{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":6,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":6,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"b83d70e36189","filters":{"venue":"Neotropical Biodiversity"}},"results":[{"id":"W2581037818","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2016.1272314","title":"Revisiting adaptations of neotropical katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) to gleaning bat predation","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Neotropical Biodiversity","topic":"Bat Biology and Ecology Studies","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":41,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Austrian Science Fund; Dartmouth College; Human Frontier Science Program; Smithsonian Institution","keywords":"Tettigoniidae; Orthoptera; Predation; Biology; Ecology; Aposematism; Insect; Zoology; Predator","authors":[{"name":"Hannah M. ter Hofstede","is_ca":false},{"name":"Silke L. Voigt‐Heucke","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alexander Lang","is_ca":false},{"name":"Heinrich Römer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rachel A. Page","is_ca":false},{"name":"Paul A. Faure","is_ca":true},{"name":"Dina K. N. Dechmann","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03475412524210759,"gpt":0.2356637667624003,"spread":0.2009096415202927,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001210696,0.0001255888,0.0002437321,0.00001402611,0.001719343,0.00004481901,0.0004037271,0.0001606559,0.0002787221],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000453636,0.00006037691,0.0001112043,0.00007507577,0.0002577063,0.0001577519,0.0004004799,0.0001885578,0.000158763],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002713075,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006423979,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000326086,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005173106,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989928,0.00009445362,0.0001996272,0.0003200482,0.0001194256,0.0002736402],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993074,0.0001897432,0.0001551832,0.0001245769,0.0001121405,0.0001109644],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007408005,0.00003901057,0.9370928,0.000004684155,0.00003181026,0.000004318449,0.0000936656,0.000003006736,0.009868252,0.0004642446,0.0007289353,0.05159514],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001475831,0.0002355926,0.9902065,0.00001482008,0.00002851993,0.000001495198,0.000211875,0.00001315704,0.000723416,0.0000699722,0.008226688,0.0001203368],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9884068,0.00004103042,0.00004234943,0.009491339,0.0001841706,0.0001500187,0.00007327768,0.0000430158,0.001568018],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984775,0.00004153427,0.0007467937,0.0004038797,0.0002005992,0.000003769779,0.00003403443,3.367608e-7,0.00009153],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0531137,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995803,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2998094314","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2019.1706387","title":"A cost-effective protocol for total DNA isolation from animal tissue","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Neotropical Biodiversity","topic":"Vector-borne infectious diseases","field":"Immunology and Microbiology","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"","keywords":"DNA extraction; Isolation (microbiology); Biology; Protocol (science); Polymerase chain reaction; DNA; Computational biology; Bioinformatics; Gene; Medicine; Pathology; Genetics","authors":[{"name":"Nicolás Peñafiel","is_ca":true},{"name":"Diana Flores","is_ca":false},{"name":"Juan Rivero de Aguilar","is_ca":false},{"name":"Juan M. Guayasamin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Elisa Bonaccorso","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01957572624203594,"gpt":0.2758118451610376,"spread":0.2562361189190016,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003483226,0.0001619656,0.0002311098,0.00004745084,0.0001816864,0.00002007442,0.0001314817,0.0002609783,0.002648435],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000686401,0.000151883,0.0001242755,0.00006720154,0.000108588,0.0001247642,0.0001167231,0.0001682505,0.003633491],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001189129,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003897137,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003765342,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002576017,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990391,0.0001293928,0.0001280175,0.0003889246,0.00003834717,0.0002762546],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993814,0.000214879,0.00007881602,0.0001953124,0.00009021753,0.00003942435],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.005922751,0.0007007516,0.5318297,0.00005971783,0.0003705408,0.000005506623,0.0002892901,0.00001133667,0.4302115,0.0002206292,0.02135349,0.009024763],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006984427,0.002217577,0.778988,0.00001636254,0.00009186541,0.000006825518,0.00005557475,0.0000235341,0.08635954,0.0001033509,0.1248467,0.0003062463],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8882518,0.00001015562,0.0005049823,0.0001280664,0.0003002732,0.1098582,0.0006040516,0.000136603,0.0002058058],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9599224,2.764106e-7,0.0001454079,0.0001890641,0.00007508881,0.03914122,0.0002715134,0.000007238165,0.0002477478],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.343852,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9982633,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2471633430","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2016.1191749","title":"First