{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":5,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":5,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"cfc34e7972f3","filters":{"venue":"Journal of law & empirical analysis."}},"results":[{"id":"W4408141654","doi":"10.1177/2755323x261427048","title":"AI-Powered Lawyering: AI Reasoning Models, Retrieval Augmented Generation, and the Future of Legal Practice","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Journal of law & empirical analysis.","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Institute on Governance","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Knowledge management","authors":[{"name":"Daniel Schwarcz","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sam Manning","is_ca":true},{"name":"Patrick Barry","is_ca":false},{"name":"J.C. Prescott","is_ca":false},{"name":"Beverly Rich","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0691908929906884,"gpt":0.4238668206748683,"spread":0.3546759276841799,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005178218,0.0002584525,0.001108952,0.0002607966,0.0006299475,0.0003911196,0.0008124641,0.0004528052,0.00008628672],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001441762,0.000184197,0.0008537477,0.001298468,0.001104696,0.0007144205,0.0003483934,0.001608014,0.000001142008],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002523419,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00107485,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004117936,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005491251,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9946459,0.00186907,0.001449074,0.0003763883,0.001352441,0.0003071449],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9943813,0.0008394715,0.001820188,0.0004097556,0.002342529,0.0002067497],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00106345,0.0002141027,0.0002736064,0.0000329725,0.003650518,0.00004968907,0.008833671,0.06276208,0.00004895042,0.9177394,0.004578023,0.0007535744],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006812998,0.0001593829,0.0000701641,0.0002893948,0.01287133,0.0000248642,0.008230035,0.1639866,0.0005553706,0.06729363,0.7452035,0.0006344549],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04226054,0.02372618,0.1936112,0.6443781,0.005448311,0.001441342,0.0001273273,0.0001160888,0.0888909],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9854659,0.003085153,0.003656988,0.004687425,0.00216919,0.000001932862,0.00001044701,0.00001384514,0.0009091134],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9432054,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7511334,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4410579377","doi":"10.1177/2755323x251341611","title":"Estimating the Delay of Criminal Trials: Evidence From Canada","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of law & empirical analysis.","topic":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University; York University","funders":"","keywords":"Criminal trial; Psychology; Criminology","authors":[{"name":"Dylan R. Clarke","is_ca":true},{"name":"Adam Metzler","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1341271587794071,"gpt":0.3332045036237493,"spread":0.1990773448443422,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004199096,0.0001322255,0.001809958,0.0002082782,0.000149029,0.00008861373,0.0005966999,0.00008848928,0.0002524909],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001806522,0.0001113377,0.0008165969,0.0005788297,0.0001491319,0.0002172565,0.00006438667,0.0002515406,0.000008068957],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000285211,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003184605,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.5318866,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.2633106,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9960619,0.0001839369,0.003188932,0.0002386322,0.0001134085,0.0002132298],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9947332,0.001770763,0.002880547,0.0003425395,0.0001689131,0.0001040719],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003755538,0.000282445,0.7634466,0.0001341338,0.01409915,0.00006366364,0.00204474,0.05452145,0.00006650351,0.1403077,0.02252158,0.002136457],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003374237,0.0004893888,0.3029516,0.0009870016,0.011779,0.00003241835,0.001323188,0.1554748,0.0008169083,0.4414733,0.07995322,0.001344969],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.936021,0.01148202,0.03264409,0.007054719,0.00183479,0.0001483486,0.0001306537,0.000006112214,0.01067828],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9969323,0.00009947044,0.001140552,0.001256437,0.0004813848,0.000002222624,0.000002429465,0.000007099295,0.00007815982],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4604951,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.750132,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4412882037","doi":"10.1177/2755323x251362525","title":"Biased Evaluation of Pain and Suffering Damages","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of law & empirical analysis.","topic":"Jury Decision Making Processes","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Damages; Pain and suffering; Medicine; Psychology; Political science; Law","authors":[{"name":"Maytal Gilboa","is_ca":true},{"name":"Tamar