{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":7,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":7,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"de6b6f7f5fde","filters":{"venue":"Journal of Educational Issues"}},"results":[{"id":"W2431505241","doi":"10.5296/jei.v2i2.9458","title":"On the Possibility of Mandarin Chinese as a Lingua Franca","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Educational Issues","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Toronto","keywords":"Mandarin Chinese; Lingua franca; China; Linguistics; Mainstream; Political science; Philosophy; Law","authors":[{"name":"Christopher Plumb","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04031046970509623,"gpt":0.5042827247334882,"spread":0.463972255028392,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001060399,0.00006146506,0.0001235017,0.00008225512,0.0001718652,0.00002793736,0.0002701247,0.00004014457,0.006260613],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008107953,0.0000294116,0.000097749,0.0001608151,0.0002279367,0.000108907,0.000009377563,0.00009343233,0.00007574609],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000670621,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001375018,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001527103,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002201649,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989353,0.0001736644,0.0003172561,0.00006764432,0.0004013468,0.000104719],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972639,0.001640881,0.0003349505,0.0001293588,0.0005318611,0.00009906896],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001881531,0.001138457,0.1002558,0.0000182644,0.0000808621,7.066166e-7,0.1715968,0.00000375138,0.0009956439,0.6795431,0.02975534,0.01642309],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004498326,0.0002014347,0.3521845,0.0002406811,0.00001854699,0.000007441338,0.008191414,0.00000122981,0.001466169,0.3623154,0.2747698,0.0001535131],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.866017,0.0003312001,0.000002119659,0.1042945,0.0008091281,0.00006165884,0.00000362672,0.000002101229,0.02847867],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9816968,0.0001133033,0.0001636155,0.0006025598,0.001793986,0.000001812989,2.883006e-7,0.000003908786,0.01562372],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3172277,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9946478,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2805972573","doi":"10.5296/jei.v4i1.12849","title":"English as a “Killer Language”? Multilingual Education in an Indigenous Primary Classroom in Northwestern Mexico","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Educational Issues","topic":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Nexus (standard); Indigenous; Variety (cybernetics); Context (archaeology); Participant observation; Language planning; Language policy; Indigenous language; Bilingual education; Pedagogy; Ethnography; Agency (philosophy); Foreign language; Sociology; Political science; Geography; Social science; Engineering; Anthropology; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"María Rebeca Gutiérrez Estrada","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sandra R. Schecter","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01404470828579567,"gpt":0.3241644464194005,"spread":0.3101197381336048,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004176206,0.0001178735,0.000196948,0.0004578363,0.0001121339,0.0001622231,0.0001948401,0.00005126225,0.002373232],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000255838,0.0001045495,0.00005105993,0.00005947602,0.00008335119,0.0005640878,0.00001536375,0.0003735551,0.00004975822],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001367228,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008598455,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005287494,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02338043,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988994,0.0001321533,0.0004316624,0.0001396706,0.0002191914,0.0001779142],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999016,0.0001525714,0.0002619553,0.000123052,0.0003702106,0.00007614406],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005076641,0.00104661,0.1170316,0.00001628613,0.00001712469,0.000009362227,0.8435708,0.00001224113,0.00005956657,0.00115671,0.0004386014,0.03659032],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001402827,0.0008111885,0.2301845,0.0004964564,0.00003148295,0.00008115154,0.6245935,0.00002174915,0.00021899,0.001326305,0.1403736,0.000458224],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9823932,0.002234792,3.876237e-7,0.00035585,0.001901547,0.00008069567,0.000002205004,0.000009340777,0.01302195],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9839718,0.000013473,0.0003500863,0.0007316629,0.006577084,0.000004542893,0.00003970981,0.00001873724,0.008292937],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2189773,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985387,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2886129033","doi":"10.5296/jei.v4i2.13049","title":"An Empirical Investigation of the Impacts of Web-Based Distance Education: Evidence for Justice Studies","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Educational Issues","topic":"Online and Blended Learning","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"","keywords":"Distance education; Economic Justice; Psychology; Perception; Criminal justice; Medical education; Mathematics education; Political science; Medicine; Criminology","authors":[{"name":"Gbolahan Solomon Osho","is_ca":false},{"name":"Fay