{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":29,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":29,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"d6cd3a72cff5","filters":{"venue":"Inventions"}},"results":[{"id":"W3039476737","doi":"10.3390/inventions5030028","title":"A Review of Methane Gas Detection Sensors: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":227,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"University of Waterloo; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; Saudi Arabian Cultural Bureau; University of Hafr Al Batin","keywords":"Methane; Greenhouse gas; Environmental science; Natural gas; Process engineering; Computer science; Engineering; Waste management; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03550769180792029,"gpt":0.2833336029595402,"spread":0.2478259111516199,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001349611,0.0002774487,0.0010939,0.0001338696,0.00003472766,0.00001759723,0.00006936524,0.0001575886,0.00007393828],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006753189,0.0002479781,0.0002324998,0.0003975737,0.000031501,0.00003994772,0.0000294837,0.0001769875,0.00002849836],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009812097,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004931274,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000392131,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004302807,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988173,0.0001361807,0.000559051,0.0002284824,0.0001094704,0.0001495717],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994778,0.00002937257,0.0001601072,0.0001689551,0.00008233738,0.00008140685],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[7.432482e-7,0.00001230847,5.140591e-8,0.1014501,0.0002595366,0.000007050498,0.0001507997,6.75925e-7,0.00006263745,0.0000469802,0.000502671,0.8975065],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005259996,0.00001400191,0.000001314282,0.04286231,0.0004980259,0.00008866883,0.00006402292,0.000007104781,0.0000744488,0.00001841346,0.9561235,0.0001955417],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00003361558,0.9982659,0.00001799578,0.00007915679,0.0005740183,0.0004768068,0.00004698883,0.0001274379,0.0003781438],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.000008859973,0.998775,0.000829679,0.00001358483,0.0002272921,0.00002412275,0.00004663029,0.00005214672,0.00002267068],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9556209,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999973,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3056480821","doi":"10.3390/inventions5030042","title":"Review of Fuel Cell Technologies and Applications for Sustainable Microgrid Systems","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","field":"Engineering","cited_by":193,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Eye Institute; Global Affairs Canada; African Institute for Mathematical Sciences; International Development Research Centre; Division of Mathematical Sciences; Government of Canada","keywords":"Microgrid; Backup; Renewable energy; Distributed generation; Risk analysis (engineering); Computer science; Grid; Sustainability; Environmental economics; Systems engineering; Engineering; Business; Electrical engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01132624905929743,"gpt":0.2106352164278924,"spread":0.199308967368595,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004675199,0.00004898156,0.000117505,0.00002318662,0.00002931652,0.00001326241,0.00005881927,0.00004765506,0.000006549162],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001219395,0.00004505342,0.00003441885,0.0001145435,0.00002527856,0.00003152133,0.00002168038,0.0000336374,0.000006027238],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007378487,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006613867,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004023451,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.457288e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996663,0.000003821773,0.0001586917,0.00006506655,0.00002047347,0.00008559979],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998068,0.0000127831,0.00002907799,0.00008300136,0.00004878724,0.00001950406],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002487093,0.000053226,0.0000143358,0.8748166,0.00008820784,0.00000198504,0.00008242638,0.002216558,0.02382822,0.01526414,0.08274303,0.0008887729],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001193044,0.00002190803,6.976925e-7,0.0006469108,0.00005546064,0.000001647804,0.0004995162,0.0008015058,0.004932296,0.001145469,0.9917005,0.00007481385],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002175924,0.9880723,0.002012057,0.0003941003,0.00006790325,0.001183727,0.00005557644,0.000361428,0.007635342],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1669777,0.8291706,0.001862351,0.0001025023,0.00008017216,0.001220548,0.0000656554,0.00004061569,0.0004799194],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9089574,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1837225,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2919282525","doi":"10.3390/inventions4010015","title":"Current Advances in Ejector Modeling, Experimentation and Applications for Refrigeration and Heat Pumps. Part 1: Single-Phase Ejectors","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":99,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Injector; Refrigeration; Refrigerant; Mechanical engineering; Engineering; Computer science; Heat exchanger","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02586914342161126,"gpt":0.3045542930091996,"spread":0.2786851495875883,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005561478,0.00009185504,0.00009524253,0.0001563242,0.00009345208,0.00006560252,0.00003541699,0.00004711473,0.00002103031],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001201453,0.0000983085,0.00002408861,0.0001217111,0.00002666642,0.0003868488,0.0000103649,0.00006643005,0.000006177355],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004680908,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007713623,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003615959,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003618,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994494,0.000009766472,0.0002072729,0.0001687262,0.000055456,0.0001093808],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997889,0.00002340674,0.00002017041,0.0001099615,0.00002935588,0.00002816487],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000583396,0.001123672,0.007300815,0.001304299,0.00009304044,8.500981e-7,0.002113883,0.2989616,0.3177454,0.1866306,0.001323725,0.1833438],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001995638,0.000173016,0.0002256162,0.0001705495,0.00002141998,0.000003044998,0.0007024553,0.9124976,0.02148935,0.01353269,0.0488003,0.0003883291],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8358272,0.00525046,0.156619,0.000114647,0.0003148908,0.001053717,0.00004326419,0.000388314,0.00038846],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9969358,0.0007673342,0.001214643,0.0000103459,0.00004432351,0.0008251059,0.000159817,0.00001347994,0.00002914255],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.613536,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4008904,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2969698805","doi":"10.3390/inventions4030050","title":"Modeling and Optimization of Energy Hubs: A Comprehensive Review","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","field":"Engineering","cited_by":59,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Energy (signal