{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":5,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":5,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"7db9cb712481","filters":{"venue":"Linguistic Landscape An international journal"}},"results":[{"id":"W2793450545","doi":"10.1075/ll.17014.vin","title":"Using eye tracking to investigate what bilinguals notice about linguistic landscape images","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Linguistic Landscape An international journal","topic":"Categorization, perception, and language","field":"Psychology","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; McGill University; Centre for Research on Brain Language and Music","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Notice; Eye tracking; Eye movement; Reading (process); Tracking (education); Linguistics; Psychology; Process (computing); Computer science; Cognitive psychology; Artificial intelligence; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Naomi Vingron","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jason W. Gullifer","is_ca":true},{"name":"Julia Hamill","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jakob R. E. Leimgruber","is_ca":false},{"name":"Debra Titone","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05424501841280783,"gpt":0.4132221226268742,"spread":0.3589771042140664,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004097504,0.0002289138,0.0001964087,0.000549203,0.000280703,0.0006689302,0.0001401284,0.0004043548,0.003603519],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003667878,0.0001310011,0.0001007931,0.0003065603,0.0001622411,0.0006239426,0.0003295898,0.0003971126,0.0005648838],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002771719,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001995711,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007776356,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01525725,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998235,0.00004233756,0.00001099486,0.00005655228,0.00003912348,0.00002762601],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998907,0.000451384,0.0002578381,0.0001016509,0.0002042133,0.00007799358],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002230618,0.0005836774,0.2966011,0.0005568971,0.0001542957,0.001008269,0.02228717,0.0005683926,0.5036884,0.00139639,0.00620622,0.1647186],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007397858,0.0005081669,0.9730083,0.00009458189,0.00005318228,0.0008092877,0.005367574,0.002974065,0.01211892,0.001054823,0.003876528,0.00006060923],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9911178,0.0002999456,0.001867236,0.0001172095,0.00001814349,0.00004081161,0.0003948174,0.00008521768,0.006058803],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99538,0.0001696558,0.002581608,0.0001553942,0.000009780501,0.00004105135,0.0002038707,0.00001856389,0.001439997],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007776356,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01546216,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4379985861","doi":"10.1075/ll.22029.fed","title":"Turn-taking in the interactive Linguistic Landscape","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Linguistic Landscape An international journal","topic":"Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo; University of Alberta","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Canada Foundation for Innovation","keywords":"Conversation; Interactivity; Semiotics; Linguistics; Conversation analysis; Turn-taking; Meaning (existential); Pairing; Mechanism (biology); Sociology; Communication; Computer science; Epistemology; Philosophy; Multimedia","authors":[{"name":"Richard M. Feddersen","is_ca":true},{"name":"Grit Liebscher","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jennifer Dailey-O’Cain","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05354177245520635,"gpt":0.3483638185530172,"spread":0.2948220460978108,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005590855,0.0005114224,0.0004128475,0.002108474,0.004890875,0.008155126,0.001157045,0.0012739,0.006236541],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01062575,0.0003861343,0.0005226959,0.00120272,0.01821991,0.00810203,0.01037399,0.001660965,0.0006704614],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002639691,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001080265,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001596925,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001620642,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9895968,0.008220193,0.0001423977,0.000583392,0.0007935178,0.000663813],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9909489,0.006418106,0.000632492,0.0007858994,0.0005539722,0.000660668],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001544523,0.00004407099,0.003983104,0.0002272711,0.00003030264,0.001481838,0.5401711,0.001467029,0.007070995,0.4096297,0.001679039,0.03406117],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003903225,0.0001492764,0.005754153,0.0003805402,0.00006349041,0.001231323,0.4146442,0.006433317,0.004640699,0.4183099,0.1482545,0.00009954836],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5163508,0.00143022,0.174424,0.006104953,0.0002606376,0.0001883506,0.0001185119,0.0007018697,0.3004206],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9927505,0.00008908357,0.00467266,0.00009612508,0.00001819782,0.000042062,0.00002151901,0.00007257875,0.002237217],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008155126,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0295676,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2921633326","doi":"10.1075/ll.18020.mic","title":"Reframing the linguistic to analyze the landscape","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Linguistic Landscape An international journal","topic":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","field":"Psychology","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Metaphor; Cognitive reframing; Intervention (counseling); Psychology; Interpretation (philosophy); Population; Domain (mathematical analysis); Linguistics; Sociology; Social psychology; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Amir