Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Sociology; Portuguese; Multilingualism; Sociolinguistics; Language planning; Linguistics; Gender studies; Pedagogy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05617638567159957,"gpt":0.3628129950506555,"spread":0.306636609379056,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001516735,0.0001104067,0.0002742825,0.00008220958,0.000338004,0.00006538221,0.0003718245,0.00007410401,0.00004970864],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006316373,0.00005874677,0.0001327765,0.00004852248,0.000857014,0.00009501049,0.00005720215,0.0002009066,0.000001140943],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001607611,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001412156,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03268925,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006924706,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983185,0.0002172914,0.000486076,0.0000769151,0.0006496119,0.0002515977],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997506,0.0008159468,0.0004720176,0.00005807851,0.0009397638,0.0002082036],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002688341,0.00007749243,0.0213944,0.00000821452,0.000377314,0.00002529241,0.9566106,0.000009507978,0.00002043565,0.01121582,0.00009166056,0.009900456],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006528349,0.0001141846,0.06523801,0.0006594516,0.000506691,0.00007568539,0.8538127,0.0001216246,0.0003861029,0.005225392,0.06677261,0.0005592023],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9909436,0.002805294,0.00002748582,0.001181411,0.002327116,0.0001353587,0.00002956146,0.000007374581,0.002542855],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9953151,0.001071995,0.0001341504,0.0002056162,0.002898131,0.000001590449,0.000002011464,0.000007570301,0.0003638545],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1027979,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9737521,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4224303870","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2022.2059078","title":"Canadian-born trilingual children’s narrative skills in their heritage language and Canada’s official languages","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Language Development and Disorders","field":"Psychology","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University; The Scarborough Hospital; University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Linguistics; Narrative; Multilingualism; Romanian; Subordination (linguistics); Neuroscience of multilingualism; Index (typography); Morpheme; Psychology; Heritage language; Metalinguistic awareness; History; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005644565673803698,"gpt":0.2907499042708149,"spread":0.2851053385970113,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004847495,0.0001665592,0.000241428,0.000459933,0.0001106187,0.00003733559,0.0004736699,0.00005613245,0.001685686],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002267277,0.0001551405,0.00006787579,0.0001027041,0.00003648448,0.00007729301,0.00008652546,0.0004638289,0.000001935838],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006056727,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001547662,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9249399,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9812891,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983712,0.0001852554,0.0004918829,0.0001979199,0.0004729205,0.0002807843],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991802,0.0001584099,0.0002645828,0.00009988934,0.0001505976,0.0001463019],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006788636,0.0005392416,0.1154709,0.000005506384,0.0008410169,0.01125241,0.8043126,0.0003975899,0.0005894419,0.0004771052,0.007537933,0.05789733],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007573255,0.000175766,0.2660418,0.00005577517,0.00003031031,0.001910863,0.7086769,0.00006039685,0.0007790783,0.0001095964,0.01392856,0.0006576052],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.993517,0.001665502,0.000003173989,0.001128579,0.00192795,0.0001287601,0.0002430671,0.00000929917,0.00137664],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970742,0.00001420263,0.0001009122,0.00128668,0.0003864022,0.000007079136,0.00006837442,0.00002148547,0.001040658],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1505709,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992269,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2008983382","doi":"10.2167/ijm071.0","title":"Concreteness and Language Effects in the Quality of Written Definitions in L1, L2 and L3","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Writing and Handwriting Education","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières","funders":"","keywords":"Concreteness; Noun; Linguistics; Quality (philosophy); Psychology; Computer science; Cognitive