processing); Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.060706068858287,"gpt":0.2894473213080555,"spread":0.2287412524497685,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006578808,0.0002732996,0.001119753,0.0002482652,0.00002948485,0.00001594364,0.0001177894,0.0002324578,0.00004107131],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001773572,0.0002593327,0.0002572547,0.000410431,0.00001911979,0.0001009816,0.00002833409,0.000147892,0.00001076921],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007262841,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005381268,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004241504,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006343663,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987237,0.00009129158,0.0007482941,0.0001911001,0.0001134944,0.0001320525],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992931,0.00003302699,0.0001511375,0.0003020193,0.0001808596,0.00003981801],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[1.006305e-7,0.000005505868,1.816705e-8,0.07246782,0.0001334095,3.977677e-7,0.000004420704,0.8953778,1.156082e-7,0.001096977,0.0003446062,0.03056888],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003741649,0.000005871538,2.250859e-9,0.07264634,0.0005316619,0.000014411,0.000003330221,0.5844673,2.020909e-7,0.00001065857,0.3421243,0.0001585204],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[6.07485e-8,0.8028625,0.1953166,0.000002075076,0.0002651822,0.0002771747,0.00003463195,0.00009971376,0.001142102],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.000005064574,0.9953946,0.003497921,0.00001372838,0.00003677644,0.0001160188,0.0006854389,0.00008169757,0.0001687894],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3417797,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999859,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4211223150","doi":"10.3390/inventions4010016","title":"Current Advances in Ejector Modeling, Experimentation and Applications for Refrigeration and Heat Pumps. Part 2: Two-Phase Ejectors","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Refrigerant; Injector; Refrigeration; Entrainment (biomusicology); Heat pump and refrigeration cycle; Vapor-compression refrigeration; Computer science; Work (physics); Mechanical engineering; Engineering; Heat exchanger; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0200366234214037,"gpt":0.3236242960816981,"spread":0.3035876726602944,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006256578,0.0000908658,0.00009480333,0.0001532657,0.00009777542,0.00005990839,0.00003634159,0.00003841984,0.00002449284],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001034755,0.00009654212,0.00002402565,0.0001201066,0.00002541911,0.0003804126,0.00001067752,0.00007021477,0.000007370159],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003922901,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009004611,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005814133,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004910101,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994552,0.00001008477,0.0002033054,0.0001679457,0.0000549094,0.0001085437],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997881,0.00002324632,0.0000192302,0.0001125476,0.00002842068,0.0000284676],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004869388,0.0006246511,0.008300513,0.0009388142,0.00008099205,7.125241e-7,0.001661787,0.4572376,0.1255804,0.2750643,0.001048807,0.1294127],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001968146,0.00008383365,0.00019732,0.0001090708,0.00001558789,0.000002168541,0.0004671208,0.949599,0.009534975,0.01273701,0.02501099,0.0002747605],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8394183,0.004987853,0.153258,0.0001085663,0.0003101296,0.001101581,0.00004736237,0.0003763729,0.0003918446],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.996592,0.0009614289,0.001177983,0.00001071304,0.00004732477,0.001009635,0.0001587255,0.00001287614,0.00002930789],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4923614,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3936873,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2884191558","doi":"10.3390/inventions3030048","title":"A Survey on the Affordances of “Hearables”","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"Concordia University","keywords":"Affordance; Wearable computer; Human–computer interaction; Computer science; Domain (mathematical analysis); Wearable technology; Ubiquitous computing; Multimedia; Embedded system","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1678667277485728,"gpt":0.3466539475371147,"spread":0.1787872197885419,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006891321,0.00004160661,0.000049938,0.00004475874,0.0002322591,0.00001823191,0.0001330228,0.00001550368,0.0007340888],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006932492,0.00002775258,0.00005174656,0.0002422261,0.0002022434,0.00006508143,0.00001457321,0.00007459518,0.0005086716],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000006801961,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001688975,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001957731,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007593805,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994451,0.0001407795,0.0001083559,0.0001075531,0.0001057198,0.00009253326],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991334,0.0005334982,0.00005581826,0.0002135853,0.00004335492,0.00002032381],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009039526,0.0008013457,0.006697762,0.000008689274,0.00002676188,0.000004536288,0.001016394,0.00003415782,0.5575446,0.2889233,0.1428887,0.001963362],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000109391,0.0002185374,0.03393684,0.00004185779,0.00000704882,0.000006017331,0.000137066,0.0003614704,0.9122316,0.006143807,0.04672248,0.0000838805],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9412187,0.000002250009,0.000102934,0.001142849,0.000515429,0.00008969102,0.00006910321,0.0000266001,0.05683249],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9952352,0.000007909724,0.00001266443,0.0005504679,0.00004985063,0.00000811598,9.9883e-7,0.000004119283,0.004130666],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.354687,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8037758,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3210233737","doi":"10.3390/inventions6040071","title":"Parametric Open Source Cold-Frame Agrivoltaic Systems","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Photovoltaic system; Frame (networking); Computer science; Greenhouse; Automotive engineering; Parametric statistics; Renewable energy; Environmental science; Engineering; Electrical engineering; Telecommunications","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02197722561042479,"gpt":0.2629678364703481,"spread":0.2409906108599233,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005216339,0.0001228986,0.0002153007,0.00004063988,0.0003085791,0.0002727121,0.0004683993,0.00008791181,0.00214723],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003246439,0.0001189398,0.0001139845,0.001073746,0.0001244602,0.0002711712,0.0007124259,0.0001372111,0.0007645999],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003697017,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007279206,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0163936,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001026871,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984291,0.0001920036,0.0003341761,0.0004190661,0.0003027408,0.0003228652],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989671,0.000092688,0.000096898,0.0006272691,0.00004069156,0.0001753949],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001151866,0.001377611,0.7352003,0.0001386554,0.0001086233,0.0001621139,0.0006138355,0.008619523,0.0234481,0.01186583,0.2167166,0.001737205],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004138805,0.00003835745,0.06370065,0.0000389948,0.00002723537,0.0000563186,0.001674688,0.0025889,0.001062317,0.003635973,0.9264913,0.0002714473],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9126,0.0004168959,0.003439862,0.0003636412,0.0007384637,0.00113777,0.00002602812,0.0001256126,0.08115177],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9551597,0.00000704687,0.0001883951,0.0001431939,0.00003983181,0.0001896417,0.00001173091,0.00001370363,0.04424671],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7097746,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9987649,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4300485802","doi":"10.3390/inventions7030070","title":"Waste Plastic Direct Extrusion Hangprinter","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Compounding; Limiting; Extrusion; Plastic waste; Dram; Fused filament fabrication; Process engineering; Materials science; Computer science; Waste management; Engineering; Mechanical engineering; 3D printing; Composite material; Computer