{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":14,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":14,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"e6b9e5252826","filters":{"venue":"Law Probability and Risk"}},"results":[{"id":"W2008815158","doi":"10.1093/lpr/mgm042","title":"A forensic approach to the interpretation of blood doping markers","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Law Probability and Risk","topic":"Doping in Sports","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":74,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"World Anti-Doping Agency","funders":"Bundesamt für Sport; World Anti-Doping Agency; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","keywords":"Prior probability; Odds; Population; Bayesian probability; Athletes; Fallacy; Statistics; Test (biology); Sorting; Medicine; Econometrics; Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Mathematics; Biology; Algorithm; Physical therapy; Epistemology; Logistic regression","authors":[{"name":"Pierre‐Edouard Sottas","is_ca":false},{"name":"N. Robinson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Martial Saugy","is_ca":false},{"name":"O. Niggli","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0210194790790406,"gpt":0.2551814619903546,"spread":0.234161982911314,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01594831,0.001020501,0.001100632,0.004812892,0.002340445,0.006010791,0.003102374,0.004004388,0.004501832],"category_scores_gemma":[0.05492403,0.0009404093,0.001112345,0.002637154,0.00612232,0.006009979,0.004480298,0.003923688,0.001646053],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00184882,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004208016,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003930039,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002748566,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9870259,0.00750342,0.0005645255,0.001376052,0.003147013,0.0003830734],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9833399,0.009515067,0.001487813,0.00314098,0.002314095,0.000202117],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007837486,0.0001254423,0.007129467,0.0002995875,0.0001329044,0.001072466,0.002113714,0.02092865,0.004187921,0.748614,0.007770194,0.2075472],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002235545,0.00009612287,0.003909928,0.0006676183,0.00009074738,0.003883393,0.001019259,0.09223625,0.007124856,0.8287148,0.0620661,0.0001685643],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.009124597,0.002342436,0.9629452,0.006733906,0.0003424966,0.0001074517,0.0004233995,0.0003255079,0.01765508],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.3228301,0.004014901,0.6624973,0.00265727,0.0006784217,0.0001867297,0.0003817938,0.0001681591,0.006585379],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01594831,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.08434373,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2137686272","doi":"10.1093/lpr/mgs003","title":"Burdens and standards of proof for inference to the best explanation: three case studies","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Law Probability and Risk","topic":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":35,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor","funders":"","keywords":"Inference; Burden of proof; Computer science; Proof of concept; Epistemology; Calculus (dental); Mathematics; Philosophy; Artificial intelligence; Political science; Law; Medicine","authors":[{"name":"Floris Bex","is_ca":false},{"name":"Douglas Walton","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0708033377505903,"gpt":0.3365980885486243,"spread":0.2657947507980339,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.04952377,0.000821876,0.001067936,0.003398041,0.007189056,0.008447244,0.003403093,0.008842953,0.006409306],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1263909,0.0007620411,0.001560268,0.003290437,0.01445817,0.01597523,0.008398991,0.008093512,0.000366757],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00845321,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002614808,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004884539,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005294424,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9656419,0.02657224,0.001583808,0.000759941,0.004519178,0.0009229771],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.806675,0.1772777,0.005210097,0.005966233,0.003705783,0.00116524],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002347156,0.0003177147,0.005424264,0.0002287904,0.00005679917,0.005117947,0.01475396,0.00618556,0.0003929289,0.9456979,0.001747123,0.01984236],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004048153,0.0003567355,0.005154297,0.0009279226,0.0001895432,0.007472914,0.02649814,0.02712865,0.003527866,0.8726456,0.05551804,0.0001755863],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5650558,0.00596071,0.269402,0.02311562,0.0003213501,0.001701737,0.000343489,0.000124989,0.1339742],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9434353,0.001152307,0.0517052,0.0004886994,0.00005356648,0.0005611808,0.00007314229,0.00002981327,0.002500782],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04952377,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2619098,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2886443927","doi":"10.1093/lpr/mgy016","title":"A formal approach to qualifying and quantifying the ‘goodness’ of forensic identification decisions","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Law Probability and Risk","topic":"Forensic and Genetic Research","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Université de Lausanne; York University; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Identification (biology); Forensic identification; Computer science; Inference; Perspective (graphical); Data science; Management science; Forensic science; Point (geometry); Field (mathematics); Empirical research; Artificial intelligence; Statistics; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Alex Biedermann","is_ca":false},{"name":"Silvia Bozza","is_ca":false},{"name":"Franco Taroni","is_ca":false},{"name":"Paolo Garbolino","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0636521818125617,"gpt":0.3279384853436287,"spread":0.264286303531067,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.09244993,0.002759377,0.003064031,0.008797651,0.004792344,0.01829967,0.008136849,0.009461411,0.008806189],"category_scores_gemma":[0.2025038,0.001729059,0.003839484,0.005716757,0.04634549,0.02427437,0.00809468,0.01150174,0.001989893],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.009858258,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01014395,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003501656,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00302291,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9148749,0.0484765,0.008448448,0.008124657,0.01761067,0.002464711],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.75043,0.1865924,0.01965605,0.02369938,0.01722826,0.002393865],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009198582,0.00002092608,0.0002892752,0.0001067539,0.00002633502,0.0000451719,0.0002193379,0.002825344,0.0001034871,0.9918567,0.0005082908,0.003989185],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001132266,0.00002788355,0.0001673985,0.0001529824,0.00002773784,0.00008675373,0.00009798335,0.008231126,0.0002444882,0.986487,0.004431501,0.00003383438],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.003542053,0.001395069,0.9691172,0.00837308,0.0003708202,0.0001963167,0.0002654503,0.0001522775,0.01658762],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2479926,0.001909713,0.7410343,0.003238867,0.001472815,0.0009743219,0.0004639352,0.0001516499,0.002761727],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9075501,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4889278,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3122190416","doi":"10.1093/lpr/mgm033","title":"Visualization tools, argumentation schemes and expert opinion evidence in law","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Law Probability and Risk","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Winnipeg","funders":"","keywords":"Argumentation theory; Visualization; Argument (complex analysis); Computer science; Information visualization; Data science; sort; Focus (optics); Management science; Artificial intelligence; Epistemology; Information retrieval; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Douglas Walton","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1354791331725621,"gpt":0.4212660351369331,"spread":0.285786901964371,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007533859,0.001262934,0.0007714659,0.006958403,0.001690728,0.01258785,0.0015963,0.003041414,0.008396676],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03496397,0.0008534872,0.0009720807,0.005635388,0.007798156,0.01869873,0.003781714,0.002703851,0.0009180672],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001943405,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001096623,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001438775,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001070402,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9946696,0.003728712,0.0004172562,0.0003456099,0.0007194694,0.0001192848],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9804358,0.01439996,0.001607712,0.001932534,0.001115075,0.0005088238],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003186357,0.00001637299,0.0003379759,0.0002605195,0.00001809623,0.0001187985,0.002920197,0.004462297,0.0005757312,0.9403997,0.003612422,0.04724599],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002119291,0.00001527412,0.0002824797,0.0002548813,0.00001274448,0.0001765144,0.0007231773,0.01665089,0.0004837516,0.9442948,0.03705448,0.00002970576],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.01708203,0.009642839,0.9211618,0.01492641,0.0004141298,0.0001526434,0.0003632541,0.002335065,0.0339218],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.3307748,0.008130168,0.6530492,0.0005536283,0.0004011447,0.0003882322,0.0003401219,0.0003898621,0.005972905],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9983093,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03984338,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2112892950","doi":"10.1093/lpr/mgp008","title":"The effect of dependence between observations on the proper interpretation of statistical evidence","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Law Probability and Risk","topic":"Auditing, Earnings Management, Governance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Econometrics; Statistics; Initial public offering; Goodness of fit; Statistical hypothesis testing; Parametric statistics; Independence (probability theory); Value (mathematics); Jury; Statistical significance; Interpretation (philosophy); Actuarial science; Economics; Mathematics; Psychology; Accounting; Law; Computer science; Political science","authors":[{"name":"Yulia R. Gel","is_ca":true},{"name":"Joseph