{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":6,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":6,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"af6981c22a9d","filters":{"venue":"Medical Imaging 2019: Physics of Medical Imaging"}},"results":[{"id":"W2887716613","doi":"10.1117/12.2513168","title":"Learning from our neighbours: a novel approach on sinogram completion using bin-sharing and deep learning to reconstruct high quality 4DCBCT","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Medical Imaging 2019: Physics of Medical Imaging","topic":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","field":"Medicine","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; Lakeridge Health; University of Toronto","funders":"University of Sydney","keywords":"Ground truth; Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Deep learning; Interpolation (computer graphics); Mean squared error; Convolutional neural network; Streak; Centroid; Image quality; Similarity (geometry); Bin; Noise (video); Pattern recognition (psychology); Standard deviation; Computer vision; Algorithm; Mathematics; Image (mathematics); Statistics; Physics","authors":[{"name":"Joel Beaudry","is_ca":true},{"name":"Pedro L. Esquinas","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06009917956649681,"gpt":0.3701553606128515,"spread":0.3100561810463547,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004137972,0.001077036,0.00253385,0.0004950028,0.0003694956,0.0003030062,0.001459155,0.0007030334,0.0002117774],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004991743,0.00102216,0.0005250778,0.0005999418,0.0008793733,0.0002454566,0.003186892,0.007823674,0.00004101247],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003766289,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008202884,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00528403,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003934737,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9886985,0.0004503817,0.002048111,0.002391879,0.005146147,0.001264928],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9937896,0.0007803341,0.001196876,0.001494871,0.0005235753,0.002214734],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003790046,0.003084224,0.1959318,0.003723013,0.000932419,0.0002017562,0.002204698,0.003640994,0.01421525,0.004375977,0.003790509,0.7675203],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003112927,0.00009583828,0.005062278,0.01012756,0.000516021,0.0001785644,0.001387142,0.9741889,0.0005627891,0.002385276,0.001222356,0.001160335],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3192895,0.0006715053,0.6510333,0.02516086,0.0009208808,0.001497789,0.00005835276,0.0007180841,0.0006497035],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9181928,0.0004017838,0.07462494,0.003183589,0.002063313,0.0001049986,0.001123241,0.0002409152,0.00006440691],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9705479,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992229,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2918761742","doi":"10.1117/12.2510430","title":"Investigation of calibration-based projection domain dual energy decomposition CBCT technique for brain radiotherapy applications","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Medical Imaging 2019: Physics of Medical Imaging","topic":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Hospital","funders":"","keywords":"Imaging phantom; Materials science; Monochromatic color; Projection (relational algebra); Calibration; Optics; Computer science; Biomedical engineering; Physics; Algorithm; Medicine","authors":[{"name":"Shailaja Sajja","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mark Ruschin","is_ca":true},{"name":"Young Lee","is_ca":true},{"name":"SayedMasoud Hashemi","is_ca":true},{"name":"Håkan Nordström","is_ca":false},{"name":"Markus Eriksson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christopher Huynh","is_ca":true},{"name":"James G. Mainprize","is_ca":true},{"name":"A. Nico","is_ca":true},{"name":"Arjun Sahgal","is_ca":true},{"name":"F Yin","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005170530433717503,"gpt":0.2654499890264285,"spread":0.260279458592711,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009543066,0.0002763748,0.0004399977,0.0001955785,0.00008760249,0.00003025384,0.0003584946,0.0001347826,0.0000890983],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001254732,0.0002844798,0.0001619913,0.0004400738,0.0003750957,0.0005013202,0.00004154508,0.0003807934,0.000002345257],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001146316,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003059862,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007578784,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002722712,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972617,0.0001037217,0.0007225641,0.0003655474,0.001167275,0.0003792048],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983879,0.0005964869,0.0002265313,0.0003557883,0.0001622026,0.000271095],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000817524,0.0002990406,0.00604174,0.001557996,0.0001549197,0.000008860547,0.0005685454,0.01063284,0.6815767,0.01861719,0.007848555,0.2726119],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001425263,0.0000265922,0.0000603859,0.0005615367,0.00002536616,0.00001785263,0.00009371205,0.839538,0.1438655,0.01130297,0.002777468,0.0003053166],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.003958142,0.0005364211,0.9891089,0.00490893,0.0003001171,0.0007614681,0.00002836933,0.0002435049,0.0001541489],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9337267,0.0001036006,0.06174085,0.002073541,0.0008874771,0.0007522566,0.0005360562,0.0001563306,0.00002314886],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9297686,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999607,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2918528497","doi":"10.1117/12.2512954","title":"Performance