hardware","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01736368660878304,"gpt":0.2103946510812532,"spread":0.1930309644724701,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005806446,0.00007028494,0.00006466717,0.0001152042,0.0002143193,0.0000144628,0.0001480172,0.00001890982,0.0007576527],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003838028,0.00007574624,0.00005870856,0.0001101726,0.00002573551,0.00003022353,0.0002277532,0.0001934277,0.00008101296],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004766697,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000325301,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004378453,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004374971,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995689,0.00001629331,0.00009117751,0.0001005264,0.00008622421,0.0001369198],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999747,0.00004849611,0.00001392323,0.0001658413,0.000005969885,0.00001875928],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002909647,0.0004469492,0.004350518,0.0003071674,0.0005388582,0.0001806534,0.001525573,0.5451035,0.03206859,0.03167833,0.2266405,0.1571303],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001144791,0.0002817576,0.01633157,0.000194677,0.0001178881,0.00009025201,0.00319389,0.0955971,0.2875302,0.03985576,0.5541187,0.001543466],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9564679,0.0001011676,0.00702787,0.0001197501,0.001303245,0.00009107649,0.00005161295,0.002411748,0.03242564],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982905,0.000006739924,0.0003167464,0.00001062914,0.00003250278,0.00008240298,0.00001270248,0.00001688151,0.001230854],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4495064,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8295766,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4378086683","doi":"10.3390/inventions8030074","title":"Investigations on Using Intelligent Learning Techniques for Anomaly Detection and Diagnosis in Sensors Signals in Li-Ion Battery—Case Study","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","field":"Engineering","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Concordia University; John Abbott College","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Mean squared error; State of charge; Estimator; Artificial intelligence; Robustness (evolution); Battery (electricity); Kalman filter; Deep learning; Pattern recognition (psychology); Machine learning; Power (physics); Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09535549666454621,"gpt":0.3566685328709026,"spread":0.2613130362063564,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003274769,0.0001208666,0.0001378049,0.001238263,0.0001349434,0.00003863674,0.00006787509,0.00008711205,0.000005931234],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003454121,0.0001407876,0.00003277883,0.001141772,0.00005095885,0.0001646245,0.00006454521,0.0003341674,0.000006518628],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001994598,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007645102,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001524981,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009906676,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990625,0.00007590194,0.0002837548,0.0002240744,0.00009782357,0.0002558864],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994492,0.0003108774,0.00002962516,0.0001457502,0.00002819847,0.00003638178],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009839199,0.0002313601,0.1990697,0.0001420196,0.00003669093,0.0003944141,0.001221469,0.7139004,0.04307327,0.00004194263,0.00004628002,0.04183261],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006098329,0.000703174,0.01634259,0.0004955241,0.00002403435,0.00009032503,0.01331909,0.710573,0.2521152,0.004713027,0.0005049842,0.0005092248],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.986347,0.00002463357,0.01182152,0.000105937,0.00005309676,0.0009521375,0.0000063674,0.0006745061,0.00001485964],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974554,0.00007577821,0.001284662,0.000007429376,0.0000165786,0.001101318,0.00000535009,0.00003340059,0.00002003829],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.209042,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.574115,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2918819366","doi":"10.3390/inventions4010014","title":"Ground-Coupled Natural Circulating Devices (Thermosiphons): A Review of Modeling, Experimental and Development Studies","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Adsorption and Cooling Systems","field":"Engineering","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Natural (archaeology); Environmental science; Computer science; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1418063560551455,"gpt":0.3675698980136186,"spread":0.225763541958473,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002011073,0.0002992385,0.001189398,0.00007853989,0.00007323705,0.00001940391,0.0001298507,0.00009411277,0.00004173342],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001894688,0.0002588512,0.0002533641,0.0001353268,0.00002554334,0.00009430818,0.00006361095,0.000164409,0.00004295364],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001926254,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007160709,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001629565,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001078408,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985274,0.00005377664,0.0008693641,0.0002132779,0.0001763467,0.0001598297],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999423,0.00004168166,0.0002124273,0.000214121,0.00006882564,0.00003999812],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[6.007634e-7,0.00005355817,0.000002635693,0.7432146,0.001808467,0.000003236067,0.0009920936,0.0004154757,0.00002226189,0.0003587925,0.000177439,0.2529508],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002431374,0.00001550539,0.000001354363,0.5348607,0.0008310171,0.00009721483,0.0008601559,0.0396916,0.000003043097,0.00001058837,0.4225535,0.0008321961],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":"systematic_review","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002101445,0.9979711,0.0003512233,0.000001401726,0.0005601487,0.0006264213,0.000004829161,0.0001137983,0.0001609968],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.004320001,0.9948387,0.0003337409,0.00001661961,0.00005427817,0.0002165729,0.0000648426,0.00004962806,0.0001056598],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.422376,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999864,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2978745222","doi":"10.3390/inventions4040060","title":"Investigation of Mixed Convection in a Cylindrical Lid Driven Cavity Filled with Water-Cu Nanofluid","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer","field":"Engineering","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor","funders":"","keywords":"Nusselt number; Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines; Nanofluid; Reynolds number; Materials science; Mechanics; Heat transfer; Finite volume method; Combined forced and natural convection; Thermodynamics; Vortex; Natural convection; Physics; Turbulence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01145283771796833,"gpt":0.1934473689481915,"spread":0.1819945312302231,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009221831,0.0001068816,0.0001857215,0.000172873,0.00002789914,0.00001042973,0.00006455498,0.0001007569,0.0001891482],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003650092,0.00008772715,0.00006217763,0.0002356,0.000040951,0.0001394082,0.000008418884,0.0001381504,0.0001143586],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006045574,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002296612,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001191524,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004017836,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992635,0.00003658091,0.0002572044,0.0001352005,0.0001287851,0.0001787737],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997055,0.00002124303,0.000009819719,0.0001577985,0.00004879546,0.00005684213],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002935592,0.00005559622,0.08088888,0.000190156,0.00004717828,0.000005187017,0.0008104402,0.004162248,0.9117969,0.00158441,0.0002905698,0.000139112],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003029491,0.0003198452,0.1144501,0.0003476434,0.00006753203,0.00001900002,0.0001091412,0.02465096,0.8545932,0.0008998951,0.001095149,0.0004180281],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959651,0.00003766474,0.002219656,0.00009067956,0.0002826874,0.0002953761,0.00001071642,0.00009968191,0.0009984055],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999345,0.00001865463,0.0003053388,0.00001202008,0.00002277122,0.00004177209,0.00005351094,0.00002014895,0.0001807888],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05720368,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3577409,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4394962043","doi":"10.3390/inventions9020045","title":"A