{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":39,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":39,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"3f8eabba8428","filters":{"venue":"Journal of English Linguistics"}},"results":[{"id":"W2161950325","doi":"10.1177/0075424208316648","title":"Regional Phonetic Differentiation in Standard Canadian English","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":156,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Atlas (anatomy); Geography; Taxonomy (biology); American English; Regional variation; British English; Linguistics; History; Genealogy; Political science","authors":[{"name":"Charles Boberg","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02682260153193031,"gpt":0.2796755685648237,"spread":0.2528529670328933,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008774918,0.00009167112,0.0002367882,0.00034439,0.0002508159,0.00003590685,0.0002139634,0.0001543877,0.0002030937],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1444781,0.00009450807,0.00007447461,0.0002579948,0.0001493807,0.0000384091,0.00001122401,0.0003457562,0.000003746076],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004607589,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00197987,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01319931,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.07405186,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984162,0.0001767425,0.0005156792,0.0001052691,0.0004760792,0.0003100686],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9901667,0.0002566543,0.0003088986,0.00009388746,0.00884433,0.0003295228],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002259846,0.000310423,0.2050236,0.000027247,0.0001040477,0.001024643,0.3880973,0.0006047281,0.000008001403,0.244796,0.1592329,0.0005451131],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008028382,0.00007491326,0.01589641,0.00003282595,0.0000213526,0.000002695243,0.002614367,0.0000212274,0.000009447042,0.001964229,0.9784353,0.0001243351],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4676273,0.0006460616,0.0008678008,0.0006500623,0.09499752,0.0004388286,0.0000677838,0.00009498267,0.4346097],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9808063,0.0003054977,0.001348454,0.0002738459,0.01698946,9.012434e-7,0.000006115176,0.00001091699,0.0002585139],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8192024,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9933719,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2111399096","doi":"10.1177/00754240122005512","title":"Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistics, Language Diversity, and Identity","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":116,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Grammaticalization; Linguistics; Language change; History; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Laurel J. Brinton","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0723763229130231,"gpt":0.2514987282562124,"spread":0.1791224053431894,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004916792,0.0001162297,0.0003222193,0.0002664735,0.00006603165,0.00008829529,0.0002200482,0.000066129,0.0002345231],"category_scores_gemma":[0.2897554,0.0001084014,0.0001136073,0.00008627719,0.0001252775,0.000105207,0.000047781,0.0002294332,0.00000330758],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000535193,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004954757,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001481107,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004024595,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986898,0.00005014283,0.0006495816,0.00008838385,0.0003375876,0.0001844842],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9638253,0.000130028,0.0004684305,0.0001299705,0.0353649,0.00008135337],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001356526,0.0008706364,0.06610838,0.0003643319,0.0001059493,0.0002517893,0.7046214,0.00007856168,0.000001363793,0.1921204,0.03473488,0.0006065809],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001830773,0.0003839986,0.001739204,0.0004539065,0.0002416552,4.921703e-7,0.09036695,0.0003055645,0.0001091768,0.01401935,0.8901459,0.0004030246],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6222735,0.001253601,0.0003129858,0.000007059043,0.2648629,0.0003430835,0.0001341505,0.00009186636,0.1107208],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8657357,0.0001996978,0.0002777927,0.00006253822,0.1335807,3.775534e-7,0.000008665671,0.00001344206,0.0001210943],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.855411,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7162273,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2037048750","doi":"10.1177/0075424205286006","title":"The Markers of Habitual Aspect in English","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":110,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Linguistics; Discourse marker; Past tense; Simple (philosophy); Psychology; History; Epistemology; Philosophy; Verb","authors":[{"name":"Robert I. Binnick","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01640773835252205,"gpt":0.2345316930590215,"spread":0.2181239547064995,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001503934,0.0001551353,0.0003418711,0.0001943271,0.0001505678,0.0001565798,0.0003578778,0.00006980975,0.0001399394],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1609025,0.0001179253,0.0001524472,0.00006673918,0.000223482,0.00006671087,0.00004248025,0.0004398967,0.000004415406],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001226318,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001612441,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008667193,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001361434,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979209,0.00009635349,0.001141798,0.0001096838,0.0004721608,0.0002591618],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9876773,0.001193421,0.0008963333,0.0002246985,0.009932674,0.00007557504],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002493773,0.0002779051,0.002593883,0.00005286888,0.0001635499,0.00002652075,0.130662,0.0006137928,0.000004004855,0.8527328,0.01094213,0.001681158],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00117816,0.0003308905,0.001061832,0.0002206381,0.0001388605,0.000001602954,0.02459871,0.0006203016,0.0001564351,0.02433078,0.9471259,0.0002359484],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2359467,0.001601061,0.0002285602,0.002142617,0.1183953,0.000519447,0.00009246703,0.0001208217,0.640953],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.944584,0.00008345381,0.001311815,0.00005502655,0.05357244,9.249645e-7,0.000002097121,0.00002529469,0.0003649135],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9361837,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8461656,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2019129849","doi":"10.1177/0075424210367484","title":"The Stuff of Change: General Extenders in Toronto, Canada","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":98,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Grammaticalization; Linguistics; Variation (astronomy); Semantic change; British English; Varieties of English; Happening; Sociology; Australian English; Psychology; History; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Sali A. Tagliamonte","is_ca":true},{"name":"Derek Denis","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02968123472497652,"gpt":0.3237942655860482,"spread":0.2941130308610717,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001398722,0.00005796483,0.0001543863,0.00002667646,0.0001374931,0.00002396472,0.0002896551,0.00007814674,0.00008351931],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1187172,0.00004410875,0.00004129842,0.00007825538,0.0001272512,0.00002315091,0.00002031837,0.0002949956,1.513928e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002090219,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001328456,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.5308835,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9728257,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988536,0.0001041295,0.0004172006,0.00005663192,0.0003710044,0.0001974392],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9948128,0.0004024575,0.00038459,0.0001052927,0.004189054,0.0001058024],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005822768,0.0001542706,0.01728181,0.00001105182,0.00005666228,0.00009540064,0.03953028,0.00002484018,0.00004128271,0.9101965,0.02928334,0.003266368],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003440568,0.00003262744,0.005436859,0.000008348624,0.00001563625,6.352788e-7,0.008005187,0.00002743046,0.00002287359,0.001155198,0.9848912,0.00005992437],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.211314,0.001625278,0.00008970617,0.001170375,0.2236554,0.0004152579,0.00003396758,0.00002278255,0.5616732],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.980602,0.0002332702,0.0008925839,0.0001872636,0.01782753,0.000001011835,5.388289e-7,0.000005849248,0.0002499764],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9556079,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8887062,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4200556519","doi":"10.1177/00754242211046316","title":"Accent Bias and Perceptions of Professional Competence in England","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":90,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Economic and Social Research Council","keywords":"Stress (linguistics); Perception; Ethnic group; Psychology; Competence (human resources); Population; Social psychology; Salient; Linguistics; Sociology; Political science; Demography","authors":[{"name":"Erez Levon","is_ca":false},{"name":"Devyani Sharma","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dominic Watt","is_ca":false},{"name":"Amanda Cardoso","is_ca":true},{"name":"Yang Ye","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.035587961861192,"gpt":0.3409567496806485,"spread":0.3053687878194565,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009867387,0.00004946522,0.0001872725,0.00008740829,0.00008359709,0.00002062938,0.00009521309,0.00007774001,0.0001507534],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1455292,0.00004528439,0.00003887772,0.0001592012,0.0001278795,0.00002084354,0.00003578111,0.0002212574,5.660429e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004138584,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006245209,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006256367,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004649057,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989033,0.0002315228,0.0004179002,0.00007139458,0.0002568591,0.0001190292],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9933021,0.0005344407,0.0002766716,0.00005964089,0.005732752,0.00009440415],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006917745,0.0007061114,0.4752518,0.00006593345,0.00004804793,0.0002726811,0.1530881,0.0001064775,0.0002223258,0.3672021,0.001804252,0.001163015],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001766743,0.00008613624,0.1446441,0.000230964,0.00005769543,0.000008892201,0.02337354,0.0000633064,0.0001167807,0.006879147,0.8226166,0.0001561139],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9474089,0.0003049323,0.0002291966,0.0002645936,0.01606053,0.00008218852,0.00001723305,0.000009066249,0.03562333],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.991203,0.0003172345,0.004285657,0.00008272396,0.003898989,3.932254e-7,0.000001962083,0.000003783466,0.0002062752],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8208123,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8616683,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2166851034","doi":"10.1177/0075424204269752","title":"Contextualizing