{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":7,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":7,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"8e7e69bf6e44","filters":{"venue":"Oil Shale"}},"results":[{"id":"W2972859097","doi":"10.3176/oil.2000.3.02","title":"SEVEN SEDIMENTARY ROCK REFERENCE SAMPLES FROM ESTONIA","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Oil Shale","topic":"Marine and environmental studies","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Geological Survey of Canada","funders":"European Social Fund","keywords":"Sedimentary rock; Geology; Geochemistry; Oil shale; Mining engineering; Mineralogy; Paleontology","authors":[{"name":"Tarmo Kiipli","is_ca":true},{"name":"A Batchelor","is_ca":true},{"name":"Juan Pablo Bernal","is_ca":true},{"name":"C Cowing","is_ca":true},{"name":"M Hagel-Brunnström","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mark Ingham","is_ca":true},{"name":"David P. Johnson","is_ca":true},{"name":"J. Kivisilla","is_ca":false},{"name":"C Knaack","is_ca":true},{"name":"Peter Kump","is_ca":true},{"name":"D Michiels","is_ca":true},{"name":"K Orlova","is_ca":true},{"name":"E Pirrus","is_ca":true},{"name":"Ronald Rousseau","is_ca":true},{"name":"H. Sandström","is_ca":true},{"name":"J. P. Willis","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01792695950378021,"gpt":0.1854912097322065,"spread":0.1675642502284263,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002037121,0.0004339129,0.0002640414,0.001843613,0.0006801164,0.0005294901,0.0003516264,0.0002928651,0.001952169],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002493452,0.000163795,0.0002166533,0.001868097,0.0003349852,0.0001175376,0.0006040029,0.0001285551,0.0006411271],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005278818,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003309835,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02113168,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04943276,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997486,0.00001369342,0.00004628302,0.00008465276,0.00005887276,0.00004789504],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997291,0.00001866129,0.00003643046,0.00004137105,0.0001503421,0.00002397547],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001230403,0.0004595307,0.6428178,0.0007544926,0.0002457278,0.004237476,0.00358055,0.0009595098,0.2674508,0.0004846274,0.00172606,0.07605293],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002155358,0.0002658259,0.9605987,0.00003875281,0.00009347709,0.001428669,0.00133904,0.0002131579,0.01885669,0.00004105959,0.01709116,0.00001192554],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"dataset","genre_scores_codex":[0.9923786,0.0002732727,0.0005803297,0.00000795001,0.00001033062,0.00004560387,0.003537044,0.00002166102,0.003145245],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9672668,0.0006891715,0.002938328,0.00004766789,0.000008084893,0.0001232797,0.01978782,0.0000300989,0.009108813],"genre_candidate":"dataset","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02113168,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0420174,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4312707486","doi":"10.3176/oil.2001.1.03","title":"CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER OF THE MONGOLIAN KHOOT OIL SHALE","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Oil Shale","topic":"Coal and Coke Industries Research","field":"Energy","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Calgary","keywords":"Oil shale; Organic matter; Chemical composition; Composition (language); Shale oil; Petroleum engineering; Geology; Environmental science; Environmental chemistry; Geochemistry; Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Paleontology; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"B. Avid","is_ca":false},{"name":"B Purevsuren","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01804400055032354,"gpt":0.2411731355689042,"spread":0.2231291350185807,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005425288,0.0002061428,0.0001764417,0.001310425,0.0004117735,0.0002619462,0.00007089462,0.0001471615,0.0006709922],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000618704,0.000112262,0.00009862296,0.0004541864,0.0002343551,0.0001458487,0.0001446209,0.0000982047,0.0001347523],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002686352,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002556572,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01167185,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01361649,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999593,0.000003011468,0.000002781996,0.00001171624,0.00001132136,0.00001179838],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999363,0.00001062033,0.00001377788,0.000002164712,0.00001749177,0.0000195416],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003926454,0.00004212386,0.1566573,0.0003271859,0.00009848555,0.0006682886,0.0006242485,0.0005493716,0.8283381,0.000121287,0.00006167649,0.01211943],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001052421,0.0001157372,0.9748676,0.00001123963,0.00003300405,0.0002620668,0.000527063,0.0004958496,0.02268895,0.00005677324,0.0009192766,0.00001200306],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.999213,0.000254346,0.00007124121,0.000004499831,0.000001689516,0.000001819199,0.0001459686,0.000001636208,0.0003057393],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986994,0.0003057299,0.0001260708,0.00001449269,0.000004356971,0.000003613013,0.0003139535,0.000002028097,0.0005302171],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01167185,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02320778,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4312718993","doi":"10.3176/oil.2000.3.05","title":"PYROLYSIS AND THERMOGRAVIMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF THE MONGOLIAN KHOOT OIL SHALE","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Oil Shale","topic":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Calgary","keywords":"Oil shale; Thermogravimetric analysis; Pyrolysis; Geology; Petroleum engineering; Shale oil extraction; Geochemistry; Shale oil; Waste management; Chemical engineering; Engineering; Paleontology","authors":[{"name":"B. Avid","is_ca":false},{"name":"B Purevsuren","is_ca":false},{"name":"J Dugarjav","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007900421427514522,"gpt":0.1836058589033448,"spread":0.1757054374758303,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001020253,0.0001443713,0.0001482312,0.0005587443,0.0002821629,0.0001896122,0.00007096883,0.0001023704,0.000326005],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008707923,0.0001096085,0.0001142119,0.0003703034,0.000161513,0.000118072,0.0001022765,0.00009039652,0.00007863186],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002162997,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000175148,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007576373,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01596077,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999601,0.000003962944,0.000003023579,0.000009760429,0.00001519101,0.00000811392],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999518,0.000008324299,0.00001018144,0.000003145712,0.00001852385,0.000008092361],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002557522,0.00002769585,0.04345294,0.0001510947,0.00004008099,0.0004297277,0.0008525299,0.0009777326,0.9474599,0.0001105369,0.0000378504,0.006204193],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001315238,0.0002607483,0.6762751,0.00001739231,0.0000551354,0.0007297253,0.0011136,0.002518957,0.3169015,0.00009112008,0.001997907,0.00002569415],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9994418,0.0001362581,0.0001502378,0.00000283397,5.018109e-7,0.000001826718,0.00006993602,0.000001487517,0.0001952081],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988536,0.0001412338,0.0002920942,0.000004824915,5.873686e-7,0.000002003924,0.0001517574,0.000001987183,0.0005519133],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007576373,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01506454,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4312391646","doi":"10.3176/oil.2006.4.01","title":"CHINA’S OIL SHALE BUSINESS IS GOING AHEAD","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Oil Shale","topic":"Global Energy and Sustainability Research","field":"Energy","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Oil shale; China; Shale oil; Petroleum engineering; Business; Geology; Geography; Paleontology; Archaeology","authors":[{"name":"J Qian","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00991155852753493,"gpt":0.2482595131765739,"spread":0.238347954649039,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005633474,0.0006412581,0.0003691256,0.000570066,0.001541776,0.003137892,0.0004287112,0.001402875,0.02545983],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004538073,0.0001482579,0.000347871,0.001519773,0.0004860457,0.001355839,0.0006855191,0.001102976,0.006952909],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002359349,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0166425,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04059904,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.05003377,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996051,0.00001917789,0.0000154817,0.00004161866,0.0001929884,0.0001255244],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992642,0.0000262671,0.00002538359,0.0000339889,0.000230296,0.0004198966],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001499308,0.00007211137,0.01228993,0.0005374367,0.00003041435,0.0007441356,0.0004318275,0.0007900284,0.00430241,0.02747851,0.696475,0.2566982],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002130672,0.000080035,0.02641641,0.00006478967,0.00001389234,0.0001353768,0.0004084737,0.0008865305,0.0006856528,0.002272994,0.9689938,0.00002075407],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1337941,0.04202207,0.003909094,0.2246492,0.01940276,0.0002670557,0.006704853,0.003324849,0.5659261],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2506358,0.02727428,0.003877187,0.02316632,0.001792557,0.00008020103,0.00742502,0.0001555742,0.6855931],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.04059904,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.08517158,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2746698059","doi":"10.3176/oil.2017.3.06","title":"EFFECT OF INNOVATION IN UNCONVENTIONAL OIL INDUSTRY: CASE OF ESTONIA AND CANADA; pp. 279–294","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Oil Shale","topic":"Natural Resources and Economic Development","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Business; Petroleum industry; Oil shale; Petroleum engineering; Natural resource economics; Industrial organization; Mining engineering; Engineering; Waste management; Economics; Environmental engineering","authors":[{"name":"Kalev Kallemets","is_ca":false},{"name":"T