Novel Hybrid Ultrasound Abrasive-Driven Electrochemical Surface Finishing Technique for Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Parts","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Waterloo","keywords":"Abrasive; Materials science; Titanium alloy; Ultrasound; Electrochemistry; Metallurgy; Composite material; Alloy; Acoustics; Electrode; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0163747653482519,"gpt":0.2446954146737838,"spread":0.2283206493255319,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001020098,0.0002309487,0.0001993402,0.00007197126,0.0001332526,0.0002246672,0.0001598748,0.00009696221,0.0004081909],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009243263,0.0002332352,0.000149066,0.000100967,0.00005166094,0.0001941723,0.00002553138,0.0002110888,0.00005084212],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007603661,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004076118,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000665759,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009801007,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989814,0.00001278586,0.0002434086,0.0002951461,0.0001142463,0.0003530619],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993407,0.0003658662,0.00002882316,0.0001408426,0.00004322979,0.0000805403],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009139323,0.00003514948,0.000004729881,0.0005122711,0.0001395699,0.000009780858,0.0000923528,0.001687062,0.9724386,0.00151882,0.02330668,0.0002457787],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001245813,0.00003264083,0.00009159261,0.0002255458,0.00004838056,0.00007124714,0.00001427987,0.0008940661,0.9137007,0.005340169,0.07917928,0.0002774977],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.09185986,0.000624507,0.8978599,0.0002029407,0.0009152935,0.0009761133,0.003284259,0.001608547,0.002668623],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9890671,0.00006412952,0.009166522,0.00004004032,0.0002820165,0.0003769685,0.0006149611,0.00007884905,0.0003094191],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8972073,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9511055,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2969358681","doi":"10.3390/inventions4030049","title":"A Tutorial on Robust Control, Adaptive Control and Robust Adaptive Control—Application to Robotic Manipulators","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","field":"Engineering","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Adaptive control; Control engineering; Robust control; Robotics; Computer science; Control (management); Robot manipulator; Control theory (sociology); Artificial intelligence; Control system; Robot; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02252631505415096,"gpt":0.2185405182842939,"spread":0.1960142032301429,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002049639,0.000258873,0.0003658104,0.0002259418,0.0001541711,0.00008025234,0.0001256905,0.0001430165,0.0001342902],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004935414,0.0002769631,0.0001210781,0.0002496211,0.00003190466,0.0002014326,0.00001533321,0.0003107801,0.0006527914],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000160218,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002115833,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006885142,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008114815,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986022,0.00009855365,0.0003610862,0.0003616308,0.0002403544,0.0003362387],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991502,0.0001731893,0.00008643936,0.0002934213,0.00009936717,0.0001973634],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001223866,0.00003544228,0.001724658,0.00001157199,0.0001262947,0.000001757339,0.0001200024,0.9715322,0.0007585806,0.02471967,0.0005123968,0.0003349818],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003700836,0.0002465382,0.02666944,0.00006543547,0.0001032989,0.000004225833,0.0001058586,0.9671005,0.00001297168,0.0002885153,0.001387552,0.0003148087],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03066426,0.0001103254,0.9620169,0.0003607956,0.001175894,0.001617519,0.00001494023,0.0004220908,0.003617292],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977848,0.000003502093,0.0008881963,0.0003080548,0.0003554568,0.0001684356,0.00001762808,0.00005804093,0.0004158729],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9671205,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999682,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3163029755","doi":"10.3390/inventions6020031","title":"Microorganisms, the Ultimate Tool for Clean Label Foods?","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Probiotics and Fermented Foods","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Thammasat University; Queen's University; Queen's University Belfast","keywords":"Microorganism; Biotechnology; Beneficial organism; Food science; Probiotic; Biochemical engineering; Business; Biology; Engineering; Bacteria","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03961005710048137,"gpt":0.253102297736042,"spread":0.2134922406355607,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009950033,0.00005563517,0.00005670178,0.000002467671,0.0003634193,0.00007599544,0.0001292091,0.00003909781,0.0002806872],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003369025,0.00001865183,0.00008667407,0.0001519498,0.00003187176,0.00003356577,0.00005337636,0.00005280724,0.0000404934],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008362319,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000748247,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001002389,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002333755,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995346,0.00002336249,0.0001090609,0.0001288963,0.00005204837,0.0001520402],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997658,0.00005995032,0.00003024723,0.00005234177,0.00006468707,0.00002697],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000622923,0.000258948,0.0005147943,0.000008178851,0.00004316976,0.000002103053,0.00004742615,0.000001132109,0.8992169,0.03945331,0.01071868,0.04972909],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00090605,0.0004868005,0.06241747,0.00006529489,0.0001311345,0.00004415452,0.001266548,0.0005451738,0.2304484,0.07268982,0.6304778,0.0005213077],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9804567,0.0002951125,0.000314976,0.01576293,0.000354889,0.0003550593,0.0003686465,0.00007671769,0.002015038],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9952505,0.00003756643,0.001035537,0.0009060772,0.0001430021,0.0000273686,0.0001814344,9.424525e-7,0.002417533],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6687686,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3073328,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4283738327","doi":"10.3390/inventions7030054","title":"TiO2/Au/TiO2 Plasmonic Photocatalysts: The Influence of Titania Matrix and Gold Properties","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques","field":"Energy","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","keywords":"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Photocatalysis; Colloidal gold; Anatase; Materials science; Rutile; Diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform; Crystallite; Photochemistry; Nanotechnology; Chemical