St. John’s Youth English within the Canadian Quotative System","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":87,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Variety (cybernetics); Vernacular; Mainland; Varieties of English; Linguistics; History; Norm (philosophy); Sociology; Geography; Gender studies; Political science; Law; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Alexandra D’Arcy","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0313904970922613,"gpt":0.2908996588880633,"spread":0.259509161795802,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003239291,0.0001475804,0.0003106206,0.0001784806,0.0009858665,0.0002458498,0.0004911275,0.0001891027,0.00002667881],"category_scores_gemma":[0.2494934,0.0001129147,0.0001247003,0.0002828133,0.0003130646,0.00005146707,0.00002511431,0.0006162876,0.000006786042],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001138796,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003860974,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.08992412,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.3069608,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977762,0.0003601195,0.000726579,0.0001413008,0.0006068081,0.0003890104],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9812486,0.0004326108,0.0008108335,0.0001718238,0.0168818,0.0004543912],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001303118,0.00001898231,0.0002774038,0.000007087793,0.00005259876,0.00007357127,0.3311764,0.0004790297,2.869958e-7,0.6664743,0.001412085,0.00001516315],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001144245,0.0001183063,0.000136173,0.0001621385,0.0001887892,0.000003857445,0.4037337,0.00001827618,0.00002575169,0.003651824,0.5905938,0.0002231399],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01877358,0.0004347859,0.001409804,0.0005565652,0.1232091,0.0005776188,0.0002329841,0.0001678607,0.8546377],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9725013,0.0000142294,0.001225829,0.0005141012,0.02558912,0.000001537123,0.00000528135,0.00001913908,0.0001294625],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9537277,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9161361,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2092207525","doi":"10.1177/0075424211414808","title":"The Written Questionnaire as a Sociolinguistic Data Gathering Tool","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":64,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Linguistics; Psychology; Data collection; Relation (database); Equivalence (formal languages); History; Computer science; Sociology; Social science","authors":[{"name":"Stefan Dollinger","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06277196259250001,"gpt":0.3332674110528602,"spread":0.2704954484603602,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003683073,0.0001224392,0.0002186569,0.00006493212,0.0007668157,0.0001256969,0.001161847,0.0001436141,0.000109022],"category_scores_gemma":[0.5009937,0.00009361828,0.0000855859,0.0001455427,0.0003608002,0.00006766174,0.0001456227,0.0004381591,0.00002417856],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001056515,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008970987,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005165101,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000267615,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980683,0.0002773844,0.0006685923,0.0001631946,0.0004809364,0.0003416212],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9875174,0.0007677898,0.0007502162,0.000547806,0.01021017,0.0002066719],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008151626,0.0001257514,0.002873013,0.00001358901,0.0001242814,0.0001776904,0.06306729,0.000007335443,0.000002306588,0.9184453,0.01344412,0.001637745],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003118091,0.00008580507,0.0007677789,0.00006561534,0.0001115326,0.000005054441,0.004529931,0.00006010443,0.000006701573,0.03915992,0.9547526,0.0001431158],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01083581,0.001908223,0.005645416,0.0004926947,0.1123589,0.0004603104,0.0000420517,0.0002316595,0.8680249],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9664168,0.000423623,0.004969758,0.0002835628,0.02725006,0.000001526821,0.000003298831,0.00002212688,0.0006292675],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9555809,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5897804,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2790379877","doi":"10.1177/0075424217753987","title":"Joining the Western Region: Sociophonetic Shift in Victoria","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":63,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Generalizability theory; Geography; TRACE (psycholinguistics); Feature (linguistics); Scale (ratio); Set (abstract data type); History; Linguistics; Cartography; Psychology; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Rebecca Roeder","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sky Onosson","is_ca":true},{"name":"Alexandra D’Arcy","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03213872285659806,"gpt":0.3177803623174676,"spread":0.2856416394608696,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001737611,0.00008299777,0.0001966709,0.00009785619,0.0002720645,0.0000816015,0.0003517634,0.0001276894,0.00009133334],"category_scores_gemma":[0.114472,0.00006318605,0.00006842167,0.0002333212,0.0002996303,0.00002697967,0.00003634993,0.0003685743,0.00001219191],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001094628,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004204813,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000169203,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007071248,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985541,0.0002461667,0.0005031053,0.00009439366,0.0003521338,0.0002500649],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.994464,0.0005722137,0.0004455015,0.0001395915,0.004272148,0.0001065812],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001351722,0.0001919249,0.08952647,0.0000152133,0.00007730935,0.0003181125,0.5996685,0.00004386574,0.000005309198,0.1936858,0.1158916,0.0004407149],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004452955,0.0001040694,0.004464537,0.00004465923,0.00002698524,0.000002069913,0.003205978,0.000009219823,0.000006342722,0.006921149,0.9846869,0.00008280348],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0969761,0.0007722675,0.004472159,0.006881067,0.3019046,0.0005524333,0.00000842589,0.0001316215,0.5883013],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9350241,0.00005982476,0.000571686,0.001116313,0.06287885,7.22455e-7,4.132414e-7,0.000009801795,0.0003382836],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8687953,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8929871,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2932785723","doi":"10.1177/0075424219831353","title":"A Closer Look at the Short Front Vowel Shift in Canada","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":59,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Vowel; Linguistics; American English; Variation (astronomy); Front (military); Identity (music); Psychology; History; Geography; Acoustics","authors":[{"name":"Charles Boberg","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01277158090968611,"gpt":0.2660481945530873,"spread":0.2532766136434012,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001254768,0.0000844781,0.0002200693,0.00005446813,0.0001175499,0.00003341635,0.0003304676,0.00007786229,0.0007101976],"category_scores_gemma":[0.05182986,0.00006260147,0.00006169749,0.00009532987,0.00006599063,0.00001870574,0.00005032557,0.0003476983,0.00001827632],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008796141,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002902562,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.4703016,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.952793,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984958,0.0001660846,0.0004724264,0.00009996656,0.0005009914,0.000264709],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9968369,0.0005261464,0.0002308487,0.0001536462,0.002125957,0.0001264901],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001801207,0.0001549158,0.6306877,0.0000289199,0.0001284717,0.00047608,0.1226143,0.001575011,0.000007818443,0.05990689,0.1837581,0.0004817471],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003463007,0.00003179967,0.0228629,0.00002382647,0.00002595042,9.741718e-7,0.004184403,0.00003702709,0.00001004208,0.001125706,0.9712524,0.00009869713],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5534054,0.000454198,0.00008069455,0.0008588581,0.06832545,0.0003555532,0.0000263552,0.00001644295,0.3764771],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9900447,0.00004801895,0.0001881169,0.0007705494,0.00747998,7.956217e-7,0.000001553642,0.000009254545,0.00145705],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7874943,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.956157,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2022344000","doi":"10.1177/00754240022004929","title":"Short-a in Cincinnati","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":54,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Humanities; History; Art","authors":[{"name":"Charles Boberg","is_ca":true},{"name":"Stephanie