L. Gastwirth","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02747400398686201,"gpt":0.2378196219747978,"spread":0.2103456179879357,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.474155,0.001704345,0.003045011,0.006328004,0.002560393,0.006923593,0.004089458,0.007574302,0.00352424],"category_scores_gemma":[0.8454123,0.002486616,0.003405932,0.006199312,0.03140995,0.01635819,0.007366676,0.01600918,0.001243912],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004684748,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00294777,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002224657,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001388034,"domain_scores_codex":[0.3978897,0.4311555,0.05388412,0.05093859,0.0632052,0.002926779],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.03110534,0.8919741,0.0279147,0.04199463,0.006474197,0.0005370403],"domain_codex":"methods","domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":"methods","study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00605836,0.0006760558,0.1984477,0.004940795,0.006563502,0.005323588,0.01019572,0.02590642,0.006318458,0.4227663,0.01716901,0.2956341],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000730288,0.001621635,0.1201108,0.003258212,0.001349489,0.005382799,0.001714585,0.04638941,0.01060268,0.7814048,0.02669362,0.0007416501],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.1433713,0.0173295,0.7527511,0.03749613,0.002880759,0.002113462,0.001930043,0.001116302,0.04101155],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8409192,0.002542271,0.135654,0.01344026,0.002994266,0.001434585,0.0004812691,0.0003732198,0.002160857],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.525845,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6484605,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1989236958","doi":"10.1093/lpr/mgq001","title":"Recent trends in evidence law in China and the new evidence scholarship","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Law Probability and Risk","topic":"Jury Decision Making Processes","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor","funders":"","keywords":"Scholarship; Interdependence; Status quo; China; Modernization theory; Empirical evidence; Perspective (graphical); Positive economics; Law; Political science; Scientific evidence; Sociology; Epistemology; Economics; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Nan Zhang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Douglas Walton","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07071523477077973,"gpt":0.3721160392842198,"spread":0.3014008045134401,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.008014094,0.0002689922,0.0006804038,0.005239117,0.002744371,0.006046405,0.001274972,0.002250559,0.004194123],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01082184,0.0003444139,0.0004714689,0.006832291,0.01092107,0.007168495,0.002701302,0.002704118,0.000182593],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.015039,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01406769,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01592959,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01972297,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969059,0.0008857945,0.000284542,0.0005714368,0.001053693,0.0002987013],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9864656,0.008080989,0.001755052,0.0006585427,0.002131764,0.0009079758],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000689443,0.00006257123,0.01528288,0.001168272,0.00004482763,0.0005144076,0.005896999,0.001785627,0.0006106633,0.8190051,0.007412855,0.1481469],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008172676,0.0002683249,0.1025716,0.00149302,0.0001012796,0.0006696761,0.006333794,0.00861306,0.00132548,0.4229335,0.4554259,0.0001827562],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3172034,0.2863814,0.02544905,0.2477146,0.001929634,0.0001535769,0.0004231312,0.0001749773,0.1205702],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9231129,0.05293254,0.006014255,0.007616123,0.002437257,0.00008073953,0.0001472976,0.00003067188,0.00762827],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01592959,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1091161,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2331299321","doi":"10.1093/lpr/mgt008","title":"Incommensurability, proportionality, and defeasibility","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Law Probability and Risk","topic":"Legal principles and applications","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Proportionality (law); Value (mathematics); Social psychology; Law; Psychology; Epistemology; Mathematics; Political science; Statistics; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Bruce Chapman","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02805811791004876,"gpt":0.2923665893656954,"spread":0.2643084714556467,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0186949,0.0008305463,0.0008819686,0.002780564,0.003384819,0.009283872,0.001627462,0.002767521,0.006160636],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0567436,0.0004989302,0.00123729,0.002333569,0.03850906,0.01116764,0.007936968,0.004434443,0.0004488246],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004369867,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002372826,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001032262,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007724388,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9702048,0.016263,0.001787186,0.00363841,0.006570636,0.00153604],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9583659,0.02556421,0.006869174,0.005598858,0.002446018,0.001155882],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001346677,0.00001727931,0.0007715996,0.00003504358,0.00002216734,0.00005175625,0.0009195119,0.0003233347,0.0001044458,0.991951,0.000189898,0.00560051],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000006845542,0.00002040809,0.0005583472,0.00003323201,0.000009155543,0.00008627697,0.0003352434,0.0006625616,0.0001586147,0.9955102,0.00261069,0.000008395632],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2340843,0.003130809,0.3132076,0.02101369,0.0003904287,0.000295373,0.0001415205,0.0001608335,0.4275755],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9816745,0.000290642,0.01469678,0.000515727,0.00008417704,0.0001203636,0.00003142657,0.00002155539,0.00256497],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0186949,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0988692,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2095612437","doi":"10.1093/lpr/mgl006","title":"A