engineering; Nanoparticle; Chemistry; Catalysis","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01764892306148492,"gpt":0.2626918028023802,"spread":0.2450428797408953,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001779509,0.0001214178,0.0001669106,0.0001122894,0.0003311222,0.00001896425,0.0003439279,0.00003269297,0.0001457769],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006042516,0.00009697297,0.00009261279,0.0004501431,0.000243534,0.000175208,0.0002991827,0.0002043984,0.00002383626],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001308704,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006561242,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002174125,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000908663,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989528,0.00009092595,0.0003212728,0.0002132602,0.0002424581,0.0001792954],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991933,0.00005233586,0.0001609872,0.0004957007,0.00006064965,0.00003706099],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001682497,0.000675571,0.005009782,0.000276628,0.0004947256,0.00001876934,0.004587815,0.08286265,0.6553409,0.2413388,0.006487325,0.002738765],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001392249,0.0006485049,0.01086408,0.0002787724,0.0005315926,0.0002114117,0.005074311,0.003728258,0.4039754,0.09132989,0.4807962,0.001169354],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9936022,0.0006889015,0.0000827391,0.0001866363,0.00004412519,0.0005208863,0.00004488719,0.0001538805,0.004675716],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9932489,0.00005415109,0.0003860453,0.00006050296,0.00001404752,0.0008767308,0.00002680281,0.00002273872,0.005310019],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4743089,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3954443,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3036307881","doi":"10.3390/inventions5020023","title":"Experimental Performance of a Two-Phase Ejector: Nozzle Geometry and Subcooling Effects","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Nozzle; Injector; Entrainment (biomusicology); Mass flow rate; Mechanics; Discharge coefficient; Subcooling; Secondary flow; Mass flow; Materials science; Flow (mathematics); Thermodynamics; Physics; Turbulence; Heat transfer","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01801392680973189,"gpt":0.2662346115698226,"spread":0.2482206847600907,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00002083035,0.00005650269,0.00007784893,0.00006340089,0.00005332156,0.00001552095,0.00004606601,0.00002584276,0.00003626096],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001837866,0.00005949131,0.00002771355,0.0001484714,0.00003777499,0.0001024983,0.00002054035,0.00006664849,0.00001322698],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009636737,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000391269,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001279235,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.63592e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996965,0.000005300924,0.0001075615,0.00006921562,0.00004968594,0.0000717601],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998605,0.00001477245,0.0000168331,0.00006586461,0.000009426328,0.00003258913],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005967236,0.00006957796,0.00183877,0.0002307374,0.00003991845,0.000003633445,0.0003961068,0.003287539,0.9871967,0.004248826,0.0007286784,0.001953534],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007581608,0.0001492265,0.0007332651,0.00004575936,0.000008965337,0.000003373857,0.00009558874,0.08648137,0.9111694,0.00009007766,0.0003694803,0.00009536865],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9957484,0.0004573599,0.002743791,0.00005788263,0.00007974399,0.00008054815,0.000005207842,0.0003382256,0.0004888661],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987378,0.00001991096,0.001139242,0.00002906313,0.00002282728,0.00002093741,0.000008661269,0.000008151294,0.00001343713],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08319383,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2425985,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3214900343","doi":"10.3390/inventions6040091","title":"Design of Small Unmanned Surface Vehicle with Autonomous Navigation System","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","field":"Engineering","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Autopilot; PID controller; Computer science; STM32; Marine engineering; Controller (irrigation); Environmental science; Simulation; Control engineering; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.033688913546338,"gpt":0.2125493962239998,"spread":0.1788604826776617,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001070083,0.00006987462,0.0001148795,0.00002262536,0.00006265439,0.00002807278,0.0001070653,0.00004019378,0.00001060884],"category_scores_gemma":[6.381067e-7,0.00006882015,0.00003539458,0.0002100944,0.00001918952,0.00006137644,0.00001992177,0.0000651701,0.00003066665],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005818112,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000338863,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003552709,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001800015,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994384,0.00007795156,0.0002203482,0.00008438392,0.00007908531,0.00009985157],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994829,0.0000287808,0.00004301282,0.000303109,0.00010696,0.00003526989],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008255216,0.00009540554,0.001250131,0.0005159436,0.0001975039,0.00001983153,0.001049845,0.7656565,0.2261464,0.00414952,0.00008863133,0.0008220104],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009002815,0.00008386797,0.001089557,0.0008631265,0.00008373061,0.0001235517,0.002472681,0.6133199,0.3776857,0.0003455055,0.002694411,0.0003376555],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5636193,0.0004209754,0.4339488,0.00006167986,0.00005297595,0.0001522401,0.000007634015,0.0002741915,0.001462301],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9868165,0.000007044204,0.01280329,0.000003464469,0.00001007722,0.00001774601,0.00002695603,0.00001836649,0.0002965756],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4231972,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2806405,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4283752314","doi":"10.3390/inventions7030055","title":"Extending DC Bus Signaling and Droop Control for Hybrid Storage Units to Improve the Energy Management and Voltage Regulation","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","field":"Engineering","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Jordan","keywords":"Voltage droop; Battery (electricity); Voltage; Energy storage; Microgrid; Capacitor; Constant current; Power (physics); Distributed generation; Electrical engineering; Control theory (sociology); Voltage regulation; Engineering; Computer science; Voltage regulator; Control (management); Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00781477482652729,"gpt":0.1870394182232958,"spread":0.1792246433967685,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001619317,0.00007402299,0.00007325481,0.00008846157,0.00036798,0.00005554661,0.00005379405,0.00001068867,0.00002509369],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008953671,0.00007176931,0.00002360766,0.0001380857,0.00001060088,0.00006578304,0.00004178409,0.0000465786,4.035489e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004123949,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003689781,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001136166,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007718959,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995345,0.00002106296,0.0001281644,0.0001215376,0.0000694796,0.0001252507],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997717,0.00004117918,0.00002632021,0.00009651313,0.00002734772,0.00003693861],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002633962,0.00001683181,0.00003934938,0.00005640166,0.0001277385,0.000003392497,0.0002101606,0.9013255,0.03606726,0.02177491,0.001851074,0.03850111],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001061481,0.00005728886,0.0004320427,0.00001547188,0.0001035119,0.000006775764,0.0002034176,0.946717,0.001030794,0.002412143,0.04780703,0.0001530976],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0516864,0.001737654,0.9449605,0.0001989606,0.0003984204,0.0006227565,0.0001199028,0.0001142951,0.0001611418],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981006,0.00004458266,0.0005734607,0.0001077352,0.0000596577,0.00039369,0.00004388005,0.00001796843,0.000658438],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9464142,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2926668,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2806570888","doi":"10.3390/inventions3020035","title":"Numerical Study on Single Flowing Liquid and Supercritical CO2 Drop in Microchannel: Thin