Strassel","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02499029429613084,"gpt":0.3216675312140132,"spread":0.2966772369178824,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001267972,0.0000626495,0.0001823227,0.0001264095,0.00008413102,0.00003483081,0.0002060864,0.0001032314,0.00088751],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1083586,0.00006066073,0.00005727562,0.0002143228,0.00008106197,0.00002598668,0.000008049622,0.0002666842,0.00001191765],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001013431,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002680911,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001184391,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002674366,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988194,0.0001335162,0.0004683964,0.00007216997,0.000307258,0.000199301],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9959047,0.0002414502,0.000117726,0.0000790724,0.003532887,0.0001241144],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002586993,0.0009344579,0.08477298,0.00003256663,0.0001068964,0.001154385,0.1768973,0.002030164,0.00001091553,0.6074172,0.08240743,0.04397706],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003001137,0.00004003004,0.003179393,0.00002132421,0.00001458916,9.032341e-7,0.001110519,0.00002250378,0.000007229595,0.002711292,0.9925194,0.00007265456],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.08153472,0.0001463394,0.00008568598,0.0001337377,0.01355962,0.0000813917,0.000003866264,0.00002579893,0.9044288],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9810776,0.0002158974,0.001733724,0.0002432542,0.01553395,3.986866e-7,8.052388e-7,0.000007543822,0.001186859],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.910112,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9717611,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2004233409","doi":"10.1177/0075424211418976","title":"On the Use of <i>As If, As Though</i> , and <i>Like</i> in Present-Day English Complementation Structures","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"European Regional Development Fund; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación","keywords":"Complementizer; Variation (astronomy); Adverbial; Linguistics; Complement (music); Varieties of English; History of English; American English; History; Old English; Minor (academic); British English; Early Modern English; Corpus linguistics; Art; Syntax; Complementation; Humanities; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"María José López-Couso","is_ca":false},{"name":"Belén Méndez-Naya","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07571881392094323,"gpt":0.3248696046229099,"spread":0.2491507907019666,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001261568,0.0001023486,0.0002206457,0.0001148591,0.0001359991,0.0000595465,0.0002274161,0.00009400952,0.0002160857],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1387005,0.00007703826,0.0000553083,0.0001679777,0.0002272358,0.00005887947,0.00004100372,0.0002898395,0.000001220814],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004250687,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002001179,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00101401,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000292258,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983026,0.0004220066,0.0005561331,0.0001106845,0.0004189513,0.0001895903],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9937728,0.001523503,0.0005837097,0.0001326263,0.003885403,0.0001019246],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001312995,0.0001354688,0.008702639,0.00001183172,0.00004964195,0.00003069328,0.1584938,0.0001146487,0.00001078598,0.8126206,0.01950869,0.0001898478],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001054179,0.0003537046,0.004678381,0.00007009692,0.0000867479,0.000001762321,0.01428471,0.00003783999,0.0004108737,0.05971886,0.919136,0.0001668552],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5939055,0.0002232929,0.0005467032,0.0003690522,0.04000837,0.0009265274,0.00008458186,0.00006202837,0.363874],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9929463,0.0001411476,0.002172059,0.0006858601,0.003912252,0.000001366034,0.00000272631,0.0000108196,0.0001274228],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8996273,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8685546,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2074529067","doi":"10.1177/0075424213502810","title":"Linguistic Insecurity Forty Years Later","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":49,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Sociology; Linguistics; Index (typography); Psychology","authors":[{"name":"Dennis R. Preston","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01896464599259353,"gpt":0.2933064006859971,"spread":0.2743417546934036,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001081596,0.0001071502,0.0002646568,0.0001421428,0.0001610866,0.000128335,0.0003228041,0.0001692683,0.0007707021],"category_scores_gemma":[0.2546221,0.0001012952,0.0001241677,0.0001671078,0.0001716879,0.0000479295,0.00004065009,0.000388523,0.00006923801],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001024635,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003987621,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004253487,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008943148,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983758,0.0001544286,0.0005952729,0.0001163264,0.0004380288,0.0003201221],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9865004,0.0004034251,0.000470038,0.0001517252,0.0121935,0.0002809086],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007975021,0.0006862081,0.05632421,0.00006727361,0.0002822964,0.0004479699,0.2335934,0.00008891331,0.00003392994,0.4964577,0.2093259,0.002612487],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004053501,0.00007684784,0.00590573,0.00002383321,0.0000498475,0.000001373449,0.0008750951,0.00002202078,0.00001440719,0.01828284,0.974209,0.0001336264],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1673587,0.0003298424,0.0007600013,0.0002337602,0.09065483,0.0004592926,0.00001848805,0.00015071,0.7400343],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9652079,0.00007652205,0.004471798,0.0004343858,0.02915431,0.000001935413,0.000002207938,0.0000161471,0.0006347435],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7978492,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8438647,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2010806217","doi":"10.1177/0075424203257833","title":"The Gerund and the to-Infinitive as Subject","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":40,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Infinitive; Linguistics; Gerund; Verb; Predicate (mathematical logic); Philosophy; Causative; Mathematics; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Patrick Duffley","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01904409896513703,"gpt":0.2442195008286833,"spread":0.2251754018635463,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001880201,0.0001355986,0.0002411353,0.00007105439,0.0006172377,0.0005149101,0.0002030484,0.00003943603,0.00007523849],"category_scores_gemma":[0.2865093,0.00007470051,0.0000962575,0.00004317378,0.0003401781,0.00002828798,0.00003102802,0.0003231635,0.0000138892],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003748276,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001312648,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008313506,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001943899,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986269,0.0001902573,0.0005417063,0.00009680121,0.0003363671,0.0002079987],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9876523,0.003250871,0.0005210289,0.0002139284,0.008250079,0.0001117819],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008531216,0.00001907738,0.00008373733,0.0000058795,0.00007836183,0.00001116256,0.05772181,0.00001235109,3.511154e-7,0.9402791,0.001570401,0.0001324389],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008349413,0.0001378343,0.00007521192,0.00004654556,0.0001456821,0.0000067247,0.01667824,0.00003009408,0.00004787927,0.2546299,0.7272571,0.000109852],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05034193,0.001167634,0.0004495537,0.004012238,0.06255522,0.0005222819,0.00002701291,0.00004548478,0.8808786],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9787734,0.0001290982,0.0004580395,0.0004860775,0.01923092,0.000002259133,5.808608e-7,0.00002125266,0.0008984314],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9284314,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7195007,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2038424152","doi":"10.1177/00754240022005018","title":"Gerund versus Infinitive as Complement of Transitive Verbs in English","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Philosophy; Humanities; Infinitive; Gerund; Linguistics; Verb","authors":[{"name":"Patrick Duffley","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03452196402145997,"gpt":0.2689264570060469,"spread":0.234404492984587,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006603508,0.0002074046,0.0005206954,0.0002675685,0.00009500127,0.00009067549,0.0002278142,0.00008068646,0.002120713],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03761566,0.000208422,0.0001653701,0.00008398322,0.0001970244,0.00008069837,0.00001887159,0.0004169502,0.00001255004],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001390052,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002006806,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003881683,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000670038,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977561,0.0001121342,0.001177222,0.0001562859,0.0005216555,0.0002766063],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9881462,0.0009331905,0.0006205041,0.0001701255,0.01002387,0.0001061491],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001378919,0.0005846765,0.0004577152,0.00009339418,0.0003337517,0.0001405702,0.5057127,0.0005216003,0.000004872701,0.4886116,0.000854907,0.001305344],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01129836,0.002771461,0.001532386,0.0009769017,0.0007036859,0.000003034432,0.09980223,0.0004169916,0.0006813832,0.05188514,0.8291472,0.0007812442],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3750818,0.0002004953,0.00006535836,0.0001872665,0.03224501,0.0003392556,0.0002632271,0.00004932154,0.5915683],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.979938,0.00009932276,0.0006979905,0.00007162234,0.01898302,0.000001685656,0.00001791136,0.00002904744,0.0001613706],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8282923,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9987915,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4319598474","doi":"10.1177/00754242221145164","title":"Exploring the Vowel Space of Multicultural Toronto English","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"University of Toronto Mississauga; Connaught Fund","keywords":"Multiculturalism; Immigration; Vowel; Gender studies; Repertoire; Sociology; Cohesion (chemistry); Geography; Linguistics; History; Media studies; Art; Literature; Pedagogy","authors":[{"name":"Derek Denis","is_ca":true},{"name":"Vidhya Elango","is_ca":true},{"name":"Nur Sakinah Nor Kamal","is_ca":true},{"name":"Srishti Prashar","is_ca":true},{"name":"María