evaluation of a Se/CMOS prototype x-ray detector with the Apodized Aperture Pixel (AAP) design","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Medical Imaging 2019: Physics of Medical Imaging","topic":"Advanced Semiconductor Detectors and Materials","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo; Robarts Clinical Trials","funders":"","keywords":"Apodization; CMOS; Detector; Aperture (computer memory); Pixel; Coded aperture; Computer science; Optics; Physics; Optoelectronics; Acoustics","authors":[{"name":"Tomi F. Nano","is_ca":true},{"name":"Christopher C. Scott","is_ca":true},{"name":"Yunzhi Li","is_ca":true},{"name":"Celal Con","is_ca":true},{"name":"Karim S. Karim","is_ca":true},{"name":"Ian A. Cunningham","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01518107583611653,"gpt":0.2659059747361066,"spread":0.25072489889999,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002500545,0.0003346083,0.0005842449,0.00006805052,0.00006405277,0.00003170414,0.0007198961,0.0001127817,0.0007306079],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006051529,0.0002137434,0.00009618096,0.0002824841,0.0004202034,0.0003860854,0.0001173401,0.0005979019,0.00003602416],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000773734,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003530204,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002755605,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001244908,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9952839,0.0002094583,0.0005465734,0.0003412188,0.00314165,0.0004771826],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981754,0.0005066839,0.0002086223,0.0005359672,0.0003182548,0.0002550525],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001909851,0.0001497373,0.00170874,0.0008370961,0.0001938727,0.000008980919,0.001006248,0.006190871,0.7013263,0.00004514337,0.001962111,0.2863799],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002512961,0.00006310014,0.0003478107,0.001008091,0.0001303423,0.00002101231,0.0001502524,0.9326785,0.06056414,0.0001670516,0.001991669,0.0003650284],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8623831,0.001508541,0.131366,0.001114976,0.0009415859,0.001988128,0.00001673419,0.0002534373,0.0004274638],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973329,0.0001164327,0.001722323,0.0002856214,0.0003009848,0.0001222016,0.00001583505,0.00008405872,0.00001965864],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9264877,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8716204,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2922026638","doi":"10.1117/12.2512964","title":"Frequency-dependent MTF and DQE of photon-counting x-ray imaging detectors (Conference Presentation)","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Medical Imaging 2019: Physics of Medical Imaging","topic":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Okanagan University College; University of British Columbia; Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Detective quantum efficiency; Optical transfer function; Physics; Detector; X-ray detector; Optics; Photon counting; Noise (video); Photon; Shot noise; Image quality; Computer science; Image (mathematics); Artificial intelligence","authors":[{"name":"Jesse Tanguay","is_ca":true},{"name":"Nicholas Mantella","is_ca":true},{"name":"Ian A. Cunningham","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005930047207367793,"gpt":0.2486248921419874,"spread":0.2426948449346196,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001348205,0.0005480375,0.0008842996,0.0002357001,0.0001136085,0.0001019051,0.001006574,0.0001213826,0.0008074204],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007096872,0.0005447365,0.0001878011,0.000429172,0.0008415123,0.00131329,0.0004231231,0.001229587,0.00004844003],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000913405,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002711565,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004961321,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007484397,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9941991,0.0001121623,0.001173083,0.0006966567,0.00288231,0.0009366851],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975011,0.000597943,0.0003401032,0.0006384077,0.000292392,0.0006300266],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003295981,0.0003411491,0.2728226,0.002414661,0.0002974771,0.000265064,0.002798212,0.001584486,0.1475291,0.002854767,0.001535051,0.5675245],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0030182,0.00001714852,0.005591427,0.002843542,0.0001463865,0.0001307138,0.001889823,0.9416483,0.03411059,0.008939047,0.0005432264,0.001121587],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6070938,0.008258565,0.3717544,0.002899478,0.002672689,0.0007896277,0.00004875812,0.0007186442,0.005764034],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9955885,0.0005012559,0.002925926,0.000397202,0.0003697166,0.00002173609,0.00002904711,0.0001229596,0.00004367266],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9400638,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997004,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2918660420","doi":"10.1117/12.2508379","title":"Model