{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":12,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":12,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"8be3d5f1a496","filters":{"venue":"Nature Chemical Engineering"}},"results":[{"id":"W4390739002","doi":"10.1038/s44286-023-00009-x","title":"Multi-scale physics of bipolar membranes in electrochemical processes","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Chemical Engineering","topic":"Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":116,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Army Research Office; Bioenergy Technologies Office; Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office; Basic Energy Sciences; Office of Naval Research; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate; U.S. Department of Energy; Office of Science; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Context (archaeology); Electrodialysis; Nanotechnology; Materials science; Membrane; Mechanical engineering; Process engineering; Engineering; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005259545617181832,"gpt":0.2326186692329338,"spread":0.227359123615752,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008199443,0.0002245525,0.0002698417,0.0001559624,0.000005640243,0.00002354665,0.0001872523,0.0004103357,0.00001488451],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001174684,0.0002290137,0.00007103452,0.0008670299,0.00002118367,0.0001649033,0.00002109041,0.0009653878,0.000006103918],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008945695,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003394282,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001154947,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.175902e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989921,0.000004064642,0.0003014812,0.0002353489,0.0002011582,0.0002658832],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995738,0.000129362,0.00001374788,0.0001647106,0.00005136346,0.00006704065],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004146154,0.00002175593,0.00001314708,0.002599953,0.00001723383,0.000004538188,0.00008751141,0.004931913,0.9916503,0.00009147144,0.0001189454,0.0004590775],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001104069,0.000004762609,0.000003979873,0.0002412084,0.000007585729,0.00000633015,0.000002202807,0.1943267,0.801931,0.0000316314,0.003153479,0.0001806947],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6618747,0.0794764,0.2500822,0.0001303457,0.0007300747,0.0006845007,0.00004927312,0.006421574,0.0005509559],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9811788,0.0002745593,0.01821499,0.0000165164,0.0001532567,0.00004384486,0.00003261983,0.00007283429,0.00001255269],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3193042,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9338909,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4400004678","doi":"10.1038/s44286-024-00079-5","title":"All-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries through a reaction engineering lens","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Chemical Engineering","topic":"Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":103,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Solid-state; Lithium (medication); Sulfur; Lens (geology); State (computer science); Materials science; Engineering physics; Engineering; Computer science; Optics; Physics; Metallurgy; Psychology; Algorithm","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006803176112168381,"gpt":0.2261996740937083,"spread":0.2193964979815399,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006719529,0.0004259819,0.0003379726,0.0001452348,0.0000219611,0.0001368124,0.0002287381,0.0005103585,0.00002196378],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009890332,0.0004165687,0.0001091557,0.0003405474,0.00002635161,0.0006316123,0.00008593032,0.001262171,0.00003797587],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001866701,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008386003,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000189368,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.918035e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99854,0.00000281032,0.0003268065,0.0003808776,0.0001933879,0.0005561228],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994947,0.00009814613,0.00001667729,0.0003024935,0.00002634232,0.00006158905],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004438499,0.000005449862,0.000001467315,0.0006058722,0.00009569385,0.00006184299,0.0001068252,0.0411181,0.9552849,0.001016138,0.0009563214,0.0007429623],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009955588,0.00000968815,0.0000221061,0.0002921999,0.00002340592,0.00007687958,0.000008557722,0.03682875,0.8575696,0.0002868331,0.1043193,0.0004632066],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9302431,0.006566504,0.04291169,0.0006039478,0.005107835,0.0002516655,0.0000735381,0.01368818,0.0005535103],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9912474,0.0003993463,0.007516717,0.00008297845,0.0004461684,0.00005997948,0.00004155956,0.0001642099,0.00004163557],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1033629,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998286,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4396660561","doi":"10.1038/s44286-024-00062-0","title":"Exploring CO2 reduction and crossover in membrane electrode assemblies","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Chemical Engineering","topic":"CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts","field":"Energy","cited_by":92,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Bioenergy Technologies Office; Army Research Office; Basic Energy