Film, Flow Fields, and Interfacial Profile","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation","field":"Engineering","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Carbon Management Canada","keywords":"Microchannel; Mechanics; Drop (telecommunication); Materials science; Supercritical fluid; Mass transfer; Heat transfer; Pressure drop; Vortex; Thermodynamics; Physics; Mechanical engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02297652888948193,"gpt":0.2672986122387609,"spread":0.244322083349279,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001655742,0.0001204421,0.0001360307,0.0001552178,0.00008514496,0.00003145409,0.00006271594,0.00008714222,0.00006330785],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005505208,0.000125466,0.00001809193,0.0002891337,0.000108582,0.0001086101,0.00004901025,0.0002225262,0.00001672955],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004979988,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000824869,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002540468,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007543571,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992853,0.00002509065,0.0002487626,0.0001849907,0.00007912146,0.0001767511],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997671,0.00002411474,0.000004588066,0.0001139606,0.00006036901,0.00002985016],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001285273,0.001000367,0.001742324,0.0001195169,0.00008899316,0.00003944836,0.01054617,0.00004646604,0.9615983,0.007229323,0.01448855,0.002971957],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001296168,0.002951612,0.003663905,0.000353877,0.00003199265,0.00004383853,0.00268589,0.03526555,0.9484953,0.001593174,0.0030118,0.0006069254],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9305449,0.00005596097,0.06681767,0.000149432,0.0002315092,0.0002715508,0.0000148918,0.0001440677,0.001770013],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991754,0.000001490573,0.0004847016,0.0001179812,0.0001048065,0.00004074928,0.00002264091,0.00001866845,0.00003352989],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06863053,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5116356,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4401171577","doi":"10.3390/inventions9040087","title":"Tailoring Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process Parameters for Standard and Off-Size Ti6Al4V Metal Powders: A Machine Learning Approach Enhanced by Photodiode-Based Melt Pool Monitoring","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Photodiode; Fusion; Titanium alloy; Laser; Process (computing); Metal; Optoelectronics; Metallurgy; Computer science; Optics; Alloy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01669859316455857,"gpt":0.2495997605636604,"spread":0.2329011673991018,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000212202,0.0002683543,0.0002737527,0.0001155183,0.0002355825,0.0002761406,0.00009991481,0.00009189601,0.00008745291],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000100617,0.0002557034,0.0001085153,0.0001711758,0.00004907589,0.0002865623,0.00002895018,0.0002204195,0.000005484685],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006096452,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002976606,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001714293,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003238865,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988227,0.00003258732,0.0002703132,0.0003537168,0.0001923555,0.000328337],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995198,0.0001717923,0.00004388965,0.0001110865,0.00005812861,0.00009527651],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000630255,0.000298898,0.0005007464,0.01643788,0.001669816,0.00002459288,0.004391996,0.149769,0.7784572,0.0001844289,0.002081785,0.04555336],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005913118,0.000100379,0.00002052038,0.0003375144,0.0001300625,0.000002849275,0.0002585005,0.02289791,0.970283,0.0003761466,0.004651868,0.0003499123],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9546661,0.001880982,0.04113022,0.00005016689,0.0004937718,0.0004924771,0.0003927733,0.0006550289,0.0002384178],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9956517,0.0001315265,0.003236237,0.00001234265,0.00009220576,0.000423616,0.0001706577,0.00008428644,0.0001974276],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1918258,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999895,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4388420183","doi":"10.3390/inventions8060141","title":"Patent Parasites: Non-Inventors Patenting Existing Open-Source Inventions in the 3-D Printing Technology Space","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Open Source Software Innovations","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Open source; Open innovation; Intellectual property; Space (punctuation); Business; Commerce; Marketing; Computer science; Law; Political science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1298522613820587,"gpt":0.336371318339608,"spread":0.2065190569575493,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00240294,0.0002610473,0.0002763926,0.001255245,0.001254269,0.001034581,0.003645742,0.00014722,0.00002565937],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008697453,0.0002394898,0.0001634956,0.01135591,0.0001729293,0.0009432601,0.002326024,0.000638049,0.000637048],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001176453,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001416681,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003786878,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003243075,"domain_scores_codex":[0.996928,0.0002357107,0.0008329376,0.0007294841,0.0004659413,0.0008078989],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9976708,0.0003115404,0.0003949325,0.001320925,0.0002205109,0.00008129876],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002226163,0.0005528072,0.3883497,0.00007085266,0.00008416176,0.0001325992,0.006626589,0.002954868,0.001198648,0.5706242,0.005785946,0.02361734],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003992235,0.0003217758,0.295852,0.002532933,0.000131313,0.0003314292,0.02576834,0.2011991,0.001906885,0.3013935,0.1638178,0.002752573],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.682848,0.00005248224,0.2779572,0.02447318,0.0008465037,0.001908576,0.00001066833,0.001851236,0.01005218],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9731693,0.000008831585,0.02338751,0.0004065461,0.00007384104,0.0006534535,0.00004142999,0.00004137084,0.002217673],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2903213,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9976493,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4379422117","doi":"10.3390/inventions8030079","title":"Open-Source Designs for Distributed Manufacturing of Low-Cost Customized Walkers","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Open source; Range (aeronautics); License; Computer science; Structural engineering; Simulation; Engineering; Materials science; Software; Composite material; Operating system","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05638954388406892,"gpt":0.2842526183788772,"spread":0.2278630744948083,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001964257,0.0001271469,0.0001971693,0.0001716748,0.0001327558,0.00004569375,0.0004444291,0.00008305544,0.00004759299],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001378094,0.0001311376,0.0001206411,0.0002050473,0.00007113933,0.00008846012,0.000214482,0.0001227508,0.00007268841],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004452538,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001016292,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001698973,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008722107,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992442,0.00001532132,0.0002334291,0.000160391,0.0000744717,0.0002721646],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994176,0.0001879648,0.00005246216,0.0002761785,0.0000269562,0.00003885243],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001670086,0.0002792923,0.0008109058,0.001914962,0.001128953,0.00002396147,0.000787905,0.4358046,0.02020116,0.009913201,0.30458,0.224388],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001511519,0.0000251267,0.003197908,0.0002136557,0.00004888463,0.000002126176,0.0004410362,0.01972975,0.9070274,0.01026382,0.05719789,0.0003409371],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5982524,0.00002557586,0.3941023,0.0002879482,0.0004244609,0.001116606,0.0006169414,0.003782645,0.001391153],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9963474,0.00002156207,0.002432083,0.0000058859,0.00002398546,0.000261379,0.0002502677,0.0000382676,0.0006191765],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8868262,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5347636,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3140081779","doi":"10.3390/inventions6020023","title":"Emerging