{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":4,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":4,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"de9a02d7b33b","filters":{"venue":"NBER Macroeconomics Annual"}},"results":[{"id":"W3123347893","doi":"10.1162/08893360052390220","title":"How Large Are Human-Capital Externalities? Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Laws","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"NBER Macroeconomics Annual","topic":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":272,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Advanced Research","funders":"","keywords":"Externality; Economics; Human capital; Labour economics; Attendance; Wage; State (computer science); Capital (architecture); Zero (linguistics); Demographic economics; Microeconomics; Market economy; Economic growth","authors":[{"name":"Daron Acemoğlu","is_ca":true},{"name":"Joshua D. Angrist","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03387050605655197,"gpt":0.2386092758602129,"spread":0.2047387698036609,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00053938,0.0004500155,0.0008982825,0.0002037709,0.0003809511,0.0006389317,0.0007904271,0.000277174,0.004090829],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006621745,0.0005930123,0.0003580072,0.00009212134,0.000168768,0.001737786,0.0001901371,0.0004862593,0.00487626],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003357643,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003100363,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001473199,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003703857,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968978,0.00003500129,0.001042245,0.001058397,0.000044426,0.0009221735],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981481,0.0001365092,0.0006043644,0.0007670649,0.00003401718,0.0003099068],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000262893,0.0004879597,0.6330844,0.0001235339,0.0005402523,0.00007327974,0.01194554,0.0005057692,0.00006978721,0.3275164,0.02103979,0.004350373],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003676756,0.0001836166,0.2270513,0.0002213366,0.00004069951,0.00003020674,0.004139161,0.004030829,0.0002702227,0.4950779,0.2628162,0.002461712],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9659497,0.002851855,0.0002551559,0.001713965,0.0006239052,0.0002319226,0.004156247,0.0001057173,0.02411152],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9879439,0.0002584459,0.0004225073,0.002012933,0.001599419,0.0000358273,0.00009272535,0.00008893274,0.007545241],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4060331,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996521,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3123966224","doi":"10.1086/680657","title":"Costs and Benefits to Phasing out Paper Currency","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"NBER Macroeconomics Annual","topic":"Taxation and Compliance Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":76,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Currency; Economics; Government (linguistics); Cryptocurrency; Payment; Value (mathematics); Monetary economics; Business; Finance; Computer security; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Kenneth Rogoff","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06093475321806548,"gpt":0.2657223297402682,"spread":0.2047875765222027,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002688899,0.0001746778,0.0003408374,0.0001332532,0.0001099872,0.0001184739,0.0001612793,0.00006033936,0.0001426907],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009168541,0.0002162279,0.00005278328,0.00007557365,0.00005222117,0.0003718138,0.0001593501,0.00009960739,0.002002848],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001702216,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002534189,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001208955,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002447254,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987745,0.000006608253,0.0004467425,0.0004424239,0.00002405005,0.0003057302],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992375,0.00002233155,0.0001952571,0.0002288726,0.00007019017,0.0002458561],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001031235,0.0001820085,0.2750721,0.00002444639,0.0001589142,0.00000476134,0.01796296,0.0004095048,0.000009678261,0.5634417,0.05562412,0.08700667],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001307904,0.0001186928,0.05296666,0.00001758998,0.000005956497,0.000008161924,0.00176885,0.0001979776,0.00002483464,0.01505325,0.9279777,0.000552416],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8643208,0.00542729,0.0006083682,0.003527459,0.001776694,0.0003040284,0.0008909777,0.00007280197,0.1230716],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9940512,0.0002601072,0.001108351,0.002446404,0.000248838,0.00003361214,0.00001219838,0.00002866173,0.001810588],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8723536,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9987742,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4245851895","doi":"10.1086/685959","title":"Comment","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"NBER Macroeconomics Annual","topic":"Fiscal Policies and Political Economy","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Deutsche Bundesbank","keywords":"Insolvency; Prime minister; Population; Economics; Political science; Political economy; Sociology; Law; Politics; Demography","authors":[{"name":"Harald Uhlig","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01633733911997947,"gpt":0.2125152517159508,"spread":0.1961779125959713,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002895305,0.0001984607,0.0004054258,0.0001162206,0.00009045653,0.00006053242,0.0003230104,0.0001147983,0.003613571],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004653032,0.0001773396,0.0001793468,0.00004991157,0.0001696595,0.0003101654,0.0001455161,0.0000935934,0.01117652],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002438736,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001887826,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002511761,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002487414,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982622,0.000009308367,0.0006934365,0.0004306165,0.0000160053,0.0005884691],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989964,0.0001110917,0.0001953823,0.0004319232,0.00002183472,0.0002433227],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009521272,0.00003987164,0.008296819,0.000004684592,0.00003458294,0.000001265275,0.0001572523,0.000001838512,0.000003706472,0.9294869,0.05966714,0.002296419],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006477318,0.00005070725,0.002575554,0.000005455551,0.000002146275,0.000004294087,0.00005497329,0.00005740856,0.00007623219,0.1559238,0.8403265,0.0002751725],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2787673,0.0005666363,0.004095439,0.1591878,0.001871204,0.0004082922,0.005327057,0.0001735936,0.5496026],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9728515,0.0001139581,0.0005935628,0.01833311,0.0004729584,0.00003891638,0.00001068782,0.00005019661,0.007535106],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7806594,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9972973,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4412427142","doi":"10.1086/735256","title":"Bankruptcy Resolution and Credit Cycles","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"NBER Macroeconomics Annual","topic":"Banking stability, regulation, efficiency","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Booth University College","funders":"","keywords":"Bankruptcy; Resolution (logic); Economics; Financial system; Business; Finance; Computer science; Artificial intelligence","authors":[{"name":"Martin Kornejew","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chen Lian","is_ca":false},{"name":"Yueran Ma","is_ca":true},{"name":"Pablo Ottonello","is_ca":false},{"name":"Diego Pérez","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01113873857239221,"gpt":0.2324009190212674,"spread":0.2212621804488752,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006606156,0.0001868419,0.0003595525,0.0003106357,0.000217164,0.0001348412,0.0002375886,0.0001601659,0.0002459486],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000130844,0.0002476341,0.00008953915,0.0001958492,0.0002157333,0.0003459415,0.0001629732,0.0001526847,0.000177143],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002245693,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004400486,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002079329,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001411072,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982886,0.00001736981,0.0006917052,0.0006340261,0.0000232952,0.0003449808],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991178,0.00008925703,0.0002334545,0.0004418477,0.00005262022,0.00006499932],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002533056,0.0000872243,0.1435634,0.00003970576,0.00004828398,7.972333e-7,0.0009803004,0.0006393485,0.000006020838,0.8441743,0.002805344,0.007629985],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001036925,0.00005412951,0.548701,0.00001983558,0.00001446917,0.000006384802,0.0003439758,0.0261676,0.00004653117,0.2653683,0.1577537,0.0004871993],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.944436,0.003910154,0.005343699,0.001627227,0.001033056,0.0002829691,0.0003825822,0.00008990554,0.04289444],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9962814,0.0001911355,0.001286798,0.0003674135,0.0001468261,0.00002170557,0.00002485387,0.00002219977,0.001657652],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.578806,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999976,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}