Sciences; Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Electrolysis; Crossover; Electrochemistry; Catalysis; Membrane electrode assembly; Membrane; Electrode; Selectivity; Kinetics; Chemistry; Chemical engineering; Materials science; Process engineering; Nanotechnology; Electrolyte; Computer science; Engineering; Physical chemistry; Organic chemistry; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01231022194301031,"gpt":0.2358851322892614,"spread":0.2235749103462511,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007209428,0.0001259238,0.0001237264,0.0001520607,0.00001339291,0.00006507018,0.00005841604,0.0001945546,0.00001958739],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005355163,0.0001254802,0.000042222,0.0003780434,0.00001292193,0.0002815807,0.00003153505,0.0007199531,0.000003296056],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001109873,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009322652,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000333629,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000133058,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993,0.000003018316,0.0001344739,0.0002512385,0.0001155168,0.0001957645],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997973,0.0000262025,0.000008774033,0.0001057417,0.00001497025,0.00004699305],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001084195,0.000006818007,0.00000130829,0.0001178594,0.00001337273,0.000009664618,0.0001040964,0.0006744242,0.980549,0.01041319,0.0001382456,0.007961227],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000899018,0.000005770592,0.00002988115,0.0001081441,0.000007469862,0.00008480273,0.00001416823,0.003962781,0.9714797,0.00020537,0.02386421,0.0001478497],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9923828,0.005236453,0.0001863564,0.0002382208,0.0005043884,0.00005459244,0.000001151207,0.0006149634,0.0007810367],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986102,0.0003046738,0.0005147197,0.000009552496,0.0003540883,0.00004353668,0.00001223192,0.00003085998,0.000120164],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02372596,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5116933,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4408771562","doi":"10.1038/s44286-025-00194-x","title":"Self-aggregating long-acting injectable microcrystals","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Chemical Engineering","topic":"Pickering emulsions and particle stabilization","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"National Cancer Institute; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Kwanjeong Educational Foundation; Division of Materials Research; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology","keywords":"Excipient; Drug; Implant; Drug delivery; Biomedical engineering; Solvent; Polymer; Medicine; Materials science; Nanotechnology; Pharmacology; Chemistry; Surgery; Composite material; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003430318675233005,"gpt":0.2301192866073602,"spread":0.2266889679321272,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001677604,0.0001312389,0.000151242,0.00006368702,0.00007168696,0.00007306613,0.0001654614,0.0001988982,0.00003891382],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004667449,0.0001279013,0.00004207891,0.0003792582,0.00001169478,0.0001410207,0.0001008927,0.0003404114,0.00001248544],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009887079,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002800508,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004195093,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.698314e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991142,0.000009189151,0.0002017815,0.0002524662,0.0001228376,0.0002995545],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995277,0.0001305782,0.00003999974,0.0001861604,0.00005784286,0.00005771862],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004469483,0.00001760309,0.0001987166,0.0001466689,0.00000594628,0.000002257578,0.00007147509,0.002109206,0.9962536,0.0005732343,0.00008326906,0.0005335327],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000164959,0.000003922973,0.00007944954,0.0001458479,0.00001022071,0.000004241466,0.00001311352,0.02083877,0.9756934,0.00004280988,0.002868292,0.0001349478],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9861611,0.0006349643,0.01071358,0.00007685765,0.0004277063,0.0001040716,0.000002636976,0.0004560755,0.001423027],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9809334,0.000003556846,0.01880841,0.00006990922,0.00008586537,0.00001181762,0.000004988137,0.00001550582,0.00006652604],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02056019,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5215664,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4405646075","doi":"10.1038/s44286-024-00154-x","title":"Ion-specific phenomena limit energy recovery in forward-biased bipolar membranes","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Chemical Engineering","topic":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","field":"Engineering","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Army Research Office; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate; U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Department of Defense; Office of Science; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Ion; Reversed electrodialysis; Voltage; Chemical physics; Materials science; Ion