Technologies for the Energy Systems of the Future","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","field":"Energy","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor","funders":"","keywords":"Emerging technologies; Renewable energy; Energy (signal processing); Energy system; Energy transition; New energy; Emerging markets; Natural resource economics; Risk analysis (engineering); Business; Environmental economics; Computer science; Economics; Engineering; Medicine; Macroeconomics; Physics; Electrical engineering; Mechanical engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01525598896103028,"gpt":0.2379770772748107,"spread":0.2227210883137805,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001605879,0.0001078865,0.0001662539,0.00004919279,0.0003426932,0.00003834695,0.0004377444,0.00009774007,0.00002479273],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001223799,0.00006197856,0.0002650474,0.0005401067,0.0001009058,0.00004740032,0.0001350749,0.00008207838,0.000003169928],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000391327,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009134123,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001733317,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005127682,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999019,0.0001033663,0.0003142099,0.0001759017,0.000185416,0.0002021622],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987226,0.0001444296,0.0001584595,0.0007850857,0.0001730504,0.00001633865],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002270139,0.00004333728,0.0003104097,0.00007082684,0.0002254267,0.000002656676,0.00007245458,0.08323891,0.005473782,0.8899027,0.01329916,0.007358095],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001857437,0.000007724191,0.0000937679,0.0001041166,0.00006239456,0.00003074361,0.005448943,0.005434828,0.03053206,0.003985866,0.9540148,0.00009904074],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1031632,0.3539091,0.1977172,0.08624349,0.1094506,0.003468252,0.0007352818,0.004625725,0.1406871],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9826858,0.0002151897,0.0001191937,0.00004392998,0.0004280128,0.0003112226,0.00001323977,0.00002515688,0.01615826],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9407156,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2861367,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4363675324","doi":"10.3390/inventions8020061","title":"Overcoming Chip Shortages: Low-Cost Open-Source Parametric 3-D Printable Solderless SOIC to DIP Breakout Adapters","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Electronic component; Computer science; Component (thermodynamics); Electronics; Embedded system; Computer hardware; Electrical engineering; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04644049158599442,"gpt":0.2781345904292882,"spread":0.2316940988432938,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002605406,0.000216378,0.0002348659,0.0005748707,0.0002658498,0.0002398069,0.0007142613,0.0001217319,0.00009424199],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001780158,0.000234382,0.0001077592,0.001125979,0.00005260048,0.0001844642,0.0006379937,0.0003535595,0.0008371611],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001007243,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001593899,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001394859,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008912179,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986851,0.00002454603,0.0002712979,0.000330606,0.0001693944,0.0005190562],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991453,0.0001533046,0.00003830094,0.0005221835,0.00002594947,0.0001150136],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002129206,0.0002531718,0.01364886,0.0005124901,0.0005400029,0.00009823351,0.001422069,0.4048594,0.00250139,0.01131959,0.08105022,0.4837733],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002738954,0.0001965122,0.2315603,0.002668439,0.000267886,0.00008489986,0.00572608,0.1336287,0.1909578,0.01566361,0.4120865,0.004420269],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9425455,0.00003467714,0.04614715,0.0002820992,0.0004646886,0.0006235186,0.00004950922,0.004104464,0.005748446],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9950373,0.00003071762,0.001446763,0.00004534796,0.0000525616,0.0002513054,0.00004144826,0.00006772214,0.003026801],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.479353,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999408,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4398233401","doi":"10.3390/inventions9030062","title":"Recent Advances and Challenges in Emerging Power Systems","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","field":"Energy","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Data science; Risk analysis (engineering); Medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05342690086914496,"gpt":0.2818920171045496,"spread":0.2284651162354047,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002589082,0.000111127,0.0001509979,0.0002367049,0.00005436504,0.00007645461,0.00007720456,0.00005254292,0.0001009381],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003185535,0.0001033397,0.00004148029,0.0002771408,0.00003121398,0.0002151007,0.00003592404,0.00009351312,0.00007907334],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007303287,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002745889,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005447735,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003557239,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989951,0.0001031064,0.0002708435,0.0002818818,0.0001373608,0.0002117622],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996471,0.00005384698,0.00002814444,0.0001844787,0.00002391877,0.00006249696],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006277012,0.0001089844,0.0006433004,0.001220701,0.0001553632,0.0002560767,0.001721063,0.07457913,0.0004806301,0.6832119,0.001690347,0.2359262],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000979625,0.00001494803,0.0001396537,0.0005113499,0.000007482328,0.00003872524,0.001204694,0.003778314,0.00004638022,0.001423027,0.992616,0.0001214528],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01804146,0.8615721,0.0001202935,0.001920279,0.00316425,0.0001219016,0.000005838271,0.0002642083,0.1147896],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8522525,0.1444454,0.00003651603,0.0000111728,0.0001142938,0.0001045975,0.000007599893,0.00003006478,0.00299776],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9909257,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4214072,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4413223023","doi":"10.3390/inventions10040070","title":"Optimization of the Photovoltaic Panel Design Towards Durable Solar Roads","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Structural Engineering and Vibration Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"AXYS Technologies (Canada); McMaster University; University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Structural engineering; Honeycomb; Deformation (meteorology); Stiffness; Dissipation; Sandwich-structured composite; Rectangle; Stress (linguistics); Durability; Buckling; Geometry; Composite material; Core (optical