record of a hybodont shark (Chondrichthyes: Hybodontiformes) from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Neotropical Biodiversity","topic":"Ichthyology and Marine Biology","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Chondrichthyes; Cretaceous; Paleontology; Gondwana; Mesozoic; Dorsal fin; Geology; Elasmobranchii; Dorsum; Biology; Fishery; Structural basin; Anatomy","authors":[{"name":"Jorge D. Carrillo-Briceño","is_ca":false},{"name":"Edwin‐Alberto Cadena","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alex Dececchi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Hans C. E. Larson","is_ca":true},{"name":"Trina Y. Du","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009575456297786862,"gpt":0.1873094823244177,"spread":0.1777340260266308,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008397262,0.0001225925,0.0002444106,0.00001409103,0.0001287405,0.000003028079,0.0005098067,0.000162589,0.009186111],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001401722,0.00006746913,0.0001315646,0.00009342356,0.0009417565,0.00008023127,0.0006200557,0.0001033524,0.001215162],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007428735,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001023309,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003641349,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002598313,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999019,0.00008910777,0.0002121183,0.0002819499,0.0001612894,0.0002365355],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990929,0.0003464028,0.0001285958,0.0003430257,0.00001843972,0.0000706441],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004181448,0.0001522296,0.957662,0.000002777774,0.00003939516,0.000007390073,0.00008714896,0.000001354111,0.004859657,0.00005282582,0.0333842,0.003332852],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006605837,0.0004573431,0.8813661,0.000009553525,0.00004671328,0.00000191242,0.00002200695,0.000005361295,0.002505531,0.0003008945,0.1145157,0.0001083259],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9953355,0.00003025251,0.0001765952,0.001737586,0.00036395,0.0001454996,0.000186427,0.00001809085,0.002006094],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984955,0.00008696388,0.0005740758,0.0003732117,0.00002834244,0.000002127405,0.000006924354,0.000002572953,0.0004302774],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08113146,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995625,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4281871434","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2022.2076784","title":"Seasonal turnover of avian community assembly in a highly fragmented Tumbesian dry forest of southwestern Ecuador","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Neotropical Biodiversity","topic":"Plant and animal studies","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Threatened species; Species richness; Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests; Biodiversity; Dominance (genetics); Ecology; Geography; Abundance (ecology); Secondary forest; Species diversity; Biology; Habitat","authors":[{"name":"Vanessa E. Luzuriaga‐Aveiga","is_ca":true},{"name":"Diego F. Cisneros‐Heredia","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03198682398766522,"gpt":0.1973071233799217,"spread":0.1653202993922565,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001102608,0.00009691223,0.0002334939,0.00001619453,0.0003189087,0.000006810084,0.0003320593,0.00004573971,0.0001905575],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001726281,0.00004768604,0.0001086962,0.000244507,0.0001135082,0.00004715345,0.0005437072,0.0002785916,0.00000853336],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000401931,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006498539,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006111658,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01921472,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990577,0.0001915004,0.0001652302,0.0001332177,0.0002662256,0.0001861773],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999651,0.0001298868,0.00009865197,0.00003178697,0.00003325241,0.00005538062],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001812944,0.0003318918,0.9834416,0.000009706475,0.00001582519,0.00001173535,0.0001571294,0.000003830579,0.01475681,0.00003125286,0.000201118,0.0008578124],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002951186,0.0004528252,0.996464,0.000009109686,0.00001135192,6.840009e-7,0.001302943,0.00001348498,0.0005960923,0.0000472983,0.0007172797,0.00008987254],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9983333,0.00003457397,3.690536e-7,0.0003489405,0.00003006254,0.00009058593,0.0009524673,0.00001578931,0.000193949],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999763,0.000005976026,0.00001720667,0.00009501555,0.00001742454,0.000002010734,0.00007590557,2.523428e-7,0.00002324306],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01416072,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9986821,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2803946863","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2018.1467665","title":"Reproductive