transporter; Membrane; Optoelectronics; Nanotechnology; Physics; Chemistry; Electrodialysis","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003317391000458761,"gpt":0.1679840512023511,"spread":0.1646666602018924,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009886194,0.0002859041,0.0002913084,0.0002462572,0.00001243151,0.00009153191,0.0001724021,0.0006748982,0.0001160405],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002437944,0.0002677778,0.0001152786,0.0004557438,0.00001245622,0.0001481237,0.00003456481,0.000825404,0.00003435303],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000169084,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001047926,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004021117,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":4.486018e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988322,0.000005474743,0.0003018911,0.0002956874,0.0001634727,0.0004012216],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995564,0.0001220506,0.000009995041,0.0001925777,0.00001378058,0.0001052342],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001016446,0.00001215404,5.22714e-7,0.00142209,0.00006484173,0.00008336652,0.00005049403,0.1626258,0.8314391,0.0005302847,0.001266393,0.002494767],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001951419,0.00000763653,0.000002347596,0.0003212222,0.00001119648,0.00001668785,0.000003626418,0.1017345,0.513658,0.0001326755,0.383568,0.0003488933],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1864057,0.7845232,0.001968452,0.0002243362,0.01267241,0.0002994573,0.00007408726,0.003865061,0.009967243],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9838153,0.01395187,0.0008143999,0.00003757464,0.001024347,0.00002945711,0.00006390551,0.0001502462,0.0001128591],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7974096,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999775,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4408777667","doi":"10.1038/s44286-025-00197-8","title":"Connecting scales in reaction engineering","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Chemical Engineering","topic":"Zeolite Catalysis and Synthesis","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.002561670631323157,"gpt":0.2029991933570776,"spread":0.2004375227257545,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009976314,0.0001690518,0.0002296722,0.0001464892,0.00001670078,0.00002576079,0.0001599468,0.0004479732,0.00002806408],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009200848,0.0001806624,0.00009531831,0.0003464929,0.000005127215,0.00007698309,0.00005384341,0.0008954084,0.000003248032],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001848037,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008860669,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000652845,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001377698,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991175,0.000001739541,0.000236109,0.0002703024,0.0001147641,0.0002596154],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999449,0.0002332389,0.00002662601,0.0002149754,0.00002498551,0.00005124478],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005758194,0.00001630745,0.0002262269,0.0002018885,0.00002579676,0.000006074651,0.0000207401,0.002019071,0.993833,0.001173561,0.00002219996,0.002449354],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000199545,5.493351e-7,0.0002329235,0.0003000633,0.00001381116,0.000005369376,0.00002583788,0.04382903,0.9496839,0.00002650331,0.005496025,0.0001864251],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9941045,0.001136861,0.0004617489,0.0001201234,0.0001559718,0.00002665039,0.000003584959,0.0002454655,0.003745107],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985659,0.00001667033,0.001156551,0.00002484901,0.0001333774,0.00001251469,0.0000224163,0.00002294235,0.00004477313],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04414911,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.73672,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4416735869","doi":"10.1038/s44286-025-00308-5","title":"Passive direct air capture via evaporative carbonate crystallization","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Chemical Engineering","topic":"Chemical Looping and Thermochemical Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Resources Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Evaporation; Carbonate; Crystallization; Capital cost; Flux (metallurgy); Work (physics); Scalability","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.001624404632794579,"gpt":0.186086724947089,"spread":0.1844623203142944,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003887649,0.0003243452,0.0003292709,0.00009801392,0.00002733895,0.00002320511,0.0002357476,0.0006483195,0.00001716884],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000271625,0.0003174468,0.0001014429,0.0006336593,0.0000232636,0.00009747459,0.00005632573,0.001078382,0.0000051565],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003549025,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002057485,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004814154,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.99145e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988906,0.000004962216,0.0002481106,0.0003187255,0.0001871095,0.0003505398],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994008,0.0001421803,0.00002554165,0.0002165263,0.0001018447,0.0001131104],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001098251,0.00001917217,0.000004603275,0.0004544488,0.0001116933,0.000008828327,0.00005777654,0.04139315,0.9549012,0.0004887474,0.001787724,0.0007616878],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000267786,0.000002892844,0.000007199346,0.000211855,0.00003372657,0.000004285796,0.000004754643,0.1041857,0.8888469,0.0008350611,0.005259679,0.0003402455],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5381808,0.04868295,0.2045367,0.004424088,0.005996233,0.001939187,0.0001922704,0.01672806,0.1793196],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985069,0.00003145089,0.0007783831,0.0001868666,0.0001546533,0.00003749768,0.00007844302,0.00005305689,0.0001727694],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.460326,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999278,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4406865877","doi":"10.1038/s44286-024-00168-5","title":"Modeling