fiber); Mathematics; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02262563380556449,"gpt":0.2214334784064737,"spread":0.1988078446009092,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000558525,0.00006245721,0.00008153026,0.00009186454,0.00006593703,0.0000155602,0.0001008257,0.00003956418,0.0001286764],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003137295,0.00005032803,0.0000927755,0.0005428517,0.00002248813,0.00005767024,0.00001304001,0.00006440725,0.000003271309],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003181205,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002154169,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004262514,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007064265,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999624,0.00001836941,0.0001538897,0.00005883053,0.00006831988,0.0000766162],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997476,0.00001385346,0.00001828343,0.0001667529,0.00003765635,0.00001589717],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[4.88706e-7,0.000003699932,0.0000574896,0.00002090043,0.00005065749,5.927575e-8,0.00002795825,0.9910803,0.006551172,0.0004869808,0.001098445,0.0006218877],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008708603,0.000002569155,0.001424278,0.0000295691,0.00004812563,5.066719e-7,0.00003497769,0.9499459,0.04751395,0.0004374084,0.0004268179,0.00004883212],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.004383131,0.0001219142,0.9926288,0.00007881996,0.000301195,0.00008432337,0.000004631412,0.0001290718,0.002268072],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9921165,0.00003258826,0.006669553,0.00002306618,0.000009385728,0.00001599641,0.00000675785,0.000007681887,0.001118531],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9877333,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2052318,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4413773674","doi":"10.3390/inventions10050077","title":"Open-Access Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Implementation in ANSYS for Dislocation-Induced Nanoindentation in Magnesium","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Metal and Thin Film Mechanics","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Nanoindentation; Crystal plasticity; Finite element method; Dislocation; Magnesium; Materials science; Plasticity; Structural engineering; Magnesium alloy; Metallurgy; Composite material; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05164646927829139,"gpt":0.3683792683934095,"spread":0.3167327991151181,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002160773,0.00009399436,0.0001163814,0.0002854469,0.00006308928,0.0001557704,0.0002688607,0.00004281054,0.0001322269],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003985018,0.0001093709,0.0000353907,0.0005234297,0.000004992398,0.0005310639,0.0001009897,0.00007381345,0.00000644769],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001409792,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005218426,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003337941,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008741415,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991736,0.00002988488,0.0003836316,0.0001588393,0.00008452826,0.0001694466],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999763,0.00004128542,0.00003911212,0.0000953226,0.00003647733,0.00002481893],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001979689,0.001519403,0.06278422,0.002910889,0.000220426,0.0000127662,0.002770896,0.08582473,0.2332624,0.5613132,0.008134948,0.04104817],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008816524,0.0001906725,0.1644067,0.00035387,0.0001262429,0.00000129552,0.002388815,0.5480884,0.1251865,0.1456561,0.003994019,0.0007908526],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7620966,0.00003352273,0.2322565,0.000248927,0.001569034,0.001779632,0.0001219791,0.00007719544,0.001816541],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977967,0.000005878635,0.0007776752,0.00005355673,0.0000169894,0.0007934702,0.000265337,0.00001069542,0.0002796535],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4622637,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4877915,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4401953395","doi":"10.3390/inventions9050094","title":"CREC Optical-Fibre Sensors for Hydrodynamic Studies in Gas−Solid Fluidized Beds","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Cyclone Separators and Fluid Dynamics","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Petroleum engineering; Materials science; Fluidized bed; Environmental science; Process engineering; Waste management; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03396543552395109,"gpt":0.3295118971821825,"spread":0.2955464616582314,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001386344,0.0001560304,0.0002264554,0.0002179023,0.00006074004,0.00005079867,0.00007899562,0.00008017317,0.0000207928],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004840942,0.0001585659,0.0001723976,0.0003616347,0.00006121049,0.0001111249,0.00002795567,0.0001455716,0.0000734499],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000143941,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001743811,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007900358,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001142222,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991221,0.00001207855,0.0003066155,0.0001952696,0.00008576716,0.0002781092],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99961,0.0001196928,0.000008309924,0.0001717961,0.00003104813,0.00005913313],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008171693,0.0005131752,0.0009016523,0.005515355,0.002726225,0.0004430325,0.00749298,0.4533171,0.1773015,0.2531392,0.07827321,0.02029484],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003204873,0.00003832163,0.0001111591,0.000247012,0.00006610712,0.0000150828,0.0002316684,0.9841644,0.0009263544,0.007570832,0.006070671,0.0002379131],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.984702,0.005188827,0.005909482,0.0002015072,0.001452108,0.0003518545,0.0000901986,0.0005453958,0.001558653],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957819,0.0008140818,0.002239921,0.00001635682,0.0001372246,0.000160595,0.0000483257,0.00005795138,0.0007436195],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5308473,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6466132,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4414476427","doi":"10.3390/inventions10050083","title":"Paving Integrated Photovoltaic Technology: Numerical Investigation of Fatigue Performance and Design Strategy","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Inventions","topic":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","field":"Energy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"AXYS Technologies (Canada); McMaster University; University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Stress (linguistics); Mesoscopic physics; Photovoltaic system; Fracture (geology); Degradation (telecommunications); Deformation (meteorology); Boundary value problem; Nonlinear system; Size effect on structural strength; Finite element method","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03736583354389603,"gpt":0.2767714753004584,"spread":0.2394056417565623,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002298455,0.0001312402,0.000208844,0.0005388706,0.0001255904,0.00002580511,0.000150077,0.0001685226,0.00004845285],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001466308,0.000131127,0.00003800335,0.001385432,0.0001955807,0.0001753892,0.00005130407,0.0001462073,0.000004170781],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006880362,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000135249,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005606646,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004071175,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989941,0.0001065374,0.0004285792,0.0002144312,0.0001068559,0.0001495328],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992846,0.00006514233,0.0001571701,0.0002496243,0.0002038262,0.0000396365],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006028812,0.0002114694,0.1546649,0.0004766543,0.000304754,0.000004778335,0.0005116218,0.02608186,0.6578826,0.1269109,0.005882912,0.02700727],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004443252,0.000141683,0.006460987,0.0006872902,0.00005880296,0.000009541882,0.0003910094,0.1483566,0.8167341,0.02537169,0.001116943,0.0002269907],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4683619,0.0002786549,0.5230972,0.0001666313,0.0001291745,0.0007247921,0.000009976601,0.0008298261,0.006401829],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9763012,0.00005852362,0.0228635,0.00004483678,0.00000533129,0.0001884433,0.00002501959,0.00001325855,0.0004998777],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5079393,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5347203,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}