psychology; Philosophy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05719876462890684,"gpt":0.440032129574796,"spread":0.3828333649458892,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004699114,0.00004311312,0.0001151071,0.0001732833,0.00004749943,0.0000392111,0.0001561003,0.0000472377,0.000003598994],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002331253,0.00003525136,0.00002745621,0.00008783551,0.0001370273,0.00009717246,0.00001448861,0.0001541706,1.945833e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003763246,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007235348,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003113927,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003143404,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988595,0.0002609686,0.000378048,0.00006154237,0.0003452599,0.00009473093],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976313,0.001866204,0.0002217851,0.0000357876,0.000212838,0.00003215466],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002051044,0.0002860056,0.3450961,0.00007829736,0.00005194584,0.0002163073,0.5229645,0.00001273704,0.006646087,0.07208692,0.00004300523,0.05231297],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001780765,0.00004078146,0.8533069,0.0004687465,0.00001163417,0.00005652908,0.1373194,0.00003508712,0.001000182,0.005543987,0.000333582,0.0001022992],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9963532,0.0005488209,0.00005085113,0.001361765,0.0002364635,0.00005794551,0.000004058387,0.000002808499,0.001384067],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987788,0.0001339446,0.0006036394,0.0001883302,0.0002771886,9.596698e-7,0.00000163358,0.000002695007,0.0000128573],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5082108,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4707347,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4385494035","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2023.2237066","title":"The Portuguese community of Sydney: ethnographic study on representations of Portuguese identity","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Portuguese; Sociology; Ethnography; Identity (music); Prestige; Gender studies; Appropriation; State (computer science); Anthropology; Linguistics; Aesthetics; Art","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1643969783166459,"gpt":0.5446543905051647,"spread":0.3802574121885188,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005651188,0.00009894064,0.0002227394,0.0005597181,0.0003190762,0.00004017429,0.001233487,0.00006685228,0.00004540766],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007654262,0.00007794899,0.0002334255,0.000641548,0.0004282138,0.0002627266,0.0001046111,0.0004746426,0.000008597583],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005730414,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004699068,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01061075,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003276502,"domain_scores_codex":[0.996258,0.001022704,0.0009855467,0.00009263199,0.001470988,0.0001701947],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9943828,0.001929219,0.001158181,0.0003021274,0.00210399,0.0001236942],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004074666,0.003319665,0.05486118,0.0000237464,0.0009396556,0.00008969694,0.7976721,0.000284655,0.001474237,0.03552097,0.002180339,0.1032263],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001508737,0.0002567815,0.6395512,0.0001588393,0.00006924135,0.000009412338,0.3432087,0.00009422399,0.001106865,0.008476932,0.005399576,0.0001594493],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.992554,0.0001503565,0.00001229243,0.00166488,0.002558309,0.0001955907,0.00002960198,0.00002168369,0.002813254],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978195,0.0009704609,0.00005882728,0.0001096179,0.0004483263,0.000004011526,0.000007892675,0.00001011942,0.0005712781],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.58469,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9959777,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4412955110","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2025.2541787","title":"Power, positioning, and precarity: identity negotiation and agency in multilingual minors in Canada","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Mitacs; University of Manitoba","keywords":"Precarity; Multilingualism; Agency (philosophy); Negotiation; Identity (music); Power (physics); Sociology; Identity negotiation; Gender studies; Political science; Media studies; Social science; Pedagogy; Aesthetics; Art","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02027021788751752,"gpt":0.4321003424035718,"spread":0.4118301245160543,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009060736,0.00009629288,0.0001759766,0.0004905365,0.00008277538,0.0001066636,0.0002540967,0.00007522288,0.00006042798],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001803274,0.0001059279,0.00003332906,0.0002145498,0.0000950168,0.0004084614,0.00005161502,0.0002627967,4.302426e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006528302,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002582875,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.7909003,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9302096,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984556,0.0001981091,0.000575605,0.0001486332,0.0004495922,0.000172457],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988776,0.0003031957,0.0002556534,0.00005652281,0.0004086343,0.00009838547],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001980959,0.0002936178,0.5222392,0.00003541964,0.0001190897,0.0002106801,0.2585308,0.0002930605,0.0005282305,0.01328365,0.000150066,0.204118],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002824575,0.0000255749,0.9573494,0.0005404999,0.00002217835,0.00003136324,0.02302605,0.001473015,0.0006670193,0.006410282,0.007371425,0.0002586753],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9919261,0.0009408913,0.00002898664,0.002379552,0.001954917,0.0001143453,0.000008747408,0.000004784041,0.002641622],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980569,0.0004627987,0.0004279984,0.0006086571,0.000165971,0.00000170744,0.000001766975,0.000004660435,0.0002695718],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4351101,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4581909,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4401688681","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2024.2386414","title":"Enhancing