Williams","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1287669717705966,"gpt":0.52174556783281,"spread":0.3929785960622134,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001109052,0.00005545535,0.0001477155,0.00007085533,0.0002429417,0.00002021698,0.0002650431,0.00003501969,0.00006082854],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006073049,0.00003816384,0.00007246801,0.000305043,0.0005264475,0.0004172286,0.000007983183,0.0000785122,9.630553e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008773432,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.006373477,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005081393,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002982841,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998842,0.0002298364,0.0003674529,0.0000730832,0.0003950567,0.00009256875],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9954546,0.0012548,0.0007060776,0.0001060901,0.002404526,0.00007387411],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002437957,0.0007832816,0.8276496,0.0005019484,0.0001177135,9.420294e-8,0.05927858,0.0001449755,0.007725707,0.02759452,0.07150711,0.004452686],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007316926,0.001583733,0.6223921,0.003881947,0.0006429675,0.000005209433,0.1114517,0.0002362006,0.02065126,0.05436754,0.1837328,0.0003227625],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9263037,0.003877484,0.00005582739,0.06841008,0.001084516,0.0001100364,0.00000325351,0.00000208043,0.000153003],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.983901,0.0001608161,0.01256416,0.0002582671,0.002774815,0.000003747528,0.000001138568,0.000004041355,0.0003320156],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2052574,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992595,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2752492820","doi":"10.5296/jei.v3i2.11551","title":"A Literature-Based Approach on International Perspectives of Bilingual Education","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Educational Issues","topic":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Bilingual education; Foreign language; Neuroscience of multilingualism; Pedagogy; Mathematics education; Political science; Sociology; Psychology","authors":[{"name":"Burhan Özfidan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lynn M. Burlbaw","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0282415440725289,"gpt":0.3357439248812958,"spread":0.307502380808767,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002668421,0.00008062644,0.0001347112,0.00023884,0.0002494471,0.0003377768,0.0003168588,0.00002625698,0.001390484],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008621851,0.00006200498,0.0001108725,0.00001230515,0.0001273818,0.0003074835,0.00001071801,0.0002239196,0.000006913368],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004258866,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003906123,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001451907,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001633101,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99932,0.00004421237,0.0002379626,0.00009254295,0.0002404669,0.00006485497],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984476,0.000132594,0.0006096039,0.0001633228,0.0006093726,0.0000375253],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001517353,0.002260259,0.004645406,0.00006054584,0.0001828813,0.000001866828,0.2987777,0.0001842454,0.0001392949,0.6723504,0.008226678,0.01301903],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002064016,0.001085952,0.03812817,0.002445421,0.0001629011,0.0001058253,0.4654348,0.0004578012,0.001451272,0.01555418,0.4724013,0.0007083919],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8584997,0.002980432,0.00001068368,0.00899701,0.002161917,0.00004768915,0.00001042,0.000004532687,0.1272876],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9806491,0.00001761724,0.001416761,0.0001395734,0.00452382,0.000001877202,0.00001894425,0.000008664379,0.01322364],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6567962,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995224,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2179337464","doi":"10.5296/jei.v1i2.8381","title":"A Smart Way of Coping with Common Core Challenges - Introduction to CAFA SmartWorkbook","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Educational Issues","topic":"Student Assessment and Feedback","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Formative assessment; Coping (psychology); Information and Communications Technology; Mathematics education; Pedagogy; Computer science; Psychology","authors":[{"name":"Jaehwa Choi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mi-Seon Kang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Najung Kim","is_ca":false},{"name":"William Dardick","is_ca":false},{"name":"Xinxin Zhang","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08941035088302628,"gpt":0.4076068602910477,"spread":0.3181965094080214,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000805243,0.0000704238,0.000198457,0.0001234297,0.00009864493,0.00003437151,0.0001945363,0.00003521652,0.0002285607],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001999957,0.00005662598,0.00003906979,0.0001768603,0.0001002126,0.0002552503,0.00001871493,0.00009348703,0.00001661019],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001344406,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004258989,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003123293,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008523518,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988295,0.0000770259,0.0002685967,0.00008661294,0.0006112355,0.0001270533],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986047,0.0001435177,0.0002944429,0.00008216043,0.0007209094,0.0001542921],