the depolymerization of plastics","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Chemical Engineering","topic":"Recycling and Waste Management Techniques","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Dow Chemical (Canada)","funders":"Dow Chemical Company","keywords":"Depolymerization; Polymer science; Forensic engineering; Materials science; Engineering; Polymer chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.002092727061365303,"gpt":0.1951238416976117,"spread":0.1930311146362464,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003287508,0.00005033745,0.00005204761,0.00001691566,0.00001436338,0.000005951161,0.0001368337,0.00008279317,0.000005305394],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000921907,0.00003676104,0.00002249572,0.0001815623,0.00001546094,0.00002444744,0.00008848577,0.0001883462,6.354978e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001097843,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000001169674,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006606365,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.202992e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996666,0.000002176259,0.00008968988,0.00008084288,0.00008814678,0.0000725456],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998445,0.00003265957,0.0000112097,0.0001000805,0.000001428912,0.00001010651],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001853343,0.000006134851,0.00021378,0.00001886356,0.000005463967,1.531741e-7,0.00001105189,0.3469307,0.6496906,0.001111153,0.00005825959,0.001952016],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002613665,0.000001253256,0.00004460639,0.00002226088,0.000005755535,1.37073e-7,0.000002648035,0.5605559,0.4391203,0.00007304192,0.0001186141,0.00002930109],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4558007,0.0001619826,0.5361851,0.00018905,0.0001425167,0.00008832765,6.358114e-7,0.0001286554,0.007302943],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9960144,0.0000085928,0.003879732,0.00005566703,0.00001401005,0.000003624432,0.00000170079,0.00000424761,0.00001798172],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5402137,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1499072,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4405419519","doi":"10.1038/s44286-024-00145-y","title":"Illuminating quinone-mediated CO2 capture and release","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Chemical Engineering","topic":"CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts","field":"Energy","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Opacity; Quinone; Fluorescence spectroscopy; Spectroscopy; Nanotechnology; Electrochemistry; Fluorescence; Chemistry; Photochemistry; Materials science; Physics; Optics; Electrode; Stereochemistry; Astronomy; Physical chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.002635637764577609,"gpt":0.2060275428314372,"spread":0.2033919050668596,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005870452,0.000146874,0.0001290147,0.00008112863,0.00001826057,0.00004558101,0.00007699763,0.0003850714,0.00005218241],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002002175,0.0001357223,0.00005578714,0.0002774083,0.0000216099,0.00008410333,0.00004845019,0.0008685938,0.00001061808],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007019164,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000131827,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003266174,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.203752e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992893,0.000003281064,0.0001316436,0.0002545186,0.0001335381,0.000187762],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996573,0.00007246333,0.00001240873,0.0001261484,0.00002689734,0.0001047454],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005926287,0.00001092064,0.000003327736,0.0002873846,0.00003782777,0.00007709984,0.0001842642,0.0002661112,0.9718558,0.01081195,0.002483919,0.01397553],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001958947,0.00001226382,0.00002276047,0.0003097339,0.00003951273,0.0002230914,0.00006059904,0.05617689,0.7740689,0.0002259093,0.1682146,0.0004498429],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.96719,0.02201429,0.001357489,0.0009853055,0.0009644774,0.0001565065,0.0000212568,0.002909155,0.004401555],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981946,0.00004892425,0.001004629,0.00006875493,0.0002977315,0.00001470397,0.00005590068,0.00003867304,0.0002761278],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1977869,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5534595,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4410629043","doi":"10.1038/s44286-025-00220-y","title":"Level up the researcher in automated laboratories","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Chemical Engineering","topic":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Structural Genomics Consortium; University of