{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":7,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":7,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"6909e387f890","filters":{"venue":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice"}},"results":[{"id":"W2118661158","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2012.700830","title":"The Impact of Indigenous Status on Adult Sentencing: A Review of the Statistical Research Literature From the United States, Canada, and Australia","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","topic":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":40,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Indigenous; Prison; Criminology; Differential (mechanical device); Politics; Multivariate statistics; Set (abstract data type); Multivariate analysis; Statistical evidence; Psychology; Political science; Law; Econometrics; Statistics; Economics; Biology; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Samantha Jeffries","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christine Bond","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1912964532714926,"gpt":0.4877628179035743,"spread":0.2964663646320817,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005588714,0.0004851426,0.001358588,0.008367561,0.0008843341,0.001928855,0.001171489,0.0006243867,0.001228557],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01789438,0.0004076458,0.0007734564,0.01082053,0.001843909,0.001039144,0.001031661,0.0009237877,0.000227539],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.005688528,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.02703848,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.3265347,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.5263289,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968063,0.0008477094,0.0004697256,0.0002837378,0.001443823,0.000148775],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9864032,0.007649688,0.001757884,0.0002065015,0.003652056,0.0003307247],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006543897,0.00003637475,0.007231966,0.06257229,0.0003423245,0.0001977256,0.002556033,0.0002150798,0.0002839792,0.001919729,0.006111334,0.9184678],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002893051,0.0003737104,0.2735287,0.182015,0.003626971,0.002636211,0.008610984,0.0003773882,0.001491437,0.002490969,0.5246009,0.0002187795],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00201582,0.9962749,0.00007214365,0.0004052511,0.00005945461,0.00001119183,0.00006509473,0.000004343791,0.001091739],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.009590732,0.9899631,0.0001573367,0.00009319533,0.00003455447,0.000007904103,0.00004261234,0.000002271563,0.0001082088],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6734653,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6492681,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2733201079","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2017.1347542","title":"Defendant and juror race in a necessity case: An ultimate attribution error","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","topic":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Attribution; Commit; Race (biology); Psychology; Blame; Social psychology; White (mutation); Racial bias; Criminology; Sociology","authors":[{"name":"Susan Yamamoto","is_ca":true},{"name":"Evelyn M. Maeder","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1639601584066815,"gpt":0.4807901519048358,"spread":0.3168299934981543,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0158023,0.0002771959,0.0004202596,0.000770346,0.001833394,0.001478586,0.0004208871,0.0009402314,0.003235505],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1025169,0.000287486,0.0002765602,0.0002692152,0.001219347,0.001253778,0.001657705,0.001383319,0.0004109706],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005917224,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008612387,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001290374,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002823785,"domain_scores_codex":[0.991113,0.005621423,0.0005483696,0.0005876017,0.001677159,0.0004525404],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9410596,0.0297822,0.02091545,0.003129987,0.00327665,0.001836207],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003760805,0.001186576,0.8636286,0.0001800851,0.0002211684,0.001792069,0.03291648,0.000515853,0.01476878,0.00496082,0.001494679,0.07457412],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001231751,0.00126886,0.9580287,0.0002265182,0.0001903585,0.002478778,0.01905609,0.002995099,0.006269124,0.005736529,0.003504341,0.000122562],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9973054,0.0001022152,0.0006525681,0.0003172145,0.00003301415,0.00002565902,0.00000773602,0.000005855107,0.001550317],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998785,0.00005598605,0.0005010296,0.0001262695,0.00002388426,0.00001450633,0.00001251159,0.000003990394,0.0004768654],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0158023,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.08357149,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4282925072","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2022.2086192","title":"Characterizing patterns in police stops by race in Minneapolis from 2016 to 2021","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"National Institute of Mental Health; Fonds de recherche du Québec","keywords":"Race (biology); Criminology; Injustice; Metropolitan area; Metropolitan police; Racial profiling; Leverage (statistics); Racism; George (robot); Sociology; Psychology; Geography; Social psychology; History; Gender studies; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Tuviere Onookome-Okome","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jonah