equitable access to education for English language learners: evaluating the impact of a digital multilingual STEM resource in Canada","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Education Systems and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"The Scarborough Hospital; University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Multilingualism; Resource (disambiguation); Sociology; Linguistics; Computer science; Political science; Psychology; Pedagogy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07850073961074795,"gpt":0.4945353820578173,"spread":0.4160346424470693,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002268569,0.00009581796,0.0001764691,0.0002846697,0.00008036223,0.0004308947,0.0006679219,0.00004139595,0.00002885375],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003309078,0.00007108712,0.0001462203,0.0002719224,0.00003038256,0.0004886867,0.00006061453,0.0001809229,0.000001071198],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00129903,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01099683,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.5983188,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.329105,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981238,0.0001473124,0.0006660894,0.0001309167,0.0007030147,0.0002288392],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971945,0.001239368,0.0003388097,0.00009461321,0.001024961,0.0001077903],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001601455,0.0001126171,0.008807855,0.00005549975,0.000198128,0.00001052284,0.8063194,0.006588019,0.002101052,0.000778231,0.002819934,0.1720486],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000849443,0.0001984445,0.001725599,0.001825333,0.00003734073,0.00003003249,0.963106,0.002705938,0.004108665,0.000334568,0.02478186,0.0002968201],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9941587,0.0006526986,0.00008877265,0.0009156494,0.002575935,0.000287349,0.00005452906,0.000008256851,0.001258118],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9965281,0.000007917003,0.0001477936,0.000107676,0.002592135,0.00001303943,0.000005399485,0.00001424481,0.000583645],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2692137,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9946099,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4413114335","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2025.2505916","title":"The ‘hesitant multilingual’: why do some students who use multiple languages not identify as multilingual?","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"York University; University of British Columbia; Concordia University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Multilingualism; Competence (human resources); Psychology; Multilingual Education; Perception; Identification (biology); Linguistics; Pedagogy; Social psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05654635400549615,"gpt":0.507879517210263,"spread":0.4513331632047669,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003777821,0.0004064545,0.000525802,0.0007480726,0.001091229,0.001789659,0.00309647,0.0003036164,0.0001412507],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02317717,0.0003268258,0.0005391727,0.0004094844,0.000584586,0.0009796685,0.0003439004,0.0008736794,0.00007382559],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005322245,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001459147,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007087348,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001679892,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9937711,0.0008056113,0.001668237,0.000467427,0.002585047,0.0007026134],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9903989,0.004331352,0.00116533,0.0005107432,0.003208543,0.0003851413],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003858469,0.002872597,0.07359511,0.00008585267,0.003554615,0.001208493,0.3964863,0.0005326087,0.01202707,0.0519716,0.01651249,0.4372948],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005849811,0.0001131699,0.02976873,0.0008448991,0.0002049145,0.00006826373,0.06920703,0.0005077664,0.02495594,0.002625545,0.8650739,0.0007800727],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9786043,0.001737768,0.00005902889,0.007232885,0.009825587,0.0004870419,0.00004947755,0.00009300814,0.001910937],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9769081,0.002165847,0.0006747973,0.005663435,0.00288264,0.00001511497,0.000009867004,0.00004455301,0.01163568],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8485613,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999184,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4416663786","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2025.2591851","title":"The DARE pedagogical model: innovating language teaching in the Global South through plurilingual, decolonial, and digital pedagogy","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Literacy, Media, and Education","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Niagara College; University of Toronto; McGill University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Global South; Multilingualism; Teaching