Velasco","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07530204482226759,"gpt":0.3238930548223543,"spread":0.2485910100000867,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001835005,0.00009638298,0.0002401362,0.00005963331,0.0002440717,0.00005297094,0.0003803554,0.00007063914,0.00006793741],"category_scores_gemma":[0.2948997,0.00006812903,0.0001382743,0.0002668817,0.0001690862,0.0000927144,0.00005588647,0.0002400857,0.000005405332],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001249193,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002035885,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007743106,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007782375,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984232,0.0001840576,0.0005247447,0.00009295137,0.0005056154,0.0002694531],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.987161,0.0009154744,0.0004876988,0.0001497651,0.01115196,0.0001341425],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005978343,0.0001066888,0.001171622,0.00003280417,0.0001343324,0.0000610122,0.7961907,0.0005716952,0.00005866049,0.1562919,0.04443631,0.0008844682],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003973213,0.00007042242,0.003014624,0.00004406865,0.00006972776,4.529444e-7,0.09019944,0.00004424306,0.0001557576,0.0003869871,0.9055122,0.0001048164],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4888222,0.0004996996,0.0001838344,0.0006885609,0.2030598,0.0004638014,0.00004020078,0.0002895981,0.3059523],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9674689,0.0005502957,0.001182663,0.0000541133,0.03005827,0.000002446787,0.000001972485,0.00001236822,0.0006689466],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8610758,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7110397,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2999453917","doi":"10.1177/0075424219896397","title":"Foreign (a) in North American English: Variation and Change in Loan Phonology","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Vowel; American English; Mid vowel; Linguistics; Vowel length; Pronunciation; Phonology; Variation (astronomy); History; Psychology; Formant; Astrophysics","authors":[{"name":"Charles Boberg","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03494132452090481,"gpt":0.2987776182650439,"spread":0.2638362937441391,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007196116,0.00008987233,0.0003073836,0.0001927503,0.00005483346,0.00003528989,0.0001664765,0.00008455677,0.00002402316],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1555715,0.00009363152,0.00003354852,0.0005464104,0.0001452754,0.00005320709,0.00003391751,0.0003705976,0.000001230204],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009945512,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001920051,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001349589,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007669152,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987034,0.0002206384,0.000494423,0.0001373115,0.0002040211,0.000240241],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9967102,0.000327283,0.0004342904,0.00005922888,0.002294997,0.0001739569],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009719223,0.00009678034,0.5178138,0.00001580973,0.00001750702,0.0001426337,0.4368195,0.00006925085,0.000002153376,0.04317253,0.0003946319,0.001358201],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002186093,0.0005610493,0.6558776,0.00003166024,0.00005069255,0.000001302809,0.0170306,0.0006881373,0.000007289147,0.001701972,0.3215691,0.0002945228],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9498096,0.00023046,0.0004500177,0.0009878833,0.01063445,0.0003865653,0.00001982151,0.00005533759,0.03742592],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9828624,0.0002616701,0.001828092,0.0009877351,0.01404083,0.000002419765,0.000002636109,0.000009447467,0.000004758089],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4197889,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8515415,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2111252854","doi":"10.1177/0075424214521425","title":"The Extremes of Insubordination","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Adverbial; Adjunct; Linguistics; Dependent clause; Ellipsis (linguistics); Meaning (existential); Complement (music); Style (visual arts); State (computer science); Sociology; History; Philosophy; Computer science; Literature; Art; Epistemology; Sentence","authors":[{"name":"Laurel J. Brinton","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0279747615755264,"gpt":0.270085624742161,"spread":0.2421108631666346,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000692706,0.00006329735,0.0001363184,0.00005794191,0.0001766457,0.0001435,0.0003324246,0.00002216507,0.00005792829],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02678085,0.00003925325,0.00007124394,0.00002594831,0.0002165436,0.00005877243,0.0000297028,0.0001676269,0.000001684662],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000014233,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005271374,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001147853,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008988532,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991431,0.00008733452,0.0004269619,0.00003478056,0.0002251278,0.0000826596],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9914894,0.000576226,0.0005840694,0.0002218029,0.007100431,0.00002805055],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001189346,0.00004193537,0.0001448919,0.00001252957,0.00003264286,5.174678e-7,0.02048881,0.00002888428,0.000005522051,0.9689403,0.008323742,0.001968285],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001944921,0.00008565602,0.0001730781,0.00004162155,0.00003669991,3.285257e-7,0.01551349,0.00005919806,0.0001097401,0.01595742,0.9677756,0.00005267677],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02986699,0.001659619,0.0002617193,0.0001496088,0.008955367,0.00006492953,0.00001001707,0.00002405631,0.9590077],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9914309,0.0001231957,0.0003678693,0.00003007908,0.007379786,5.301524e-7,0.00000149621,0.000008808597,0.0006573419],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9615639,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.981417,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2094374500","doi":"10.1177/0075424209340313","title":"Hip-hop in a Post-insular Community","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"","keywords":"Vernacular; Sociology; Ideology; Sociolinguistics; Linguistics; Gender studies; White (mutation); Focus (optics); Unit (ring theory); History; Politics; Political science; Psychology; Law; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Sandra Clarke","is_ca":true},{"name":"Philip Hiscock","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02699396761646594,"gpt":0.3221050829044282,"spread":0.2951111152879622,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002680576,0.00008154155,0.0002343677,0.0001836673,0.0002240605,0.00005169241,0.0003504439,0.0001369975,0.00007250022],"category_scores_gemma":[0.3084359,0.00007999106,0.00007802552,0.0002370622,0.00008940614,0.00003384575,0.00001972435,0.0007382439,0.000004797362],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000140678,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000443178,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004697572,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004003857,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983801,0.0005024322,0.0005063661,0.00005914844,0.0003176831,0.0002342358],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9914386,0.0004650916,0.0003403721,0.0001446395,0.007456761,0.0001545484],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002438644,0.001673466,0.01025742,0.00002084844,0.0000732402,0.0005759384,0.3305386,0.0002598868,0.0001403535,0.6359556,0.01584682,0.004413931],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001252544,0.0004502085,0.01180629,0.00006003971,0.00004684778,0.000002779981,0.0181722,0.00002344117,0.00004142488,0.0255313,0.9424269,0.0001860614],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4294759,0.0003603302,0.0004170309,0.001005357,0.02632408,0.0002261197,0.00001447078,0.0000785407,0.5420982],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9878516,0.00007407738,0.00234011,0.001113629,0.008484028,2.289505e-7,0.000002173999,0.000005895062,0.0001282756],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.92658,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6973895,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2031868128","doi":"10.1177/0075424208317127","title":"A Dialect Turned Inside Out","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Variation (astronomy); Aside; Negotiation; Sociology; Phenomenon; Geography; Sociolinguistics; Genealogy; Gender studies; Linguistics; History; Social science","authors":[{"name":"Kirk Hazen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sarah Hamilton","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04667500316058597,"gpt":0.3190363392151673,"spread":0.2723613360545813,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009432936,0.00008774848,0.0002495695,0.0001317614,0.0003047204,0.00003231778,0.0002426086,0.0001264832,0.0001438269],"category_scores_gemma":[0.3497145,0.00008140969,0.0001190741,0.0001459757,0.0002065072,0.00003061306,0.00002334303,0.0003142716,0.00001818542],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001029049,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008276048,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009082071,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000142857,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985672,0.0001815976,0.0004905523,0.00008969376,0.0004298265,0.0002411713],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9899442,0.0004783104,0.0004357588,0.0001098013,0.008816574,0.0002153941],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002120078,0.0005729455,0.03616347,0.00002535541,0.0002427436,0.001977903,0.3865485,0.0001625898,0.00006598695,0.2846268,0.2886409,0.000760821],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005081346,0.00008867342,0.0008591263,0.00001525156,0.00003737895,0.00000621759,0.0009922521,0.000005423366,0.00005906059,0.002576879,0.99475,0.0001016177],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04908146,0.0003739085,0.001430776,0.0002505154,0.08332572,0.0001626248,0.000009487183,0.00009693283,0.8652686],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9531653,0.0002683763,0.004045673,0.0004336452,0.04074795,5.570651e-7,0.000001145295,0.00001195679,0.001325397],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9040838,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6557631,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2140166192","doi":"10.1177/0075424209339924","title":"“Aren’t We Proud of Our Language?”","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; York University","funders":"","keywords":"Vernacular; Variety (cybernetics); Commodification; Character (mathematics); Media studies; Sociology; Mainland; Linguistics; History; Advertising; Art; Literature; Computer science; Business; Archaeology","authors":[{"name":"Ruth King","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jennifer