Kricheli‐Katz","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1270860633107112,"gpt":0.4812245295753605,"spread":0.3541384662646493,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01063612,0.00006627227,0.0003740309,0.0003778914,0.0001646889,0.00007350813,0.0002160466,0.00006595621,0.0001353748],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003797707,0.00005148224,0.0001938881,0.001590055,0.0001961236,0.0001872459,0.00003439435,0.0001245681,7.095362e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006912798,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002965386,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001449535,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009163879,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971986,0.001001244,0.0005375689,0.0001112482,0.001030941,0.0001203834],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972286,0.001180525,0.0003861717,0.0001060557,0.00102067,0.0000779617],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002978311,0.0008619234,0.4812835,0.000166556,0.005081291,0.00003860944,0.01362205,0.01380542,0.001836933,0.05892631,0.009921364,0.4141582],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002612222,0.0005038311,0.6433177,0.0005467372,0.01617563,0.000004294107,0.007705148,0.01859398,0.001665262,0.1537079,0.1545875,0.0005798204],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9739197,0.001503199,0.007078154,0.005880598,0.00009550223,0.00006810985,0.000001352595,0.00000909459,0.01144433],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984036,0.00006942681,0.0008601376,0.0004707476,0.00005329127,6.561731e-7,3.981079e-7,0.000002351798,0.0001393987],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4135784,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4546485,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3121595620","doi":"10.1177/2755323x251340759","title":"Covering: Mutable Characteristics and Perceptions of Voice in the U.S. Supreme Court","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of law & empirical analysis.","topic":"Law in Society and Culture","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"European Research Council; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; University of Toronto; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Agence Nationale de la Recherche","keywords":"Supreme court; Perception; Law; Political science; Psychology","authors":[{"name":"Daniel L. Chen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Yosh Halberstam","is_ca":true},{"name":"Alan C. L. Yu","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02739026327728913,"gpt":0.3527288987038225,"spread":0.3253386354265334,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001249734,0.00006441816,0.0003345165,0.00002900253,0.0002660006,0.00007005496,0.0002684428,0.0000983455,0.0001100431],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001586895,0.00004049154,0.0002451937,0.0009679259,0.0003540614,0.0001484785,0.00002731056,0.0002724921,0.000001371598],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005372831,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001013503,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004464611,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001678229,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987529,0.0002452633,0.0004034601,0.00008064052,0.0003769287,0.0001408132],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991811,0.0002506952,0.0002067416,0.00009584615,0.0002125434,0.00005306013],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007842179,0.0009169033,0.7222277,0.00007131639,0.001758137,0.00003501476,0.1007318,0.0002780982,0.0009335755,0.1432682,0.02885387,0.0008470473],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004116983,0.00007163898,0.4719096,0.00005890964,0.001826347,0.000005324093,0.02484418,0.0001507909,0.0000258906,0.008988722,0.4915674,0.0001394827],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9531288,0.0004820317,0.0003202112,0.02328972,0.0001043055,0.00006953768,0.00001072919,0.000004832537,0.02258983],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966578,0.0007088865,0.0001687989,0.001714066,0.0001061137,9.165861e-7,0.00000155696,0.000001630079,0.0006401595],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4627135,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2045889,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4403967218","doi":"10.1177/2755323x241296683","title":"Putting the Bar to the Test: An Examination of the Predictive Validity of Bar Exam Outcomes on Lawyering Effectiveness","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of law & empirical analysis.","topic":"Legal Education and Practice Innovations","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Bar (unit); Test (biology); Predictive validity; Psychology; Clinical psychology; Geography; Geology","authors":[{"name":"Jason Scott","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stephen Goggin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rick Trachok","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jenny Kwon","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sara Gordon","is_ca":true},{"name":"Dean Gould","is_ca":false},{"name":"Fletcher S. Hiigel","is_ca":false},{"name":"Leah Chan Grinvald","is_ca":false},{"name":"David L. Faigman","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1091205595821231,"gpt":0.4500437291123631,"spread":0.3409231695302399,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007203462,0.00008324853,0.0002506227,0.0001244361,0.0004865701,0.0001530101,0.0004661517,0.00005260843,0.00008833477],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004930893,0.00003746901,0.0002954869,0.001948976,0.0001997149,0.0004735574,0.00004196289,0.0004478291,0.000004234975],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001269838,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002875568,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006965406,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006884709,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9967159,0.001769001,0.0004842871,0.0001203399,0.0007897602,0.0001207047],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9921529,0.00658366,0.0004059407,0.0002203281,0.0005734126,0.00006371975],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001070476,0.002004956,0.4478971,0.0001197772,0.003889291,0.00001229821,0.1715654,0.0324839,0.002201777,0.3112679,0.002532741,0.0259178],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006687799,0.0001854732,0.9641594,0.00006328712,0.0008760556,0.000002015191,0.003116818,0.0006597319,0.0006128135,0.002279464,0.0279217,0.0000564058],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9181201,0.00005293891,0.001045352,0.07206557,0.0005395312,0.0002230396,0.00001201238,0.00001206082,0.00792941],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99871,0.000009223251,0.0001153997,0.0007978166,0.0002500718,0.000005368892,5.768106e-7,0.000005211567,0.0001063051],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5162622,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5903096,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}