{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":4,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":4,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"6b5aa4f9b320","filters":{"venue":"Journal of Tort Law"}},"results":[{"id":"W3009603237","doi":"10.1515/jtl-2020-2001","title":"Structure, Function, and Tort Law","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Tort Law","topic":"Free Will and Agency","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Tort; Doctrine; Vicarious liability; Begging; Argument (complex analysis); Law and economics; Function (biology); Law; Delict; Political science; Liability; Sociology; Comparative law; Private law; Black letter law","authors":[{"name":"Dan Priel","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02899519136172372,"gpt":0.2266903522836873,"spread":0.1976951609219636,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005246258,0.00007479295,0.0001337496,0.00001394859,0.00009899927,0.00004860191,0.0001299742,0.00003393791,0.0002281019],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006576871,0.00005435555,0.00005430665,0.0000739219,0.00008582755,0.0003049677,0.00003400557,0.0001635876,0.000008405555],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009577023,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002038546,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001454162,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001645305,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992885,0.00002571307,0.000227733,0.000115318,0.0002360185,0.0001067241],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995649,0.00002662342,0.0001387126,0.00006817262,0.00004012194,0.0001614096],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001856675,0.00005489001,0.003350026,0.00004336604,0.00002371525,0.0002706114,0.0002329203,0.00005177811,0.6361728,0.3402302,0.01769114,0.001692935],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008788108,0.000843963,0.008943309,0.00002871768,0.00005873452,0.0004817391,0.00003129837,0.00006613334,0.1123738,0.01524916,0.8608145,0.0002299191],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9442595,0.0006685567,0.0004616172,0.006225697,0.002709222,0.00012763,0.00002620508,0.00004777394,0.04547379],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9901975,0.00002574567,0.0001396614,0.008785164,0.0006978694,1.596733e-7,1.614497e-7,0.0000076081,0.000146117],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8431233,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2497556,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4308964972","doi":"10.1515/jtl-2022-0014","title":"Public Nuisance is a Tort","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Tort Law","topic":"Legal principles and applications","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Nuisance; Tort; Plaintiff; Political science; Law and economics; Cause of action; Action (physics); Law; Business; Liability; Economics","authors":[{"name":"David Bullock","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0883632060783345,"gpt":0.3339591221476481,"spread":0.2455959160693136,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006544988,0.00003548614,0.00008690577,0.00002458863,0.0007533285,0.00007329291,0.0003551263,0.00001719094,0.00200304],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003030198,0.0000329129,0.00009438161,0.0001670793,0.00007540541,0.0002352728,0.00006733379,0.0001794793,0.00001404096],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001627436,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002678466,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006433642,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003608321,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990715,0.00005335882,0.0001974785,0.00006025302,0.0004775898,0.0001398428],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994613,0.00002724029,0.0001944495,0.00009506709,0.000108763,0.0001131609],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005328237,0.00009223403,0.002175671,0.000001393448,0.00001781967,0.000009904199,0.002567471,0.00001093149,0.00009634371,0.944451,0.04929452,0.001277429],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000786529,0.0000300574,0.0006977383,0.000001492024,0.000005897086,0.000009049763,0.0007820185,0.000003880213,0.00002122152,0.003366604,0.9949616,0.00004177662],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1629009,0.0006270123,0.0001892786,0.08842783,0.001181107,0.000182941,0.00002639988,0.00003282,0.7464317],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9925269,0.00003336988,0.0002575504,0.002156205,0.0005542783,0.000006155065,3.287223e-7,0.000004357141,0.00446085],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9456671,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9989092,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2314496002","doi":"10.1515/jtl-2015-0001","title":"Is Personal Injury Law Personal?","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Tort Law","topic":"Free Will and Agency","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Tort; Blame; Luck; Moral responsibility; Argument (complex analysis); Personal injury; Position (finance); Law and economics; Liability; Law; Sociology; Political science; Epistemology; Philosophy; Psychology; Social psychology; Business","authors":[{"name":"Zoë Sinel","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0308262119339558,"gpt":0.2626386902145699,"spread":0.2318124782806141,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001375603,0.0001200108,0.0001863322,0.0000433296,0.000164882,0.00009727768,0.0002849753,0.00005647777,0.003490572],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004986364,0.00008684014,0.0002136873,0.00009373794,0.0001812133,0.0006735119,0.00004423941,0.0002800509,0.000414523],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003953722,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004499412,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001618289,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009806135,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987434,0.00004602192,0.0003095042,0.0001517393,0.000510253,0.0002390989],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999348,0.00005372144,0.000210439,0.0001000021,0.0001024755,0.0001853929],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008758393,0.0003958096,0.001920023,0.00004634809,0.00004196862,0.0003110582,0.002809655,0.000001462218,0.7265489,0.06335589,0.1989324,0.005548949],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008070117,0.000835552,0.004052829,0.0001183707,0.00004735225,0.001014424,0.0002458878,0.000401616,0.1944905,0.005794986,0.7917206,0.0004708768],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9233102,0.0002058057,0.00001498006,0.005134415,0.001127124,0.00009205547,0.00001634755,0.00001988794,0.07007925],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.984021,0.00003669368,0.0001379674,0.01155211,0.0006502338,0.000001743894,1.341731e-7,0.00001349028,0.003586649],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5927882,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9974204,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4407290833","doi":"10.1515/jtl-2025-0003","title":"The (Un)intended Consequences of Legal Transplants: A Comparative Study of Standing in Collective Litigation in Five Jurisdictions","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Tort Law","topic":"Legal Issues in South Africa","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Canadian Criminal Justice Association","funders":"","keywords":"Law and economics; Business; Law; Political science; Economics","authors":[{"name":"Jasminka Kalajdzic","is_ca":true},{"name":"Axel Halfmeier","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bernard Murphy","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ianika Tzankova","is_ca":false},{"name":"Manuel A. Gómez","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03760755494931052,"gpt":0.3622623859285788,"spread":0.3246548309792683,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001300115,0.00006437749,0.0002675141,0.0001604807,0.0001713744,0.0000705067,0.0001953263,0.0000425863,0.00001921218],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001169767,0.00004584689,0.00006497998,0.0006916183,0.0005959884,0.0004552516,0.00001041898,0.0002778573,4.741105e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000341704,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005289298,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004828524,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0249199,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982963,0.0004409445,0.0005810988,0.00008466897,0.0004641897,0.0001327692],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998739,0.0006792896,0.0002542647,0.00005336258,0.0002341592,0.00003993277],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002109143,0.0002391908,0.004595971,0.00001330277,0.0001356484,0.00008999552,0.9006282,0.0002204741,0.0003190598,0.09342417,0.00006345685,0.00005959845],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001842719,0.001793508,0.01014168,0.00108369,0.0001603526,0.00001862308,0.9480767,0.000258299,0.003483074,0.02284577,0.01009499,0.0002005705],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9683082,0.0009150964,0.00003892671,0.000504151,0.0004677617,0.0003066291,0.00002057342,0.000005787103,0.02943295],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996127,0.00005158852,0.00007671784,0.000005800048,0.0000582602,0.000006178244,2.000553e-7,0.000003133502,0.0001853462],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0705784,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9928728,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}