method; Technology integration; Computer-mediated communication; Higher education; Language education; Globalization; Global education","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0532354741614082,"gpt":0.4263730436320045,"spread":0.3731375694705962,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008161811,0.0001256424,0.0001455547,0.00009105089,0.0003162697,0.0009312017,0.0005224873,0.00004525054,0.00001407559],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001363124,0.00007253505,0.00007599614,0.00004348624,0.0001689297,0.0004613248,0.00008113068,0.0004358063,0.000001496017],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009213968,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002535059,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001641566,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006012059,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986169,0.00009128695,0.0005800091,0.0001278838,0.000410227,0.0001736939],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987164,0.0005422558,0.000291033,0.000108036,0.0003171779,0.00002515926],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000076606,0.00008862129,0.002475976,0.000008215266,0.00005628543,0.0000381119,0.9289299,0.00008744823,0.000004378814,0.04446035,0.000294866,0.0234793],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001332054,0.00006327234,0.001245647,0.0002507141,0.00003475796,0.0001193754,0.9266006,0.004606401,0.00001908212,0.02476175,0.04078811,0.0001782903],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9895267,0.0008221237,0.0002229544,0.003855439,0.002166611,0.00008660946,0.00004407561,0.00001176566,0.00326373],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9961321,0.00002760452,0.0002934168,0.001273357,0.001769039,0.000003545002,0.00001404123,0.000006740063,0.0004801331],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04049324,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8979599,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4415971894","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2025.2584166","title":"Facing failure: unveiling challenges in implementing plurilingual pedagogy through teacher-researcher collaboration","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières; Université de Montréal","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Multilingualism; Higher education; Qualitative research; Context (archaeology); Intercultural communication","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09353105234541421,"gpt":0.4281933789689378,"spread":0.3346623266235236,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002236054,0.0001765169,0.0002828229,0.0005748018,0.0002204971,0.0003514086,0.0004814742,0.00008243895,0.0003628622],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001390427,0.0001646747,0.0001304599,0.00007440305,0.00009295671,0.0005578405,0.0001209531,0.0008558184,0.000007821045],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002251692,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003373112,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005990278,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005083916,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976472,0.0003090879,0.000882227,0.0002275741,0.0006155721,0.0003182928],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980235,0.0003850176,0.0004447853,0.0001206103,0.0009829436,0.00004312598],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002846778,0.000425965,0.003684709,0.0001003725,0.0005621825,0.000287555,0.7253531,0.002213523,0.002753112,0.1199602,0.001021039,0.1433536],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002927836,0.0001054245,0.0004851984,0.0009337549,0.00004024224,0.00003870658,0.2733038,0.003033199,0.00165857,0.005619298,0.7115293,0.0003246687],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9640644,0.003229545,0.0004087915,0.009736134,0.002377386,0.0001347471,0.00001207739,0.00004849818,0.01998838],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9944848,0.0002420015,0.00108653,0.0001934734,0.001796638,0.000003705076,0.00001204915,0.0000209106,0.002159914],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7105082,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6715241,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4407127035","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2025.2456054","title":"Early reading development of plurilingual children: a longitudinal study","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University; University of Alberta","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Multilingualism; Reading (process); Psychology; Linguistics; Longitudinal study; Pedagogy; Medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02910374662435106,"gpt":0.3955468376369894,"spread":0.3664430910126383,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001080778,0.0001845832,0.0003648928,0.0007735158,0.00006687101,0.00005709958,0.0007017905,0.00007936222,0.0001573569],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002739374,0.0001635648,0.0001484529,0.0001864261,0.00004953205,0.0001140221,0.0001132552,0.000317769,0.00001749752],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001445034,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003202546,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001152198,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008822035,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9973466,0.0001162839,0.001417985,0.0002412913,0.0006707362,0.0002070968],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