{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":7,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":7,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"de6b6f7f5fde","filters":{"venue":"Journal of Educational Issues"}},"results":[{"id":"W2431505241","doi":"10.5296/jei.v2i2.9458","title":"On the Possibility of Mandarin Chinese as a Lingua Franca","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Educational Issues","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Toronto","keywords":"Mandarin Chinese; Lingua franca; China; Linguistics; Mainstream; Political science; Philosophy; Law","authors":[{"name":"Christopher Plumb","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04031046970509623,"gpt":0.5042827247334882,"spread":0.463972255028392,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004072607,0.0002659723,0.0002116293,0.0008190568,0.004405123,0.003418142,0.0007231044,0.0009525597,0.005026036],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004206426,0.0001290304,0.0002080683,0.001212198,0.006531531,0.002961605,0.001686322,0.001163313,0.0003793447],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002299281,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003310935,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.05081343,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.064927,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977354,0.001024969,0.00007053174,0.0004069566,0.0003399957,0.0004220873],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9967889,0.001613917,0.000487325,0.0003248549,0.0004937145,0.000291362],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00040473,0.00009315503,0.1562883,0.0003264856,0.00005895532,0.004943959,0.2509306,0.000294927,0.003849673,0.4607188,0.006104739,0.1159856],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005864926,0.000358149,0.3912596,0.001148123,0.0002048035,0.002592592,0.3470769,0.002335012,0.005420847,0.06889081,0.1804439,0.0002106184],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8119614,0.001764088,0.0009153701,0.01189302,0.00008498218,0.00002742336,0.00007481635,0.00001312847,0.1732659],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.995637,0.0004307524,0.0002721879,0.0006873173,0.00002342685,0.00001005797,0.00001688111,0.000004325299,0.002918072],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05081343,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1010354,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2805972573","doi":"10.5296/jei.v4i1.12849","title":"English as a “Killer Language”? Multilingual Education in an Indigenous Primary Classroom in Northwestern Mexico","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Educational Issues","topic":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Nexus (standard); Indigenous; Variety (cybernetics); Context (archaeology); Participant observation; Language planning; Language policy; Indigenous language; Bilingual education; Pedagogy; Ethnography; Agency (philosophy); Foreign language; Sociology; Political science; Geography; Social science; Engineering; Anthropology; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"María Rebeca Gutiérrez Estrada","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sandra R. Schecter","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01404470828579567,"gpt":0.3241644464194005,"spread":0.3101197381336048,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007739283,0.0001563291,0.0002177972,0.000351099,0.007885084,0.001741498,0.0006836656,0.00049997,0.001582811],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009596453,0.000160659,0.00009158216,0.0002323671,0.002472954,0.0008562906,0.00249132,0.0008826378,0.00008739943],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003004469,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003036306,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1042659,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.3116905,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995428,0.0001878145,0.00001050686,0.00005746528,0.00003689434,0.0001645334],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995458,0.000150365,0.00008242615,0.00001745823,0.00004373384,0.0001601885],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004033049,0.0001744261,0.05432116,0.00006073546,0.00000567062,0.002951334,0.9310805,0.0000351962,0.001734331,0.001139743,0.0004393379,0.008017273],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002764686,0.00005840042,0.03191802,0.00004904647,0.000008617775,0.000299722,0.9623783,0.00003865473,0.000183178,0.0001029713,0.004956091,0.000004176494],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9982054,0.00009365446,0.00002714745,0.0003377669,0.000003305805,0.000005184479,0.00000376482,0.000001259151,0.001322365],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981878,0.0001938035,0.00009737116,0.000114497,0.000004480013,0.00001049843,0.000005785974,0.000001581921,0.00138408],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1042659,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2073181,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2886129033","doi":"10.5296/jei.v4i2.13049","title":"An Empirical Investigation of the Impacts of Web-Based Distance Education: Evidence for Justice Studies","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Educational Issues","topic":"Online and Blended Learning","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"","keywords":"Distance education; Economic Justice; Psychology; Perception; Criminal justice; Medical education; Mathematics education; Political science; Medicine; Criminology","authors":[{"name":"Gbolahan Solomon Osho","is_ca":false},{"name":"Fay