Wicks","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02269840016773845,"gpt":0.3388766390607659,"spread":0.3161782388930275,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000993062,0.00007563306,0.0002467172,0.0001177341,0.00008437399,0.00002720465,0.0002530728,0.0001108804,0.00005081403],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1448808,0.00006802764,0.0001000075,0.0001612606,0.00004671153,0.00002438323,0.00001242536,0.000226515,0.000003333901],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000560772,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003694566,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000493795,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002809375,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987398,0.0001169484,0.0005004797,0.0000731562,0.0003825152,0.0001871079],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9931027,0.0001262637,0.0005688632,0.0001075743,0.005962298,0.0001322932],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001595259,0.0007541384,0.003283225,0.00005407133,0.000122506,0.0002859165,0.2317953,0.0001683194,0.0002566041,0.6462303,0.1089832,0.007906871],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006741073,0.0003185268,0.0006342047,0.00007976385,0.00008274624,0.000002030343,0.02072586,0.00001313116,0.0003588501,0.007126406,0.9698526,0.0001317199],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05551416,0.002425327,0.002385802,0.003488238,0.08004341,0.0004809863,0.00004658363,0.0001529713,0.8554626],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9718055,0.0001379697,0.005428434,0.0002279351,0.02174827,1.941847e-7,0.000001148447,0.000006186805,0.0006443603],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9162914,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8623223,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3004952918","doi":"10.1177/0075424219881487","title":"A <i>Cool</i> Comparison: Adjectives of Positive Evaluation in Toronto, Canada and York, England","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Economic and Social Research Council; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Predicative expression; Attributive; Linguistics; Set (abstract data type); Field (mathematics); Variation (astronomy); Sociology; History; Computer science; Mathematics; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Sali A. Tagliamonte","is_ca":true},{"name":"Katharina Pabst","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02930033726634557,"gpt":0.3173086254904569,"spread":0.2880082882241113,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001044842,0.00006482669,0.0002599395,0.00002666946,0.00005439289,0.00001863301,0.0001028934,0.00006326276,0.000065252],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1164459,0.00006352569,0.00002620133,0.0001032628,0.0000724957,0.00002691053,0.00001721976,0.0001611699,8.704717e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003007647,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001336749,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.3065182,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.7622647,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986282,0.0002866952,0.0004554513,0.00008394857,0.0004262155,0.000119491],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9940056,0.0004785408,0.0004292727,0.0000395194,0.00490844,0.0001386805],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008423782,0.0003374117,0.172222,0.00008678548,0.0002229703,0.0001026443,0.7285751,0.001194534,0.00006259937,0.0783413,0.01422362,0.00378868],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00970298,0.0009465953,0.0846791,0.0002551892,0.0004725066,0.000003487967,0.1631847,0.003580687,0.0003717789,0.001883916,0.7343671,0.0005520245],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6697107,0.004470288,0.000547622,0.0006546393,0.01882611,0.0006469638,0.00009600003,0.00002192541,0.3050257],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9944945,0.00006586348,0.0007149976,0.0002016107,0.004507941,5.936059e-7,0.000002156048,0.000004514558,0.000007855077],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7201434,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8909966,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2971453831","doi":"10.1177/0075424219865933","title":"“They used to follow Ø river”: The Zero Article in York English","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Zero (linguistics); Linguistics; Feature (linguistics); TRACE (psycholinguistics); History; Rule-based machine translation; Sociology; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Laura Rupp","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sali A. Tagliamonte","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02682020065013206,"gpt":0.2948882011871761,"spread":0.268068000537044,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002435392,0.0001051211,0.0002700239,0.0001368834,0.0001435159,0.00009782386,0.0004775944,0.0001319809,0.0001443675],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1894561,0.00008197956,0.0001092523,0.0003276761,0.00008229825,0.00003692828,0.00005039088,0.0004213802,0.00005179121],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001514492,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000354081,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004139228,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000999338,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981965,0.0002774025,0.0005428154,0.0001349005,0.000507197,0.0003411691],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9938369,0.0008479377,0.000313344,0.0002140517,0.00458799,0.0001998106],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001547828,0.0002744238,0.1110132,0.0000129444,0.00007240997,0.00008093314,0.5999915,0.00196846,0.00005277802,0.2581393,0.02783808,0.0004012055],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001053993,0.0001402251,0.004011406,0.00004645305,0.00003637885,4.940854e-7,0.01043516,0.00003962712,0.00004937131,0.00705671,0.9769865,0.0001437303],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7599472,0.00008806318,0.00031761,0.0004360356,0.05191914,0.0004383005,0.000009713205,0.00005305368,0.1867909],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9858162,0.00001372651,0.00151252,0.0005953173,0.0113476,0.000001674631,6.468434e-7,0.0000140727,0.000698217],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9491484,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8173715,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2315614137","doi":"10.1177/0075424216634795","title":"Phonological Transfer as a Forerunner of Merger in Upstate New York","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Transfer (computing); Lexeme; Linguistics; Phonology; Class (philosophy); History; Computer science; Philosophy; Artificial intelligence","authors":[{"name":"Aaron J. Dinkin","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03637646127053121,"gpt":0.3048176247478139,"spread":0.2684411634772827,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001087355,0.00008499867,0.000289804,0.0001397266,0.00004526451,0.00001330723,0.0002415954,0.0001555852,0.0006205799],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1210963,0.00005510748,0.0001144756,0.0001804124,0.0001629133,0.00002429456,0.00001352769,0.0001772352,0.00000867662],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000727658,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005721049,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003601446,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002903228,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985716,0.0001494516,0.000632034,0.00009723567,0.0003130129,0.0002366995],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9964679,0.0005259432,0.000216235,0.00009235967,0.002524878,0.0001726311],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000519812,0.0004206986,0.0213428,0.00001784351,0.0001234129,0.000200569,0.08326914,0.00007263054,0.0006121504,0.8552689,0.0335853,0.004566729],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001498025,0.0002055559,0.00146458,0.00008266509,0.00004193151,0.000001342091,0.001617831,0.000002580295,0.000420393,0.02466898,0.9698812,0.0001149627],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5737928,0.0007588639,0.007575669,0.00235066,0.0496596,0.0004437776,0.00003799187,0.00008170166,0.365299],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9901147,0.0001926132,0.00191398,0.0001686063,0.006429928,5.051205e-7,3.281943e-7,0.000008757162,0.001170529],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9362959,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8863071,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3048577546","doi":"10.1177/0075424220938937","title":"“The woman in the background”: Gendered Nouns in CNN and FOX Media Discourse","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Gender Studies in Language","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Representation (politics); Ideology; Noun; Democratization; Linguistics; Critical discourse analysis; Sociology; Sociocultural evolution; Politics; Psychology; Political science; Democracy","authors":[{"name":"Lex Konnelly","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05098662610741897,"gpt":0.337395498066086,"spread":0.286408871958667,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002052495,0.00009387553,0.0001942587,0.00004228786,0.0002827346,0.0001435683,0.0005135101,0.00006130764,0.00000937161],"category_scores_gemma":[0.06583887,0.00005886066,0.00005116235,0.0002951418,0.0003732272,0.00004208499,0.00007289188,0.0005263636,0.000001241746],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007511015,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001560445,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001072376,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003443924,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983629,0.0003082503,0.0004222931,0.000102138,0.0005165634,0.0002878849],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99753,0.001283636,0.000224531,0.000115081,0.000753644,0.00009310985],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004307001,0.00007184743,0.01282684,0.00001556622,0.00003740433,0.0002767423,0.9392945,0.00003405667,0.000001481007,0.03319464,0.01324152,0.000962352],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005061561,0.00006221254,0.008269859,0.00002599287,0.00002746135,0.000001121282,0.6744177,0.00002616471,0.000001398655,0.002455324,0.3141048,0.0001018129],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.745699,0.01167364,0.0001353937,0.01052252,0.01915507,0.0005223558,0.00001939218,0.00003406043,0.2122386],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9911949,0.0007699684,0.0003564073,0.0005600736,0.007087672,0.000001516474,3.814955e-7,0.00000845794,0.00002063966],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3008633,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.94203,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2106600304","doi":"10.1177/0075424214539702","title":"Functional Partitioning and Possible Limits on