differences between three species of <i>Brachyrhaphis</i> livebearing fishes in Panamá","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Neotropical Biodiversity","topic":"Fish Ecology and Management Studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of Alabama; Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University; University of Alabama in Huntsville","keywords":"Biology; Abiotic component; Dry season; Brood; Wet season; Ecology; Poeciliidae; Poecilia; Biotic component; Avian clutch size; Zoology; Life history theory; Reproductive success; Hermaphrodite; Panama; Reproduction; Life history; Fishery; Population; Fish <Actinopterygii>","authors":[{"name":"Bruce Stallsmith","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02726517469796341,"gpt":0.2005931563756267,"spread":0.1733279816776633,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000923868,0.00009595165,0.0002017884,0.00003848284,0.0001843956,0.000006739916,0.0002581262,0.00006065909,0.001371957],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007607022,0.00008495022,0.00004037603,0.0001918265,0.00118961,0.0001447422,0.000791139,0.000104801,0.0003610534],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005841443,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000002213063,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006227272,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00537419,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991199,0.00003722792,0.0001332327,0.0003453706,0.0001582651,0.0002060072],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999643,0.00006346338,0.00006488392,0.000183956,0.00001053707,0.00003412274],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002464469,0.00005068378,0.9919338,0.000004767152,0.00002178687,0.000003088362,0.0003369896,0.000001126962,0.00007468216,0.0001083877,0.007110248,0.0003297669],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001741934,0.0001645737,0.9968228,0.000004357995,0.00002081802,9.430771e-8,0.0001697499,0.000004404743,0.0005527369,0.001018219,0.000977364,0.00009068115],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9814156,0.00000470316,0.00006171952,0.001473249,0.0000912875,0.0001195485,0.00001198641,0.00002164606,0.01680027],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993314,0.00002031253,0.0002287532,0.0001507641,0.00006104922,0.000001514594,0.000002159063,0.000001245855,0.0002028048],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01791581,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995409,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4367173706","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2023.2204549","title":"What constitutes a community? A co-occurrence exploration of the Costa Rican avifauna","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Neotropical Biodiversity","topic":"Plant and animal studies","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Institutes of Health","keywords":"Geography; Co-occurrence; Puerto rican; Ecology; Ethnology; History; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Mélusine F. Velde","is_ca":false},{"name":"Elizabeth M. Besozzi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Billi A. Krochuk","is_ca":true},{"name":"Kate Henderson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Brian R. Tsuru","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sara Velásquez Restrepo","is_ca":false},{"name":"Holly M. Garrod","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jacob C. Cooper","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1428732624742045,"gpt":0.2484641455558489,"spread":0.1055908830816444,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008342908,0.00007078819,0.0001148232,0.000006872558,0.0006605334,0.00004181704,0.0003736099,0.00004092473,0.00003996117],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005836394,0.00002440107,0.00007219821,0.0003524682,0.0003174491,0.0002476296,0.0002986026,0.0001128227,0.00008386364],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009896143,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004830371,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004510976,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001086411,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999386,0.0001200294,0.00008611222,0.0001026128,0.0001649901,0.0001402475],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995916,0.000234326,0.0000551276,0.00003426765,0.00004428173,0.00004038514],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007647333,0.0001382552,0.9148819,0.00001480224,0.00002763361,0.000004476102,0.0007317154,0.000001830005,0.03165172,0.0005724702,0.04345014,0.008448555],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009696982,0.0001157656,0.9663928,0.00002326481,0.00001190233,6.527338e-7,0.002628793,0.000005334964,0.002427393,0.0002378594,0.02797483,0.00008446201],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959112,0.00002583509,3.203623e-7,0.002610421,0.0001078323,0.0000985033,0.00100055,0.00005456247,0.000190712],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993325,0.0003024286,0.000002797755,0.0001771718,0.0000226635,0.000001650094,0.0001374878,7.3312e-8,0.00002325289],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05151084,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5080356,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}