Williams","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1287669717705966,"gpt":0.52174556783281,"spread":0.3929785960622134,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01533896,0.0002674104,0.0005041012,0.004194354,0.002045874,0.004408022,0.001634557,0.001059428,0.011187],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1151362,0.0003686571,0.0006985163,0.005595285,0.00312828,0.004253141,0.003244135,0.002358071,0.000580371],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001945738,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003968193,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007447188,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01383951,"domain_scores_codex":[0.985464,0.007171574,0.00128742,0.0008445675,0.004308837,0.000923531],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.6834929,0.2453802,0.04110209,0.005582662,0.01853475,0.005907352],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004764776,0.003128083,0.81051,0.005383509,0.0007661632,0.0006073971,0.04058314,0.0001239122,0.0003448442,0.008407386,0.003106123,0.1265629],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006783898,0.0006088443,0.8629652,0.006822441,0.0003777254,0.0003447018,0.1125005,0.0002964837,0.0002735147,0.001256255,0.01445573,0.00003060181],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9644461,0.01029841,0.0003036711,0.004023571,0.00009660052,0.000139013,0.0002626586,0.000004764526,0.02042515],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9929998,0.005262688,0.0002532791,0.0006427434,0.00005147518,0.00004962155,0.00009312252,0.000006078661,0.0006411942],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01533896,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.08112115,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2752492820","doi":"10.5296/jei.v3i2.11551","title":"A Literature-Based Approach on International Perspectives of Bilingual Education","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Educational Issues","topic":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Bilingual education; Foreign language; Neuroscience of multilingualism; Pedagogy; Mathematics education; Political science; Sociology; Psychology","authors":[{"name":"Burhan Özfidan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lynn M. Burlbaw","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0282415440725289,"gpt":0.3357439248812958,"spread":0.307502380808767,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004304729,0.0007055031,0.000574298,0.01311264,0.007115807,0.009316647,0.001157935,0.002111514,0.003676416],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004379857,0.000201733,0.0003755089,0.01434397,0.01118946,0.006885457,0.003796699,0.002836087,0.0003248884],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01773789,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01849275,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.06123794,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1057739,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972107,0.001764083,0.0001449973,0.0001868431,0.0003197379,0.0003736122],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9957134,0.002732965,0.0002662058,0.0001290446,0.0008378554,0.00032047],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002941008,0.00006160787,0.001979718,0.001234901,0.00001429111,0.001079906,0.1462642,0.0002960121,0.0003494982,0.7718507,0.01381396,0.06302578],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001069975,0.00003123047,0.002651155,0.006325428,0.00002212874,0.0008327867,0.3461896,0.0002039586,0.0002314309,0.0472898,0.5961905,0.00002135572],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.03446996,0.1884916,0.008787923,0.04841235,0.00324436,0.0001475435,0.00023972,0.0000522787,0.7161542],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7298297,0.1963339,0.01222324,0.01306778,0.001441437,0.000459374,0.0003393432,0.00007968301,0.04622567],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.06123794,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1286981,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2179337464","doi":"10.5296/jei.v1i2.8381","title":"A Smart Way of Coping with Common Core Challenges - Introduction to CAFA SmartWorkbook","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Educational Issues","topic":"Student Assessment and Feedback","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Formative assessment; Coping (psychology); Information and Communications Technology; Mathematics education; Pedagogy; Computer science; Psychology","authors":[{"name":"Jaehwa Choi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mi-Seon Kang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Najung Kim","is_ca":false},{"name":"William Dardick","is_ca":false},{"name":"Xinxin Zhang","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08941035088302628,"gpt":0.4076068602910477,"spread":0.3181965094080214,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00288342,0.001008625,0.0005635993,0.001678442,0.001708999,0.003671747,0.001465539,0.002701744,0.02127088],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008551301,0.0003581606,0.0004393857,0.0009212672,0.001593574,0.004562502,0.002704397,0.003277481,0.008822614],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008121554,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001592107,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001334802,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002727913,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983677,0.0006916542,0.0001237482,0.0001744007,0.0005203502,0.0001221209],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9948806,0.00253068,0.0002457044,0.0006064