retail sampling approach to assess impact of geographic concentrations on probative value of comparative bullet lead analysis","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Law Probability and Risk","topic":"Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of California, Irvine; Ryerson University; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Value (mathematics); Distribution (mathematics); Public domain; Law; Statistics; Business; Geography; Mathematics; Political science; Archaeology","authors":[{"name":"Simon A. Cole","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05699373531188846,"gpt":0.3014105985818857,"spread":0.2444168632699972,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.1281668,0.001244636,0.001677293,0.006645877,0.002614071,0.002645446,0.003889897,0.002571461,0.004275884],"category_scores_gemma":[0.3399184,0.0008184022,0.00194029,0.008097712,0.004713206,0.003030655,0.005007425,0.00277071,0.0007758178],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001777175,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001770044,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00764136,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004763932,"domain_scores_codex":[0.7646993,0.1706194,0.01012617,0.01551445,0.03676056,0.002280209],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.6233348,0.2905453,0.02830495,0.03425387,0.02219294,0.001368112],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002620124,0.001376897,0.671115,0.001755627,0.004354464,0.001628776,0.01535922,0.01181193,0.006215443,0.09100651,0.01002765,0.1827283],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007533896,0.01785186,0.6216034,0.001088051,0.002123097,0.003211451,0.0137139,0.1586393,0.02243084,0.07924451,0.07878593,0.0005541915],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2917865,0.001085227,0.6616789,0.0008609255,0.0005540144,0.01202185,0.002272947,0.0005047744,0.02923488],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7396291,0.0002275922,0.2448938,0.0007582563,0.0002042012,0.01075228,0.001005739,0.0001436932,0.002385392],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1281668,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6778188,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2135985478","doi":"10.1093/lpr/mgp022","title":"Statistics in the law, by Joseph B. Kadane","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Law Probability and Risk","topic":"Probability and Statistical Research","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Law; Statistics; Philosophy; Political science; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"W. John Braun","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0430974454019268,"gpt":0.3384918646113552,"spread":0.2953944192094284,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002275589,0.00100403,0.0008042289,0.002429993,0.001422799,0.002990732,0.0006087788,0.001537921,0.00265637],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01160187,0.0006597177,0.0005317912,0.002498886,0.004338724,0.007121347,0.001247056,0.006542466,0.002268367],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002128066,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001888718,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004607354,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005007839,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991123,0.0002679611,0.00005865048,0.0001944827,0.0003237611,0.00004288097],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.996664,0.00221688,0.0001809293,0.0001392157,0.0005814168,0.0002174706],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004854625,0.00003349514,0.0007001024,0.0002683096,0.00003476913,0.00007980638,0.0004544164,0.001005877,0.0002646253,0.2297218,0.710175,0.05721319],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001140656,0.0000230651,0.001438261,0.0003230177,0.00001424873,0.0002843993,0.0002308361,0.001152941,0.0001751938,0.3358177,0.6604979,0.00003098319],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"commentary","genre_scores_codex":[0.001739936,0.6957644,0.01278699,0.2341022,0.02594381,0.00001357776,0.0002599032,0.0001661839,0.02922307],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.09305823,0.6440758,0.01649212,0.06666291,0.09136622,0.0000753837,0.0003294085,0.0003753703,0.0875646],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.004607354,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01544029,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2063198611","doi":"10.1093/lpr/mgu003","title":"Case comment: a critique of the Supreme Court of Canada's use of statistical reasoning in R v. Mabior","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Law Probability and Risk","topic":"Reproductive Health and Contraception","field":"Medicine","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"University of Toronto","keywords":"Criminalization; Supreme court; Sanctions; Argument (complex analysis); Liability; Law; Criminology; Actuarial science; Political science; Law and economics; Psychology; Economics; Medicine","authors":[{"name":"Patrick