TÄNAV","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01709669740697021,"gpt":0.2321250825561293,"spread":0.2150283851491591,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003237691,0.0001874505,0.0002550738,0.001270149,0.00118239,0.001686678,0.0005554426,0.0004584267,0.006053105],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001498128,0.00007219097,0.0005550708,0.002399714,0.000876038,0.0005171818,0.0008262927,0.0006394592,0.0001805098],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.02058865,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01425797,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9629945,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9700253,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999513,0.00005934508,0.00001158036,0.00003529562,0.0001223694,0.0002584435],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986269,0.0004441709,0.0001753355,0.00003179168,0.0004939294,0.0002278199],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000668732,0.0004145913,0.6939567,0.0004463854,0.0004543192,0.007653006,0.003594593,0.0776944,0.00203583,0.1304901,0.01451481,0.06807654],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000514921,0.00009961073,0.8926964,0.0002162738,0.000374143,0.0005911506,0.01659171,0.04249065,0.001478935,0.008014034,0.03732045,0.00007506188],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9363174,0.002943465,0.0004966537,0.001602484,0.00001727466,0.000024624,0.001052012,0.00001789059,0.0575281],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9926345,0.0008829758,0.00008746627,0.00003681567,0.000003062297,0.000003890258,0.0002077872,0.000002257299,0.006141301],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03700554,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1493818,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2334255294","doi":"10.3176/oil.2013.4.01","title":"EDITOR’S PAGE. CAREFULLY WITH NONCONVENTIONAL FUELS; pp. 469–470","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Oil Shale","topic":"Heat transfer and supercritical fluids","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Environmental science; Oil shale; Petroleum engineering; Engineering; Waste management; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Valdur Lahtvee","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.005201988882735237,"gpt":0.1876818034297788,"spread":0.1824798145470435,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001087081,0.002047369,0.001054595,0.001715712,0.001979258,0.004894499,0.001803559,0.005712818,0.1859465],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005828641,0.0006686195,0.001123648,0.001234624,0.000843234,0.003543962,0.00106439,0.005150858,0.1792158],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009673255,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001195027,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002531506,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008562944,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992614,0.00007381143,0.00007300021,0.00009476166,0.0004326847,0.00006435884],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9959884,0.001221419,0.0002428551,0.0001426973,0.001747125,0.0006575536],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009147499,0.000008571132,0.0000220376,0.0000349499,8.468072e-7,0.00002072597,0.000003020953,0.000008072915,0.00003790734,0.0001304066,0.9936779,0.006046367],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000008087546,0.000007540025,0.0001930453,0.0001058059,0.000001797871,0.00004762898,0.00001602766,0.00003462318,0.0000373553,0.0002920931,0.9992519,0.000003900843],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"editorial","genre_gemma":"editorial","genre_scores_codex":[0.000163098,0.01127561,0.0003726733,0.07691914,0.8290398,0.00008374788,0.0005251733,0.0004113883,0.08120939],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00128385,0.009987484,0.0004947948,0.07864609,0.4319318,0.00008386832,0.0004545859,0.0002521884,0.4768654],"genre_candidate":"editorial","genre_consensus":"editorial","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1859465,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.622053,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4313129981","doi":"10.3176/oil.2002.4.01","title":"EDITOR’S PAGE","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Oil Shale","topic":"Advanced Power Generation Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Geology","authors":[{"name":"J Kann","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009693611534255384,"gpt":0.1936405003284639,"spread":0.1839468887942085,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001510315,0.001107284,0.000949058,0.001448661,0.001740586,0.004037684,0.002253772,0.004521099,0.4024744],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01278788,0.000457414,0.000817053,0.0007819828,0.0007009389,0.002966316,0.001784527,0.004736724,0.1808182],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001345104,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002365665,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00188253,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004893851,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998816,0.0001614007,0.0001117158,0.0002145777,0.0005531119,0.0001432821],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9931826,0.001351676,0.0003020838,0.0003449567,0.003565487,0.001253242],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009873494,0.000005009411,0.00001759159,0.00004422382,9.396189e-7,0.00003147546,0.000005078617,0.000008590464,0.00002277092,0.0002268962,0.9916646,0.007962908],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004713928,0.000004660316,0.00007246846,0.00008634797,0.000001151472,0.00004940902,0.00001761832,0.000014245,0.00003084927,0.0001706128,0.9995453,0.000002681309],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"editorial","genre_gemma":"editorial","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002148265,0.004964012,0.0003643333,0.07916864,0.8437863,0.00007990742,0.0006995309,0.0004892878,0.07023311],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.003009767,0.008279989,0.0007141051,0.08059839,0.3122468,0.0001181513,0.0009150833,0.000524027,0.5935936],"genre_candidate":"editorial","genre_consensus":"editorial","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5975256,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8522977,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}