of malignant breast biopsies and predictions of their WAXS energy integrated signals","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Medical Imaging 2019: Physics of Medical Imaging","topic":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Laurentian University","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Scattering; Biopsy; Nuclear medicine; Optics; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Physics; Chemistry; Medicine; Pathology","authors":[{"name":"Robert J. LeClair","is_ca":true},{"name":"Matthew Brunet","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006750951680938346,"gpt":0.2145861491898221,"spread":0.2078351975088838,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008877889,0.0003484229,0.0008731642,0.0002562303,0.00004311226,0.0000281365,0.0006086446,0.0001134381,0.0002354151],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001402033,0.0002871953,0.0002324526,0.0004283328,0.000832167,0.0002464494,0.0002366159,0.0004877514,0.000004758266],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003549485,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001862967,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007199331,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005171296,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968268,0.00008501105,0.0009234127,0.0003801476,0.001325838,0.000458816],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984,0.0002711284,0.0002138405,0.000495262,0.0002276708,0.0003921252],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004301837,0.0005886513,0.03259406,0.00186398,0.001071828,0.00003158668,0.001960956,0.03420671,0.5336229,0.001453169,0.01343688,0.3791262],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005574683,0.000008624388,0.0002505174,0.001339722,0.000100115,0.00005962563,0.0003385571,0.9686089,0.02754385,0.0008113155,0.0001318011,0.0002495474],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3585851,0.003828129,0.630977,0.004209728,0.0005352467,0.0001574742,0.0003408085,0.0003280806,0.001038456],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980496,0.0007468906,0.0007467206,0.0001710699,0.000108335,0.000006321397,0.00005438657,0.00006202223,0.00005464206],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9344022,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999958,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2920308520","doi":"10.1117/12.2512519","title":"Theoretical feasibility of dual-energy functional x-ray imaging of respiratory disease","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Medical Imaging 2019: Physics of Medical Imaging","topic":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Attenuation; Image resolution; Physics; Ventilation (architecture); Noise (video); Scattering; Nuclear medicine; Materials science; Optics; Medicine; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Jesse Tanguay","is_ca":true},{"name":"Miranda Kirby","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01447088355819147,"gpt":0.3049753863994225,"spread":0.290504502841231,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002383263,0.000435129,0.001022974,0.0001641773,0.00009687729,0.00003352685,0.001041931,0.00008025064,0.006458787],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004746175,0.0003852629,0.0005566943,0.0004674341,0.003180624,0.0004643721,0.0008442014,0.000976923,0.00004771446],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009287687,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002354483,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003502679,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.77441e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9922789,0.0004096644,0.001300405,0.0007995357,0.00439601,0.0008155292],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9957905,0.001017362,0.0005138468,0.001009921,0.0005567179,0.001111659],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000161984,0.001207184,0.4107116,0.0002368647,0.0001511243,0.00002676922,0.0001577388,0.00004483949,0.003135181,0.412315,0.004740008,0.1671117],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0048547,0.00002250156,0.01213861,0.001198868,0.0001679428,0.000004988668,0.0008970899,0.7580305,0.005401697,0.2156147,0.0008875725,0.0007807849],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.380386,0.001910624,0.5892605,0.007897018,0.001533493,0.0007376503,0.0003194718,0.0001338876,0.01782138],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982933,0.00001760213,0.0001053859,0.0005383138,0.0007856102,0.00001653035,0.0001030773,0.00006929038,0.00007090512],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7579857,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998599,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}