Hartford","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02002547739292539,"gpt":0.2766432593370159,"spread":0.2566177819440905,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02343785,0.001022072,0.001699517,0.003017322,0.02614062,0.01351998,0.0113254,0.04022244,0.006401489],"category_scores_gemma":[0.08534175,0.001426405,0.002848728,0.00389211,0.02246267,0.00523065,0.004283245,0.04337318,0.001268212],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.05621098,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.09085919,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.8915698,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.89044,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9629573,0.00609112,0.00122455,0.003739758,0.01991964,0.00606765],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9419805,0.04007226,0.001425138,0.001353884,0.01320177,0.00196639],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004526585,0.00002782245,0.0007970027,0.00006258141,0.00003698743,0.0008160272,0.003403075,0.0007468014,0.0002307533,0.694237,0.2933686,0.006228098],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001743705,0.0000694179,0.003143606,0.0009728445,0.0002051411,0.0006763097,0.005854553,0.006265213,0.001378526,0.2038219,0.7770168,0.0004213696],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"commentary","genre_scores_codex":[0.006529592,0.002238213,0.004096997,0.9028249,0.002988255,0.00009043283,0.0003021935,0.0001450765,0.0807843],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1534985,0.001937094,0.004893649,0.7997382,0.0044253,0.0001622045,0.0001402176,0.0002236716,0.03498118],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":"commentary","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9738594,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4078411,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1970486212","doi":"10.1093/lpr/mgi011","title":"Catastrophe: Risk and Response, by Richard A. Posner","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Law Probability and Risk","topic":"Disaster Management and Resilience","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Psychology; Psychoanalysis; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Pat O’Malley","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007935909066323122,"gpt":0.2491106106814535,"spread":0.2411747016151304,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002754546,0.001466882,0.0009339979,0.002641668,0.0012337,0.003420333,0.0009462301,0.002858116,0.002274627],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0106654,0.0007190494,0.0006142404,0.002481646,0.004004232,0.007851074,0.001444293,0.007376823,0.00135217],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001538009,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001417359,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007369962,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008610511,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991969,0.000326371,0.00006956451,0.0001483485,0.0002276204,0.00003115265],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9965681,0.002318378,0.0002311907,0.00007530888,0.000566424,0.0002405599],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006715233,0.00003944355,0.001020878,0.0004671166,0.00005717337,0.0002462416,0.0009139137,0.003011378,0.0002010929,0.0820877,0.8416062,0.07028177],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002213462,0.00005732842,0.002675287,0.001152996,0.0000382468,0.000803015,0.001384651,0.003169213,0.0001659858,0.2409275,0.7495221,0.0000815738],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001396725,0.6083122,0.005997656,0.3503766,0.01960105,0.00002177642,0.0001165273,0.00005426325,0.01412326],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.06533583,0.7616467,0.00671529,0.06021371,0.06291974,0.00008405226,0.0001083713,0.0001297219,0.04284658],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007369962,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01465416,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1964127992","doi":"10.1093/lpr/mgr012","title":"Teleological argumentation to and from motives","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Law Probability and Risk","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor","funders":"","keywords":"Argumentation theory; Circumstantial evidence; Argument (complex analysis); Epistemology; Inference; Teleology; Action (physics); Deductive reasoning; Practical reason; Argumentation framework; Defeasible reasoning; Informal logic; Computer science; Cognitive science; Psychology; Philosophy; Political science; Law","authors":[{"name":"Douglas Walton","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09755210863611309,"gpt":0.3207953461622199,"spread":0.2232432375261068,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007789947,0.0009394828,0.0007415733,0.004421832,0.002151751,0.007452883,0.001737177,0.002818926,0.01144721],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02409267,0.0007283901,0.001755578,0.001593982,0.008242874,0.01444446,0.005401341,0.002899595,0.001214949],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001828756,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001675469,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007465887,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007851705,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9919768,0.004530288,0.0004379307,0.0009994322,0.001754385,0.0003012154],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9875854,0.008318506,0.0008631235,0.001872258,0.001056171,0.0003046279],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002280462,0.00001208576,0.0002949401,0.00005622307,0.00001422842,0.00008804203,0.001049748,0.001261145,0.000190184,0.9806957,0.0008812881,0.01543365],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001592848,0.00001075518,0.0002000549,0.00008353667,0.00001308144,0.0001020459,0.0003505269,0.01183719,0.0006462121,0.9499951,0.03672637,0.00001915041],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0170285,0.0008563237,0.8823028,0.004542314,0.0003141484,0.000133727,0.0001537849,0.0007668718,0.09390147],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6307523,0.0007663288,0.3509716,0.0007565861,0.0002595816,0.0002272778,0.0003151575,0.000332035,0.01561909],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01144721,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04119772,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2108936377","doi":"10.1093/lpr/mgt001","title":"The