Variability","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Variation (astronomy); Variety (cybernetics); Linguistics; Vernacular; Varieties of English; Adjective; Alternation (linguistics); History; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Noun; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Alexandra D’Arcy","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02894154534877959,"gpt":0.2933514413132962,"spread":0.2644098959645166,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002651776,0.00006353712,0.0001486257,0.00007074214,0.0002751985,0.00006746547,0.00008105124,0.00009150879,0.0001316515],"category_scores_gemma":[0.3278311,0.00005873531,0.00004434379,0.00008850179,0.0001228499,0.00002611218,0.00001157421,0.0002230679,0.000005526852],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005428998,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001751709,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002256483,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000023388,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988865,0.0002620243,0.0003140621,0.0000973091,0.000289988,0.000150151],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9937252,0.00112305,0.0002630058,0.0000804748,0.004650462,0.0001577673],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006493524,0.0001021031,0.01540998,0.000008287898,0.00002167627,0.000004824429,0.004309077,0.000237922,0.000004896704,0.9696595,0.009572988,0.0006037838],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005764863,0.0002157759,0.01992742,0.00003536888,0.00004873187,0.000001357528,0.0005253529,0.0001363329,0.00004053126,0.04121619,0.937169,0.0001074145],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.08323443,0.00005330221,0.01426715,0.0006433676,0.04857619,0.0001480462,0.000009952657,0.00008015924,0.8529874],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9764739,0.00002303701,0.002724574,0.0004122824,0.02008115,5.837002e-7,0.000001501847,0.000005740542,0.0002772798],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9284433,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6778309,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4293341010","doi":"10.1177/00754242221109856","title":"Prevelar Vowel Raising and Merger in Manitoba English","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Raising (metalworking); Vowel; Voice; Coda; Linguistics; Mid vowel; Contrast (vision); History; Geography; Formant; Mathematics; Acoustics; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Sky Onosson","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02765029900315324,"gpt":0.2949452582822339,"spread":0.2672949592790807,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002632753,0.00008730862,0.000231408,0.0002110837,0.0003605137,0.00006046428,0.0002284893,0.00007063292,0.0002087582],"category_scores_gemma":[0.161923,0.00009359776,0.00005753029,0.0002510207,0.00009703392,0.00003967715,0.0000973299,0.0005235753,7.045954e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001994869,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003518293,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003262083,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004252959,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982831,0.0003744556,0.0005188397,0.0001223046,0.0004567594,0.0002445469],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9955593,0.0004333325,0.0003824336,0.00009048519,0.003400731,0.0001336919],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002361043,0.00071644,0.08671238,0.00005691989,0.0001523461,0.0009371684,0.6013619,0.001558556,0.00004659398,0.2500647,0.05593397,0.002222911],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006544042,0.00008318477,0.002952257,0.0000167645,0.00003513124,0.000002567606,0.01883527,0.00002781637,0.000006525867,0.00341515,0.9738512,0.000119704],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5835221,0.001948596,0.0004717821,0.0004507118,0.136801,0.0005341221,0.00005147959,0.0001170282,0.2761032],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.984489,0.0001211809,0.001552983,0.0002811635,0.01330888,0.00000230867,0.000001823258,0.00001325052,0.0002294285],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9179173,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8451365,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2611963515","doi":"10.1177/0075424217701182","title":"The Development of <i>And Stuff</i> in Canadian English: A Longitudinal Study of Apparent Grammaticalization","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; University of Victoria","keywords":"Grammaticalization; History; Perspective (graphical); Linguistics; Genealogy; Sociology; Philosophy; Art; Visual arts","authors":[{"name":"Derek Denis","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05035804735644583,"gpt":0.346744355574805,"spread":0.2963863082183592,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002724402,0.00006734296,0.0002297513,0.0001146593,0.0005093076,0.00008041679,0.0003415731,0.00006281827,0.000005972975],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1998484,0.00005252907,0.00002626802,0.00007607302,0.0001868231,0.00002725662,0.00004323558,0.00015082,1.431104e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001113345,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001099181,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02130776,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.4514736,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984848,0.0001359602,0.0007453548,0.00007475035,0.0003612315,0.0001979053],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9924858,0.0003368173,0.0008373463,0.000157115,0.006017373,0.0001655066],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004495851,0.0004166308,0.5982683,0.00002733831,0.00008118254,0.00002137865,0.2981017,0.00006224404,8.066825e-7,0.101567,0.0003269629,0.001081479],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003294055,0.0004449678,0.314633,0.000206859,0.0001730045,7.045981e-7,0.09366114,0.0001602405,0.00004580006,0.004115767,0.5830004,0.0002640779],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9516508,0.0001445574,0.0003964959,0.00006952311,0.01039514,0.0004006903,0.000006321487,0.000006459663,0.03692998],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972878,0.0000441973,0.001121226,0.000006498786,0.00150874,0.000001501394,5.51945e-7,0.000004859749,0.00002464869],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5826734,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9852095,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2009595820","doi":"10.1177/00754240022004811","title":"Describing Spoken English: An Introduction","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Linguistics; History; Computer science; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Charles Boberg","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0329035497622649,"gpt":0.2966366949953845,"spread":0.2637331452331196,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00193994,0.0001044714,0.0002261827,0.0001306735,0.0002962762,0.0001222557,0.0002875642,0.0001487766,0.002041858],"category_scores_gemma":[0.2174776,0.000103813,0.00008676146,0.0002146614,0.0001356193,0.0001187109,0.00001160406,0.0003635077,0.0000120537],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001373621,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004022604,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000103733,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007683002,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983457,0.0002614095,0.0005369704,0.0001487445,0.0004261101,0.0002810959],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9884678,0.0001713663,0.0003095222,0.000171364,0.01055128,0.0003287169],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003543786,0.0007790563,0.00381283,0.0000195515,0.0001519454,0.0001952137,0.2854627,0.001991822,0.00004304336,0.5585672,0.1218425,0.0267797],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003793715,0.0001310781,0.0001223428,0.00001322844,0.00005658596,0.000001883279,0.004272243,0.00003226734,0.00003970823,0.001325404,0.9935059,0.000120021],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1881963,0.0002467835,0.0008065816,0.0007391298,0.1298337,0.0002870782,0.00001746889,0.0002794456,0.6795935],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8094295,0.000147714,0.006508119,0.0002718882,0.1825073,6.402442e-7,0.000006037379,0.0000177793,0.001110984],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8716634,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9988704,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2898267256","doi":"10.1177/0075424218805524","title":"Constructions Waxing and Waning: A Brief History of the Zero-Secondary Predicate Construction","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Linguistics; Predicative expression; Verb; Noun phrase; Predicate (mathematical logic); History; Schematic; Noun; Nominalization; Present perfect; Verb phrase; Computer science; Literature; Philosophy; Art; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Frauke D’hoedt","is_ca":false},{"name":"Hendrik De Smet","is_ca":false},{"name":"Hubert Cuyckens","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0194652399183172,"gpt":0.2141069718794175,"spread":0.1946417319611003,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004627426,0.0001281972,0.0002712521,0.0001437072,0.0002261941,0.00006248722,0.0001774558,0.0000713773,0.0002374762],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03345826,0.0001031792,0.00009970574,0.00003770592,0.001477518,0.00006795274,0.00005840845,0.0003529244,0.000001172406],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001547204,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004333646,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009605302,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007188518,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986255,0.00006800496,0.0007391663,0.0001192161,0.0002994161,0.0001487606],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9905885,0.0002195793,0.001129294,0.0001886669,0.007799571,0.00007435877],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005457786,0.0000666301,0.00312998,0.0001095765,0.0001954744,0.000005114181,0.09296569,0.000007563829,0.00008007031,0.892424,0.009467231,0.00149409],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009992654,0.0002823083,0.0009216626,0.0003717892,0.0004436579,0.00005184279,0.008886732,0.0002994541,0.000393984,0.08508977,0.9020429,0.0002166019],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2190232,0.001091399,0.002546281,0.0007542116,0.2565987,0.0003963726,0.0001453996,0.0001096236,0.5193347],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.973403,0.00002646234,0.004371286,0.00007595575,0.0216913,5.969464e-7,0.000001617243,0.00002036826,0.0004093971],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8925757,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9746833,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2895970894","doi":"10.1177/0075424218801058","title":"Interview with Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade","year":2018,"lang":"nl","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Art; History; Linguistics; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Carol Percy","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0304534576681205,"gpt":0.3081489842535072,"spread":0.2776955265853867,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002807571,0.0002984424,0.0006659303,0.0002474055,0.0004132372,0.0002232777,0.0006341863,0.000317632,0.001594419],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1385694,0.000247193,0.0001989359,0.0004850738,0.0008062178,0.00007036652,0.0001057999,0.000822614,0.0001705805],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002412427,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001099038,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007791281,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002160191,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9965982,0.0005257893,0.001193831,0.0002716371,0.0008422474,0.0005683394],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9714437,0.000516024,0.001699753,0.0002653468,0.02561239,0.0004627857],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001217507,0.001843377,0.008509653,0.0005352458,0.001733186,0.001337547,0.2475832,0.0000945291,0.000049003,0.2041261,0.5237246,0.009246124],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001159727,0.001642249,0.0002212102,0.0005304503,0.0004004446,0.0000108827,0.005806503,0.00004947772,0.00009395171,0.00183953,0.9879411,0.0003044705],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.008274887,0.001596689,0.00694294,0.0009630945,0.1382286,0.0004179585,0.00006698076,0.00009709365,0.8434117],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8634506,0.0005592166,0.004538689,0.00161655,0.1258032,0.000001005529,0.000004468541,0.00004999338,0.003976231],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8551757,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999998,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3118459256","doi":"10.1177/0075424220979126","title":"“He loved his father but next to adored his mother”: <i>Nigh</i> ( <i>ly</i> ), <i>Near</i> , and <i>Next</i> ( <i>To</i> ) as Downtoners","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Grammaticalization; Participle; Degree (music); Linguistics; Locative case; Adjective; Meaning (existential); Verb; Adverbial; Middle English; Prosody; History; Philosophy; Noun; Physics","authors":[{"name":"Laurel J. Brinton","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02163215592001203,"gpt":0.2903163217249569,"spread":0.2686841658049449,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001712926,0.0003769587,0.0007722327,0.0002059516,0.0005217998,0.0006812058,0.0006169545,0.0003651833,0.0005770116],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1001961,0.0003752496,0.0002530406,0.0007798917,0.0002921643,0.0001405247,0.0002015058,0.000663399,0.000112964],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000256545,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001427543,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008047124,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004784759,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9960909,0.0004175536,0.001138423,0.0005141522,0.001046723,0.0007922208],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9873407,0.000777969,0.000623622,0.0004520512,0.009611242,0.001194347],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008079913,0.001191789,0.003652246,0.000136957,0.0007446292,0.002391457,0.2475728,0.0007670929,0.008561082,0.06794642,0.6576476,0.008580003],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001092965,0.0002450694,0.00007752486,0.0001024838,0.0001928657,0.00002271929,0.00705008,0.00001562733,0.001151918,0.001016513,0.9885896,0.0004426406],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1489505,0.004536743,0.004800751,0.01712465,0.08159845,0.001624903,0.0002936816,0.0004654367,0.7406049],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8111088,0.002125772,0.05450755,0.07440081,0.04035337,0.00002092585,0.00002595127,0.0002487891,0.01720802],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7233969,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998699,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4411373800","doi":"10.1177/00754242251341318","title":"<i>Buddies</i> , <i>Dudes</i> , and <i>Bros</i> of Ontario: Trends and Patterns of Vocative Change","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"History; Geography","authors":[{"name":"Jeremy M. Needle","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sali A. Tagliamonte","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02336964342840048,"gpt":0.3038765027060662,"spread":0.2805068592776657,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008395296,0.0001052155,0.000401041,0.0002170334,0.00009906908,0.0000223306,0.0001540015,0.0001238919,0.00004128419],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02147957,0.0000985508,0.00006664659,0.0002001096,0.0002565232,0.00003735596,0.00006223185,0.0002253395,7.974243e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008369545,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004887989,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008840523,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01328603,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987836,0.0001061869,0.0005822773,0.0001138371,0.0002495651,0.0001645713],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9945238,0.0004000265,0.0006394931,0.00009981401,0.00423346,0.0001033648],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002436844,0.0004521361,0.3117709,0.0002893733,0.0003685865,0.00003963953,0.2678654,0.000005837646,0.0001119531,0.4030491,0.009475283,0.006328185],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001289804,0.0002897906,0.03015768,0.0002850471,0.0002618475,0.000001525577,0.005814211,0.000004914986,0.0004228447,0.002830649,0.9584959,0.0001457719],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.296252,0.003665902,0.001685418,0.001218137,0.0333765,0.0005331498,0.0003294721,0.00005714688,0.6628823],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.994078,0.000485875,0.001587042,0.0003664457,0.002138823,0.000001506962,0.00000267358,0.000006890809,0.001332708],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9490206,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9977597,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2021710639","doi":"10.1177/00754240022005036","title":"Diffusion of Dialect Words from New Orleans","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Humanities; Ethnology; Art; History","authors":[{"name":"Daniel Currie Hall","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01827975195138597,"gpt":0.2917793042887636,"spread":0.2734995523373776,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005812632,0.00008361899,0.0002745928,0.00008372472,0.0001062881,0.00003136708,0.0002699412,0.0001291983,0.002664041],"category_scores_gemma":[0.09235373,0.00007656817,0.0001160555,0.0001865344,0.0001083331,0.00002398219,0.00001523946,0.0002313776,0.000009751144],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005897852,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000559465,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001978996,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003851932,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986218,0.0001434346,0.0005527884,0.00008998285,0.000410817,0.0001811643],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9962888,0.0005124476,0.0004000349,0.000121021,0.002466435,0.0002112561],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009388959,0.00132359,0.03994856,0.00003886285,0.0004504716,0.0003242172,0.5280638,0.0008032231,0.000311977,0.1643663,0.2051795,0.05825052],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007023136,0.0001018021,0.001365063,0.00004913099,0.00008389059,3.482645e-7,0.001239503,0.00001977612,0.00008325669,0.009743944,0.9865158,0.00009515774],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3624538,0.0005632866,0.001927949,0.0002374682,0.03674031,0.0001715862,0.00004680974,0.00006073974,0.597798],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9538208,0.0004593386,0.005872732,0.0001857356,0.03701576,1.767243e-7,0.000003969273,0.00001235635,0.002629097],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7813363,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9982477,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4416195674","doi":"10.1177/00754242251392215","title":"Interview with Jack Chambers","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"American Sports and Literature","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"","authors":[{"name":"Tony Pi","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01277005351156558,"gpt":0.2312197297807281,"spread":0.2184496762691625,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001919192,0.0001011519,0.0002409156,0.00008101184,0.00009880085,0.0002018472,0.0001293059,0.00002598769,0.0008521982],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001999247,0.00006523709,0.00008219176,0.00005175337,0.0001991905,0.00004013517,0.00001763699,0.0002897336,0.000001693692],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002307942,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001227968,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006279875,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000192328,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993338,0.00001866756,0.0003269457,0.00006622199,0.0001387673,0.0001155769],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9947982,0.0000476525,0.0002787964,0.0001079522,0.00471587,0.00005149166],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008147216,0.0001189964,0.0005248589,0.0001219335,0.0002099683,0.000113473,0.04980813,0.00003966643,2.507828e-7,0.3670273,0.5798937,0.002060308],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002308549,0.0001603066,0.00005392933,0.0003796671,0.00007962084,0.000001331389,0.005165563,0.000007773901,0.000002559166,0.0001881181,0.9936516,0.0000786584],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.003341647,0.001426742,0.0001265032,0.0001373227,0.01125103,0.00005530549,0.00001436016,0.00002280358,0.9836243],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9192936,0.0001313799,0.001983241,0.004024477,0.02267822,0.000001267548,0.000006296948,0.00002939672,0.05185205],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9317722,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9330972,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7117488219","doi":"10.1177/00754242251401239","title":"Book Review: Comparative Variation Analysis: Grammatical Alternations in World Englishes Comparative Variation Analysis: Grammatical Alternations in World Englishes by SzmrecsanyiBenediktGrafmillerJason. Cambridge University Press (hardback), 2023. xviii +218. ISBN: 