978443,0.000214022,0.0007183273,0.0001824459,0.0009689623,0.00007196746],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009997441,0.002028193,0.7409259,0.00001205317,0.003854707,0.0004404851,0.1300062,0.00004133345,0.001198716,0.001499478,0.0004364802,0.1185567],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003221647,0.0001517186,0.9870014,0.000363803,0.0000653375,0.0001716934,0.002738355,0.00001035846,0.003886143,0.0001676057,0.002047831,0.0001741104],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9920538,0.000243854,0.001372945,0.00008658278,0.004005178,0.0001700521,0.000005640867,0.0000172971,0.002044646],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9902442,0.000003856877,0.007841066,0.00006737096,0.0003243988,0.000005693047,0.000004973342,0.00001426955,0.001494217],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2460755,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.666998,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4253940142","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2016.1264690","title":"Erratum","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"erratum","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"Linguistic Education and Pedagogy","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Multilingualism; Linguistics; Psychology; Philosophy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06247474891562226,"gpt":0.3620872058917506,"spread":0.2996124569761284,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003892524,0.0002487198,0.0003897734,0.0004781608,0.00008062887,0.0002845715,0.001019,0.0002037604,0.00931921],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001126428,0.000174727,0.0003540895,0.0000125862,0.0002036462,0.0001455856,0.00006872689,0.0007758755,0.0002513863],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001476721,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009247898,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001117677,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001657126,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977302,0.00006755479,0.000935887,0.0001731661,0.0009012696,0.0001919336],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9945716,0.0001939572,0.001313421,0.0001834613,0.003613855,0.0001237529],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003879474,0.00008263104,0.000005541029,0.00001550507,0.0003343623,0.0001569443,0.02045117,2.460028e-7,0.000005699823,0.02261066,0.9481841,0.008114303],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005187202,0.00004365449,0.000008224728,0.0005394652,0.00005720664,0.0001022033,0.001267766,0.000005954686,0.00001347109,0.005120243,0.9921159,0.0002071668],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001708861,0.001670037,0.00002690551,0.003675256,0.4865935,0.00005258982,0.0002018638,0.00002306415,0.5075859],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01335767,0.0008949608,0.0001126767,0.00139011,0.1368532,0.000002068027,0.0001004258,0.00005440534,0.8472345],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3497403,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9915864,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4413998484","doi":"10.1080/14790718.2025.2543165","title":"Mediation practices of pluri-lingual/cultural, and transnational educators and researchers: a collaborative autoethnography","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Multilingualism","topic":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University; Niagara College","funders":"","keywords":"Autoethnography; Mediation; Multilingualism; Sociology; Pedagogy; Ethnography; Intercultural communication; Psychology; Anthropology; Social science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09284627364039168,"gpt":0.4355739041322345,"spread":0.3427276304918428,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001039645,0.00009552954,0.0001693674,0.0005052357,0.0001356848,0.0002086293,0.0001720235,0.00004798823,0.00007434427],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00176315,0.00007737394,0.00005991843,0.0000704474,0.0003048761,0.000481642,0.00002854788,0.0003545782,2.53927e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003125883,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002243058,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001104583,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001212208,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987146,0.0001835269,0.0004371956,0.0001161658,0.0004598903,0.00008862047],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9967675,0.0007546082,0.0007512943,0.00004344899,0.001632174,0.00005095004],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005193877,0.0003579053,0.006898586,0.0001159387,0.001237728,0.00003056256,0.7004203,0.0001196194,0.002462621,0.2432606,0.001461016,0.04311577],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005749745,0.0005382881,0.01276994,0.001028903,0.0002671919,0.00009003648,0.4637916,0.002224612,0.004440221,0.01266695,0.4959199,0.0005126576],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9878716,0.002355461,0.00002993927,0.006824053,0.0008961222,0.00007014278,0.00002403822,0.00001075269,0.00191792],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976552,0.0003757666,0.001025401,0.000131058,0.0004314553,0.000001989143,0.00000901422,0.000006413131,0.000363717],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4944589,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3155218,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}