Gorondensky","is_ca":true},{"name":"Éric Rose","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jeffery Sauer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kristian Lum","is_ca":false},{"name":"Erica E. M. Moodie","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0673254314445661,"gpt":0.3904803855414669,"spread":0.3231549540969008,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005950428,0.0002854216,0.0002115708,0.001790286,0.0006297688,0.001065403,0.0005349608,0.0003400896,0.00136371],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002913801,0.0002424089,0.0002937952,0.001743175,0.0003147187,0.0006556595,0.001460529,0.0005086898,0.0003923186],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001233138,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007195323,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1649411,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.3971706,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999401,0.0001208046,0.00007436498,0.0002003377,0.00008694927,0.0001165351],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9968844,0.0002848653,0.001751905,0.0001534363,0.0005879169,0.0003375038],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003770531,0.00001343218,0.9928934,0.00002340288,0.00004822652,0.0000470825,0.001362162,0.0001503582,0.0001507988,0.00009859203,0.001999044,0.003175836],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001244474,0.00001357888,0.9952178,0.00003133243,0.00001840822,0.00005604819,0.002491506,0.0003214315,0.00009186281,0.00002319676,0.001727806,0.000005666819],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9911137,0.000330203,0.0001870819,0.0002679007,0.00001988953,0.00001099484,0.00693125,0.00001734644,0.00112166],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.990905,0.0003780978,0.0003614183,0.00006600263,0.00002347013,0.00003937024,0.007092779,0.00001451597,0.001119326],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1649411,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3279621,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4281749368","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2022.2081643","title":"Learning from indigenous youth to build relations and earn trust in policing","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","topic":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"","keywords":"Indigenous; Mainstream; Community policing; Dialogical self; Focus group; Accountability; Perception; Sociology; Public relations; Psychology; Social psychology; Criminology; Political science; Law","authors":[{"name":"Leisa Desmoulins","is_ca":true},{"name":"Melissa Oskineegish","is_ca":true},{"name":"Kelsey Jaggard","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1044199185340636,"gpt":0.3946481052197843,"spread":0.2902281866857208,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.009570567,0.0004057329,0.0004068887,0.0007683193,0.01313019,0.005320786,0.001311095,0.0008833703,0.002944226],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01147163,0.000420398,0.0004334695,0.0004160276,0.006221655,0.003948864,0.009358746,0.003321416,0.0004411778],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003899965,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01235366,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02843782,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.07397642,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9945635,0.003405572,0.00009180995,0.0002121134,0.0005779322,0.001149036],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9946992,0.001417993,0.0005519425,0.0003338283,0.0008264598,0.002170495],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000218563,0.0003028938,0.01092542,0.00008795709,0.000007437027,0.0004606085,0.9596794,0.00002686498,0.0005425654,0.002664091,0.001445401,0.02383544],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000009133893,0.0001345362,0.005412533,0.0001457801,0.00001646588,0.0001580672,0.9733507,0.00009981277,0.0003448215,0.001598667,0.01871407,0.00001536564],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.977722,0.0002833939,0.001330529,0.00536324,0.0001068623,0.0001051,0.00001069308,0.00002310796,0.01505503],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9930281,0.0004346137,0.001958783,0.0005995437,0.00003252933,0.00006370361,0.000008077029,0.00001706987,0.003857558],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02843782,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0565446,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4408233172","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2025.2468691","title":"Race and justice in British Columbia, Canada: Explicit racism, implicit racism, and principled moral reasoning in judgments about perpetrators and victims","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","topic":"Torture, Ethics, and Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Trinity Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Racism; Race (biology); Criminology; Psychology; Racial bias; Economic Justice; Sociology; Social psychology; Gender studies; Political science; Law","authors":[{"name":"Jordyn D. Laird","is_ca":false},{"name":"Philip