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003801294,0.000750855,0.2735103,0.00003672163,0.0002246066,0.00000292156,0.1646177,0.0001855322,0.0001981178,0.09490864,0.4620495,0.00313496],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005638426,0.0007874502,0.1166736,0.0001841499,0.00006923823,0.0000151684,0.05680041,0.000002072843,0.000162981,0.007010302,0.8175359,0.0001949292],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7588087,0.004211587,0.00001936132,0.2163008,0.001890872,0.0001865828,0.000001160616,0.000006857653,0.01857398],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9851935,0.0005005478,0.002999956,0.0001542093,0.006521798,0.000005133887,0.000003007615,0.000008623183,0.004613236],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3554864,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2502579,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4406133487","doi":"10.5296/jei.v11i1.22376","title":"Understanding Teachers’ Views, Experiences and Their Strategies for addressing Aggression among Preschool Children in Botswana: The Case of the South East District","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Educational Issues","topic":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Education and Early Childhood Development","funders":"","keywords":"Aggression; Psychology; Developmental psychology; South east; Pedagogy; Geography","authors":[{"name":"Debrah Mogotsi","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06851021228821881,"gpt":0.3577931978534981,"spread":0.2892829855652793,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006661341,0.00008209729,0.0001398115,0.00008287512,0.0008342537,0.0001654478,0.0002718577,0.00004587198,0.00003735235],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003873323,0.00004352982,0.00007483327,0.0002569689,0.0003745326,0.000394999,0.00001932842,0.0001378194,5.633163e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001184287,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001031805,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00122718,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002921919,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991136,0.000217534,0.000300052,0.00009376921,0.0001498015,0.0001252075],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990205,0.0003362466,0.0003971325,0.00009192561,0.0001110801,0.00004318012],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000187111,0.0001262708,0.2927483,0.00002061715,0.00005212572,4.054484e-7,0.6776939,0.0000311512,0.00001244125,0.02217364,0.005663235,0.001459145],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001503704,0.00001250556,0.1924882,0.0005328057,0.00002175329,0.000009605565,0.7863199,0.00001099195,0.00003670499,0.01925108,0.001112135,0.00005406126],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9719394,0.0130145,0.0000854246,0.01322088,0.0004558984,0.0002255847,0.000008512339,0.000001833866,0.001048001],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998857,0.000381447,0.00006230758,0.00005094864,0.0003445905,0.00001205718,0.000001456854,0.0000034172,0.0002867999],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1086259,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6416489,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2548734396","doi":"10.5296/jei.v2i2.10040","title":"A Model-Based Method for Content Validation of Automatically Generated Test Items","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Educational Issues","topic":"Topic Modeling","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Test (biology); Computer science; Content (measure theory); Item bank; Item response theory; Information retrieval; Graph; Natural language processing; Artificial intelligence; Data mining; Statistics; Mathematics; Theoretical computer science; Psychometrics","authors":[{"name":"Xinxin Zhang","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mark J. Gierl","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1028713208901992,"gpt":0.3784143698961985,"spread":0.2755430490059992,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006671478,0.00006900712,0.0001721491,0.0001270039,0.00003123349,0.00003722453,0.0003548032,0.0000335449,0.00002546999],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001098602,0.00004492217,0.00008481684,0.00009245256,0.00001730808,0.0003171957,0.00001723075,0.00003507237,0.00000225255],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005926851,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000544277,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006439076,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.184324e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989474,0.00004874999,0.000525123,0.0001089381,0.0002736522,0.00009610408],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9970945,0.001125624,0.0004269882,0.0001683823,0.001118219,0.00006631412],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005837587,0.001262637,0.005388397,0.0001296576,0.0001435823,0.000001042469,0.001679373,0.07699293,0.6151761,0.255651,0.007675134,0.03584174],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004867128,0.0001358006,0.0006685535,0.0001279664,0.00001575063,0.000009432768,0.00001455882,0.8826737,0.0844122,0.03102555,0.0003532015,0.00007651441],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.04623873,0.0001330415,0.9264815,0.02673742,0.0002693044,0.0000906866,0.000004645475,0.000006621184,0.00003809362],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4000502,0.000003150529,0.5993172,0.0001020402,0.0001651557,0.000005967077,8.379855e-7,0.000003506555,0.0003520244],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8056808,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1831873,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}