Toronto; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.006790495089800306,"gpt":0.268262326848429,"spread":0.2614718317586288,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001895714,0.0002199406,0.000188379,0.0001712238,0.00002731699,0.00005047879,0.0003624968,0.0003715099,0.00001412852],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004169965,0.0001910672,0.00004415143,0.0011594,0.00003260822,0.0001025607,0.00009047888,0.001769493,0.00001034884],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002853936,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002240471,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005563588,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001210515,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989608,0.00001057243,0.0002182008,0.0001922701,0.0002010042,0.0004171796],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994242,0.0001912417,0.000008471162,0.0002814398,0.00003892605,0.00005570767],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007662616,0.0000115692,0.0002467929,0.0001935063,0.00005588212,0.00001153902,0.0002509188,0.2875172,0.7013649,0.004795391,0.005206887,0.0003377583],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003431274,0.00000318039,0.001810314,0.0001883834,0.000005002978,0.000003184243,0.00004642898,0.5380079,0.4422953,0.00003617253,0.01700663,0.0002543596],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9578366,0.01493072,0.006843118,0.0006738077,0.003937308,0.0005712804,0.00002980643,0.008312357,0.006864946],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968674,0.00002023461,0.002703304,0.00004222897,0.0000858189,0.0000570202,0.00001119646,0.0000540998,0.0001587051],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2590697,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7791494,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4406902688","doi":"10.1038/s44286-025-00172-3","title":"Exploring the potential landscape of chemical engineering science","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Chemical Engineering","topic":"Biomedical and Engineering Education","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Science and engineering; Engineering ethics; Engineering; Data science; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005235114367030317,"gpt":0.193939382835329,"spread":0.1887042684682987,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002250269,0.000248688,0.0002457042,0.0002881754,0.00003229341,0.00003979638,0.0005821041,0.0002185929,0.00001142549],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003269536,0.0002046969,0.0001015133,0.001467902,0.00009502924,0.0002174961,0.0001142652,0.001034631,0.000004012183],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001205563,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004536227,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001463898,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.457694e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985936,0.000002289486,0.0003120766,0.0002595877,0.0003640694,0.0004684377],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993188,0.0001080585,0.00001888602,0.0003459659,0.00007575314,0.0001324964],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003882152,0.0000161219,0.00001213409,0.0004736652,0.00003979087,0.000001517619,0.00005627606,0.05192411,0.9434073,0.001476842,0.0003752836,0.002213066],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000178095,0.000003609894,0.0005981683,0.0001969796,0.00002481185,0.000008962777,0.00001199123,0.2672154,0.7302393,0.00002512416,0.001283951,0.0002136927],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9822288,0.001486119,0.01151262,0.0002789331,0.003214539,0.0001361915,0.000005822842,0.0006838146,0.0004531715],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968647,0.00003361966,0.002647613,0.00002618433,0.0003265006,0.00004716769,0.000008600005,0.0000349806,0.00001061561],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2152912,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8347296,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4403510500","doi":"10.1038/s44286-024-00130-5","title":"Queue in the surfactant molecules","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Chemical Engineering","topic":"Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University; St. Michael's Hospital","funders":"","keywords":"Pulmonary surfactant; Queue; Molecule; Computer science; Chemistry; Chemical engineering; Engineering; Computer network; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003814230600758397,"gpt":0.2153381098807643,"spread":0.2115238792800059,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001752546,0.000131502,0.00009034547,0.000110181,0.000007307035,0.0000397521,0.0001754071,0.0002193366,0.00001300887],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003711661,0.00009862096,0.00002873341,0.0007417052,0.00001418222,0.00007246491,0.00001592192,0.00102824,0.00001019436],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009902076,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007615169,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001342488,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.904618e-8,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994083,0.000002832133,0.0001612317,0.0001232994,0.0001234203,0.0001808989],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997793,0.0000543967,0.000004122709,0.0001302345,0.00001957303,0.00001230435],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[7.729416e-7,0.000005103718,0.000002204736,0.0001150562,0.00001085548,0.00003190106,0.00009725285,0.0004342984,0.9549316,0.03685565,0.005217389,0.002297968],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006379009,0.000003603488,0.00003618624,0.0001117444,0.000004196386,0.0000346861,0.00001314471,0.06077864,0.8868841,0.0003379801,0.05155582,0.0001761228],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5012227,0.02881524,0.4459092,0.001069484,0.002003669,0.0006144923,0.00004884527,0.004775333,0.01554102],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987153,0.00001272787,0.0009499805,0.000104398,0.0001111381,0.00002123653,0.00004315807,0.00003046795,0.00001155531],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4974926,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4467247,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}