389,0.0009932725,0.0007432857],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007177112,0.0003508725,0.002206753,0.0003394937,0.00001005468,0.0006372614,0.00712183,0.0006759376,0.005519476,0.01866402,0.4030882,0.5613142],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001779004,0.000203119,0.002746298,0.0003751167,0.000005745114,0.00143189,0.00267847,0.001135454,0.001950903,0.007124715,0.9822596,0.00007095477],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.06668609,0.009036968,0.4925143,0.1043083,0.01475111,0.002745499,0.002689544,0.03530711,0.2719611],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1262946,0.006924451,0.6310957,0.01498059,0.002685305,0.002894668,0.001899498,0.002999889,0.2102253],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02127088,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07115817,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4406133487","doi":"10.5296/jei.v11i1.22376","title":"Understanding Teachers’ Views, Experiences and Their Strategies for addressing Aggression among Preschool Children in Botswana: The Case of the South East District","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Educational Issues","topic":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Education and Early Childhood Development","funders":"","keywords":"Aggression; Psychology; Developmental psychology; South east; Pedagogy; Geography","authors":[{"name":"Debrah Mogotsi","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06851021228821881,"gpt":0.3577931978534981,"spread":0.2892829855652793,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001209724,0.0003646358,0.0003892293,0.001088347,0.008872118,0.002984114,0.001255363,0.001371936,0.001641183],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001787253,0.000689838,0.000275485,0.001255865,0.004003874,0.001691914,0.002927787,0.001798988,0.0001573437],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00824558,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00762982,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1552931,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.3184495,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988851,0.0004194824,0.00004507431,0.00007697364,0.00007563349,0.0004976904],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991615,0.000322274,0.0001621728,0.00003187791,0.00008121791,0.0002408595],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002205185,0.00004720784,0.04450505,0.0001495669,0.000006469049,0.01023155,0.9361374,0.00003550622,0.001695282,0.001583807,0.0002573059,0.005328641],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000214924,0.00002204307,0.02154661,0.0001233468,0.000006493772,0.0009368188,0.9740145,0.00002345535,0.0001150713,0.0001153728,0.003087315,0.000006916099],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9973973,0.0004101701,0.00005255528,0.0007608028,0.000006385834,0.00001259032,0.000007659451,0.00000182899,0.001350743],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981828,0.0005251945,0.0001357527,0.0001764817,0.000001376931,0.00001681153,0.000007628814,0.000002348925,0.0009515896],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1552931,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3087785,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2548734396","doi":"10.5296/jei.v2i2.10040","title":"A Model-Based Method for Content Validation of Automatically Generated Test Items","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Educational Issues","topic":"Topic Modeling","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Test (biology); Computer science; Content (measure theory); Item bank; Item response theory; Information retrieval; Graph; Natural language processing; Artificial intelligence; Data mining; Statistics; Mathematics; Theoretical computer science; Psychometrics","authors":[{"name":"Xinxin Zhang","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mark J. Gierl","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1028713208901992,"gpt":0.3784143698961985,"spread":0.2755430490059992,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0139359,0.001862974,0.0009942306,0.004383897,0.001051443,0.002033422,0.00260144,0.001679449,0.004871882],"category_scores_gemma":[0.08450373,0.0009944201,0.001685475,0.002204446,0.001078942,0.001934297,0.001924576,0.003091699,0.002256554],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001904613,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003051304,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007214903,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00812469,"domain_scores_codex":[0.985132,0.008282899,0.0008877808,0.00183507,0.003650847,0.0002113332],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9471823,0.0350853,0.001868058,0.00676263,0.008880486,0.0002212763],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004355061,0.0007287497,0.005568341,0.000697051,0.0005193845,0.0002926074,0.001497416,0.1085785,0.01811952,0.02776602,0.009047844,0.826749],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001959105,0.0002498544,0.002561542,0.0001670352,0.0001140853,0.0002325878,0.0001855114,0.9507983,0.01541699,0.02099822,0.008980702,0.0000993223],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.002237638,0.00001537555,0.9945822,0.0000318656,0.0000182234,0.0003128062,0.0001476976,0.002331745,0.0003223903],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.04270328,0.00002462816,0.9540484,0.00005139788,0.000008971137,0.001368463,0.0008366762,0.0004842797,0.0004738737],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0139359,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07370102,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}