9781108491563.","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Saint Mary's University","funders":"","keywords":"World Englishes; Variation (astronomy); Comparative method; Comparative literature; Varieties of English","authors":[{"name":"Marisa Brook","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02300869239117603,"gpt":0.3228290861210415,"spread":0.2998203937298655,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003571739,0.0004493202,0.001819389,0.003087036,0.0004574303,0.0003261592,0.0009322671,0.0002711008,0.0002524906],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03777941,0.000481135,0.0005141993,0.007656988,0.0003262591,0.0004547538,0.000135299,0.001193654,0.000006310364],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001180048,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007603096,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002440606,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01244472,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9930038,0.002177976,0.002359291,0.0006162749,0.00118882,0.0006537875],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9858559,0.003073061,0.001705264,0.0004566615,0.008542133,0.000366924],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003098469,0.002222829,0.01307402,0.0002162531,0.006394973,0.0001218211,0.0399808,0.01960747,0.000007686593,0.5031695,0.414815,0.00007980963],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002586437,0.00008955144,0.01700431,0.0005936293,0.006884472,4.547942e-7,0.003937928,0.02336236,0.00002313381,0.0005827819,0.9443241,0.0006108855],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0155505,0.0671347,0.1847753,0.008955462,0.04016472,0.007728162,0.002096188,0.0006803557,0.6729146],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9493477,0.01036096,0.0101532,0.002585304,0.005972882,0.00005903445,0.0006476775,0.00004420776,0.02082906],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9337972,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999764,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4307884135","doi":"10.1177/00754242221126533","title":"Reflections From Editors of Journal of English Linguistics","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Translation Studies and Practices","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Linguistics; Applied linguistics; Sociology; Philosophy; History","authors":[{"name":"Alexandra D’Arcy","is_ca":true},{"name":"Peter J. Grund","is_ca":false},{"name":"William A. Kretzschmar","is_ca":false},{"name":"Charles F. Meyer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anne Curzan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Robin M. Queen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Matthew J. Gordon","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05800104933629836,"gpt":0.3155992341893435,"spread":0.2575981848530451,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009946917,0.0001569895,0.0005109787,0.0002749812,0.0004826748,0.0001122098,0.0003375736,0.00005084873,0.000890159],"category_scores_gemma":[0.08999597,0.0001413588,0.0003014956,0.0001177888,0.0001578977,0.00008329506,0.00006690171,0.00098623,7.92909e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006854439,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002564387,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007306029,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000881275,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9973803,0.0001687283,0.001398147,0.00009472922,0.0007815319,0.0001765753],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9530166,0.001346492,0.002570254,0.0001611832,0.04279423,0.0001112618],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008089443,0.001075157,0.001643992,0.0001119921,0.001584046,0.00009181529,0.241119,0.00483947,0.00001545527,0.05071466,0.6968572,0.001138325],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006748179,0.0006535308,0.00003421253,0.00005437091,0.0004479947,0.000001092463,0.02504113,0.00001153626,0.00005102078,0.001961518,0.9709372,0.0001315643],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"editorial","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.006954802,0.005462945,0.0001916429,0.00006096681,0.5695373,0.0001202186,0.0007307516,0.00003377807,0.4169076],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6259795,0.0004390688,0.002164323,0.00007647125,0.3711007,8.843539e-7,0.000007328169,0.00002961962,0.0002021223],"genre_candidate":"editorial","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6190247,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9746617,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2110517309","doi":"10.1177/0075424207311249","title":"Book Review: Brinton, Laurel J., and Arnovick, Leslie K. (2006). <i>The English Language: A Linguistic History</i> . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"History","authors":[{"name":"Stefan Dollinger","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01471987545222737,"gpt":0.2494045112775299,"spread":0.2346846358253026,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001564756,0.0002230731,0.0005016216,0.0001153456,0.0005129836,0.0000395917,0.0005978929,0.0001990846,0.00031409],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1818362,0.0001978672,0.0001815871,0.0001874952,0.0006156286,0.00006251427,0.0001077031,0.0007447758,0.000001538455],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004053533,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009741844,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003350585,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001012411,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976608,0.00037528,0.0006773324,0.00024841,0.0006108996,0.0004272618],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9888368,0.000762875,0.0008573764,0.0003172628,0.008876484,0.0003491662],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000557563,0.0000870696,0.0005587504,0.0001070796,0.00006593695,0.0004410417,0.03620136,0.00001262391,0.000001106614,0.02172673,0.9406497,0.00009282957],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007109331,0.00008956577,0.0001110766,0.0002102665,0.0002158338,0.00001881439,0.001710218,0.00001123584,0.000004701586,0.0000541067,0.9966413,0.0002219288],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001386217,0.3352363,0.0007647294,0.0008717558,0.04227317,0.0007991873,0.00008022608,0.0002143056,0.6183741],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1206739,0.6004753,0.006741696,0.04492032,0.1181687,0.00000734219,0.00004406408,0.0001671163,0.1088016],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5095724,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8250555,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2021163675","doi":"10.1177/00754240022004901","title":"Language in Canada","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Linguistics; History; Sociology; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Margery Fee","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01128476954443679,"gpt":0.2773215343954678,"spread":0.266036764851031,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005747089,0.00004563853,0.000136445,0.00005245231,0.00005321727,0.00001716892,0.0001606588,0.00004273498,0.001233349],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07152221,0.00004426813,0.00002766498,0.0001319176,0.00003171158,0.00001335798,0.000005156067,0.0001927563,0.000004165482],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003367011,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002396435,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.6976596,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9000159,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991035,0.00009417465,0.0003203569,0.00004933372,0.0002644473,0.0001681726],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978411,0.0002049491,0.0001276083,0.00006003571,0.001658616,0.0001076994],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002646405,0.0004596667,0.1334113,0.00004541693,0.0001283205,0.004682616,0.366965,0.003518751,0.00001400356,0.2087412,0.24812,0.03364914],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002976441,0.0000147804,0.00201835,0.00001439091,0.000008732478,6.978929e-7,0.005499141,0.00001552903,0.000008210001,0.0003675875,0.9916981,0.00005686906],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2459788,0.0002170483,0.0000152617,0.0001341451,0.0149222,0.00005864598,0.000008209198,0.0000112574,0.7386544],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9881924,0.00008645172,0.0006916641,0.0003779306,0.009694359,2.163578e-7,7.47011e-7,0.000004901898,0.000951349],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.743578,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996797,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4391540461","doi":"10.1177/00754242231226391","title":"A Welcome and a Thank You","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Educational Leadership and Practices","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"History; Linguistics; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Alexandra D’Arcy","is_ca":true},{"name":"Peter J. Grund","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05202581011429742,"gpt":0.3719854634555851,"spread":0.3199596533412877,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001268279,0.00004576978,0.00008574825,0.00008887346,0.0001152963,0.0002291586,0.0001011746,0.00004084187,0.00007837058],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07042014,0.00003913196,0.00004215087,0.0001418839,0.0001003153,0.0001091031,0.000008540511,0.0002714807,0.000005954459],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000348645,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004153656,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006259714,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005124636,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992954,0.000086541,0.0001820261,0.00005773155,0.0002700544,0.0001082371],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9968302,0.001047448,0.00009928858,0.00003757971,0.001873314,0.0001121493],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003008699,0.00008036273,0.006039764,0.0001156121,0.0001194985,0.0001052457,0.1947238,0.000007496742,0.000003745629,0.724827,0.07076977,0.003177545],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004302477,0.0000313991,0.0002456931,0.00007877631,0.00004390706,0.000002065921,0.01696336,0.000006136819,0.000003884643,0.007951403,0.9745825,0.00004783619],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04651732,0.02137771,0.0001000416,0.006877223,0.0923859,0.0001080463,0.00001517938,0.00007973229,0.8325388],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9526194,0.0007942392,0.001281309,0.0001426991,0.04384383,3.364556e-7,4.597032e-7,0.000006695815,0.001311007],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9061021,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9374101,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}