Laird","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03055498916658696,"gpt":0.3301282822449627,"spread":0.2995732930783758,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001549445,0.0002307385,0.0002693687,0.0008913183,0.006163483,0.001472896,0.0008652,0.0005378349,0.002293709],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006494035,0.0003193972,0.000230812,0.001207927,0.001958932,0.0004858363,0.001030283,0.001080393,0.0002291518],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01968635,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.02048886,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9884952,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9972071,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988769,0.0002688467,0.00006804274,0.0001186132,0.0004147453,0.0002529773],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9953702,0.000748323,0.0008780111,0.0001362723,0.001953347,0.0009138137],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002211788,0.000183954,0.9315879,0.00005065674,0.00004271038,0.0002906832,0.0444296,0.0001552013,0.0006316719,0.0003887893,0.002686296,0.0193314],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001210988,0.00003877559,0.9581871,0.00006601903,0.00001630412,0.00007538732,0.03893543,0.0002722663,0.0001608643,0.0001156941,0.002096121,0.00002386613],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.997771,0.0001257972,0.00003583035,0.0002642727,0.000007992887,0.00001813056,0.00008955218,0.000001142919,0.001686414],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979392,0.0001771488,0.0001385979,0.0001342761,0.00000317668,0.00001574291,0.0001137268,0.000002709543,0.001475427],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01968635,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1428351,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4417041974","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2025.2595417","title":"High-risk operation: Investigating racial disproportionality in Canadian SWAT team use of force incidents and challenging police militarization’s colorblind construction","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","topic":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council","keywords":"Racism; Ethnic group; Race (biology); Qualitative research; Focus (optics); Focus group","authors":[{"name":"Tandeep Sidhu","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07669114445798213,"gpt":0.3946700596781635,"spread":0.3179789152201814,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002358448,0.0003671035,0.0003408468,0.003359659,0.01223722,0.002827896,0.001585759,0.0004247874,0.002178641],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006088862,0.0003019848,0.0003942566,0.003504195,0.004132294,0.001136035,0.004242377,0.0009940341,0.0001434407],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.03753706,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.04885365,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9921299,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9971907,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978806,0.0002932232,0.0000754156,0.0001984028,0.0008693675,0.0006831153],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9969404,0.000351377,0.000677113,0.0001617546,0.001314195,0.0005552585],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009132458,0.00009788974,0.7789484,0.00006114198,0.00003984782,0.000189543,0.1965781,0.0001296402,0.0007128041,0.004189644,0.001536124,0.01742551],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000284781,0.00003152865,0.7425705,0.00008122404,0.00002162353,0.00006730865,0.2514824,0.0004439661,0.0002583386,0.0003323643,0.004681067,0.00002685557],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9954472,0.00007616971,0.0001526998,0.0003370531,0.000006231211,0.00002363785,0.0001406379,0.00000221031,0.003814054],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988132,0.0000916314,0.0001821728,0.0000674074,0.000002518808,0.00001530786,0.00008568921,0.000003778345,0.0007383474],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03753706,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2723517,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4409282709","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2025.2485889","title":"#JusticeforCindy: a content analysis of legacy and social media","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","topic":"Social Media and Politics","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Content analysis; Content (measure theory); Sociology; Psychology; Mathematics; Social science; Mathematical analysis","authors":[{"name":"Brook Madigan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Natalie Snow","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1600657195067375,"gpt":0.4165215281198577,"spread":0.2564558086131202,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002051497,0.0002629887,0.0001894694,0.006563876,0.002680314,0.003260338,0.0003104474,0.000429007,0.002903744],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008872311,0.0001375195,0.000200043,0.00765147,0.001278283,0.002773501,0.00215234,0.0006417821,0.0005304054],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002711079,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003005042,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03538464,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.06552632,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988092,0.0004186508,0.00007758003,0.0001259854,0.0003944405,0.0001741082],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.992741,0.004018234,0.0006157038,0.0003314328,0.001999289,0.0002943164],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000199605,0.0001425393,0.08544487,0.001844482,0.00004650465,0.001421757,0.5990378,0.0001344497,0.00846672,0.01174808,0.03391545,0.2575978],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001029229,0.00008219124,0.2010605,0.001248126,0.00006677877,0.0005664519,0.4788599,0.001060964,0.003465023,0.001832606,0.3116682,0.00007902784],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9253033,0.001005114,0.003409416,0.002412854,0.0002230952,0.0009171069,0.01477146,0.0002176237,0.05174004],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9438581,0.002202888,0.01732344,0.001118673,0.0002737477,0.001537025,0.01009386,0.0004301001,0.02316207],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03538464,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07035738,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}