Eighth International Conference on Forensic Inference and Statistics","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Law Probability and Risk","topic":"Jury Decision Making Processes","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Forensic science; Inference; Statistics; Computer science; Data science; History; Mathematics; Artificial intelligence; Archaeology","authors":[{"name":"Colin Aitken","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04599391666660593,"gpt":0.337995040370298,"spread":0.292001123703692,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01867932,0.001890718,0.002403884,0.005276637,0.00190732,0.01067966,0.002676839,0.004406421,0.03554216],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04005906,0.001318806,0.002488825,0.002888423,0.005545337,0.004839637,0.004294816,0.009298804,0.01441478],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003253263,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.006108327,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003208043,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002264617,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9863275,0.006376747,0.001033662,0.001933201,0.003829299,0.0004995733],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9747523,0.01245261,0.0008596929,0.004400721,0.006357749,0.001176943],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002163794,0.0001024075,0.001171659,0.0005308491,0.0002321418,0.0003828463,0.0003836176,0.003230216,0.0009775345,0.1517231,0.3934878,0.4475614],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002587377,0.00007720975,0.0008316567,0.0006009558,0.0000426213,0.0006202493,0.0001071899,0.00542747,0.0007039309,0.1168068,0.8746994,0.00005660973],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.003294099,0.1409109,0.5932543,0.05483148,0.06620239,0.0005584051,0.001868745,0.001780194,0.1372994],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.06577019,0.09278297,0.4511516,0.01333984,0.05890616,0.00163491,0.005714523,0.001693751,0.3090059],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.03554216,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1189004,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7130541448","doi":"10.1093/lpr/mgaf016","title":"Towards cumulative forensic science: a commentary on ‘Methodological problems in every black-box study of forensic firearm comparisons’","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Law Probability and Risk","topic":"Forensic and Genetic Research","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Forensic science; Plan (archaeology); Forensic anthropology; Forensic psychology","authors":[{"name":"Jason Chin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bethany Growns","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kylie E Hunter","is_ca":false},{"name":"Adele Quigley‐McBride","is_ca":true},{"name":"Rachel A Searston","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stephanie Summersby","is_ca":false},{"name":"Matthew B. Thompson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alice Towler","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0665826531179473,"gpt":0.3682310307243785,"spread":0.3016483776064312,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.1640702,0.002327505,0.005641419,0.005215928,0.0137083,0.01969203,0.01901663,0.1042773,0.003625904],"category_scores_gemma":[0.4464001,0.00259452,0.004686489,0.005152315,0.07344162,0.03788457,0.01126385,0.1600738,0.002658244],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.02040529,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.03205039,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02914648,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03366471,"domain_scores_codex":[0.8366627,0.0953052,0.01830972,0.01716828,0.028313,0.004241073],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.3905477,0.5295089,0.01247163,0.01028321,0.05079529,0.006393141],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007955926,0.00001673455,0.00015223,0.0007859998,0.00005655133,0.0003318673,0.004706521,0.0001161001,0.00009015374,0.03298672,0.9533938,0.007283799],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001306652,0.00006383397,0.0005492187,0.008046686,0.0001237656,0.000690569,0.005073687,0.0004794192,0.000363241,0.08460212,0.8996199,0.0002568646],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"commentary","genre_scores_codex":[0.00006238556,0.00621273,0.0002737473,0.9671465,0.02599777,0.000008823851,0.00001659349,0.00001103901,0.0002703432],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001981778,0.001996965,0.0005798682,0.9583732,0.03649839,0.00004702909,0.000008140539,0.00003645151,0.0004781352],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":"commentary","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8359298,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8676968,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}