Michalovich","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01391442596502712,"gpt":0.3152460322994103,"spread":0.3013316063343832,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002112198,0.0004282632,0.0001805437,0.001059115,0.001818467,0.00405852,0.0005873616,0.0009364064,0.003787814],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004861542,0.0001619125,0.0002883886,0.0004507455,0.00846522,0.004695917,0.003058968,0.002060196,0.0004476985],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00113285,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008764385,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007743259,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001387159,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998183,0.001449187,0.0000289166,0.00009044978,0.0001636516,0.00008483352],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972252,0.001914976,0.0002312507,0.0002546032,0.0002313917,0.0001427461],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008928799,0.0001479889,0.003925139,0.0004600202,0.00001378416,0.001751481,0.6108421,0.00056593,0.02143693,0.3141726,0.002553343,0.04404147],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004562157,0.0002445945,0.007478013,0.0007030875,0.00004540879,0.003071024,0.5978639,0.006415084,0.00975341,0.1584121,0.2158696,0.00009817853],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7685847,0.002013242,0.08462546,0.009396926,0.0003389104,0.0001096364,0.0000639696,0.000183111,0.1346839],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9860234,0.0002936608,0.01073532,0.0003746449,0.00002232555,0.00002658831,0.00001338917,0.00003851246,0.002472186],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00405852,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01267153,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2561099570","doi":"10.1075/ll.2.3.05ben","title":"Schöneberg","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Linguistic Landscape An international journal","topic":"Memory, Trauma, and Commemoration","field":"Psychology","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Persecution; Borough; Nazism; Public space; Quarter (Canadian coin); Scholarship; History; Sociology; Art; Political science; Archaeology; Law; German; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Eliezer Ben‐Rafael","is_ca":false},{"name":"Miriam Ben-Rafael","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02962222645769086,"gpt":0.3393499850754731,"spread":0.3097277586177823,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003099157,0.0005244936,0.0002702299,0.001033526,0.001445681,0.002276432,0.0004019358,0.0007090374,0.08180043],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008493549,0.000224405,0.0001553942,0.0007540617,0.001002242,0.001568584,0.002161506,0.0007681249,0.02638839],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001156703,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007066177,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003576817,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007905209,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996247,0.0000591883,0.00002565642,0.00008511385,0.00009038764,0.0001148345],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998208,0.00003334822,0.00003182911,0.00003220252,0.00002475341,0.00005709827],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005520061,0.0001296737,0.0141068,0.001086458,0.00007341155,0.00300127,0.01161791,0.0005766445,0.006301199,0.1897149,0.2351461,0.5376936],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000008039608,0.0000471245,0.01013566,0.0002017707,0.000011334,0.001086921,0.002275025,0.00008970111,0.001194882,0.004408038,0.9805232,0.00001844778],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.1702835,0.03442188,0.003231504,0.01181457,0.002822069,0.00008637762,0.004910036,0.000713494,0.7717165],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5093893,0.01032448,0.002394996,0.0008178296,0.0002797828,0.00007194228,0.001746471,0.0002872281,0.4746879],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08180043,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3110279087","doi":"10.1075/ll.19005.pha","title":"Memories and semiotic resources in place-making","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Linguistic Landscape An international journal","topic":"Multilingual Education and Policy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Semiotics; Meaning (existential); Triad (sociology); Sociology; Contrast (vision); Value (mathematics); Linguistics; Affect (linguistics); Quarter (Canadian coin); Identity (music); Place making; Sense of place; Aesthetics; History; Epistemology; Communication; Art; Social science; Computer science; Philosophy; Archaeology","authors":[{"name":"Nhan Phan","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05613378879439747,"gpt":0.4402958320941117,"spread":0.3841620432997143,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001754012,0.0004020964,0.0002258533,0.001239173,0.00370179,0.006134817,0.0009310734,0.0007592918,0.005045613],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004040752,0.0002211782,0.0001861265,0.001064089,0.02193156,0.004650479,0.005056399,0.001156464,0.0002664896],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002086927,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001243504,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006360077,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006364143,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983659,0.001108819,0.00004325573,0.0001234114,0.0001828974,0.000175681],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979476,0.001079891,0.0003048452,0.0002321856,0.0001927833,0.0002426193],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006978211,0.00002745787,0.003450949,0.0001752591,0.00001355391,0.001557453,0.8322487,0.0003599642,0.001759651,0.1441803,0.0006720138,0.01548484],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001391087,0.00006748825,0.005566221,0.0003613103,0.00001557531,0.001228894,0.8918431,0.0003840258,0.001676985,0.03677902,0.06202171,0.00004171167],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7745039,0.0016384,0.01475297,0.002856418,0.0001377297,0.00006530602,0.0000819271,0.00005529372,0.2059081],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973192,0.0001399311,0.0004678039,0.00002818814,0.000006241458,0.000007149148,0.000008589177,0.000008460887,0.002014529],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006360077,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01687926,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}